Alaska's assignment agreement: intrigans and intrigues. The possibility of recognizing an invalid contract for the sale of Alaska Tsarist Russia - USA! When the signing of Alaska sale agreement
The myth that the Russian Empire did not sell their possessions on the American continent to the United States of America are widespread in public opinion, but only surrendered for a certain period. This period has passed, and Alaska can be taken back. After the revolution V.I. Lenin as if offered an exchange: Tips refuse claims to Alaska, and the states remove the economic blockade. And they gave all copies of agreements confirming our rights to this land. And at the end of World War II, Stalin allegedly threatened to pick up Alaska back, but changed his mind and received in exchange control over Eastern Europe. These rumors bludge away the minds of the midsters on both sides of the ocean. In 1977, the USSR Foreign Ministry even made a note, confirming the US right to Alaska. In recent years, the myths of lost gold have become replicated, which Russia has never received. And what was really?
I know this story well and can immediately pass the test
Official solution in the secret situation
On December 16, 1866, the Emperor Alexander II, Chairman of the State Council, Great Prince Konstantin Nikolaevich, Minister of Foreign Affairs A.M., gathered Gorchakov, Minister of Finance M.Kh. Reiternen, Managing Maritime Ministry N.K. Krabbe and the Russian Messenger in Washington E.A. Glass.
On that day, the Special Committee adopted a unanimous decision to sell Russian possessions to the United States. At the meeting of the Committee, the following evidence of the need for an unprecedented transaction was put forward: the unprofitability of the Russian-American company, which controlled all Russian possessions in America, the inability to ensure the protection of colonies from the enemy in the event of war, and in peacetime from foreign vessels, leading illegal fishing off the coast of Russian possessions.
Eduard Andreyevich Glake, having received a map of Russian America, a document called "Border Damn between the ownership of Russia in Asia and North America" \u200b\u200band the instruction of the Ministry of Finance, which stipulates the amount of sales of $ 5 million, went to America in January 1867.
The contract signed at night
In March 1867, the glass arrived in Washington and reminded US Secretary of State William Seward "On the proposals that were made in the past selling our colonies," and added that "currently the Imperial Government is located in negotiations." Having enlisted by President Johnson, W. G. Seward, during the next meeting with the glass was able to discuss the main provisions of the future contract.
March 29, 1867, having received a message from glass that the Russian sovereign agrees to sell, Seward proposed to finally agree on the text of the Convention and sign documents on concession on the same night.
The final moment of signing the contract at 4 o'clock in the morning was captured at the famous picture of E. Lietez. After that, the document was aimed at ratifying 1.
Sale or assignment
Today, the term "sale" of Alaska is often used. There is an opinion that it is more correct to talk about "concession" 2, because this term appears in the text of Article 1 of the Convention of 1867: "His Majesty Emperor All-Russian SIM undertakes to give way to the North American United States, immediately on the exchange of ratification, the entire territory with the supreme on The right owned by its majesty in American mainland, as well as the island adjacent to it. "
The concession of the United States of Russian America was able to spend in secret from members of the Company's main board. They learned about it from the telegraph messages. On April 18, 1867, the contract was ratified by the American Senate, on May 15 - Russian king, on June 20, in Washington, both parties exchanged with ratification certificates, and on October 19, Emissarians of both powers arrived in Novo-Arkhangelsk. On the same day there was a change of flags.
How much paid for Alaska
For colonies in North America, US paid $ 7.2 million. Compare this price with the purchase of the United States of other territories. Napoleon sold Louisiana for $ 15 million. Mexico was forced to give way to a strong and persistent customer California for the same 15 million dollars. Of course, the task of historians is not to deal with the suggestions related to the future, but the question of the cost of Alaska still causes hot Disputes. We propose to proceed from the fact that US GDP amounted to 8 billion 424 million dollars in 1867. The money paid for Alaska (7.2 million) amounted to 0.08736 percent of the GDP of 1867. This share of US GDP 2016 (from 18 trillion 561 billion $ 930 million according to the IMF) is $ 16 billion, 215 million 702 thousand dollars ($ 16,127 million). In terms of modern money, Alaska would cost 16.2 billion US dollars 4.
Where did they spend money?
It is believed that the gold of the Russian government did not receive. "The seven million gold dollars did not reach Russia. The English Bark's Bark" Orkni "took place in the Baltic Sea. By rumors, a heavy loaded boat" 5 was heard from him. In certain variations, this phrase is repeated in many periodicals.
The author of the article discovered a document that contained information on how the money received from the United States for Russian America was used. This document was discovered in the Russian State Historical Archive, among the remuneration of those who participated in the signing of Alaska Treaty. The document was drawn up not earlier than the second half of 1868. Here is its full content: "Russian possessions defeated by the North American states in North America came from the same states 11,362,481 r. [UB.] 94 [CC.] From among $ 11.362.481 RUB. 94 kopecks. Spent abroad on Buying accessories for railways: Kursko-Kiev, Ryazan-Kozlovskaya, Moscow-Ryazan et al. 10 972 238 p. [UB.] 4K. [OP.] The remaining 390 243 rubles. 90 k. [OP.] Received in cash". 7.
Obviously, the money for Russian colonies still did to Russia. However, they went not to reimburse the costs of cancer (the Russian-American company) and not to maintain already started projects for the development of Amur and the Far East. But the money was spent on a good cause.
It is known that the US government actually transferred only $ 7,05,000 to Russia. The remaining 165 thousand were used by the Russian Emergency Messenger and Plenipotentiary Minister in Washington, the secret advisor E.A. Glove at its own discretion 8. If we translate 7,035 thousand dollars at the rate of 1.61 - 1.62, then the amount that Russia received from the sale will be released, or exactly the amount specified in the document. However, some issues on settlements with the United States remained unresolved. Due to the fact that the money came with the delay, Russia was due to 115,200 US dollars. But in order not to complicate Russian-American relations, this question was postponed 9.
Afterword
The existence of Russian America contributed to the strengthening of Russian control over the part of the North of the Pacific Ocean and exit to the Northern Arctic Ocean, significantly increasing the Arctic sector of Russia. But in the middle of the XIX century, formal reasons for sale Alaska turned out to be more in demand: the geographical remoteness that makes it difficult to supply; harsh climate and difficulties in agricultural development; Finding gold and danger of prosperity of prospectors; opposition to the natives to the Russian presence; the small number of the Russian population; Military vulnerability.
The acquisition of these territories allowed the United States to strengthen in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, which was an important element in turning this country to one of the world's leading powers.
1. The history of Russian America / Ed. Academician N.N. Bolchovitinova. T. 3. M.: 1999. P. 455.
2. Halgored A.N. 20 years of "temporary use" of the agreement between the USSR and the United States on the line of distinction of marine spaces // Bulletin of the MGIM University. N 1 (10), 2010.
3. Complete meeting of the laws of the Russian Empire. Collection 2e. T. 42. Depth. 1. N 44518, P. 421-424.
4. Calculation is compiled together with D.E.N. V.N. Korsnichenchenko and using Measuring Worth data. See https://www.measuringworth.com/dataasets/usgdp/result.php. This figure corresponds to the calculations of the American researcher David Barker, which believes that the amount should have been 16.5 billion US dollars for 2009.
5. Erlikhman V.V. Eh, Alaska // Spark. Special issue (Chukotka). 2001. March.
6. The concession for the continuation of the construction of the Moscow-Ryazan Railway to Kozlov was handed over to the Stat Counselor von Derviz with the patronage of the Minister of Finance of Reuter. The charter of the new society approved on March 12, 1865. A wholesale contractor of construction was chosen by Karl Fedorovich von Mecc, who led by all the works. The construction of it was handed over to him for 6 million rubles. (30 thousand rubles. silver for each pathway). Only "official" profits of the contractor in the Kozlovsk road amounted to 280.2 thousand rubles. And at the expense of "savings" by the construction means, he, according to some information, was governed by Million Barysh (see: Lyakhovsky V.M. On the issue of fictitious joint-stock companies in Russia, 1860x-1870s. (Capital of Ryazan-Kozlovsk Railway) / / Historical notes. M., 1965. P. 283-291. For more information about the construction of these roads, see: Adadurov I.E. to the history of the Ryazan-Kozlovsk Railway. 1865-1884. M., 1887; Golovachev A.A. Railway history in Russia. SPb., 1881).
7. RGIA. F. 565. OP. 3. D. 17843. L. 9.
8. History of Russian America / Ed. Academician N.N. Bolchovitinova. T. 3. M.: 1999. T. 3. P. 480.
9. Petrov A.Yu. Activities of the Russian-American company on the eve of the sale of Alaska USA, 1858-1867 // Questions of history. 2006. N 2. P. 31-51.
Making an analysis of the Alaska sale agreement, experts make a preliminary conclusion that the contract is clearly illegal, since another US Senate, represented by the Committee on Foreign Affairs, expressed doubts about the expediency of such a burdensome acquisition, especially in the situation when the country has just ended Civil War. Doubts were also expressed in connection with the fact that the payment was made by non-cash dollars, not gold, and not to the account of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, but at the expense of a private person (glass), which contradicted the terms of the contract. Nevertheless, the deal was supported in the Senate 37 votes, with two votes against (these were Fessenden and Justin Morril from Vermont). May 3, the contract was ratified. On June 8, in Washington, the sharing of ratification certificates took place. In the future, in accordance with the established procedure, the contract was printed, and then included in the official assembly of the laws of the Russian Empire.
Preview:
- Alaska's purchase and sale agreement is illegal and in the case of the conversion of the Russian Federation to international courts, a large percentage of a positive decision, to upset the invalid contract and the transfer of Russia Alaska back!
Brief historical reference:
________________________________________ ________________________________________ ______________________
Manifesto Alexander II.
The sale of Alaska - the transaction between the governments of the Russian Empire and the North American United States, as a result of which in 1867 Russia, for $ 7.2 million, were sold to its possessions in North America (with a total area of \u200b\u200b1,518,800 km²).
For the first time, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N. Muravyov-Amur in 1853 spoke to Alaska's sales initiative in 1853.
] Fillet
Alaska, opened in 1732 by the Russian expedition under the leadership of M. S. Gvozdeva and I. Fedorova, was the ownership of Russia in North America. At first, it was not mastered by the state, but by private individuals, but, starting with 1799 - specially established monopoly - the Russian-American company (Cancer).
The area of \u200b\u200bthe sold area was 586,412 square miles (1,518,800 km²) and was practically uninhabited - according to the evaluation of the cancer itself, at the time of sale the population of all Russian Alaska and the Aleutian islands was about 2500 Russians and about 60,000 Indians and Eskimos. At the beginning of the 19th century, Alaska brought income at the expense of the commerce, but by the middle of the century it became that the costs of maintenance and protection of this remote and vulnerable, from a geopolitical point of view, territory will outweigh the potential profits.
The first issue of the sale of Alaska USA to the Russian government raised the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia Count N. N. Muravyev-Amur in 1853, indicating that this, in his opinion, is inevitable, and at the same time will strengthen the position of Russia in Asian The coast of the Pacific Ocean in the face of the increasing penetration of the British Empire:
"Now, with the invention and the development of railways, more than before, should make sure that the north-American states will inevitably spread throughout North America, and we can not not keep in mind that sooner or later they will have to be Cede North American possessions. It was impossible, however, in this consideration, do not keep in mind both: what is very natural and Russia, if not owning all Eastern Asia; then dominate the entire Asian coastal of the East Ocean. According to the circumstances, we allowed to invade this part of Asia to the British ... But the matter can also recover our close relationship with the North American states. "
Directly east of Alaska stretched Canadian possessions of the British Empire (formally, Hudsov Bay). The relations between Russia and Britain were determined by geopolitical rivalry, and sometimes were opened hostile. During the Crimean War, when the British fleet tried to plant a landing in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the possibility of direct clashes in America became real. Under these conditions, in the spring of 1854 from the American government, who wanted to prevent the British Empire occupation from the occupation of Alaska (temporarily, for a period of three years), the sale of the Russian-American company of all his possessions and property for 7 million 600 thousand dollars. Cancer concluded such an agreement with the US-Russian trading campaign in San Francisco, who controlled the US government, but it did not enter into force, since Cancer managed to agree with the British company Hudson Bay.
Negotiations on the sale
Formally, the next offer to sell from the Russian Messenger in Washington Baron Edward Glass, but the initiator of the transaction was the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich (Junior Brother Alexander II), who first voiced this offer in the spring of 1857 in a special letter of foreign affairs to A. M. Gorchakov. Gorchakov supported the proposal. The position of the Foreign Ministry was reduced to studying the issue, and it was decided to postpone its implementation before the expiration of the privileges of cancer in 1862. And then the issue was temporarily invalid in connection with the US Civil War.
On December 16, 1866, a special meeting was held, which was attended by Alexander II, Grand Duke Konstantin, Ministers of Finance and Maritime Ministries and the Russian Messenger in Washington Baron Eduard Glass. All participants approved the idea of \u200b\u200bsale. At the proposal of the Ministry of Finance, the threshold of the amount was defined - at least $ 5 million gold. On December 22, 1866, Alexander II approved the border of the territory. In March 1867, the glass arrived in Washington and reminded William Seward State Secretary "On the proposals that were made in the past selling our colonies" and added that "Currently the Imperial Government is located to join the negotiations." Having enlisted by President Johnson, Seward, during the second meeting with a glass, held on March 14, was able to discuss the main provisions of the future contract.
On March 18, 1867, President Johnson signed the official authority to Seward, almost immediately negotiations of the Secretary of State with a glass took place, during which a draft agreement on the purchase of Russian possessions in America for $ 7 million was agreed upon.
Alaska sale and transfer
Signing Alaska Treaty on March 30, 1867. From left to right: Robert S. Chu, William G. Seward, William Hunter, Vladimir Bodisco, Eduard Glass, Charles Sumner, Frederick Seward
The signing of the contract was held on March 30, 1867 in Washington. The contract was signed in English and French ("diplomatic" languages), the official text of the contract in Russian does not exist. The cost of the transaction was $ 7.2 million gold (at the rate of 2009 - approximately 108 million gold dollars). The entire Alaska peninsula (over the line passing through the meridian of 141 ° C), the coastline of 10 miles south of Alaska along the western shore of British Columbia; Alexandra Archipelag; Aleutian Islands with Ants Island; Middle Islands, Kracii, Fox, Andreyanovsky, Shumagina, Trinity, Mochnak, Umnac, Kodiak, Chirikova, Afognak and other smaller islands; Islands in the Bering Sea: St. Lawrence, St. Matthew, Nynivak and Promit Island - St. George and St. Paul. The total size of the sold land territory was about 1,519,000 km², therefore, for a square kilometer, 4 dollars 73 cents were paid, that is, 1.9 cents per acre. Together with the United States territory, all real estate was transferred, all colonial archives, official and historical documents belonging to the transmitted territories.
In accordance with the usual procedure, the contract was transferred to the Congress. Since the session of the Congress ended just on this day, the President convened the Emergency Executive Session of the Senate.
The fate of the contract was in the hands of members of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs. The Committee at the time was: Charles Samner from Massachusetts - Chairman, Simon Cameron from Pennsylvania, William Fessenden from Maine, James Harlan from Iowa, Oliver Morton from Indiana, James Patson from New Hampshire, Raverdi Johnson from Maryland. That is, it is necessary to decide on the accession of the territory in which the Pacific States were primarily interested, the North-East representatives were interested.
The US Senate, represented by the Committee on Foreign Affairs, expressed doubts about the feasibility of such a burdensive acquisition, especially in the situation, when the civil war has just ended in the country. Doubts were also expressed in connection with the fact that the payment was made by non-cash dollars, not gold, and not to the account of the Ministry of Finance of Russia, but at the expense of a private person (glass), which contradicted the terms of the contract. Nevertheless, the deal was supported in the Senate 37 votes, with two votes against (these were Fessenden and Justin Morril from Vermont). May 3, the contract was ratified. On June 8, in Washington, the sharing of ratification certificates took place. In the future, in accordance with the established procedure, the contract was printed, and then included in the official assembly of the laws of the Russian Empire.
Check $ 7.2 million for the purchase of Alaska
October 18, 1867 Alaska was officially transferred to the United States. From Russia, the Protocol on the program signed a special government commissioner, the captain of the 2nd rank of A. A. Posverov.
On the same day, the Gregorian calendar was introduced in the United States. Thus, the inhabitants of Alaska lay down on October 5, and woke up on October 18.
The decision on the allocation of funds stipulated by the Treaty was adopted by the Chamber of Representatives of the US Congress a year later, 113 votes against 48. On August 1, 1868, the glass received from the Treasury of the check, but not for gold, but on treasury bonds. In the amount of 7 million 35 thousand dollars, he translated into London, to the Bank of Bargov Brothers.
Comparison of the transaction price with similar transactions of that time
The building of the New York City Court cost more than all Alaska
The Russian empire sold a hard-to-reach and unfurked territory of 2 cents for AKR (0.0474 dollars per hectare), that is, nominally one and a half times cheaper than was sold 50 years before this (at another value of Cent) Napoleonic France (in the conditions of war and consistent The confiscation of French colonies from Britain) and much big (2,100,000 km²) and a completely mastered territory of historical Louisiana: Only for the port of New Orleans, America initially offered $ 10 million in a more "weighty" dollar of the very beginning of the XIX century.
At the same time, when Alaska was sold, a single three-story building in the center of New York - the New York District Court, built by the "Tweed", cost the Treasury of New York, more expensive than the US government - all Alaska.
Correspondent of the newspaper "Krai native" Igor Nikolaevich COMPANYTS
Fillet
The area of \u200b\u200bthe sold area was 586,412 square miles ( 1 518 800 km²) And it was almost ignorated - according to the evaluation of the cancer itself, at the time of sale the population of all Russian Alaska and the Aleutian islands was about 2500 Russians and about 60,000 Indians and Eskimos. At the beginning of the 19th century, Alaska brought income at the expense of the commerce, but by the middle of the century it became that the costs of maintenance and protection of this remote and vulnerable, from a geopolitical point of view, territory will outweigh the potential profits.
The first issue of the sale of Alaska USA to the Russian government raised the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia Count N. N. Muravyev-Amur in 1853, indicating that this, in his opinion, is inevitable, and at the same time will strengthen the position of Russia in Asian The coast of the Pacific Ocean in the face of the increasing penetration of the British Empire:
"Now, with the invention and the development of railways, more than before, should make sure that the north-American states will be inevitably spread throughout North America, and we must not keep in mind that sooner or later they will have to give them the North American ownership of our. It was impossible, however, in this consideration, do not keep in mind both: what is very natural and Russia, if not owning all Eastern Asia; then dominate the entire Asian coastal of the East Ocean. According to the circumstances, we allowed to invade this part of Asia to the British ... But it can still get better tight connections of ours with north-American states. "
Directly east of Alaska stretched Canadian possessions of the British Empire (formally, Hudsov Bay). The relations between Russia and Britain were determined by geopolitical rivalry, and sometimes were opened hostile. During the Crimean War, when the British fleet tried to plant a landing in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the possibility of direct clashes in America became real. Under these conditions, in spring from the American government, which desired to prevent the occupation of Alaska by the British Empire, a proposal was received about the fictitious (temporarily, for a period of three years) to the sale of the Russian-American company of all his possessions and property for 7 million 600 thousand dollars. Cancer concluded such an agreement with the US-Russian trading campaign in San Francisco, who controlled the US government, but it did not enter into force, since Cancer managed to agree with the British company Hudson Bay.
Negotiations on the sale
Formally, the next offer to sell from the Russian Messenger in Washington Baron Edward glass, but the initiator of the transaction this time was the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich (Alexander II's younger brother), who first voiced this offer in the spring in a special letter of foreign affairs to A. M. Gorchakov . Gorchakov supported the proposal. The position of the Foreign Ministry was reduced to the study of the issue, and it was decided to postpone its implementation before the expiration of the privileges of cancer in. And then the question temporarily became irrelevant in connection with the US Civil War.
The fate of the contract was in the hands of members of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs. The Committee at the time was: Charles Samner from Massachusetts - Chairman, Simon Cameron from Pennsylvania, William Fessenden from Maine, James Harlan from Iowa, Oliver Morton from Indiana, James Patson from New Hampshire, Raverdi Johnson from Maryland. That is, it is necessary to decide on the accession of the territory in which the Pacific States were primarily interested, the North-East representatives were interested.
The decision on the allocation of funds stipulated by the Treaty was adopted by the Chamber of Representatives of the US Congress a year later, 113 votes against 48. On August 1, 1868, the glass received from the Treasury of the check, but not for gold, but on treasury bonds. In the amount of 7 million 35 thousand dollars, he translated into London, to the Bank of Bargov Brothers.
Comparison of the transaction price with similar transactions of that time
- The Russian Empire sold a hard to reach and unfurked territory for 2 cents per acre (0.0474 dollars per hectare), that is, nominally one and a half times cheaper than was sold 50 years before this (at another value of Central Bank) by Napoleonic France (in the conditions of war and consistent confiscation of French colonies from Britain) and much big ( 2 100 000 km²) And quite mastered the territory of historical Louisiana: only for the port of New Orleans America initially offered $ 10 million in a more "weighty" dollar of the very beginning of the XIX century.
- At the same time, when Alaska was sold, a single three-story building in the center of New York - the New York District Court, built by the "Tweed", cost the Treasury of New York, more expensive than the US government - all Alaska.
Popular myths and delusion
see also
Notes
Literature
- collective authors Chapters 9, 10, 11 // History of Russian America (1732-1867) / T. ed. Acad. N. N. Bolchovitinov. - m.: International. Relationship, 1997. - T. 3. P. 480. - ISBN 5-7133-0883-9
Links
- Sales agreement (English), sale agreement (rus)
- "Sale of Alaska: documents, letters, memories" on Battles.h1.ru (archival copy for January 2008)
- "Russian Alaska. Sold! Mystery of the transaction, "documentary, VGTRK, 2010
History is always repeated. Another feature is that all the facts of previous centuries in the field of politics and diplomacy are stored and do not disappear anywhere. This means that agreements between countries can always be taken and read. And even ... terminate. Or, as they say now, "get out of the contract."
The US makes it today with extraordinary ease. President of the U.S.A Donald Trumpdeclared the exit from the RSDD Treaty (Middle and Less Location Rockets), which flew to Moscow John Bolton (Advisor to US President on National Security. - Approx. Fan) continued the rhetoric in the same vein. So far, the official statement from the United States on the exit from the contract did not follow, but the "discussion" itself on the subject of termination of his action makes it impracticable and almost dead.
The Agreement on Middle and Less Location Rockets was signed on December 8, 1987. According to his letter, a whole class of missiles from 500 to 1000 and 1000 to 5,500 kilometers came under the reduction. The appropriate armaments of ground basing were destroyed and no longer posted. And the United States has actively spoke about the termination of this treaty.
But while the official statement from Washington never sounded, we have time to recall another contract between Russia and the States. It was concluded for more than a century ago, but in world diplomacy, all contracts are important and act if none of them came out. On October 18, 1867, the official transmission ceremony of Russian Alaska was held in Novoarchhangelsk (now Sitka) in the North American United States (SASSH). According to the agreement, the Americans acquired 1,519 thousand square kilometers from Russia, (Alaska with nearby Aleuta Islands) in the amount of $ 7,200 thousand (14,320 thousand rubles. At the then rate). This contract is still valid. What is curious, the treaty between Russia and the CASS was a contract of cessia, that is, concessions, and not sales!
They remembered the dates of the signing and the features of the conclusion of two contracts - we go further. In recent days, we have heard several arguments on the topic why and why Washington wants to get out of the agreements on RSD. Liberal experts, US state funds and the media recalled a whole bouquet of such grounds, due to mitigate the impression of the world community from state actions, which, of course, exacerbate the international situation.
So, the arguments in favor or to justify the steps of Washington were expressed as follows:
The contract is outdated, because subscribed to another geopolitical reality. Even such facts say about his moral obsolescence that since then, for example, drones appeared, about which the concepts did not have in 1987;
In the rupture of the contract, Russia itself, which its allegedly constantly violates;
Middle range rockets - the basis of China's nuclear forces, and the threat of Trump to get out of the RSMD contract more directed against China than Russia. So, it seems like it does not matter that the States will violate their obligations against our country, because they are allegedly not at all in us;
In addition to China, such rockets has Pakistan, India, Iran and North Korea, etc. What to say - invent beautiful explanations for your US policy are able even better than creating bright marketing packages for produced goods and products. But the essence of the matter does not change.
Why are the US going to exit the RSDD contract? After all, the presence of such a distance in China and all other countries will not allow them to cover the entire territory of the United States, but the placement of American missiles in the Allied States will apply tremendous damage to Russia and Russia, and China.
Keywords here - a flowing time. The rocket placed in Poland flies to Moscow for 3-4 minutes. On the rocket nuclear warhead. Comments, I think unnecessarily. The same situation will be with the vital centers of the PRC in the case of the placement of American missiles in South Korea, Japan, etc. In addition, it is not necessary to forget that the RSD contract must comply with Russia today and USA, but also Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. Washington's output from the treaty means that in Kiev, they receive legal right to develop or place on their territory American missiles of a similar class with an extraordinarily small shameful time. That is, the US outlet from the treaty is able to create the Russophobian state at our borders, calling us "aggressor" and armed with deadly weapons. At the same time, the safety of the US themselves will not threaten anything - in case of playing the map, "they themselves created everything and adopted."
There is a new reality. As usual, when its formatting is engaged in Washington, this reality is unpleasant for everyone except the United States.
And now the question: what to do?
To declare Russia's capabilities to exit Alaska's transfer agreement.
Arguments take our American partners:
The contract is outdated, since subscribed to another geopolitical reality;
In the rupture of the contract, the United States themselves, who not only constantly violate all contracts in general, but also violated this particular (the American side did not fulfill all the terms of the contract!);
The exit of Russia from this contract is not aimed against the United States, but to expand the trade opportunities in Russia, which will be more convenient to compete in the trade sector with China;
Russia as the adviser of the USSR is ready to return to the United States to 7 million dollars to the United States and, coming out of the Cessia agreement, return Alaska under its jurisdiction. Moreover, there is all legal reasons for this (the contract refers to the concession of the territory, but it is not said for what time, that is, there is no traditional formula for Russian diplomatic treatises "for eternal times");
Being consistent fighters for human rights and protecting the property rights of the heirs of the owners of the Russian-American company, which mastered and managed by our overseas territories, the Russian Federation is forced to recognize the agreement with the CASS of 1867 insignificant and declare the exit of it.
As for the papers of Alexander II, then from a difficult memorable book, it is clear that on Friday 16 (28) December at 10 o'clock in the morning the king managed to accept M. X. Reiterna, P. A. Valuev and V. F. Adlerberg. Next was followed by recording: "In 1 [day], at the [A shame] of Gorchakov's adviser [Anya] according to [from] American] Comp [Annia]. Decision [enan?] Sell the United] states "(1412). At 2 o'clock the king has already had the next event. A much more detailed investment of what happened 16 (28) December 1866 was given to the famous American scientist Professor F. A. Golder in an article published as early as 1920: "At the meeting, which took place on December 16 in the palace (we We now know that it happened in the residence of Gorchakov on the Palace Square. - N. B.), there were all the above-mentioned persons (i.e. King, Konstantin, Gorchakov, Reiterne, Krabbe and Glass. - Ya. B.). Reiteron led the details about the company's serious financial position. In the subsequent discussion, everyone took part and at the end agreed to sell colonies to the United States. When it was decided, the emperor turned to the glass with a question, whether he will be returned to Washington to complete the case. Although it was not what the glass wanted (it was planned at the time to appoint a messenger at the post of Messenger in the Hague), he did not have a choice, and he said that he would go. Led. kn. He gave him a card on which the boundaries were indicated, and the Minister of Finance said that he should receive at least $ 5 million. These were almost all the instructions that Game got "(1413).
In general terms, the discussion was made by a professor correctly, and it was obvious that he relied on some kind of documentary. It became possible to figure out the case, however, only when I met the richest archive of F. A. Golder in the Goverrian Institute of War, Revolution and Peace. In one of the archived folders, extracts from E. A. Glass's letter were preserved with its colleague in London Baron F. I. Brunnov from 7 (19), which fully corresponded to the excerpt above and were evidence of one of the participants of the Special Meeting ( 1414).
The American researcher is not quite right in relation to the instructions received by E. A. Gleam. In fact, at a meeting of December 16 (28), it was decided that all interested departments will prepare their considerations for the envoy in Washington.
- Group of authors. ISBN 5-7133-0883-9.
... December 22 (Art. St. Two days later N. K. Krabbe presented this note together with the corresponding map of A. M. Gorchakov for the subsequent transfer of the glass ... litter by Alexander II hand: "Okay," and inscription on the fields: "Approved by the emperor on December 22, 66 . Crabbe ".
- Group of authors. Chapter 11. Sale of Alaska (1867) 1. Decision on the concession of Russian colonies in America to the United States (December 1866) // History of Russian America (1732-1867) / T. ed. Acad. N. N. Bolchovitinov. - M.: International. Relationship, 1997. - T.. 1. The foundation of Russian America (1732-1799). - P. 480. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-7133-0883-9.