Ice Age whether it was. Was there an Ice Age? Versions

Was there a global flood or not?

The victory of the theory of two Charles in its original, "extremist" version seemed to automatically "give an answer" to this question, which stood at the very beginning of the formation of geology as a science. Since the "theory without catastrophes" won, then there was no Flood either, since the Flood is also a catastrophe.

Nowadays, however, most often geologists try to bypass such an unscientific method, preferring either to simply remain silent or refer to the famous Occam's razor - they say, since it "manages" to explain the features of the geological structure of the earth's crust and the occurrence of various layers without any Flood, then There was no flood as such.

But the problem is that in reality it is not possible to explain all the existing features. As well as not all paleontological findings related to this. Moreover, paradoxically, many of these findings were known at the very beginning of the dispute between two global geological concepts. However, this is natural - after all, the supporters of the reality of the Flood relied not only on the biblical texts in their disputes with evolutionists ...

“The leading 'diluvialist' (scientist who studies the flood) was undoubtedly William Buckland (1784-1856), who in 1813 received a position as a professor of mineralogy at the University of Oxford and there, in 1818, became a teacher of geology ... In his speech at Buckland attempted to show that geological facts were in agreement with the Creation and Flood records recorded in the books of Moses on his assumption of the position of Geology Lecturer ... high praise from critics... Buckland was well acquainted with the geological literature and, using reports of animal fossil finds at high altitudes in the Andes and Himalayas, concluded that the flood was not limited to the lowlands; the water column was large enough to cover the high mountain ranges. He collected extensive and varied material in support of the worldwide flood. As evidence were considered: gorges and gorges cutting through mountain ranges; outliers and mesas; colossal accumulations of rubble; boulders scattered on the hills and on the slopes of the mountains, where the rivers could not bring them in any way. These phenomena, it seemed, could not be associated with the action of modern, insufficiently powerful factors of erosion and sediment transport. Therefore, Buckland adhered to the concept of Sir James Hall about a certain grandiose stream or water shaft like a giant tidal wave "(E. Hallem," The Great Geological Disputes ").

Note that during the period of the struggle between the two approaches, during the period of confrontation, Buckland's work with an attempt to prove the reality of the Flood is praised not only by adherents of his position, but also by critics!

Rice. 12. Map of findings of mammoth remains in Siberia

“The northern regions of Alaska and Siberia, apparently, suffered the most from the deadly cataclysms 13000-11000 years ago. As if death had waved a scythe along the Arctic Circle - there were found the remains of a myriad of large animals, including a large number of carcasses with intact soft tissues and an incredible number of perfectly preserved mammoth tusks. Moreover, in both regions, mammoth carcasses were thawed to feed sled dogs, and mammoth steaks even appeared in restaurant menus ”(G. Hancock,“ Traces of the Gods ”).

But most importantly, these findings provide evidence that the climate in these regions was not colder at all (as it should be, based on the theory of the "Ice Age"), but on the contrary - much warmer, than now.

“In the northern countries, these events left the carcasses of huge four-legged animals frozen into the ice, which have survived to this day along with their skin, wool and meat. If they had not been frozen immediately at the moment of death, the decay would have destroyed their bodies. But on the other hand, such constant cold could not have been characteristic of those places where we find animals frozen in the ice: they couldn't live at a similar temperature... The animals died, therefore, at the very moment when the glaciation came over their areas of habitation "(Cuvier G. (1825). Discours (3rd edn.), Vol. 1, pp.8-9).

The publication date of the work from which the last quotation is taken - 1825 - is very indicative. There is still no Darwin's theory of evolution, there is no Lyell's theory yet, there is still no particular case of them - the theory of the "Ice Age", and facts are already known that indicate not only the sudden death of animals (which corresponds to a catastrophe), but warmer, not colder climate at the place where the finds were found. Moreover, there are facts indicating that at the time of the end of the "Ice Age" in these regions there was no warming at all, but, on the contrary, a sharp cold snap!..

However, in the name of the triumph of the theory of the two Charles, they simply preferred (and still prefer) not to remember these data. The facts were rejected for the sake of theory and its particular cases! ..

However, I don’t think that everything was decided directly by the struggle of two irreconcilable theories, during which scientists, for some selfish reasons, deliberately decided to become "unscrupulous" and deliberately discard these data. Objective features of that time should also be taken into account.

Where was scientific thought concentrated in the first half of the 19th century? .. It was concentrated practically all in Europe and the developed centers of the United States, which were located mainly on the east coast of North America - that is, just in those regions where traces of glaciers were found. From here to Siberia and Alaska, the path is not at all close, especially then ...

And it is quite natural that the bulk of the empirical material collected at this point in time - geological and paleontological - fell precisely on Europe and the eastern part of North America. After all, it was much easier for the scientific fraternity to collect data at their side than to make the most difficult expeditions to harsh regions located thousands of kilometers away. The result is also quite natural - the bulk of the studies and works of that time were also devoted to the regions of Europe and the eastern part of South America. And it is absolutely not surprising that in this mass of studies, literally single reports of finds in Siberia and Alaska could simply be banal ... get lost! ..

We have to admit that statistics, and not a scientific approach, actually won. And the theory of the "Ice Age" simply "outweighed" the version of a short-lived catastrophe, the version of the Flood - outweighed not even with arguments, but almost literally, that is, with a mass of scribbled paper ...

Meanwhile, the question is not at all reduced to ordinary statistics. The fact is that the finds in Siberia and Alaska not only do not fit into the theory of the "Ice Age", they put a cross on it! .. After all, so that mammoths, deer and other animals of the temperate climatic zone could live in these regions, the temperature here should have been not lower (as the theory of the "Ice Age" suggests), but higher than the present! Siberia and Alaska, now located noticeably to the north, should have been even colder. Consequently, the glaciers should have been such that there could be no question of any animals at all! ..

For example, evidence was found that at the end of the so-called "Ice Age" it became noticeably colder not only in Siberia and Alaska, but also in the southern part of South America, which should not have happened either. After all, if the general temperature background of the planet increased, then in South America one should expect warming, and not cooling at all.

Recently, data have also been obtained that not everything is so simple with glaciers in Antarctica. It is usually indicated that their age is at least hundreds of thousands, or even millions of years. But the problem is that this conclusion is made on the basis of the analysis of individual samples in limited regions (where the ice shell is thicker), but for some reason it spreads to the entire continent at once. Meanwhile, studies in some coastal areas indicate that not all glaciers in Antarctica are of such venerable age. And the climate in some parts of this continent was previously so warmer that rivers even flowed here! .. This is quite definitely indicated by samples of bottom sediments collected in 1949 during one of Sir Byrd's Antarctic expeditions from the bottom of the Ross Sea and testifying to the fact that that the rivers on the part of Antarctica closest to the Ross Sea flowed literally only about six thousand years ago! ..

“In 1949, on one of Sir Byrd's Antarctic expeditions, sediment samples were taken from the bottom of the Ross Sea by drilling. Dr. Jack Hoof of the University of Illinois took three core samples to study the evolution of climate in Antarctica. They were taken to the Carnegie Institute of Washington, DC, where a new dating method was used, developed by nuclear physicist Dr. W. D. Urie ...

The nature of bottom sediments varies greatly depending on the climatic conditions that existed at the time of their formation. If they were carried out by rivers and deposited in the sea, then they turn out to be well sorted, and the better, the further they fall from the river mouth. If they are ripped off the earth's surface by a glacier and carried out into the sea by an iceberg, then their character corresponds to coarse detrital material. If the river has a seasonal cycle, flowing only in summer, most likely from melting glaciers in the inland regions, and freezing every winter, then precipitation will form in layers, like annual rings on trees.

All of these types of sediment have been found in the Ross Sea bottom cores. Most striking was the presence of a series of layers formed from well-sorted sediments brought into the sea by rivers from the ice-free land. As you can see from the cores, over the past million years, Antarctica has had at least three epochs of temperate climates, when the coast of the Ross Sea should have been ice-free ...

The timing of the end of the last warm period in the Ross Sea, as determined by Dr. Uri, was of great importance to us. All three cores indicated that the warming ended about 6,000 years ago, or in the fourth millennium BC. This was when glacial [glacial-like] precipitation began to accumulate on the floor of the Ross Sea during the Ice Age near us. Kern convinces that this was preceded by a more prolonged warming "(C. Hapgood," Maps of Ancient Sea Kings ").

It turns out that during the "Ice Age" the climate in Antarctica was warmer, and not colder at all. And it got colder there just after the "Ice Age" ended.

Isn't there too many “annoying misunderstandings”? .. And isn't the area on which these same “misunderstandings” are observed, which eventually cover a huge part of the globe, is not too large? ..

It is actually possible to get out of this tangle of climatic contradictions in a very simple way, if (leaving aside the question of the Flood and the reasons for the observed climatic changes for now) a fairly banal logical chain is drawn: the closer to the pole, the colder the climate, the more, respectively, and the likelihood of glaciers forming. Expanding this logical chain from end to beginning and starting from the facts, we get the following conclusion.

Glaciers in Europe and in eastern North America were formed because earlier in the 11th millennium BC, these regions were closer to the northern geographic pole than they are now. The climate in Siberia and Alaska was warmer, because at the same time these regions were located farther from the north geographic pole than they are today. Similarly, South America, with the nearby regions of Antarctica, was further from the geographic south pole than is the case today. In other words, earlier the geographic poles of our planet occupied a different position.

In fact, there was no "Ice Age"! .. At least in the sense of it, as we understand it now - as lower temperatures throughout the planet as a whole. The "Ice Age" was in Europe and in the east of North America (after all, there were ice there), but it had not planetary, but only local character! .. And it ended not because of the general increase in temperature on the planet, but because, as a result of the change in the position of the geographical poles, Europe and the eastern part of North America were in warmer latitudes.

Facts and simple logic lead to this conclusion. But this is a conclusion that does not yet explain the reasons for the changes that have occurred. And we still have to deal with them. How to deal with whether these reasons are related to what we (like geologists two hundred years ago) started with - that is, are these reasons related to the Flood. And for this, you first need to understand what the "Global Flood" is.

Everyone knows that there was an ice age on Earth! And some people think they are not alone. But in this matter, you need to be extremely careful. Many scientists urge not to exaggerate the power and vastness of the glaciers - to put it mildly.

Here is the opinion of our scientist, Professor Valery Nikitich Demin: “In the scientific, educational and reference literature, an at first glance indisputable opinion prevails: the northern territories of Eurasia were inhabited by man no earlier than the 15th millennium BC, and before that all these lands were completely covered a powerful continental glacier, which in principle excluded all life and migration. In essence, the glacier has fettered history itself!
However, the above absolutized dogma is contradicted primarily by archaeological data. The dating age of the oldest sites within the boundaries of the postulated glacial zone in the North of Eurasia begins at a two hundred thousand-year mark, and then smoothly and consistently passes through all the centuries up to the observable and already reflected times in written records.

For example, the age of the Byzovskaya site on the Pechora is, according to various sources, from 20 to 40 thousand years. In any case, material facts testify: life here flourished just at a time when, according to the "glacial theory", there could be no life. There are hundreds, if not thousands of such sites and other material monuments in the Arctic zone of Russia. a glaring contradiction, but if only one!
The problem can be looked at, so to speak, from the other end. Why is the continental glaciation not repeated in the current, no less severe conditions, say, in Eastern Siberia, at the “cold pole?” These and many other indisputable facts have long ago cast doubt on the scale and consequences of the glacial cataclysm that once befell our planet. "

Seven books directed against the glacial dogma that paralyzed science and ironed history cleaner than any glacier were written by Academician Ivan Grigorievich Pidoplichko (1905-1975), who until the end of his life headed the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. But try to find these books today. In the Russian State Library, the four-volume (!) Monograph "On the Ice Age" (edition 1946-1956) has been handed over to the archives and is not being given out to readers. There is no free access to books that collect and generalize unique geological, climatological, botanical and zoological material that refutes the "glacial theory" in its current dogmatic form, and there is no free access in other libraries.

This tragicomic situation resembles an incident told by the author of the forbidden topic himself. When glacialists, that is, supporters of the "glacial theory", once discovered a second fossil soil in the pits, and according to their guidelines, there should be only one, the "extra" was simply filled up, and the expedition was declared "supposedly unheard of." In the same way, the non-glacial processes of formation of boulder deposits are hushed up. The origin of the boulders is usually explained by the "ironing" of the ice, although in polar quarries boulders are found at a considerable depth.

Supporters of absolutized dogmas also ignore the opinion of the founder of paleoclimatology in Russia, Alexander Ivanovich Voeikov (1842-1916). considered the existence of extensive European glaciation unlikely and admitted only a partial one in the north of Eurasia and America.

As for the central zone of Russia, Voeikov was more than categorical here: in accordance with his calculations, an ice shell at the latitude of Russian chernozems would automatically entail the transformation of the earth's atmosphere over this territory into a solid block of ice. This, of course, was not, and therefore there was no picture of glaciation, which is usually drawn on the pages of textbooks. Therefore, it is necessary to be more than careful when comparing the glacial hypothesis with the known historical realities.

Summarizing the accumulated facts and summarizing the general state of the problem of the so-called ice ages, I.G. Pidoplichko concluded that THERE ARE NO FACTS - GEOLOGICAL, PALEONTOLOGICAL OR BIOLOGICAL, - CONFIRMING WITH LOGICAL INEVITABILITY ANYWHERE EXISTING ON EARTH IN ANY PERIODEUME

"And there is no reason to predict," the scientist emphasized, "that such facts will ever be discovered."
Ustin Chashchin is even more categorical: “IN THE PRESENT GEOCHRONOLOGY THERE IS A PLACE FOR ONLY ONE ICE PERIOD, THAT DOES NOT CONTRADICT THE FACTS”.

A. Sklyarov in his article "Does the fate of Phaeton await the Earth?" writes: “The popularity of the theory of plate tectonics and the adherence to it of the official scientific community gave rise at one time to such a well-known myth as the Great Gondwana Glaciation, which allegedly lasted from the Ordovician to the end of the Permian (that is, it lasted about 200 million years!) and captured all of Gondwana continents (Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia). ... However, it should be noted that a certain cooling, although not on such a scale, did take place during the indicated period. " Tell me, my reader, can anything living exist for 200 million years on an ice-covered Earth?
The point of view of the aforementioned scientists seems to me convincing, and I will not talk about the ice age, but about a sharp short-term jump in cooling on Earth. Immediately after the geocosmic cataclysm, a sharp drop in atmospheric temperature is coming. Estimated spacing from -50 ° C to -100 "C. Estimated duration - two years. The nature of the remains of" prehistoric "animals found around the world clearly indicates their almost instantaneous freezing.

About the animals found in Alaska, A. Alford says literally the following: "These animals ... died so suddenly that they immediately froze, not having time to decompose - and this is confirmed by the fact that local residents often thawed carcasses and ate meat" ... Here's how, even the meat was preserved? !! Has it really lain 75 million years and not deteriorated? Or is it better to admit that the disaster was recent?

The disaster ended with the formation of permanent ice at the poles. The permafrost front runs along the northern latitudes, it seems to have fixed the border of the ancient ecumene and the lands formed as a result of the movement of tectonic plates, which indicates that when the catastrophe ended, the geomagnetic position of our planet was already the same (or approximately the same) as we are. see him today. There was, however, a second shift of tectonic plates; although strong enough, it will not have such a destructive character. The conversation about the second progress is still ahead.

One large piece of land, breaking away, stopped at the South Pole. But here's what, dear reader, it is curious: there are maps of the XIV-XVI centuries, which depict Antarctica. But it will be "discovered" only in the 19th century!
In 1512, the Turkish admiral Piri Reis published the Bahriye navigation atlas. (This atlas is still kept in the National Museum of Istanbul.) Its maps depict Greenland, North and South America with the Amazon, the Falkland Islands, as well as the Andes mountains, not known at that time, with amazing accuracy. But Magellan will only go on his first trip around the world in seven years!

Based on ancient sources, Muhiddin Piri Reis's map depicts a large island (which is no longer present) in the Atlantic Ocean east of the South American coast. Is it a coincidence that this supposed island is shown just above the underwater Meridian Mid-Atlantic Ridge, just north of the equator and 700 miles east of the Brazilian coast, where the tiny rocks of Saints Peter and Paul barely peek out of the waves?

But the miracles don't end there. The same map depicts Antarctica, showing that coastlines and landforms are represented with a confidence that can only be achieved with aerial photography at high altitude, if not from space. The southernmost continent of the planet on the Reis map is devoid of ice cover! On the Reis map, not only the coastline is plotted, but also rivers, mountain ranges and mountain peaks! Tropical animals are depicted: a monkey, a roe deer, a lemur, an animal that looks like a cow. Two large tailless monkeys, standing on their hind legs, hold hands as if they are dancing. Or maybe they are people?

It is curious that the map also depicts ships with a perfect sailing system! And we are told that Antarctica was discovered in January 1820 by the Russian expedition of F.F. Bellingshausen - M.P. Lazarev.
Greenland on the Voyage maps also has no ice cover and consists of two islands (a fact recently confirmed by a French expedition)! In short, Greenland is depicted as, according to the official version, it could only be related to the geographical picture of the planet five thousand years ago!

The analysis of the Piri Reis maps by Dr. Afetinan Tarih Kurumu in The Oldest Map of America (Ankara, 1954) and the examination by the American Institute of Marine Hydrocartography revealed the incredible accuracy of these maps, which depicts even only recently discovered mountain ranges of Antarctica and Greenland by geologists. And among other things, such accuracy, according to experts, can be obtained exclusively with the help of aerial photography.
Piri Reis explains the origin of these cards in this way. They were found in the possession of a Spanish navigator who participated in three expeditions of Christopher Columbus, who was captured by a Turkish officer Kemal during a naval battle. Piri Reis points out in his notes that, according to the Spaniard, Columbus sailed to the New World using these maps !!! Piri Reis maps are kept in Istanbul (Constantinople) in the Imperial Library, of which the admiral was an honorary reader. Thus, based on all of the above, we can conclude that not long ago Antarctica and Greenland were ice-free!

At the end of 1959, at the Library of Congress in Washington, Professor of Keene's College (New Hampshire, USA) Charles H. Hapgood discovered a map drawn by Oronteus Phineus. And on Phineus' map (1531) Antarctica is also shown without its ice shell! The general outline of the continent coincides with what is depicted on modern maps. Almost in place, almost in the center of the continent, lies the South Pole. The mountain ranges that flank the shores resemble the numerous ridges discovered in recent years, enough not to be considered a random result of the imagination of the cartographer.
These ridges have been identified, some onshore, some in the distance. Rivers flowed from many of them to the sea, very naturally and convincingly fitting into the folds of the relief. Of course, this assumes that the coast was free of ice at the time the map was drawn. The central part of the continent on the map is free of rivers and mountains. As shown by seismographic studies in 1958, the relief depicted on the map corresponds to reality.

The question is: how could the boundaries of the Antarctic land be depicted if the glaciation of the continent (again according to the official chronology) began 25 million years ago?

He had confidence in the cards of Phineus and Gerard Kremer, known to the whole world under the name of Mercator. The result of the study of ancient maps by MIT professor Richard Streichan: their compilation requires knowledge of geometric triangulation methods and an understanding of spherical trigonometry. And apparently, the compilers of the "primary sources" used by Piri Reis and other compilers of ancient maps had similar knowledge.
In particular, Hapgood also found a Chinese map copied in 1137 from an earlier original on a stone pillar. This map contains the same accurate longitude data as the rest. It uses the same grid and uses spherical trigonometry.

Modern science knows other "strange" maps, which are united by the presence of unknown geographical objects at the time of their creation and the incredible accuracy of coordinate values. These, in addition to those listed, are Dulserta's portolan (1339), Zeno's map (1380), Yehuda Ben Zara's "Portolano", Haji Ahmet's maps (1559), Mercator's maps (1538), Gutier's maps (1562) .), Philippe Bou-asche (XVIII century).
But the most interesting thing is that I have not seen Australia on any map! And Antarctica has a different shape and twice as large as modern. The mainland is so large that it rests against South America and almost reaches Africa. And the northeastern borders of Antarctica exactly copy the northern borders of modern Australia.

Well, isn't it suspicious? Finally, we need to muster up the courage and admit that the history of the geography of the Earth and the chronology of events in reality look very different.

15 May 2018, 07:13

Siberian scientists have confirmed the hypothesis that the next ice age will begin on Earth in 30 thousand years. But the small ice ages and other climatic cataclysms are difficult to predict.

In 1920, the Serbian researcher Milutin Milankovic developed a theory according to which the alternation of glacial and interglacial (Holocene) eras is associated with a change in the Earth's orbit when moving around the Sun. Based on the calculations, it was concluded that the next global cooling will begin in about 30 thousand years. But, according to the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, there is still little empirical data for accurate research.

Scientists have traced the deposits of loess (sediment from aeolian dust that accumulated during ice ages) and soil that forms during the interglacial period in Western Siberia. "Science in Siberia" writes about the research results.

“There are numerous sections in Western Siberia that can be used to reconstruct the climate of the past. The most interesting of them are the sections of the loess-soil sequence, they reflect the global record of the climate in the Quaternary period, ”said Vladimir Zykin, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor of Novosibirsk State University.

Soils in many regions of the world were formed synchronously. The cyclical nature of their formation coincided with the frequency of changes in the orbital parameters of the Earth, which, according to calculations, about 400 thousand years ago were similar to modern ones, scientists noted.

“The fossil soil corresponding to this time and formed under the same geomorphological conditions has three times the thickness of the modern one, which indicates that the duration of this soil formation epoch, which occurs in warm interglacial conditions, was also three times longer. Therefore, there is no reason to say that in the near future the modern interglacial era will end and a major glaciation will begin. It will continue for more than 30 thousand years, ”said Valentina Zykina, a leading researcher at the institute.

At the same time, as the researchers specify, there were smaller periods of abrupt climate change within each of the major cooling and warming epochs. “These events are quasiperiodic, so it is rather difficult to predict them, in addition, they can manifest themselves locally,” the newspaper writes. The last Little Ice Age began, according to various sources, from the 12th or 15th centuries - a drop in temperature by one to three degrees in Europe caused outbreaks of crop failure and famine, plague and cholera epidemics. In addition, the climate was influenced by large volcanic eruptions, the emissions of which, once in the stratosphere, reflected the sun's rays.

The Little Ice Age ended at the end of the 19th century. Since then, warming has begun, which continues to this day.

Predictions about how our climate will change often contradict each other. What awaits us: global warming or a new ice age? Researchers from the Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology, Paleoclimatology and Mineralogical Indicators of Climate. VS Sobolev SB RAS suggest that both are only of different scales and at different times.

"The modern climate and natural environment were finally formed in the so-called Quaternary period - a stage in the geological history of the Earth, which began 2.588 million years ago and continues to this day. This period is characterized by the alternation of glacial and interglacial epochs. shields up to three kilometers thick moved far to the south, in Western Siberia they reached approximately to Khanty-Mansiysk, and in Europe to 48 degrees north latitude. Moscow and even Kiev stand on glacial deposits. Now we live in a warm interglacial era, which is called the Holocene ", - says the head of the laboratory of Cenozoic geology, paleoclimatology and mineralogical indicators of climate, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor of NSU Vladimir Sergeevich Zykin.

The climate is one of the most complex systems on Earth. It consists of the interaction of a huge number of factors: solar activity, the location of continents and oceans, land relief, albedo (reflectivity) of the Earth, changes in the orbit of our planet, volcanism, the content of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and, possibly, anthropogenic influence.

When the first more or less reliable data on the climate of the Quaternary period appeared, it was believed that interglacial epochs last only ten thousand years. The most recent of them is the Holocene in which we live. It began about 10 thousand years ago. In 1972, the famous American paleoclimatologists George Doll and Robley Matthews, based on the data available at that time on the duration of glacial and interglacial eras, turned to US President Richard Nixon, where they reported that the Holocene, in which mankind existed for 10 thousand years, is ending , and we need to prepare for a global glaciation.

Today, the alternation of large glacial and interglacial eras is explained by the orbital theory developed by the Serbian explorer Milutin Milankovic back in the 1920s, according to which these processes were associated with a change in the Earth's orbit when moving around the Sun. The scientist calculated the changes in orbital elements and made an approximate "glaciation chart" in the Quaternary period. Followers of Milankovitch calculated that the duration of the Holocene should be about 40 thousand years. That is, for another 30 thousand years, mankind can sleep peacefully.

The modern concept of orbital theory links past climate changes with changes in solar insolation arriving at the Earth's surface. This is due to the oscillations of the orbital elements with a periodicity of 100 thousand years (orbital elongation), 41 thousand years (inclination of the Earth's axis to the plane of the ecliptic) and 23 thousand years (precession of the Earth's axis). However, there is still very little empirical data to establish the duration of glacial and interglacial epochs on Earth.

It wasn't until 1727 that Fahrenheit created a thermometer with reproducible measurements for reliable information about temperature. Today there is only one continuous temperature series in 300 years - the Manley series in Central England. It is used to simulate the modern climate. The state of the atmosphere in the more distant past can only be judged by indirect signs - the so-called climate indicators, which are being studied by Siberian scientists.

“The study of the evolution of climate in the past allows us to understand the space-time unevenness of the climate response to global events and make it possible to predict what will happen to the natural environment in different regions in the near future,” says Vladimir Zykin. “The most accurate and reliable data on climate change can be obtained over the last segment of the Earth's existence, approximately 30 million years. We are dealing with just this interval. In Western Siberia there are numerous sections, which can be used to reconstruct the climate of the past. The most interesting of them are sections of the loess-soil sequence, they reflect the global record of the climate in the Quaternary ".

Loess is a sediment of aeolian dust that accumulated during ice ages. When the climate cooled, aridization (aridity) intensified, the intensity of the atmosphere increased sharply due to the high temperature gradient between the pole and the equator - where there was an ice sheet, they became very low, and remained high at low latitudes. Because of this, a strong wind was formed, which "plowed out" almost all the upper sediments. A huge amount of dust saturated the atmosphere.

"When you fly over Western Siberia, you see this very aeolian relief of the last glaciation - the basin of Lake Chany and many other smaller lakes. There was a territory from which dust was blown out - in Siberia it is the Baraba lowland, Kulunda. The wind raised this dust up, and it flew to Greenland, Antarctica, and in Siberia in the wind shadow, for example, near Altai, it fell in the form of precipitation. Coarser material was carried by the wind along the Earth's surface, settled, forming positive forms of aeolian relief in the form of manes and ridges, similar to sand dunes and dunes The vast expanses of Western Siberia turned into a huge cold desert. Due to the western transfer of air masses, due to the rotation of the Earth, aeolian forms acquired a distinct southwestern orientation. ) ", - explains the leading researcher, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences Valentina Semenovna Zykina ...

Thus, over the past 800 thousand years on the Pre-Altai Plain, more than 150-meter strata of deposits have accumulated, consisting of alternating horizons of loess and soils. Their sequence most fully reflects the climatic changes that took place in the Quaternary period. In addition to Western Siberia, this stratum is found in many regions of the world - China, Central Asia, Europe, and the USA. It is very laborious to study it. So in the coastal cliffs of the Ob, Irtysh and many other rivers, its sections have almost vertical walls. On the Priobskoye plateau, their height reaches 120 meters. In order to obtain detailed records of climate change and to determine the duration of each glacial and interglacial epoch, scientists clean out and examine in detail almost every centimeter of these sections. After that, the laboratory studies the microstructure of the horizons of loess and soils, composing their grains of minerals, the chemical features of sedimentation.

Having thus studied the loess-soil sequences of Western and Central Siberia, Valentina Zykina and her colleagues established that this record of climatic events is one of the most complete in the world, and the structure of soil complexes clearly coincides with the structure of warm stages in many global records of climate (bottom sediments of the World ocean, Baikal climate record, ice cores of Antarctica). That is, soils in many regions of the Earth were formed synchronously. The cyclical nature of their formation coincided with the frequency of changes in the orbital parameters of the Earth, which, according to calculations, about 400 thousand years ago were similar to modern ones.

"The fossil soil corresponding to this time and formed under the same geomorphological conditions has three times the thickness of the present one, which indicates that the duration of this soil formation epoch, which takes place in warm conditions of the interglacial, was also three times longer. Therefore, to say that in the near future Since the modern interglacial era will end and a major glaciation will begin, there is no reason. It will continue for more than 30 thousand years, "says Valentina Zykina.

However, not all so simple. Glacial and interglacial epochs have a certain structure - within each of them, smaller periods of warming and cooling alternate, many cycles of different duration and amplitude are distinguished. These events are quasiperiodic, so it is rather difficult to predict them; moreover, they can manifest themselves locally.

They have been restored most reliably over the past millennia. First, according to historical data. These are the warmest Romanesque and Medieval climatic optima and the coldest Dark Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age. The latter began, according to some sources, from the 12th century, and according to others, from the 15th century. Then there was a cooling of the climate, glaciers were advancing in the mountains, in Europe the temperature dropped by one to three degrees, which caused outbreaks of crop failure and famine, as well as epidemics of plague and cholera. When large volcanic eruptions occurred, and the products of these eruptions fell into the stratosphere, creating a screen for the sun's rays, the cooling increased even more. These events led, in fact, to a climate catastrophe. So, due to the eruption of the Huaynaputin volcano in 1601 - 1604, Moscow became significantly colder, snow fell in July, the Moscow River froze, crop failure and hunger reigned. The eruption of the volcano Laki in Iceland in 1783-1784 reduced the monsoon activity over Africa, which led to the absence of the Nile flood and caused the famous "great dry land" in Egypt, during which millions of people died of hunger. The population in this country has decreased six times. The Little Ice Age ended at the end of the 19th century, and from that time a warming began, which continues to this day.

The second source of information is subaerial precipitation. Having studied them on the territory of the West Siberian Plain over the last 1000 years, scientists have established: in the interval from 1200s to approximately 1860s, corresponding to the Little Ice Age, forms of aeolian relief - sandy masses and dunes - were actively formed.

"With aridization of the climate, the level of rivers and lakes dropped, and a huge amount of sandy material deposited on the eastern shores was carried out of them by the westerly wind. At the end of the 19th century, soil began to form on this aeolian relief, vegetation appeared - the so-called ribbon pine forests," says Vladimir Zykin - These events turned out to be much smaller in scale than during the accumulation of loess. We found that during the last 1200 years there were short quasiperiodic fluctuations in the average annual air temperature and climate humidification lasting 200-300 years, manifested in the alternation of horizons of aeolian sands and soils. During short periods of cooling and aridization of the climate, eolian formations were formed. During small periods of warming and humidification (for example, from about 1350 to 1560), the sands were consolidated by vegetation and the formation of soils. " According to scientists, the climate humidification phase is now in progress in Western Siberia.

Today, global warming continues. According to the World Meteorological Organization, 2016 is recognized as the warmest year in the history of meteorological observations, 2017 is in third place, and in Russia, according to the Hydrometeorological Center, it became the warmest in its entire history. Polar ice is shrinking. The rise in temperature correlates well with the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Last year, it was recorded at about 400 ppm, although in 1958, when such measurements were first made, it was only 315 ppm, and its pre-industrial level is assumed to be 280 ppm.

If it were not for greenhouse gases (the main of which is water vapor), the temperature on Earth would be 30 ° C lower. That is, on average, it would be -15 ° C.

“It is customary to associate the processes of modern global warming with the rise in carbon dioxide. the climate was not influenced by any anthropogenic influence, and global records show that the rise in temperature is 800 years ahead of the rise in carbon dioxide concentration.

The increase in CO2 is apparently associated with an increase in the water temperature in the Ocean, which leads to the release of carbon dioxide from water and methane from bottom sediments. That is, like the rise in temperature, it most likely depends on natural causes, about which we are still poorly aware - notes Vladimir Zykin. - Recently, UN Secretary General A. Gutterisch called global warming the main threat to all mankind. Despite the real danger of global climate changes occurring at a high rate, their study is rather sluggish. Neither the reasons nor the consequences are clear. The officially accepted point of view on the causes of warming, as a response only to an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to the combustion of carbon fuels, greatly simplifies the approach to understanding the ongoing global changes and does not explain many of the natural processes taking place now. Recently, the number of specialists in Russia dealing with the evolution of natural processes has sharply decreased. There is no national program coordinating the efforts of scientists. The attitude of mankind to the problems of climate change is well reflected in the painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder "The Blind", in which six blind people walk along the cliff. "

Diana Khomyakova

Sources of

BezFormata.Ru Novosibirsk (novosibirsk.bezformata.ru), 15/05/2018

Siberian News Agency (sibnovosti.ru), 15/05/2018

Monavista (novosibirsk.monavista.ru), 15/05/2018

The world news (theworldnews.net), 05/17/2018

Science and technology (naucaitechnika.ru), 17/05/2018

Scientific Russia (scientificrussia.ru), 21/05/2018

Here is the opinion of our scientist, Professor Valery Nikitich Demin:

“In the scientific, educational and reference literature, an at first glance indisputable opinion prevails: the northern territories of Eurasia were inhabited by man no earlier than the 15th millennium BC, and before that all these lands were completely covered with a powerful continental glacier, which in principle excluded all life and migration. In essence, the glacier has fettered history itself!

However, the above absolutized dogma is contradicted primarily by archaeological data. The dating age of the oldest sites within the boundaries of the postulated glacial zone in the North of Eurasia starts from the 200,000-year mark, and then smoothly and consistently passes through all the centuries up to the observable and already reflected times in written monuments.

For example, the age of the Byzovskaya site on the Pechora is, according to various sources, from 20 to 40 thousand years. In any case, material facts testify: life here flourished just at a time when, according to the "glacial theory", there could be no life. There are hundreds, if not thousands, of such sites and other material monuments in the Arctic zone of Russia. So, there is a glaring contradiction. But if only one!

The problem can be looked at, so to speak, from the other end. Why does the continental glaciation not repeat itself in the current, no less severe conditions, say, in Eastern Siberia, at the "cold pole"? These and many other indisputable facts have long ago cast doubt on the scale and consequences of the glacial cataclysm that once befell our planet. "

Seven books directed against the glacial dogma that paralyzed science and ironed history cleaner than any glacier were written by Academician Ivan Grigorievich Pidoplichko (1905-1975), who until the end of his life headed the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. But try to find these books today. In the Russian State Library, the four-volume (!) Monograph "On the Ice Age" (published in 1946-1956) has been archived and is not being given out to readers. There is no free access to books that collect and generalize unique geological, climatological, botanical and zoological material that refutes the "glacial theory" in its current dogmatic form, and there is no free access in other libraries.

Supporters of absolutized dogmas also ignore the opinion of the founder of paleoclimatology in Russia, Alexander Ivanovich Voeikov (1842-1916), who considered the existence of extensive European glaciation unlikely and admitted only a partial one in the north of Eurasia and America.

Therefore, it is necessary to be more than careful when comparing the glacial hypothesis with the known historical realities.

"And there is no reason to predict," the scientist emphasized, "that such facts will ever be discovered."

Ustin Chashchin is even more categorical: “IN THE PRESENT GEOCHRONOLOGY THERE IS A PLACE FOR ONLY ONE ICE PERIOD, THAT DOES NOT CONTRADICT THE FACTS”.

A. Sklyarov in his article "Does the fate of Phaeton await the Earth?" writes:

“The popularity of the theory of plate tectonics and the adherence to it of the official scientific community gave rise at one time to such a well-known myth as the Great Gondwana Glaciation, which allegedly lasted from the Ordovician to the end of the Permian (that is, lasted about 200 million years!) And captured all the continents that made up Gondwana ( Africa, South America, Antarctica and Australia) ... It should be noted, however, that a certain cooling, albeit not on such a scale, did take place during this period. "

Tell me, my reader, can anything living exist for 200 million years on an ice-covered Earth?

The point of view of the aforementioned scientists seems to me convincing, and I will not talk about the ice age, but about a sharp short-term jump in cooling on Earth. Immediately after the geocosmic cataclysm, a sharp drop in atmospheric temperature is coming.

Spacing suggested is -50 ° C to -100 ° C. The estimated duration is two years.

The nature of the remains of "prehistoric" animals found around the world unambiguously testifies to their almost instantaneous freezing. About the animals found in Alaska, A. Alford says literally the following: “ These animals ... died so suddenly that they immediately froze to death, not having time to decompose - and this is confirmed by the fact that the locals often thawed carcasses and ate meat". Here's how, even the meat was preserved? !! Has it really lain 75 million years and not deteriorated? Or is it better to admit that the disaster was recent?

(This atlas is still kept in the National Museum of Istanbul.) Its maps depict Greenland, North and South America with the Amazon, the Falkland Islands, as well as the Andes mountains, not known at that time, with amazing accuracy.

But Magellan will only go on his first trip around the world in seven years!

Tropical animals are depicted: a monkey, a roe deer, a lemur, an animal that looks like a cow. Two large tailless monkeys, standing on their hind legs, hold hands as if they are dancing. Or maybe they are people? I could not resist, I found these ancient maps on the Internet, so that it was not hearsay. So I am writing what I saw myself.

It is curious that the map also depicts ships with a perfect sailing system!

And we are told that Antarctica was discovered in January 1820 by the Russian expedition of F.F. Bellingshausen - M.P. Lazarev.

Greenland on the Voyage maps also has no ice cover and consists of two islands (a fact recently confirmed by a French expedition)! In short, Greenland is depicted as, according to the official version, it could only be related to the geographical picture of the planet five thousand years ago! The analysis of the Piri Reis maps by Dr. Afetinan Tarih Kurumu in The Oldest Map of America (Ankara, 1954) and the examination by the American Institute of Marine Hydrocartography revealed the incredible accuracy of these maps, which depicts even only recently discovered mountain ranges of Antarctica and Greenland by geologists. And among other things, such accuracy, according to experts, can be obtained exclusively with the help of aerial photography. Piri Reis explains the origin of these cards in this way. They were found in the possession of a Spanish navigator who participated in three expeditions of Christopher Columbus, who was captured by a Turkish officer Kemal during a naval battle. Piri Reis points out in his notes that, according to the Spaniard, Columbus sailed to the New World using these maps !!! Piri Reis maps are kept in Istanbul (Constantinople) in the Imperial Library, of which the Admiral was an honorary reader. Thus, based on all of the above, we can conclude that not long ago Antarctica and Greenland were ice-free!

At the end of 1959, at the Library of Congress in Washington, Professor of Keene's College (New Hampshire, USA) Charles H. Hapgood discovered a map drawn by Oronteus Phineus. And on Phineus' map (1531) Antarctica is also shown without its ice shell! The general outline of the continent coincides with what is depicted on modern maps. Almost in place, almost in the center of the continent, lies the South Pole. The mountain ranges that flank the shores resemble the numerous ridges discovered in recent years, enough not to be considered a random result of the imagination of the cartographer. These ridges have been identified, some onshore, some in the distance. Rivers flowed from many of them to the sea, very naturally and convincingly fitting into the folds of the relief. Of course, this assumes that the coast was free of ice at the time the map was drawn. The central part of the continent on the map is free of rivers and mountains. As shown by seismographic studies in 1958, the relief depicted on the map corresponds to reality.

The question is: how could the boundaries of the Antarctic land be depicted if the glaciation of the continent (again according to the official chronology) began 25 million years ago?

Finey and Gerard Kremer, known to the whole world under the name of Mercator, confided in the cards. The result of the study of ancient maps by MIT professor Richard Streichan: to compile them requires knowledge of geometric triangulation methods and an understanding of spherical trigonometry.

And apparently, the compilers of the "primary sources" used by Piri Reis and other compilers of ancient maps had similar knowledge. In particular, Hapgood also found a Chinese map copied in 1137 from an earlier original on a stone pillar. This map contains the same accurate longitude data as the rest. It uses the same grid and uses spherical trigonometry.

But the most interesting thing is that I have not seen Australia on any map! And Antarctica has a different shape and twice as large as modern. The mainland is so large that it rests against South America and almost reaches Africa. And the northeastern borders of Antarctica exactly copy the northern borders of modern Australia. Well, isn't it suspicious? Finally, we need to muster up the courage and admit that the history of the geography of the Earth and the chronology of events in reality look very different.