Botany book 

Let us list the characteristic features of a democratic regime. Main features of democratic regimes Two characteristic features of the democratic path

Democracy as an independent system in political life.

Democracy in modern society.

2. What political process does the author consider democracy to be the result of? Provide your own explanation based on your knowledge of the course to confirm the author’s words.

In a democratic society, the interests of the majority of citizens are taken into account to a greater extent through elections to government bodies or local self-government.

3. What two aspects of democracy as a system does the author highlight? Formulate another definition of democracy known to you from the course.

First side. Designed to develop and promote common interests and collective goals.

Second side. Ensuring fair competition between conflicting interests.

Democracy is one of the forms of government that is characterized by the direct participation of the people and recognition of them as the only source of power.

4. Based on your knowledge of the course, name two characteristic features of democratic decision-making and illustrate one of them with a specific example.



Transparency and openness of the decision-making process.

Extensive discussion of projects.

5. In one of the informal youth groups, a strict law has been established: any participant who does not agree with the orders of the leader is punished. He may be expelled from the organization, declared a boycott, etc. Do you think such an organization is democratic? Give a reasoned answer to the question, supporting it with a quote from the text.

This organization is not democratic, because under this regime the people are the only source of power, the people are granted individual rights and freedoms. And here is “a tough law, under which any participant who does not agree with the leader’s orders is punished.”

6. The author writes that decentralization movements can lead to the commission of a great sin and crime against one’s own state and people. Based on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments to support the author’s position.

Citizens must have the opportunity to evaluate and speak out; this is the only way democracy is possible.

Fair elections of the most worthy candidates to lead the country.

Legal norms, as we already know, are the “bricks”, the initial elements of the entire edifice of law of a given country. Branches are the largest divisions of law, so to speak, entire floors, services of the legal building. These are criminal law, labor law, administrative law, civil law, etc. Taken together, these branches make up the law as a whole - the legal system of a given country. The branch of law is the main division of the legal system, distinguished by a specific regime of legal regulation and covering entire areas of homogeneous social relations.

When indicating a branch of law, a number of its characteristics can be noted. Each of the industries has “its own subject,” i.e., a special area of ​​social life, a special type of homogeneous social relations: constitutional, labor, land, social security, etc. Each of the industries has “its own legislation”, as a rule, independent codes, other legislative acts. Thus, criminal law corresponds to criminal legislation, headed by the Criminal Code; civil law - civil legislation headed by the Civil Code.

And yet, the main feature of each industry is the presence of a special legal regime (“method of regulation”), which characterizes how, in what way - through permissions, prohibitions, obligations - legal regulation is carried out. For example, civil law and labor law gravitate towards permissions; to prohibitions - criminal; to obligations - administrative. A qualified legal practitioner knows that the designation of legal cases as criminal, labor, or family indicates that in this case a special legal order applies. For example, a citizen entered into an agreement with an organization to carry out work, and then a conflict arose, and a legal authority needs to consider the “case.” What's the matter? The answer to this question depends on what kind of agreement was concluded. Employment contract? Just an agreement to perform contract work? In the first case (employment contract), labor law comes into force. If a contract agreement is concluded, then there is a different legal regime, established and supported not by labor law, but by civil law.

(According to S.S. Alekseev)

1. outline of the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

2. What definition of the branch of law is given in the text? Explain the relationship between the terms “rule of law”, “legislative act”, “branch of law”.

3. What three features of the branch of law are considered by the author?

4. The text provides examples of some branches of law. Name any three branches and, based on your knowledge of the social science course, determine its subject for each.

5. For what purpose are legal norms combined into codes? What two examples of codes are given in the text? Using social science knowledge, give another example of a code.

6. What three methods of regulation, according to the author, operate in various branches of law? Using the example of any branch of law, explain why it gravitates towards one or another method of regulation.

Civil society

Civil society is a structured society. It contains within itself a mass of non-state associations that are independent of the state, and a person, being a member of one or more unions or associations, no longer stands alone in the face of the state machine. She can no longer calmly drive through it and not notice.

Here I am not so much a citizen of the state as a member of the consumer union, a member of the firemen's assistance club, a parishioner of the temple, and a visitor to the sports club. I am a member of a team with which we have common interests, we protect each other, we help each other. The same “Consumer Union” is a very serious public organization that, at your request, can sue any enterprise that produces low-quality goods and services. This organization has its own magazine, its own lawyers and can, in principle, ruin any public or private enterprise if it is found to be disrespecting consumer rights.

The sprouts of civil society are still emerging in our society. But if we take, for example, modern Germany, then it is highly developed there. Small enterprises are being created that call themselves “collectives” and “social projects”. These are early childhood education centers, food cooperatives, workshops, and public libraries. There is a broad civil rights movement.

All this, taken together, creates a picture of a rich civil society, where a person can always find a group of like-minded people, can always receive protection from the injustices of the state and from his own loneliness. A person feels like a person only in his small group, where everyone knows, loves him and helps each other.

(Based on materials from the encyclopedia for schoolchildren)

1. Make a plan for the text. To do this, highlight the main semantic fragments of the text and title each of them.

2. What two functions of civil society are mentioned in the text?

3. What manifestations of civil society are mentioned in the text? List any five manifestations.

Explanation.

4. Give three examples of civil society protecting the interests and rights of citizens. In each case, name the citizen's protected right, and then give an example.

5. Some scientists believe that the full functioning of civil society is possible only under the rule of law. Give two arguments to support this opinion.

6. The text contains the statement: “A person feels like a person only in his small group.” Do you agree with this statement? Based on the text and social science knowledge, give two arguments (explanations) in defense of your position.

Which reflects the relationship between government and society, the level of political freedom and the nature of political life in the country.

In many ways, these characteristics are determined by specific traditions, culture, and historical conditions for the development of the state, so we can say that each country has its own unique political regime. However, similar features can be found among many regimes in different countries.

In the scientific literature there are two types of political regime:

  • democratic;
  • antidemocratic.

Signs of a democratic regime:

  • rule of law;
  • separation of powers;
  • the presence of real political and social rights and freedoms of citizens;
  • election of government bodies;
  • existence of opposition and pluralism.

Signs of an anti-democratic regime:

  • reign of lawlessness and terror;
  • lack of political pluralism;
  • absence of opposition parties;

An anti-democratic regime is divided into totalitarian and authoritarian. Therefore, we will consider the characteristics of three political regimes: totalitarian, authoritarian and democratic.

Democratic regime based on the principles of equality and freedom; The main source of power here is considered to be the people. At authoritarian regime political power is concentrated in the hands of an individual or group of people, but relative freedom is maintained outside the sphere of politics. At totalitarian regime The authorities tightly control all spheres of society.

Typology of political regimes:

Characteristics of political regimes

Democratic regime(from the Greek demokratia - democracy) is based on the recognition of the people as the main source of power, on the principles of equality and freedom. The signs of democracy are as follows:

  • electivity - citizens are elected to government bodies through universal, equal and direct elections;
  • separation of powers - power is divided into legislative, executive and judicial branches, independent of each other;
  • civil society - citizens can influence the authorities with the help of a developed network of voluntary public organizations;
  • equality - everyone has equal civil and political rights
  • rights and freedoms, as well as guarantees for their protection;
  • pluralism— respect for other people’s opinions and ideologies, including opposition ones, prevails, complete openness and freedom of the press from censorship are ensured;
  • agreement - political and other social relations are aimed at finding a compromise, and not at a violent solution to the problem; all conflicts are resolved legally.

Democracy is direct and representative. At direct democracy decisions are made directly by all citizens who have the right to vote. There was direct democracy, for example, in Athens, in the Novgorod Republic, where people, gathering in the square, made a common decision on every problem. Now direct democracy is implemented, as a rule, in the form of a referendum - a popular vote on draft laws and important issues of national importance. For example, the current Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted in a referendum on December 12, 1993.

In large areas, direct democracy is too difficult to implement. Therefore, government decisions are made by special elected institutions. This kind of democracy is called representative, since the elected body (for example, the State Duma) represents the people who elected it.

Authoritarian regime(from the Greek autocritas - power) arises when power is concentrated in the hands of an individual or group of people. Authoritarianism is usually combined with dictatorship. Political opposition is impossible under authoritarianism, but in non-political spheres, such as economics, culture or private life, individual autonomy and relative freedom are preserved.

Totalitarian regime(from Latin totalis - whole, whole) arises when all spheres of society are controlled by the authorities. Power under a totalitarian regime is monopolized (by the party, the leader, the dictator), a single ideology is obligatory for all citizens. The absence of any dissent is ensured by a powerful apparatus of supervision and control, police repression, and acts of intimidation. A totalitarian regime creates a lack of initiative personality prone to submission.

Totalitarian political regime

Totalitarian political regime- this is a regime of “all-consuming power”, which endlessly interferes in the lives of citizens, including all their activities within the scope of its management and compulsory regulation.

Signs of a totalitarian political regime:

1. Availabilitythe only mass party led by a charismatic leader, as well as a virtual merger of party and government structures. This is a kind of “-”, where the central party apparatus is in first place in the power hierarchy, and the state acts as a means of implementing the party program;

2. Monopolizationand centralization of power, when such political values ​​as submission and loyalty to the “party-state” are primary in comparison with material, religious, aesthetic values ​​in the motivation and assessment of human actions. Within the framework of this regime, the line between political and non-political spheres of life disappears (“the country as a single camp”). All life activities, including the level of private and personal life, are strictly regulated. The formation of government bodies at all levels is carried out through closed channels, bureaucratic means;

3. "Unity"official ideology, which through massive and targeted indoctrination (media, training, propaganda) is imposed on society as the only correct, true way of thinking. At the same time, the emphasis is not on individual, but on “cathedral” values ​​(state, race, nation, class, clan). The spiritual atmosphere of society is distinguished by fanatical intolerance of dissent and “dissent” according to the principle “those who are not with us are against us”;

4. Systemphysical and psychological terror, a police state regime, where the basic “legal” principle is dominated by the principle: “Only what is ordered by the authorities is allowed, everything else is prohibited.”

Totalitarian regimes traditionally include communist and fascist regimes.

Authoritarian political regime

The main features of an authoritarian regime:

1. INpower is unlimited, uncontrollable by citizens character and is concentrated in the hands of one person or group of persons. This could be a tyrant, a military junta, a monarch, etc.;

2. Support(potential or real) on strength. An authoritarian regime may not resort to mass repression and may even be popular among the general population. However, in principle, he can allow himself any actions towards citizens in order to force them to obey;

3. Mmonopolization of power and politics, preventing political opposition and independent legal political activity. This circumstance does not exclude the existence of a limited number of parties, trade unions and some other organizations, but their activities are strictly regulated and controlled by the authorities;

4. PRecruitment of leading cadres is carried out through co-optation rather than pre-election competitive struggle; There are no constitutional mechanisms for succession and transfer of power. Changes in power often occur through coups using armed forces and violence;

5. ABOUTrefusal of total control over society, non-interference or limited intervention in non-political spheres, and, above all, in the economy. The government is primarily concerned with issues of ensuring its own security, public order, defense and foreign policy, although it can also influence the strategy of economic development and pursue an active social policy without destroying the mechanisms of market self-regulation.

Authoritarian regimes can be divided into strictly authoritarian, moderate and liberal. There are also types such as "populist authoritarianism", based on equalizingly oriented masses, as well as "national-patriotic", in which the national idea is used by the authorities to create either a totalitarian or democratic society, etc.

Authoritarian regimes include:
  • absolute and dualistic monarchies;
  • military dictatorships, or regimes with military rule;
  • theocracy;
  • personal tyrannies.

Democratic political regime

Democratic regime is a regime in which power is exercised by a freely expressing majority. Democracy translated from Greek literally means “power of the people” or “democracy”.

Basic principles of a democratic regime of government:

1. Folksovereignty, i.e. The primary bearer of power is the people. All power is from the people and is delegated to them. This principle does not imply that political decisions are made directly by the people, as, for example, in a referendum. He only assumes that all bearers of state power received their power functions thanks to the people, i.e. directly through elections (deputies of parliament or the president) or indirectly through representatives elected by the people (a government formed and subordinate to parliament);

2. Free elections representatives of government, which presuppose the presence of at least three conditions: freedom to nominate candidates as a consequence of freedom of education and functioning; freedom of suffrage, i.e. universal and equal suffrage on the principle of “one person, one vote”; freedom of voting, perceived as a means of secret voting and equality for all in receiving information and the opportunity to conduct propaganda during the election campaign;

3. Subordination of the minority to the majority with strict respect for the rights of the minority. The main and natural duty of the majority in a democracy is respect for the opposition, its right to free criticism and the right to replace, based on the results of new elections, the former majority in power;

4. Implementationprinciple of separation of powers. The three branches of government - legislative, executive and judicial - have such powers and such practice that the two “corners” of this unique “triangle”, if necessary, can block the undemocratic actions of the third “corner” that are contrary to the interests of the nation. The absence of a monopoly on power and the pluralistic nature of all political institutions are a necessary condition for democracy;

5. Constitutionalismand the rule of law in all spheres of life. The law prevails regardless of the person; everyone is equal before the law. Hence the “frigidity”, “coldness” of democracy, i.e. she is rational. Legal principle of democracy: "Everything that is not prohibited by law,- allowed."

Democratic regimes include:
  • presidential republics;
  • parliamentary republics;
  • parliamentary monarchies.

In the 20th century, the word “democracy” became perhaps the most popular among peoples and politicians around the world. Today there is not a single political movement that does not claim to implement democracy and does not use this term for its goals, which are often far from true democracy. What is democracy and what is the reason for its popularity? What should be understood by the term “democracy”? To what extent does it provide guidelines for solving the problems of peoples with divergent historical and cultural traditions? What is democracy - one of the alternatives for the development of humanity or the main path for the development of society?

The simplest definition of democracy is the power of the people. According to American educators, democracy is the power of the people, exercised by the people themselves and for the people. In the history of politics we will find many democratic forms of organizing public life (Athenian democracy in Ancient Greece, Republican Rome, urban democracies of the Middle Ages, including the Novgorod Republic, parliamentary forms of democracy in England, democracy of the North American states, etc.). Modern democracies, inheriting many traditions of historical democracies, at the same time differ significantly from them.

Modern theoretical models of democracy are based primarily on the political ideas of the New Age (J. Locke, C. de Montesquieu, J. J. Rousseau, I. Kant, A. de Tocqueville, etc.). The whole variety of theoretical models of modern democracy, if we talk about their ideological foundations, one way or another gravitates towards two theoretical paradigms formulated by the classics of political thought of the 19th-19th centuries. We are talking about liberal democratic and radical democratic theories.

Both theories arise as an attempt to resolve the so-called “Hobbes problem”, the essence of which can be briefly defined as follows: a person, moving from the state of “war of all against all” (state of nature) to an agreement on state-social life (social state), entrusts himself the very power of the state, since only it can guarantee compliance with the treaty. How to preserve human freedom in a social state? This question contains the knot of the “Hobbes problem”. Consequently, the theoretical task was to substantiate the boundaries of state activity, thanks to which the preservation of human freedom would be ensured.

Representatives of the liberal-democratic and radical-democratic movements considered man to be a rational being, but interpreted this anthropological premise of democratic theory differently. They were united in their interpretation of the origin of the state from the agreement accepted by reasonable individuals, but they differed in the source of this agreement. They defended human freedom, but understood it differently and interpreted its foundations differently (see table).

Liberal Democratictheory

Radical democratic theory
Morally autonomous individual Social person
Personal sovereignty Sovereignty of the People
Society as a sum of individuals Organic Society
Everyone's interest General interest
Pluralism of interests The primacy of the common good
Human freedom Freedom of the citizen
Primacy of human rights Unity of rights and responsibilities
Representative democracy, elections Direct democracy
Free mandate Imperative mandate
Separation of powers Separation of functions
Subordination of the minority to the majority with protection of minority rights Subordination of the minority to the majority

In liberal democratic concepts, human freedom meant his moral autonomy, the ability to rationally determine his life and the rules of communication with other people, which should not violate his individual rights. The state, which arises on the basis of an agreement between people as morally autonomous individuals, is limited by law, i.e. an equal external measure of freedom for each individual. Thus, this democratic paradigm was based on the premise of the autonomous individual, while society was interpreted as the sum of free individuals, and the public interest as the interest of all. Private life is valued here more than public life, and law is higher than the public good. The pluralism of individual interests and the interests of emerging associations of individuals (civil society) was accompanied by a conflict between them, the resolution of which was possible through compromise.

In principle, the state could not and should not interfere in the process of communication between autonomous individuals and their voluntary associations. It was called upon only when the intervention of an arbitrator was required. Liberal-democratic concepts allow only a “limited state”, a “night watchman” state. Such a state is impossible without an agreement between people, and state representatives are elected by the population. The freedom of the individual is limited only by law, and the state itself (in order to avoid usurpation of state power by individual bodies or persons) must be built on the principle of separation of powers. The principle of majority voting, which is valid in voting, is supplemented by the principle of protecting the rights of the minority.

In accordance with radical democratic concepts, a reasonable person could exist autonomously only in a state of nature, and as he socializes, he becomes a social being, i.e. rationally accepting the values ​​of society. The state, which arises on the basis of an agreement, is guided by the values ​​of society, the bearer of which is the people; it is limited by the “sovereignty of the people.” Human freedom can be ensured only when the people are free and have the will to give laws to the state. The despotism of the state is preserved if it is guided not by private, but by the general interests of the people, which are not a simple sum of private interests, but have an organic unity.

The unity of the people is the most important principle of organizing political life, and the form of democratic participation here is direct democracy. Persons exercising governance in the state are endowed with a people's mandate and are responsible to it. The unity of power is ensured by the sovereignty of the people, and therefore the principle of separation of powers is not essential; Here we can rather talk about the division of functions rather than of powers. The subordination of the minority to the majority is the outward expression of a single will, which in principle requires general consent.

Despite the variety of models of democracy, it is possible to identify common characteristic features inherent in this regime:

  1. The existence in society of many interests and a wide range of possibilities for their expression and implementation.
  2. Guaranteed access of groups to political institutions.
  3. Universal suffrage, allowing citizens to take part in the formation of representative institutions.
  4. Control of representative institutions over government activities.
  5. Majority of society agrees on political norms and procedures.
  6. Resolving emerging conflicts peacefully.
  7. Recognition of the decisive role of the majority while taking into account the interests of the minority.

Democracy arises and persists under certain conditions.

Firstly, this is a high level of economic development. Studies conducted by S. Lipset, W. Jackman, D. Kurt and others have convincingly proven that stable economic growth ultimately leads to democracy. According to statistics, among 24 high-income countries, only 3 are non-democratic. Among the moderately developed countries, there are 23 democracies, 25 dictatorships and 5 countries in transition to democracy. Of the 42 countries with low economic development and low income, only 2 can be called democratic.

Secondly, this is the presence of tolerance in society, respect for the rights of the political minority.

Thirdly, this is the agreement of society regarding such basic values ​​as human rights, property rights, respect for the honor and dignity of the individual, etc.

Fourthly, this is the orientation of a significant part of the population towards political participation (primarily in the form of elections) or, in other words, the dominance of an activist political culture.

Democracy is not the rule of a stable majority, since it itself is changeable, not monolithic, since it is formed on the basis of compromises from a variety of individuals, groups and associations. No group in modern Western society is capable of monopolizing power and making decisions without relying on the support of other public associations. By uniting, dissatisfied groups can block objectionable decisions, thereby acting as an important social counterbalance that restrains tendencies to monopolize power.

Infringing upon the interests of certain groups in political decisions usually increases the involvement of their members in politics and thereby strengthens their influence on subsequent policies. As a result of complex competitive interaction based on political blocs and compromises in government decisions, a dynamic balance, an equilibrium of group interests, is established. Democracy, therefore, is a form of government that allows diverse social groups to freely express their interests and find compromise solutions in a competitive struggle.

Democracy is not a universal, best form of government for all times and peoples. A “bad”, ineffective democracy can be worse for society and citizens than some authoritarian and even totalitarian regimes. History shows that many monarchies, military juntas, and other authoritarian governments have done much more to promote economic prosperity, improve welfare, enhance the security of citizens and guarantee their individual freedom, as well as the fair distribution of the results of labor, than weak or corrupt democratic regimes.

And yet the growing desire of the population of the modern world for democratic forms of government is not accidental. Given certain social preconditions, democracy has a number of advantages over other forms of government. The common disadvantage of all non-democratic political systems is that they are not controlled by the people and the nature of their relationships with citizens depends primarily on the will of the rulers. Therefore, only a democratic form of government can reliably curb power and guarantee the protection of citizens from state arbitrariness.

In post-socialist countries that embarked on the path of reform in the 80s. XX century, two main paths of social and political transformation were clearly outlined.

The first of them involves rapid Western-style political and economic liberalization, the so-called shock therapy. Almost all Eastern European countries, including the USSR, followed this path. In those of them that were closer to the West in their political culture and economic structures, democratization and transformation of society turned out to be more or less successful, although they were accompanied by a drop in production and a number of other serious negative phenomena. The failures of reform in the Soviet Union greatly compromised democracy and liberal values ​​in the mass consciousness.

Other countries, primarily China and Vietnam, developed their own model of modernization and reform of totalitarian political structures, called “new authoritarianism.” The essence of this model is to preserve the strong power of the center and actively use it to maintain political stability and carry out radical economic reforms that include the development of a market economy open to the outside world.

DEMOCRATIC REGIME - a state regime based on the recognition of the people as the source of power, their right to participate in managing the affairs of society and the state and endowing citizens with a fairly wide range of rights and freedoms. D.r.. D.r. is based on the principles of democracy, freedom and equality of citizens. In conditions

. 1) the people exercise power both directly and through the bodies of representative power they form.

Characteristic features of a democratic regime:

1. Sovereignty of the people: it is the people who choose their government representatives and can periodically replace them. Elections must be fair, competitive and held regularly. 2. 2) Periodic election of the main bodies of the state. The government is born from elections and for a certain, limited period. 3)Democracy protects the rights of individuals and minorities.

The opinion of the majority, expressed democratically in elections, is only a necessary condition for democracy, however, it is by no means insufficient. Only the combination of majority rule and the protection of minority rights constitute one of the basic principles of a democratic state. 4) Equality of rights of citizens to participate in management, information and to participate in the competition for leadership positions in the state.

Signs of democracy:

Guarantees of fundamental human rights to every individual in relation to the state and authorities, any social group (especially religious institutions), and other individuals.

3 Separation of powers: 4 Executive branch 5. Legislature 6. Judicial branch

Democracy in Russia has gone through a series of ups and downs and is still developing. The first rise dates back to the early stage of feudalism, when direct democracy became widespread in many cities of Novgorod Rus', and in them the most important decisions were made at the veche. In the Russian state, tsars often sought support from various classes, for which there was a boyar duma and convened zemstvo councils. Reforms of the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century contributed to the development of zemstvo, estate, peasant, workers and national elected bodies. The communist regime that was established after the revolutions and civil war had the external attributes of democracy, although in fact it was authoritarian. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, major democratic reforms were introduced.

Today, the majority in the country has a positive attitude towards democracy and sees a need for it.

5. The political regime of modern Russia.

After a decade of Soviet history, the dominance of an authoritarian and totalitarian political regime, in the second half of the 80s - early 90s, a transition to a democratic political regime began in Russia.

From a formal legal point of view, according to the 1993 Constitution, Russia is a democratic federal state governed by the rule of law with a republican form of government. Man, his rights and freedoms are declared the highest value, which the state is obliged to guarantee. The people are declared to be the only source of power.

In the presidential republic of Russia there is no clear legal recognition of the powers of each branch of government, which blurs the principle of separation of branches in matters of organizing the structures and mechanisms of functioning of the state as a whole.

For example, the legislative power of the Federal Assembly is limited, firstly, by the right of the president to issue decrees that have the force of laws, and, secondly, by the practice of the executive branch issuing numerous by-laws. Due to the concentration of power in the hands of executive bodies, the head of state and government, parliament recedes into the background.

The formation of democracy in Russia does not always follow an ascending line and is due to many circumstances:

Firstly, our country did not have serious historical and political traditions of democracy, constitutionalism and parliamentarism, and at the same time it had quite strong traditions of domination by authoritarian, totalitarian power.

Secondly, the transition to democracy was carried out from the totalitarian regime that had dominated the country for decades, in conditions of a systemic crisis in Russian society and permanent attempts to reform it over the course of 20 years.

Third, In the process of reforms, the country's leadership repeatedly violated the principles of a democratic, legal, social state - the shooting of the parliament building in 1993, the war in Chechnya of 1994-1996, default, non-payment of wages, unpopular social reforms.

Finally, the mentality of the Russian people still retains the utopian expectation that someone from the outside will come and restore order and change life for the better.

Although it has signs of democracy, it is not yet democratic. In the political system of Russia there are contradictions between formal legal democratic foundations and reality.

Introduction

2. Main types of democratic regimes

3. What type of political processes prevail within democratic regimes and how do they proceed?

Conclusion

Bibliography


Introduction

Each state has its own political regime. Political regime means a set of techniques, methods, forms, ways of exercising political state power in society, characterizes the degree of political freedom, the legal status of an individual in society and a certain type of political system that exists in the country.

The problem of democracy and its role in social and political life occupies one of the central places in political science. The concept of “democracy” was touched upon both in the ancient world and in modern society. Herodotus, Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau, J. wrote about her. Locke, T. Hobbes, Bryce, Scherer, Gearnshaw and other famous scientists. This problem worries many scientists now, and in the future it will occupy one of the main places in political science.

Based on this, the main goal of the work is to study the main features of democratic regimes. In this case, the goal of the work is revealed through the solution of the following tasks:

Reflect the concept of democracy, reveal its essence, criteria and principles;

Consider the main types of democratic regimes;

Identify what type of political processes prevail within democratic regimes and how they proceed;

Draw conclusions on the topic.

When writing the work, monographic, educational and periodical literature on the research topic was used.


1. Democracy, its essence, criteria and principles

Democracy - (from the ancient Greek DEMOS - people and CRUTOS - power) - democracy - is one of the main forms of structure of any organization, based on the equal participation of its members in management and decision-making in it by the majority; the ideal of social order: freedom, equality, respect for human dignity, solidarity, etc.; social and political movement for democracy. Since its inception, democracy has been associated with the state, and therefore with coercion, and at best is the rule of the majority over the minority, and most often a form of government of a well-organized privileged minority, more or less controlled by the people.

A democratic regime is characterized by a high degree of political freedom of a person, the real exercise of his rights, allowing him to influence the public administration of society. The political elite is usually quite narrow, but it is based on a broad social base.

Characteristic features of a democratic regime:

1) Sovereignty of the people: it is the people who choose their government representatives and can periodically replace them. Elections must be fair, competitive and held regularly.

2) Periodic election of the main bodies of the state. The government is born from elections and for a certain, limited period. To develop democracy, it is not enough to hold regular elections; it must be based on an elected government.

3) Democracy protects the rights of individuals and minorities. The opinion of the majority, expressed democratically in elections, is only a necessary condition for democracy, however, it is by no means insufficient. Only the combination of majority rule and the protection of minority rights constitutes one of the basic principles of a democratic state. If discriminatory measures are used against a minority, the regime becomes undemocratic, regardless of the frequency and fairness of elections and the change of the legally elected government.

4) Equality of rights of citizens to participate in government: freedom to create political parties and other associations to express their will, freedom of opinion, the right to information and to participate in competition for leadership positions in the state.

Democratic states are different, but they all have common unifying features: democracy - i.e. recognition of the people as the source of power, the sovereign; government is based on the consent of the governed; majority rule; minority rule; guarantees of fundamental human rights; free and fair elections; equality before the law; fair trial; constitutional limitation of government; social, economic, ideological and political pluralism; values ​​of cooperation and compromise.

Modern democracy is the representation of interests, not classes. All citizens in a democratic state are equal as participants in political life. Equality is of two kinds - equality before the laws and equality of political rights. A modern democratic state is a legal state, in which the separation of three powers has been implemented in practice and real mechanisms have been created to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens.

Having said the above, we can deduce the purpose of the work - to give a clear definition of the concept of “authoritarianism” and to identify its typology. Determine the viability of an authoritarian political system 1. The essence of an authoritarian regime and its main features The importance of analyzing authoritarian regimes is due to the fact that most of humanity is still content with this type of political...

States, and in this he is similar to Denisov. Types of political regimes. The political regime is one of the most important components of the state form. Theorists of state and law distinguish several types of political regimes, dividing them into two large categories, namely democratic and non-democratic. Democratic regimes. Democracy - (from the ancient Greek DEMOS - people and...

... (separation of) legislative, executive and judicial powers. Chapter 2. Rule of law in the Russian Federation: concept, main features, problems and development prospects 2.1 Concept and main features of a modern rule of law state The concept of a rule of law state is multidimensional, it includes everything that is included in the concept of a constitutional democratic state. And at the same time...

While the initial forms of slavery are characteristic, the period of the late republic, civil wars, the historical content of which was the transition from the system of the ancient democratic polis to the totalitarian investment regime, is characterized by a significant increase in the number of slaves, the penetration of slave labor into various spheres of the economic life of the state. The rise of classic slave-owning...