Ferdinand Magellan died. Expedition of Ferdinand Magellan

Biography and episodes of life Ferdinand Magellan. When born and died Ferdinand Magellan, memorable places and dates of important events in his life. Sailor Quotes, images and videos.

Years of life of Ferdinand Magellan:

born 1480, died April 27, 1521

Epitaph

“...our mirror, our light, our consolation and our faithful leader.”

From the book “The Voyage of Magellan” by Antonio Pigafetta

Biography

The name of Magellan, the first circumnavigator around the world, is known to every schoolchild today. He also knows that Magellan discovered a strait named after him and which opened the way for Europeans from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. Magellan was a good warrior and a real brave man, but, alas, his discovery and death brought nothing to civilization except the glorious story of another human achievement.

We know little about the early years of the traveler. He was born, apparently, in the Portuguese city of Sabrosa, into a noble family. By the time Magellan reached 18, Vasco da Gama had opened the route to India and the Portuguese rushed east. On the expedition of 1505, Magellan was with the squadron as a warrior. He participated in several battles and construction of Mozambique, then ended up in India and was wounded twice.

According to some sources, it was Magellan who, after the Portuguese arrived in Malacca, warned the admiral about the threat posed by the Malays, so that the Portuguese sailors were able to repel the attack. He also saved his compatriots who found themselves on the shore. Another incident that clearly demonstrates Magellan’s authority and the strength of his personality occurred on the way home. The Portuguese ships were shipwrecked off a small island, and both crews escaped. But there was only enough space in the boats for the officers to get to their homeland, and Magellan of his own free will remained with the sailors as a guarantee that they would not be abandoned without help - and soon they returned for them.

Portrait of Magellan by an unknown artist

Once a simple warrior, Magellan became a man whose opinion the Viceroy of Albuquerque listened to. He took part in a new, successful campaign against Malacca. He lived in Lisbon, went to Morocco and fought near Azemmour, and was again wounded. After returning to Portugal, he begins planning a trip to the Spice Islands (Moluccas) and appeals to King Manuel I for help, but is refused. Then Magellan goes to Spain. There he finds support and, at the head of a flotilla of five ships, sets off.

On this journey, Magellan unsuccessfully searched for a strait between North and South America and was forced to winter in difficult conditions. Finally, the strait near Dawson Island was found, and the expedition entered the Pacific Ocean. Magellan reached the Philippines and established trade with the locals. Magellan converted one of the leaders of the island of Cebu to the Catholic faith and patronized him, which angered another leader. A conflict broke out, Magellan went with a military detachment to battle with the rebellious leader and was killed in the battle. According to the expedition's historian, Magellan fought to the last, was wounded several times and was eventually stabbed to death. Local residents refused to give the body of their admiral to the Portuguese, so Magellan's tomb does not exist.

Monument to Magellan at the site of his death and a monument to the leader Lapu-Lapu next to him

Life line

spring 1480 Date of birth of Ferdinand Magellan.
1505 Expedition to India.
1509 Arrival in Malacca.
1512 Life in Lisbon.
1514 Participation in hostilities in Morocco.
1518 Marriage in Seville.
1519 The birth of a son and a trip around the world.
1520 Wintering in San Julian Bay.
1521 Landing on the island of Cebu.
April 27, 1521 Date of death of Ferdinand Magellan

Memorable places

1. Cannanura Bay, where Magellan took part in the battle of the Portuguese squadron with the Indians and Turks.
2. The port of Malacca, in the capture of which Magellan participated twice, in 1509 and 1511.
3. The city of Azemmour in Morocco, in which Magellan participated in the punitive expedition.
4. Seville, where Magellan lived after returning from military campaigns.
5. San Julian Bay in what is now Argentina, where Magellan’s flotilla wintered in April 1502.
6. Strait of Magellan.
7. Magellan Regional Museum and Monument in Plaza Muño Gameras in Punta Arenas, Chile.
8. Monument to Magellan and Chief Lapu-Lapu on Mactan Island.
9. Chapel on the island of Cebu, at the site of Magellan's original landing. The chapel is built around a wooden cross that Magellan left on the island.

Magellan's Cross in the city of Cebu on the island of the same name

Episodes of life

Magellan never reached the Spice Islands, which were his original goal. He himself was unable to sail around the world. And of all five ships of his expedition, only one ship with eighteen people returned to their homeland.

The Strait of Magellan never became the great trade route that the navigator craved. Almost all the ships sent after Magellan crashed here. The Spaniards transported goods overland at the site of the future Suez Canal, instead of sending ships on such a long and dangerous expedition. Soon the strait is so thoroughly forgotten that the pirate Francis Drake uses it as a secret refuge for raids on Spanish ships and colonies. And after the construction of the Suez Canal in 1913, the passage turns out to be practically useless.

In that place on the island of Mactan near Cebu, where the traveler died, a monument to Magellan was erected, and later a monument to Lapu-Lapu, the rebel leader. A city in Mactan was also named after the latter, who became a national hero and symbol of independence.

"Magellan. The first trip around the world." Documentary film by the Russia-Culture TV channel from the series “Great Geographical Discoveries”

Condolences

“I hope... the glory of this noble captain will not fade over the centuries and will not be consigned to oblivion. Along with his other virtues, he was adamant in the crucible of the greatest dangers like no other, and he endured hunger more stoically than any of us. He was knowledgeable in everything related to the art of driving ships, skillfully plotting a course and drawing up maps. This is truly so, for no one but him was so wise, possessed such strong willpower and such extensive knowledge to decide to undertake a voyage around the Earth, as he did.”
Historiographer of Magellan's expedition, Antonio Pigafetta

“Only to accomplish the feat did fate choose, out of countless millions of people, this gloomy, silent, self-contained man, always unswervingly ready to sacrifice for the sake of his plan everything he owned on earth, and in addition his life. She called him only for hard work and, without gratitude or reward, as a day laborer, drove him away after the job was completed.”
Stefan Zweig

(port. Fernão de Magalhães, Spanish Fernando de Magallanes, English Ferdinand Magellan) (1480-1521) - Portuguese navigator who went down in history as the man who first traveled around the Earth and as the first European to sail from the Atlantic Ocean - to Quiet.

He discovered (574 km) connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, which was later named in his honor. Fernão de Magalhães, Spanish. Fernando (Hernando) de Magallanes

Biography

Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal, in the town of Ponti da Barca. Coming from a once noble, but over time, impoverished provincial noble family, Magellan was a page in the service of the royal court. In 1505 he was sent to East Africa, where he served in the navy for 8 years. He fought in continuous clashes in India, was wounded twice, and was then recalled to his homeland.

In Lisbon, Magellan is working on developing a project that later becomes the main work of his life - sailing to the homeland of spices - the Moluccas. He decides to reach the islands by the western route, but the king rejects his plan. Having received neither material support nor recognition in his homeland, offended by many years of oppression and injustice, in 1918 Magellan moved to Spain. In Seville, he married advantageously and gained the favor of the young king Charles I (later who became Charles V, Emperor of the Roman Empire), who agreed to appoint Magellan as commander-in-chief of the flotilla, which was supposed to go in search of a sea route to India to the Moluccas from the west.

Ferdinand Magellan sailed on September 20, 1519 from the port of Sanlúcar. 265 people went on the expedition; the flotilla consisted of 5 small ships: Trinidad, Concepcion, Santiago, San Antonio and Victoria. All of them did not have the necessary maneuverability for navigation of this scale. Magellan did not use nautical charts. Despite the fact that he could accurately determine latitude from the sun, he did not have reliable instruments for even an approximate determination of longitude. On such primitive ships, equipped only with a compass, an hourglass and an astrolabe (the predecessor of the sextant), Magellan set off into uncharted seas.

South America

The passage across the Atlantic Ocean was relatively calm, although the flotilla often encountered strong storms. At the end of November they reached the shores and began to move down the coast. Already at that time, the eastern shores of the South American continent had been carefully studied for thousands of kilometers. We had to swim along the shore very slowly. This was dangerous, but Magellan categorically refused to move away from the shores, for fear of missing the strait into the South Sea. All bays had to be examined carefully.

Meanwhile, winter was approaching in the Southern Hemisphere, and at the end of March 1520 the ships were forced to stop for the winter for almost 4 months, landing in the place where the famous city is now located. There they replenished food supplies and carefully examined the shores and. Then the flotilla found itself in a series of incessant Antarctic storms. There was a mutiny on the San Antonio, Concepcion and Victoria, but Magellan was able to turn the tide and take command of the entire flotilla, ordering the killing of the captains of the mutinous ships. At this time, the Santiago was sent on reconnaissance, but a terrible fate awaited it: it crashed on underwater rocks.

Only 4 months later, in August, the expedition continued its journey along the South American coast, and on October 21, 1520, the ships reached the barely noticeable entrance to the strait, which is now called. The largest ship in the San Antonio flotilla was lost, and Magellan slowly guided the remaining ships through a narrow strait, framed on both sides by rocks, where tidal waves, reaching a height of 12 meters, periodically hit the flotilla at a speed that was several times higher than the speed of the fastest ships. Finally, one after another, the ships sailed out of the strait, rocking on the waves of an unknown sea, where the western ebb collided with the powerful eastern ocean current. It was an ocean that Magellan called the Pacific Ocean, because... the expedition passed along it without ever getting caught in a storm.

Death

On the hundredth day of sailing across the Pacific Ocean, the top of a mountain was seen in the distance. Thus the island of Guam was discovered. Soon after this, Ferdinand Magellan reached his main goal - the Philippine archipelago. Threatening the local ruler with weapons, he forced him to submit to the Spanish crown, swearing allegiance to Spain and accepting Christianity. Soon Magellan was involved in an internecine war and on April 27, 1521, being one step away from realizing his life's dream, he was killed in an absurd skirmish with the natives. The three remaining ships continued their journey to the west, however, for one reason or another, only one Victoria returned to Spain with 17 (out of 293) sailors on board. Captain of the victorious ship Juan Sebastian Elcano They were awarded a medal, honor and wealth, but no one even remembered about the commander-in-chief of the flotilla, the great discoverer.

Thus, the western road to Asia and the Moluccas was opened. And the result of the expedition was confirmation of the hypothesis that the Earth is round. When Ferdinand Magellan set out on his voyage, he did not even dare to think that it would be the first in history to circumnavigate the world, and he himself would gain worldwide fame as a great pioneer!

Ferdinand Magellan (Fernand de Magalhães) - (born November 20, 1480 - died April 27, 1521)

What Magellan Fernand discovered

The outstanding Portuguese navigator Magellan Fernand, his expedition made the first trip around the world in history, which involved searching for a western route to the Moluccas. This proved the existence of a single world ocean and provided practical proof of the spherical shape of the Earth. Magellan discovered the entire coast of South America south of La Plata, circumnavigated the continent from the south, discovered the strait that was named after him, and the Patagonian Cordillera; first to cross the Pacific Ocean.

Biography of Ferdinand Magellan

Among the people who made global revolutions in the consciousness of people and the development of mankind, travelers were able to play a significant role. The most striking figure of them is the Portuguese Fernand de Magalhães, who became known throughout the world under the Spanishized name Fernand Magellan.

Ferdinand Magellan was born in 1470 in the locality of Sabrosa, in the remote northeastern province of Portugal, Traz os Leontes. His family belonged to a noble but impoverished knightly family and was respected at court. Unsurprisingly, King João II appointed Fernand's father, Pedro Rui de Magalhães, as senior alcalde* of the strategically important harbor of Aveiro.

(* Alcalde is a judicial or municipal official who had executive power. His main task was to monitor the preservation of public order).

Education

Connections at court made it possible for the alcalde to appoint his eldest son as Queen Eleanor’s page in 1492. Thus, Fernand received the right to be raised in the royal residence. There, in addition to the knightly arts - horse riding, fencing, falconry - he was able to master astronomy, navigation and cartography. At the Portuguese court, these subjects were required for young courtiers to study since the time of Prince Henry the Navigator. It was they who had the opportunity to go on long sea expeditions with the aim of conquest and discovery of new lands. It was not for nothing that King Manuel himself, who replaced Juan on the throne, observed their lessons.

The ambitious Fernand became seriously interested in sailing. In an effort to get away from palace intrigues, in 1504 he asked the king to let him go to India under the leadership of the Viceroy of India Francisco de Almeida and, having received consent, left Lisbon in the spring of 1505.

Magalhães' career as a navigator

Almeida's expedition was purely military in nature and had the goal of pacifying the rebellious Muslim rulers from Sofala to Hormuz and from Cochin to Bab el-Mandeb. It was necessary to wipe out the Muslim fortifications from the face of the earth and build Portuguese fortresses in their place.

Magalhães took part in sea and land battles at Kilva, Sofala, Mombasa, Cannanur, Calicut, as well as in the sack of these cities and over time turned into a valiant warrior, experienced and accustomed to any cruelties and misadventures of his harsh era. He quickly acquired a reputation as a brave captain, skilled in battle and navigation. At the same time, even then, caring for brothers in arms became one of the main features of the future pioneer of circumnavigation.

1509 - During the battles near Malacca, Magalhães was able to become famous, almost single-handedly coming to the aid of a handful of his compatriots who were attacked by the Malays. He acted just as nobly during his return from Malacca to India. At the head of only 5 people, Fernand hastened to the aid of the Portuguese caravel and helped to win.

At the very beginning of 1510, Magalhães' career as a navigator almost came to an end: during an unsuccessful assault on Calicut, he was seriously wounded, and for the second time. The first wound received during the campaign in Morocco left him lame for life. Dejected Fernand decided to return to his homeland.

Magellan's route

In the spring, a small flotilla of three ships sailed from Cochin to Portugal. Magalhães was also on board one of the ships. But this time he never made it home. A hundred miles from the Indian coast, two ships hit the underwater rocks of the dangerous Padua Shoal and sank. The officers and noble passengers decided to return to India on the remaining ship, leaving their rootless companions without water and food on a narrow sandy shoal, who had no place on the ship. Fernand refused to sail with them: nobility and high rank were a kind of guarantee that help could still be sent for those who remained. In the end this is what happened. Two weeks later, the castaways were rescued and, upon arrival in India, they talked everywhere about the extraordinary firmness of their patron, who, under difficult conditions, managed to awaken hope in people and strengthen resilience.

Fernand remained in India for some time. According to the documents, he boldly expressed his opinion in cases where other captains were silent. This probably could have been the main reason for his disagreements with the new Viceroy Afonso de Albuquerque.

Portugal

1512, summer - Magalhães returned to Portugal. This is evidenced by an entry in the royal court pay sheet, according to which he was assigned a monthly royal pension of 1,000 Portuguese reals. After 4 weeks, it was almost doubled, which may indicate that the merits of the valiant captain were recognized by the court.

During the war with the Moors of Azamora (modern Azemmour in Morocco), Fernand was appointed major, that is, he received a rather prestigious and profitable position. He had the prisoners and all the captured trophies at his complete disposal. The post provided unlimited opportunities for personal enrichment, so Magalhães had no shortage of ill-wishers.

After some time, he was groundlessly accused of organizing an attack by the Moors on the herd and allowing 400 head of cattle to be stolen, receiving a lot of money for it. After some time, the charge was dropped, but the offended Fernand resigned.

Left without sufficient means of subsistence, the warrior known for his valor hoped for the mercy of the king. He asked Manuel to increase his pension by only 200 Portuguese reals. But the king did not like people with a strong character and, according to the chronicler Barros, “... always had an aversion to him,” and therefore refused. The outraged Magalhães secretly left his homeland in 1517 and moved to Spain.

Spain

From this time begins the history of a sea voyage around the Earth, unprecedented at that time, the sphericity of which was then only assumed. And the credit for its organization and implementation goes entirely to Fernand Magalhães, who from now on became Fernand Magellan.

Later, King Manuel came to his senses and, with tenacity worthy of better use, began to prevent Magellan from carrying out his plans. But the mistake could not be corrected, and for the second time in history, Portugal lost the chance to benefit from the discoveries of its great sons, underestimating their potential capabilities.

"Moluccan Armada" - Magellan's ships

It is known that while still in Portugal, he carefully studied nautical maps, made acquaintances with sailors, and worked a lot on the problems of determining geographic longitude. All this helped him a lot in realizing his idea.

According to the papal bull Inter cetera of 1493, all new territories opened up to the east of the demarcation line established in 1494 belonged to Portugal, and to the west to Spain. But the method of calculating geographic longitude, adopted in those days, did not make it possible to clearly demarcate the Western Hemisphere. Therefore, Magellan, as well as his friend and assistant, astrologer and cosmographer Ruy Faleiro, believed that the Moluccas should belong not to Portugal, but to Spain.

1518, March - they presented their project to the Council of the Indies. After lengthy negotiations, it was accepted, and the Spanish king Carlos I (aka Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) undertook to equip 5 ships and allocate supplies for 2 years. In the event of the discovery of new lands, companions were given the right to become their rulers. They also received 20% of the income. In this case, the rights had to be inherited.

Shortly before this significant event, serious changes occurred in Fernand's life. Arriving in Seville, he joined the colony of Portuguese emigrants. One of them, the commandant of the Seville Alcazar fortress, Diogo Barbosa, introduced the valiant captain into his family. His son Duarte became Fernand's close friend, and his daughter Beatrice became his wife.

Magellan really did not want to leave his young, passionately loving wife and recently born son, but duty, ambition and the desire to provide for his family persistently called him to sea. An unfavorable astrological forecast made by Faleiro could not stop him either. But it was precisely because of this that Ruy refused to participate in the voyage, and Magellan became its sole leader and organizer.

Magellan's voyage around the world

In Seville, 5 ships were prepared - the flagship Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Victoria and Santiago. On September 20, 1519, Ferdinand Magellan said goodbye to the pregnant Beatrice and newborn Rodrigo on the pier and ordered the anchor to be raised. They were never destined to see each other again.

The lists of the small flotilla included 265 people: commanders and helmsmen, boatswains, gunners, ordinary sailors, priests, carpenters, caulkers, coopers, soldiers and people who did not have specific duties. This entire motley multinational crew (in addition to the Spaniards and Portuguese, it also included Italians, Germans, French, Flemings, Sicilians, English, Moors and Malays) had to be kept in obedience. And discontent began almost from the first weeks of the voyage. Agents of the Portuguese king entered the ships, and through the zeal of the Portuguese consul in Seville, Alvares, the holds were partially filled with rotten flour, moldy crackers and rotten corned beef.

On September 26, the sailors reached the Canary Islands, on October 3, they headed for Brazil, and on December 13, they entered the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. From here, travelers headed south along the South American coast in search of a passage to the “South Sea,” moving only during the day so as not to miss it in the dark. 1520, March 31 - the ships entered the Bay of San Julian off the coast of Patagonia for the winter.

Mutiny

Ferdinand Magellan - suppression of the rebellion

Soon Magellan had to give an order to reduce the diet. But part of the crew opposed this decision and began to demand a return to Spain, but received a decisive refusal. Then, during the celebration of Easter, the rebel leaders, taking advantage of the fact that the bulk of the crews went ashore, were able to capture three ships.

Magellan decided to use force and cunning. He sent several loyal people to the Victoria with a letter to the rebellious treasurer Luis de Mendoza. He was stabbed while reading the letter, and the crew offered no resistance. The next day, two rebel captains, Gaspar de Quesada and Juan de Cartagena, tried to take their ships out of the bay, but their path was blocked by the Trinidad, Santiago and Victoria, which had been recaptured from the rebels. San Antonio surrendered without resisting. Their commander, Quesada, was immediately arrested, and after some time Cartagena was captured.

By order of Ferdinand Magellan, Mendoza's dead body was quartered, Quesada's head was cut off, and Cartagena and the traitor-priest Pedro Sanchez de la Reina were left on the shore. But the rebel sailors were not harmed. They were given life, mainly because they were needed for ship work.

Strait of Magellan

Soon the squadron, which lost the Santiago during reconnaissance, moved further south. But the betrayals did not stop there. On November 1, when the squadron was already moving through the desired Strait, later called the Strait of Magellan, the helmsman Ishteban Gomes, taking advantage of the fact that his ship was out of sight from the other ships, captured the San Antonio and fled to Spain. Magellan never learned about the betrayal, just as he never learned what fatal role Gomes played in the fate of his family. Arriving in Spain, the deserter accused his captain-general of treason against the king. As a result, Beatrice and her children were subjected to house arrest and interrogation. She was deprived of government benefits and left in dire need. Neither she nor her sons lived to see the expedition return. And Gomes was awarded a knighthood by the king for “outstanding services rendered to Magellan’s flotilla.”

Discovery of the Mariana Islands

On November 28, Ferdinand Magellan's ships entered the ocean, which no European had ever sailed. The weather, fortunately, remained good, and the navigator called the ocean Pacific. Crossing it, he traveled at least 17 thousand km and discovered many small islands, but inaccurate calculations did not allow them to be identified with any specific points on the map. Only the discovery in early March 1521 of two inhabited islands, Guam and Rota, the southernmost of the Mariana Islands group, is considered indisputable. Magellan called them the Robbers. The islanders stole a boat from the sailors, and the captain-general, landing with a detachment on the shore, burned several native huts.

This voyage lasted almost 4 months. Despite the absence of hurricanes typical for this area, people had a very hard time. They were forced to eat dry dust mixed with worms, drink rotten water, and eat cowhide, sawdust, and ship rats. These creatures seemed almost a delicacy to them and were sold for half a ducat apiece.

The crew suffered from scurvy, many people died. But Magellan continued to confidently lead the squadron forward and once, when asked to return, he said: “We will go forward, even if we have to eat the entire oxhide.”

Discovery of the Philippine Islands

1521, March 15 - the expedition found itself near the island of Samar (Philippines), and a week later, still moving west, it arrived at the island of Limasawa, where Magellan's slave, the Malayan Enrique, heard his native speech. This meant that the travelers were somewhere near the Spice Islands, i.e. they had almost completed their task.

And yet the navigator sought to reach the treasured islands. But he decided to stay for a while to convert the Filipinos to Christianity.

1521, April 7 - the flotilla dropped anchor off the island of Cebu, where a major port and residence of the Rajah was located. The sincerely religious Magellan insisted that the islanders accept Christianity without counting on any material benefits, but, unwittingly, he convinced the natives that they could count on a favorable attitude from the powerful Spanish king only if they renounced the old faith and will begin to worship the cross.

On April 14, the ruler of Cebu, Humabon, decided to be baptized. The cunning Rajah, now called Carlos, enlisted the support of Magellan against his pagan enemies and thus, in one day, subjugated all who challenged his power. In addition, Humabon secured a promise that when Magellan returned to the Philippines at the head of a large fleet, he would make him the sole ruler of all the islands as a reward for the fact that the Rajah was the first to convert to Christianity. Moreover, the rulers of the nearby islands began to be brought to obedience. But the leader of one of these islands, Mactan, named Silapulapu, did not want to submit to Carlos Humabon. Then the navigator decided to use force.

Death of Magellan

Death of Magellan

1521, April 27 - 60 armed men in armor, with several small guns, boarded boats and headed for Mactan. They were accompanied by several hundred of Humabon's warriors. But luck turned against the Spaniards. The captain general underestimated the enemy, remembering at the wrong time the history of the conquest of Mexico, when a handful of Spaniards were able to take possession of the entire country. In a battle with the warriors of Mactan, his battle-hardened companions were defeated, and the captain-general himself laid down his head. While retreating to the boats, the natives overtook him in the water. Wounded in the arm and leg, the already lame Magellan fell. What happened next is eloquently described by expedition chronicler Antonio Pigafetta:

“The captain fell face down, and immediately they pelted him with iron and bamboo spears and began to strike him with cutlasses until they destroyed our mirror, our light, our joy and our true leader. He kept turning back to see if we had all managed to get into the boats..."

The further fate of the sailors

Subsequent events testified to the correctness of Pigafetta, who called Magellan the “true leader.” Apparently, only he could keep this greedy pack in check, ready at any time to betray.

His successors were unable to maintain their positions. First of all, with feverish haste, they delivered the exchanged goods to the ships. Then one of the new leaders thoughtlessly insulted the Malayan Enrique, and he persuaded Humabon to betray. The Rajah lured some of the Spaniards into a trap and ordered them to be killed, and demanded a ransom for the surviving captain of the Concepcion, Juan Serrau. Seeing him as a rival, Juan Carvalo, who was temporarily appointed commander of the flotilla, abandoned his comrade and ordered the sails to be raised.

About 120 people survived. Using three ships, they groped, often changing course, but finally reached the Moluccas, destroying the worm-eaten Concepcion along the way. Here they, not thinking about the possible danger from the local population, where the Spaniards were not very fond, and the difficulties of the journey to their homeland, rushed to buy spices. Eventually, the Victoria, under the command of Esteban Elcano, left the Moluccas, while the heavily laden Trinidad remained behind for repairs. Finally, his crew, who made an unsuccessful attempt to reach Panama, was captured. For a long time, its members languished in prisons and on plantations, first in the Moluccas and then on the Banda Islands. Later they were sent to India, where they lived on alms and were under the constant supervision of the authorities. Only five were lucky enough to return to their homeland in 1527.

And the Victoria, under the command of Elcano, diligently avoiding the routes of the Portuguese ships, crossed the southern part of the Indian Ocean, rounded the Cape of Good Hope and, through the Cape Verde Islands, arrived in the Spanish harbor of San Lucar on September 8, 1522. Of her crew, only 18 people survived (according to other sources - 30).

The sailors had a hard time at home. Instead of honors, they received public repentance for one “lost” day (as a result of moving through time zones around the earth). From the point of view of the clergy, this could only happen as a result of breaking the fasts.

Elcano, however, received honors. He received a coat of arms depicting a globe with the inscription “You were the first to circle around me,” and a pension of 500 ducats. But no one remembered Magellan.

Descendants were able to appreciate the true role of this remarkable man in history, and, unlike Columbus, it was never disputed. His voyage revolutionized the understanding of the Earth. After this trip, any attempts to deny the sphericity of the planet completely stopped, it was proven that the world ocean is one, ideas about the true size of the globe were obtained, it was finally established that America is an independent continent, and a strait was found between the two oceans. And it is not without reason that Stefan Zweig wrote in his book “Magellan’s Feat”: “Only he enriches humanity who helps him to know himself, who deepens his creative self-awareness. And in this sense, the feat accomplished by Magellan surpasses all the feats of his time.”

The first circumnavigation of the world under the leadership of Ferdinand Magellan began on September 20, 1519 and ended on September 6, 1522. The idea of ​​the expedition was in many ways a repetition of Columbus's idea: to reach Asia by heading west. The colonization of America had not yet brought significant profits, unlike the Portuguese colonies in India, and the Spaniards wanted to sail to the Spice Islands themselves and benefit. By that time it had become clear that America was not Asia, but it was assumed that Asia lay relatively close to the New World.

In March 1518, Ferdinand Magellan and Rui Faleiro, a Portuguese astronomer, appeared in Seville at the Council of the Indies and declared that the Moluccas - the most important source of Portuguese wealth - should belong to Spain, since they are located in the western, Spanish hemisphere (according to the treaty of 1494), but it is necessary to get to these “Spice Islands” by a western route, so as not to arouse the suspicions of the Portuguese, through the South Sea, opened and annexed by Balboa to the Spanish possessions. And Magellan convincingly argued that between the Atlantic Ocean and the South Sea there should be a strait south of Brazil.

After a long bargaining with the royal advisers, who negotiated for themselves a substantial share of the expected income and concessions from the Portuguese, an agreement was concluded: Charles 1 undertook to equip five ships and supply the expedition with supplies for two years. Before sailing, Faleiro abandoned the enterprise, and Magellan became the sole leader of the expedition.

Magellan himself personally supervised the loading and packaging of food, goods and equipment. The provisions taken on board were crackers, wine, olive oil, vinegar, salted fish, dried pork, beans and beans, flour, cheese, honey, almonds, anchovies, raisins, prunes, sugar, quince jam, capers, mustard, beef and rice In case of clashes there were about 70 cannons, 50 arquebuses, 60 crossbows, 100 sets of armor and other weapons. For trade they took cloth, metal products, women's jewelry, mirrors, bells and mercury (it was used as a medicine).

Magellan raised the admiral's flag on the Trinidad. The Spaniards were appointed captains of the remaining ships: Juan Cartagena - “San Antonio”; Gaspar Quezada - "Concepcion"; Luis Mendoza - "Victoria" and Juan Serrano - "Santiago". The staff of this flotilla numbered 293 people; there were another 26 freelance crew members on board, among them the young Italian Antonio Pigafetga, the historian of the expedition. An international team set off on its first voyage around the world: in addition to the Portuguese and Spaniards, it included representatives of more than 10 nationalities from different countries of Western Europe.

On September 20, 1519, a flotilla led by Magellan left the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda (the mouth of the Guadalquivir River).

FERNAND MAGELANES (Fernando de Magallanes), Magalhães (circa 1480–1521), Portuguese navigator. Born in the village of Sabrosa in Portugal. Coming from a poor provincial noble family, he served as a page at the royal court. In 1505 he went to East Africa and served in the navy for eight years. He took part in ongoing clashes in India, was wounded and recalled to Portugal in 1513.

He proposed to the Portuguese King Manuel a project to search for a western route to the Moluccas, but was refused to equip the expedition. He went to Spain and gained the favorable attitude of the young king Charles I (later Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor), who appointed him commander of a flotilla heading to find a new sea route to India.

Having changed his name to the Spanish Ferdinand Magellan, the navigator departed from the port of Sanlúcar (in the Guadalquivir estuary) on September 20, 1519 at the head of a flotilla of five ships. Magellan did without nautical charts, and although he knew how to determine latitude from the sun, he did not have reliable instruments even to approximately determine longitude. The team landed in what is now Rio de Janeiro to replenish
food supplies and carefully examined the coasts of Brazil and Argentina. Then
The ships found themselves in a zone of continuous Antarctic storms, and the captains of three ships mutinied, but Magellan managed to retain command of the flotilla.

By some miracle, the storm drove three of the four ships to the inconspicuous entrance to the strait, which now bears the name of Magellan. Magellan carefully guided the ships through a narrow strait bordered by rocks and emerged into open waters, where the ebb of the western direction collided with a strong eastern oceanic countercurrent. Magellan called the ocean into which the expedition entered the Pacific Ocean, since during the entire three months of sailing in its waters not a single storm occurred.

The journey became increasingly difficult. Almost all team members suffered from scurvy and suffered from lack of water. Magellan made daily observations and compiled a map. At the end of 100 days of sailing in the Pacific Ocean, he noticed the top of a mountain on the right side (on the island of Guam). Soon Magellan reached the previously unknown Philippine archipelago.

Soon after this, Magellan was killed by the natives on the island of Mactan on April 27, 1521. The team continued their journey to the west, but only two ships returned to Spain—the previously deserted San Antonio and Victoria.

Here is what the expedition historiographer, Antonio Pigafetta, wrote about the death of the admiral:

...The islanders followed us on our heels, fishing spears that had already been used once out of the water, and thus throwing the same spear five or six times. Having recognized our admiral, they began to aim primarily at him; twice they had already managed to knock the helmet off his head; he remained with a handful of men at his post, as befits a brave knight, without attempting to continue the retreat, and so we fought for more than an hour, until one of the natives managed to wound the admiral in the face with a reed spear. Enraged, he immediately pierced the chest of the attacker with his spear, but it got stuck in the body of the dead man; then the admiral tried to grab the sword, but could no longer do this, since the enemies with a dart severely wounded him in his right hand, and it stopped working. Noticing this, the natives rushed at him in a crowd, and one of them wounded him in the left leg with a saber, so that he fell backward. At the same moment, all the islanders pounced on him and began to stab him with spears and other weapons they had. So they killed our mirror, our light, our consolation and our faithful leader.

Http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus7/Pigafetta/frametext2.htm

The purpose of this article is to find out the cause of the death of the navigator FERNAND MAGELLAN according to his FULL NAME code.

Watch "Logicology - about the fate of man" in advance.

Let's look at the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

13 14 18 19 31 60 92 102 116 141 162 168 185 199 200 214
M A G A L Y N SH F E R N A N
214 201 200 196 195 183 154 122 112 98 73 52 46 29 15 14

21 27 44 58 59 73 86 87 91 92 104 133 165 175 189 214
F E R N A N M A G A L Y N S
214 193 187 170 156 155 141 128 127 123 122 110 81 49 39 25

MAGALHAES FERNAN = 214 = LIFE IS OVER.

Let's decipher individual numbers:

214 = 165-SERIOUS INJURY + 49-SABER = 68-KILLED + 146-KILLED BY BLOWS = CHEST WOUNDS = 97-KILLED + 117-KILLED = PICKED BY A SPEAR = 133-KILLING + 81-SURVIVING = 80-BEND + 134-IMPACT SPEAR = 185-DEATH + 29-KILLED = 44-KILLED + 170-KILLED = 141-BROKEN HEAD + 73-BENDED = 69-END + 145-KILLED BY SPEAR = END OF LIFE FROM WOUNDS.

DEATH DATE code: 04/27/1521. This = 27 + 04 + 15 + 21 = 67 = STROKED, DIE.

214 = 67-DEAD + 147-KILLING IMPACT.

DEATH DAY Code = 86-TWENTY, DIE + 92-SEVENTH, BRAIN, Mutilated + 84-APRIL, HEAD, KILL = 262 = 178-CRANIAL, FATALITY + 84-KILL = 157-HITS TO THE HEAD + 105- BRAIN DEATH .

Code for the FULL DATE OF DEATH = 262-TWENTY-SEVENTH OF APRIL + 36-\ 15 + 21 \-\ code for the YEAR OF DEATH \ = 298 = 128- DESTROYED + 170- LOST LIFE = 212- HEAD SMASHED BY A BLOW + 86- DYING.

298 - 214-\ FULL NAME code \ = 84 = HEAD, KILL.

Code for FULL YEARS OF LIFE = FORTY = 76 = RUINED.

214 = 76-FORTY + 138-PICKED, CALMING Blow, DYING.

138 - 76 = 62 = DOWN, BEATEN.

Note:

BIRTH DATE code: 11/20/1480. This is = 20 + 11 + 14 + 80 = 125 = KILLED HIT = 44-SCORED + 81-SURVIVED.

214 = 125-\ BIRTH DATE code \ + 89-KILLED, DEATH.

125-\ code DATE OF BIRTH \ + 76-FORDY-\ code FULL YEARS OF LIFE \ = 201 = FATAL OUTCOME.

201-LETHAL OUTCOME - 67-\ code DATE OF DEATH \ = 134 = IMPACTS-67 x 2 = IMPACT WITH A SPEAR = TERMINATION OF LIFE.