Presentation, report production and use of electrical energy. Production, transmission and use of electricity Presentation on the topic of production and transmission of electricity
PRODUCTION, USE AND TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY.
Electricity production. Type of power plants
Efficiency of power plants
% of all generated energy
Electrical energy has undeniable advantages over all other types of energy. It can be transmitted by wire over vast distances with relatively low losses and conveniently distributed among consumers. The main thing is that this energy, with the help of fairly simple devices, can be easily converted into any other types of energy: mechanical, internal, light energy, etc. Electrical energy has undeniable advantages over all other types of energy. It can be transmitted by wire over vast distances with relatively low losses and conveniently distributed among consumers. The main thing is that this energy, with the help of fairly simple devices, can be easily converted into any other types of energy: mechanical, internal, light energy, etc.
The twentieth century became the century when science invades all spheres of social life: economics, politics, culture, education, etc. Naturally, science directly influences the development of energy and the scope of application of electricity. On the one hand, science contributes to expanding the scope of application of electrical energy and thereby increases its consumption, but on the other hand, in an era when the unlimited use of non-renewable energy resources poses a danger to future generations, the urgent tasks of science are the development of energy-saving technologies and their implementation in life. The twentieth century became the century when science invades all spheres of social life: economics, politics, culture, education, etc. Naturally, science directly influences the development of energy and the scope of application of electricity. On the one hand, science contributes to expanding the scope of application of electrical energy and thereby increases its consumption, but on the other hand, in an era when the unlimited use of non-renewable energy resources poses a danger to future generations, the urgent tasks of science are the development of energy-saving technologies and their implementation in life.
Electricity use: Electricity consumption doubles in 10 years
Spheres
farms
Amount of electricity used,%
Industry
Transport
Agriculture
Life
70
15
10
4
Let's look at these questions using specific examples. About 80% of the growth in GDP (gross domestic product) of developed countries is achieved through technical innovation, the main part of which is related to the use of electricity. Most scientific developments begin with theoretical calculations. All new theoretical developments after computer calculations are tested experimentally. And, as a rule, at this stage, research is carried out using physical measurements, chemical analyzes, etc. Here, scientific research tools are diverse - numerous measuring instruments, accelerators, electron microscopes, magnetic resonance imaging scanners, etc. The main part of these instruments of experimental science operate on electrical energy. Let us consider these issues using specific examples. About 80% of the growth in GDP (gross domestic product) of developed countries is achieved through technical innovation, the main part of which is related to the use of electricity. Most scientific developments begin with theoretical calculations. All new theoretical developments after computer calculations are tested experimentally. And, as a rule, at this stage, research is carried out using physical measurements, chemical analyzes, etc. Here, scientific research tools are diverse - numerous measuring instruments, accelerators, electron microscopes, magnetic resonance imaging scanners, etc. The bulk of these instruments of experimental science are powered by electrical energy.
But science not only uses electricity in its theoretical and experimental fields, scientific ideas constantly arise in the traditional field of physics associated with the receipt and transmission of electricity. Scientists, for example, are trying to create electrical generators without rotating parts. In conventional electric motors, direct current must be supplied to the rotor in order for a “magnetic force” to arise. But science not only uses electricity in its theoretical and experimental fields, scientific ideas constantly arise in the traditional field of physics associated with the receipt and transmission of electricity. Scientists, for example, are trying to create electrical generators without rotating parts. In conventional electric motors, direct current must be supplied to the rotor in order for a “magnetic force” to arise.
Modern society cannot be imagined without the electrification of production activities. Already at the end of the 80s, more than 1/3 of all energy consumption in the world was carried out in the form of electrical energy. By the beginning of the next century, this share may increase to 1/2. This increase in electricity consumption is primarily associated with an increase in its consumption in industry. The bulk of industrial enterprises operate on electrical energy. High electricity consumption is typical for energy-intensive industries such as metallurgy, aluminum and mechanical engineering. Transport is also a major consumer. An increasing number of railway lines are being converted to electric traction. Almost all villages and villages receive electricity from state power plants for industrial and domestic needs.
Electrical energy has undeniable advantages over all other types of energy. It can be transmitted by wire over vast distances with relatively low losses and conveniently distributed among consumers. The main thing is that this energy, with the help of fairly simple devices, can easily be converted into any other forms: mechanical, internal (heating of bodies), light energy. Electrical energy has undeniable advantages over all other types of energy. It can be transmitted by wire over vast distances with relatively low losses and conveniently distributed among consumers. The main thing is that this energy, with the help of fairly simple devices, can easily be converted into any other forms: mechanical, internal (heating of bodies), light energy.
Advantage of electrical energy Can be transmitted through wires Can be transmitted through wires Can be transformed Can be transformed Easily converted into other types of energy Easily converted into other types of energy Easily obtained from other types of energy Easily obtained from other types of energy
Generator - A device that converts energy of one kind or another into electrical energy. A device that converts energy of one kind or another into electrical energy. Generators include galvanic cells, electrostatic machines, thermopiles, solar batteries Generators include galvanic cells, electrostatic machines, thermopiles, solar batteries
Operation of the generator Energy can be generated either by rotating a coil in the field of a permanent magnet, or by placing the coil in a changing magnetic field (rotating the magnet while leaving the coil stationary). Energy can be generated either by rotating the coil in the field of a permanent magnet, or by placing the coil in a changing magnetic field (rotating the magnet while leaving the coil stationary).
Importance of Generator in Electrical Energy Generation The most important parts of a generator are manufactured with great precision. Nowhere in nature is there such a combination of moving parts that can generate electrical energy so continuously and economically. The most important parts of the generator are manufactured with great precision. Nowhere in nature is there such a combination of moving parts that can generate electrical energy so continuously and economically
How does a transformer work? It consists of a closed steel core assembled from plates, on which two coils with wire windings are placed. The primary winding is connected to an alternating voltage source. A load is connected to the secondary winding.
Nuclear power plants produce 17% of global output. At the beginning of the 21st century, 250 nuclear power plants are in operation, 440 power units are in operation. Most of all the USA, France, Japan, Germany, Russia, Canada. Uranium concentrate (U3O8) is concentrated in the following countries: Canada, Australia, Namibia, USA, Russia. Nuclear power plants
Comparison of types of power plants Types of power plants Emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere, kg Area occupied Clean water consumption m 3 Dirty water discharge, m 3 Environmental protection costs % CHP: coal 251.5600.530 CHP: fuel oil 150.8350 ,210 HPP NPP--900,550 WPP10--1 SPP-2---BES10-200,210
Startsova Tatyana
NPP, HPP, CHPP, types of electricity transmission.
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Presentation on the topic: “production and transmission of electricity” by Tatyana Startsova, class 11 a student of State Budget Educational Institution Secondary School No. 1465. Teacher: Kruglova Larisa Yurievna
Electricity production Electricity is produced in power plants. There are three main types of power plants: Nuclear power plants (NPP) Hydroelectric power plants (HPP) Thermal power plants, or combined heat and power plants (CHP)
Nuclear power plants A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a nuclear installation for producing energy in specified modes and conditions of use, located within the territory defined by the project, in which a nuclear reactor (reactors) and a complex of necessary systems, devices, equipment and structures with essential workers
Principle of operation
The figure shows a diagram of the operation of a nuclear power plant with a double-circuit water-water power reactor. The energy released in the reactor core is transferred to the primary coolant. Next, the coolant enters the heat exchanger (steam generator), where it heats the secondary circuit water to a boil. The resulting steam enters turbines that rotate electric generators. At the exit of the turbines, the steam enters the condenser, where it is cooled by a large amount of water coming from the reservoir. The pressure compensator is a rather complex and cumbersome structure that serves to equalize pressure fluctuations in the circuit during reactor operation that arise due to thermal expansion of the coolant. The pressure in the 1st circuit can reach up to 160 atm (VVER-1000).
In addition to water, metal melts can also be used as a coolant in various reactors: sodium, lead, a eutectic alloy of lead with bismuth, etc. The use of liquid metal coolants makes it possible to simplify the design of the reactor core shell (unlike the water circuit, the pressure in the liquid metal circuit does not exceed atmospheric), get rid of the pressure compensator. The total number of circuits may vary for different reactors, the diagram in the figure is shown for reactors of the VVER type (Water-Water Energy Reactor). Reactors of the RBMK type (High Power Channel Type Reactor) use one water circuit, fast neutron reactors - two sodium and one water circuits, promising designs of the SVBR-100 and BREST reactor plants assume a double-circuit design, with a heavy coolant in the primary circuit and water in the second .
Electricity generation The world leaders in the production of nuclear electricity are: USA (836.63 billion kWh/year), 104 nuclear reactors are operating (20% of generated electricity) France (439.73 billion kWh/year), Japan (263 .83 billion kWh/year), Russia (177.39 billion kWh/year), Korea (142.94 billion kWh/year) Germany (140.53 billion kWh/year). There are 436 power nuclear reactors in the world with a total capacity of 371.923 GW, the Russian company TVEL supplies fuel for 73 of them (17% of the world market)
Hydroelectric power plants A hydroelectric power station (HPP) is a power plant that uses the energy of water flow as an energy source. Hydroelectric power plants are usually built on rivers by constructing dams and reservoirs. For the efficient production of electricity at a hydroelectric power station, two main factors are necessary: a guaranteed supply of water all year round and possibly large slopes of the river; canyon-like terrain types are favorable for hydraulic construction.
Principle of operation
The circuit of hydraulic structures is to provide the necessary pressure of water flowing to the blades of a hydraulic turbine, which drives generators that produce electricity. The required water pressure is formed through the construction of a dam, and as a result of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by diversion - the natural flow of water. In some cases, both a dam and a diversion are used together to obtain the required water pressure. All power equipment is located directly in the hydroelectric power station building itself. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the machine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of water flow into electrical energy.
Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the generated power: powerful - produce from 25 MW and above; medium - up to 25 MW; small hydroelectric power plants - up to 5 MW. They are also divided depending on the maximum use of water pressure: high-pressure - more than 60 m; medium-pressure - from 25 m; low-pressure - from 3 to 25 m.
The largest hydroelectric power plants in the world Name Capacity GW Average annual generation Owner Geography Three Gorges 22.5 100 billion kWh r. Yangtze, Sandouping, China Itaipu 14,100 billion kWh r. Caroni, Venezuela Guri 10.3 40 billion kWh r. Tocantins, Brazil Churchill Falls 5.43 35 billion kWh r. Churchill, Canada Tukurui 8.3 21 billion kWh r. Parana, Brazil / Paraguay
Thermal power plants A thermal power plant (or thermal power plant) is a power plant that generates electrical energy by converting the chemical energy of fuel into the mechanical energy of rotation of the electric generator shaft.
Principle of operation
Types Boiler-turbine power plants Condensing power plants (CPS, historically called GRES - state district power plant) Combined heat and power plants (cogeneration power plants, CHP) Gas turbine power plants Power plants based on combined cycle power plants Power plants based on piston engines Compression ignition (diesel) Spark ignition Combined cycle
Electricity transmission The transmission of electrical energy from power plants to consumers is carried out via electrical networks. The electric grid industry is a natural monopoly sector of the electric power industry: the consumer can choose from whom to buy electricity (that is, the energy sales company), the energy sales company can choose among wholesale suppliers (electricity producers), but the network through which electricity is supplied is usually one, and the consumer technically cannot choose the electric utility company. From a technical point of view, the electrical network is a collection of power transmission lines (PTLs) and transformers located at substations.
Power lines are metal conductors that carry electric current. Currently, alternating current is used almost everywhere. Electricity supply in the vast majority of cases is three-phase, so a power line usually consists of three phases, each of which may include several wires.
Power lines are divided into 2 types: Overhead Cable
Overhead Overhead power lines are suspended above the ground at a safe height on special structures called supports. As a rule, the wire on an overhead line does not have surface insulation; insulation is present at the points of attachment to the supports. There are lightning protection systems on overhead lines. The main advantage of overhead power lines is their relative cheapness compared to cable lines. Maintainability is also much better (especially in comparison with brushless cable lines): there is no need to carry out excavation work to replace the wire, and visual inspection of the condition of the line is not difficult. However, overhead power lines have a number of disadvantages: wide right-of-way: it is prohibited to erect any structures or plant trees in the vicinity of power lines; when the line passes through a forest, trees along the entire width of the right-of-way are cut down; insecurity from external influences, for example, trees falling on the line and wire theft; Despite lightning protection devices, overhead lines also suffer from lightning strikes. Due to vulnerability, two circuits are often installed on one overhead line: the main and backup; aesthetic unattractiveness; This is one of the reasons for the almost universal transition to cable power transmission in the city.
Cable Cable lines (CL) are laid underground. Electrical cables vary in design, but common elements can be identified. The core of the cable is three conductive cores (according to the number of phases). The cables have both external and intercore insulation. Typically, liquid transformer oil or oiled paper acts as an insulator. The conductive core of the cable is usually protected by steel armor. The outside of the cable is coated with bitumen. There are collector and collectorless cable lines. In the first case, the cable is laid in underground concrete channels - collectors. At certain intervals, the line is equipped with exits to the surface in the form of hatches to make it easier for repair crews to enter the collector. Brushless cable lines are laid directly in the ground.
Brushless lines are significantly cheaper than collector lines during construction, but their operation is more expensive due to the inaccessibility of the cable. The main advantage of cable power lines (compared to overhead lines) is the absence of a wide right-of-way. Provided they are deep enough, various structures (including residential ones) can be built directly above the collector line. In the case of a collectorless installation, construction is possible in the immediate vicinity of the line. Cable lines do not spoil the cityscape with their appearance; they are much better protected from external influences than air lines. The disadvantages of cable power lines include the high cost of construction and subsequent operation: even in the case of brushless installation, the estimated cost per linear meter of a cable line is several times higher than the cost of an overhead line of the same voltage class. Cable lines are less accessible for visual observation of their condition (and in the case of brushless installation, they are not accessible at all), which is also a significant operational disadvantage.
Use of electricity The main consumer of electricity is industry, which accounts for about 70% of the electricity produced. Transport is also a major consumer. An increasing number of railway lines are being converted to electric traction.
About a third of the electricity consumed by industry is used for technological purposes (electric welding, electrical heating and melting of metals, electrolysis, etc.). Modern civilization is unthinkable without the widespread use of electricity. A disruption in the power supply to a large city during an accident paralyzes his life.
Electricity transmission Electricity consumers are everywhere. It is produced in relatively few places close to sources of fuel and hydro resources. Electricity cannot be conserved on a large scale. It must be consumed immediately upon receipt. Therefore, there is a need to transmit electricity over long distances.
Energy transfer is associated with noticeable losses. The fact is that electric current heats the wires of power lines. In accordance with the Joule-Lenz law, the energy spent on heating the line wires is determined by the formula where R is the line resistance.
Since current power is proportional to the product of current and voltage, to maintain the transmitted power, it is necessary to increase the voltage in the transmission line. The longer the transmission line, the more beneficial it is to use a higher voltage. Thus, in the high-voltage transmission line Volzhskaya HPP - Moscow and some others, a voltage of 500 kV is used. Meanwhile, alternating current generators are built for voltages not exceeding kV.
Higher voltages would require complex special measures to insulate the windings and other parts of the generators. That's why step-up transformers are installed at large power plants. To directly use electricity in the electric drive motors of machine tools, in the lighting network and for other purposes, the voltage at the ends of the line must be reduced. This is achieved using step-down transformers.
Recently, due to environmental problems, the shortage of fossil fuels and its uneven geographical distribution, it has become expedient to generate electricity using wind power plants, solar panels, and small gas generators.
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