Various parts of speech. How to distinguish grammatical homonyms? Types of parts of speech in Russian
1. All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups called parts of speech.
Together with syntax, morphology makes up a branch of the science of language called grammar.
2. Each part of speech has characteristics that can be grouped into three groups:
3. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent (significant) And official. Interjections occupy a special position in the system of parts of speech.
4. Independent (nominative) parts of speech include words naming objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions about independent words, and in a sentence significant words are members of the sentence.
TO independent units speeches in Russian include the following:
| Part of speech | Questions | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Noun | Who? What? | Boy, uncle, table, wall, window. |
| 2 | Verb | what to do? what to do? | To saw, to saw, to know, to find out. |
| 3 | Adjective | Which? whose? | Nice, blue, mom's, door. |
| 4 | Numeral | How many? which? | Five, five, five. |
| 5 | Adverb | How? When? Where? and etc. | Fun, yesterday, close. |
| 6 | Pronoun | Who? Which? How many? How? and etc. | I, he, so, my, so much, so, there. |
| 7 | Participle | Which? (what is he doing? what has he done? etc.) | Dreaming, dreaming. |
| 8 | Participle | How? (doing what? doing what?) | Dreaming, deciding. |
Notes
1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position of participles and gerunds in the system of parts of speech. Some researchers classify them as independent parts of speech, others consider them special forms of the verb. Participle and gerund really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and forms of the verb. In this manual we adhere to the point of view reflected, for example, in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.
2) In linguistics there is no single point of view on the composition of such parts of speech as numerals. In particular, in “academic grammar” it is customary to consider ordinal numbers as a special category of adjectives. However, school tradition classifies them as numerals. We will adhere to this position in this manual.
3) Different manuals characterize the composition of pronouns differently. In particular, the words there, there, nowhere etc. in some school textbooks they are classified as adverbs, in others - as pronouns. In this manual we consider such words as pronouns, adhering to the point of view reflected in “academic grammar” and in the textbook: Babaytseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.
5. Functional parts of speech- these are words that do not name objects, actions, or signs, but express only the relationships between them.
TO official words you can't ask the question.
Function words are not parts of the sentence.
Function words serve independent words, helping them connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.
TO service units speeches in Russian include the following:
pretext (in, on, about, from, because of);
union (and, but, however, because, so that, if);
particle (would, whether, not, even, exactly, only).
6. occupy a special position among parts of speech.
Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express relationships between independent words and do not serve to connect words (as auxiliary parts of speech).
Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use interjections such as ah, oh, uh; to express the feeling of cold - br-r, to express fear or pain - Ouch etc.
7. As noted, some words in Russian can change, others cannot.
TO immutable include all auxiliary parts of speech, interjections, as well as such significant parts of speech as:
adverbs ( forward, always);
gerunds ( leaving, leaving, accepting).
Some also remain unchanged:
nouns ( coat, taxi, blinds);
adjectives ( beige coat, electric blue suit);
pronouns ( then, there).
by using graduation;
Wed: sister - sisters; read - read.
by using endings and prepositions;
Sister - to sister, with sister, with sister.
by using auxiliary words.
§1. What is the classification of words based on parts of speech?
Morphology studies the grammatical nature of words and classifies them based on their inherent morphological features. In principle, a variety of classifications are possible: the result depends on what features are used as the basis. Therefore, when faced with a classification, always think about what it is based on.
Morphological classification of words - this is their division into classes, which are called parts of speech.
This is a complex classification. It is built not on one, but on three criteria:
- grammatical meaning
- set of morphological characters
- syntactic role in a sentence
Grammatical meaning- this is the most generalized meaning characteristic of the entire class of words. More subtle differences in meaning reflect ranks by value, which are allocated for one or another part of speech. For example, let's look at a noun.
The grammatical meaning of a noun is “object”. It is expressed in words that answer the questions: Who what?
Examples: Who what? - leg, lamp, son, Moscow, gold, silver, nobility, youth, goodness, greed.
These words, of course, convey different meanings: concrete and abstract, material, collective, proper. What is important for morphology is that these differences in meaning are expressed at the morphological level. For example, most nouns with specific meanings usually have singular and singular forms. plural: leg legs, and all the rest - only one form: either singular, or plural: Moscow(own) - singular, gold(real) - units. h., nobility(collective) - unit. h., good(abstract) - singular But all these words are of the same class. They answer certain questions, which distinguishes them from other classes of words, such as verbs that answer questions: What to do?, What to do? and express the grammatical meaning of “action”: walk, jump, laugh, fight, study.
Morphological characteristics - these are characteristics of the grammatical nature of words. For morphology it is important:
- whether the words change or not,
- what sets of forms does a word have,
- what endings are these forms expressed by,
- what these forms express.
Some morphological features are common to several parts of speech, for example case, others are characteristic of only one class of words, for example time. One and the same feature can be unchangeable, constant for some class of words and changeable for others, such as, for example, genus. Each part of speech has its own set of morphological features. Without knowing them, it is impossible to produce morphological analysis words and understand what unites words of one part of speech and distinguishes them from words of other parts of speech.
Syntactic role in a sentence - it is the role that words of a certain class play in a sentence. Important:
- Is the word part of a sentence?
- what is its role in the grammatical structure of a sentence.
§2. Parts of speech
Attention:
The dotted line shows that not all authors distinguish participles, gerunds and the category of state. This issue is discussed in more detail below.
Part of speech is a class of words united by a common grammatical meaning, a set of morphological features and a syntactic role in a sentence. This class of words differs from other classes in a set of characteristics.
The logic of this classification of Russian words by parts of speech is generally accepted.
It is also common to distinguish:
- interjections and non-interjective word classes,
- non-interjectives are divided into auxiliary and independent classes of words,
- among independent ones, distinguish between significant and pronominal words,
- nominatives are divided into changing and unchanging (adverbial),
- inflected ones are divided into inflected and conjugated (verbs),
- Declined ones are further divided by types of declension (nouns inflected by number and cases and others inflected by number, cases and gender).
Traditionally distinguished 10 parts of speech:
- Nouns
- Adjectives
- Numerals
- Pronouns
- Verbs
- Adverbs
- Prepositions
- Unions
- Particles
- Interjections
§3. Why do textbooks indicate different numbers of parts of speech?
Linguistics is an interpretative science, i.e. explanatory.
Specific interpretations linguistic phenomena depend on the author's point of view.
There are phenomena in language that can be interpreted (explained) in different ways.
Participles and gerunds
The dotted lines on the diagram show the special status of participles and gerunds. Depending on the point of view, they are either considered verb forms, in which case they form part of speech Verb, or are identified as special parts of speech. Why did different interpretations arise?
The peculiarity of participles is that they retain verbal features, for example, aspect, tense, transitivity, reflexivity, conjugation. But at the same time, participles are modified in a special way, like adjectives. Full participles- by cases and numbers, and in the singular - by gender, and short ones - by number and in the singular - by gender. And the participles do not change at all.
Interpretation 1
: participle and gerund are special forms verbs.
Initial form: verb in the infinitive form, i.e. indefinite form verb.
Suffixes of participles and gerunds are formative suffixes.
Infinitive erect, participles:
and gerunds: erecting- it's just different shapes one word erect.
Interpretation 2
: participle and gerund are independent parts of speech.
Initial form of participle: unit form. numbers, husband kind.
Suffixes of participles and gerunds are word-forming suffixes.
Infinitive erect, participles erecting, erecting, erecting and gerunds erecting - different words belonging to different parts of speech.
The line of dots on the diagram shows the special status of words in the state category. The name itself, by the way, is also unlike the names of other parts of speech. Why did different interpretations arise?
It has long been noted that adverbial words are very diverse. In particular, a group of adverbial unchangeable words that denote the state of a person is distinguished. To me Cold, and to him hot. This is not the same as: loud scream, quiet laugh. Both the meaning and role in the sentence of the words: cold, hot - loud quiet vary.
Interpretation 1: All these words are adverbs. Among them there is a special subgroup that has its own characteristics.
Interpretation 2: Adverbs and words of the state category are different parts of speech. They have different meaning And different role in a sentence.
Discussing the problem of interpretation
How should children answer teachers' questions? How to complete test tasks? How to perform morphological analysis of words? And word-formation analysis, by the way, too?
Nowhere does it say: figure it out for yourself and make a choice which point of view to adhere to. The textbooks clearly state: this is so. Some authors categorically do not accept other points of view and directly state: the other point of view is erroneous. That is, the adults could not agree among themselves. What should schoolchildren do? Everyone has the State Examination or the Unified State Exam ahead, and the younger guys have both exams.
Remember:
- how this material is given by the authors of your textbook;
- what textbook are you studying with: learn the names of the authors;
- When completing tasks, do not rush between different concepts, act consciously and, most importantly, consistently.
For graduates: be prepared to explain the point of view you share and name the textbook in which it is presented. No one has the right to consider it unacceptable and reduce the grade for it. In case of misunderstandings when assessing your knowledge, which arose as a result of different interpretations of linguistic phenomena in school textbooks, persistently ask to understand the situation. The necessary information for protection is on this site.
§4. Servants - independent parts of speech
Any person who speaks Russian understands that there is an important difference between auxiliary and independent classes of words.
Functional parts of speech:
- Prepositions
- Unions
- Particles
Independent parts of speech:
- Noun
- Adjective
- Numeral
- Verb
- Adverb
Attention:
Interjection is a special part of speech. She is neither official nor independent.
What is the main difference?
Service parts of speech express not independent meanings, but relationships between members of a sentence or sentences, or give words and sentences different shades of meaning. They do not have a set of morphological characteristics and are not members of the sentence.
Independent parts of speech express the grammatical meaning characteristic of the entire class of words:
- Nouns - "thing"
- Adjective - “sign of an object”
- Numeral - “number, quantity, order in counting”
- Verb - "action"
- Adverb - “a sign of a sign, a sign of an action”
- Pronoun - “indication”
Independent parts of speech are divided into nominatives and pronouns.
Significant parts of speech name objects, signs, actions, numbers, and pronouns only point to them.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
What classification is based on the grammatical meaning of words, a set of their morphological features and the syntactic role of words in a sentence?
- Members' proposals
- Parts of speech
Can one and the same morphological feature be common to words from different parts of speech?
Can one and the same morphological feature be changeable in some words and unchangeable in others?
Can words from the same part of speech be different parts of a sentence?
Can words from different parts of speech be one part of a sentence?
Is it correct to believe that significant words are divided into changeable and unchangeable?
What part of speech is an interjection?
- Self-sufficient
- Service
- Neither one nor the other
What parts of speech is opposed to interjection?
- Official
- Independent
- Both one and the other, that is, everyone
Do numerals decline?
Are pronouns conjugated?
Are all independent parts of speech significant?
Are all significant parts of speech independent?
Right answers:
- Parts of speech
- Neither one nor the other
- Both one and the other, that is, everyone
- How do words change in Russian? (for high school students and those who want to understand this)
In contact with
Russian scholars distinguish parts of speech in different ways. Our article will tell you about those parts of speech that are studied in school course. These are 12 parts of speech, which are divided into independent and auxiliary. Let's take a closer look at what parts of speech there are in the Russian language.
Independent parts of speech
A noun is a part of speech that is independent in nature and answers the questions “what?” "who?", and also denotes an object. According to their meaning, all nouns can be divided into animate (boy, horse) and inanimate (stool, notebook), into proper names (Moscow, Petya, newspaper "Komsomolskaya Pravda") and common nouns (numerous names of objects and phenomena: table, coin, heart , society, love, etc.).
An adjective is a part of speech that expresses a characteristic of an object, answering the questions “which?” "what?" "whose?" etc. Adjectives are divided into relative (wooden, reading), qualitative (big, beautiful) and possessive (sister, fox).
A numeral is a part of speech that denotes the number of objects and the number and order of counting. Numeral names, according to grammatical features and meaning, are divided into ordinal (tenth, second) and quantitative (ten, two).
A pronoun is a part of speech that indicates signs, objects and their quantities, but does not name them. In sentences, pronouns are most often used as a subject or determiner, rarely as a circumstance. Sometimes pronouns are even used as a predicate.
A verb is a part of speech that denotes the state of an object or an action, and answers the questions “what to do?”, “what to do?” etc. Verbs are divided into perfect and imperfect, active and passive voice, transitive and intransitive, reflexive and non-reflexive. Also verbs have initial form or infinitive. In a sentence, verbs are most often predicates, but they can act as subjects or modifiers.
A participle is a special form of a verb that denotes the characteristics of an object by action. The participle answers the questions: “which?”, “what is he doing?”, “what did he do?”, “what did he do?”, “what was done?” and so on. Participles are divided into passive and active. The active denotes the attribute of the object that produces the action, and the passive denotes the attribute of the object that experiences this action. ("reading boy" is a boy who reads himself; " readable book" - a book that someone reads, that is, someone performs actions with this book).
A gerund is a verb form that denotes an additional action while there is a main action. The participle answers the questions “what by doing?”, “what by doing?”. Participles are of the perfect and imperfect forms (“jumping out” is the perfect form, “jumping” is the imperfect form).
An adverb is a part of speech that expresses a sign of an action or other sign (to do beautifully, very beautifully). An adverb is an unchangeable part of speech, which is most often a circumstance in a sentence.
Functional parts of speech
Now let's look at what functional parts of speech the system of parts of speech of the Russian language includes.
A preposition is a part of speech that expresses the dependence of a noun, pronoun and numeral on other words present in the phrase and in the sentence. Prepositions cannot be modified and are not part of a sentence. Prepositions can be derivative and non-derivative (non-derivative: a, to, from, with; derivative: on the contrary, along, due to, thanks to).
A conjunction is a functional part of speech that connects homogeneous members, which are part of a simple sentence, as well as several simple sentences as part of a complex There are subordinating conjunctions (therefore, so that, that) and coordinating conjunctions (a, and, but).
A particle is a part of speech that introduces different shades into sentences and serves to form new forms of words (come on, come on, let it go, b). Particles are not members of a sentence and do not change.
An interjection is a special part of speech that expresses feelings without naming them. It is not included either in the group of auxiliary parts of speech or in the group of independent parts (oh, ah, hee-hee-hee, ugh, brrr).
Thus, you can see that all parts of speech in the Russian language are diverse and not similar to each other. Only when combined with each other can they form phrases and sentences.
1. Independent parts of speech:
- nouns (see morphological norms noun);
- Verbs:
- participles;
- participles;
- adjectives;
- numerals;
- pronouns;
- adverbs;
2. Functional parts of speech:
- prepositions;
- unions;
- particles;
3. Interjections.
The following do not fall into any of the classifications (according to the morphological system) of the Russian language:
- the words yes and no, if they act as an independent sentence.
- introductory words: so, by the way, total, as a separate sentence, as well as a number of other words.
Morphological analysis of a noun
- initial form in nominative case, singular (except for nouns used only in the plural: scissors, etc.);
- proper or common noun;
- animate or inanimate;
- gender (m,f, avg.);
- number (singular, plural);
- declination;
- case;
- syntactic role in a sentence.
Plan for morphological analysis of a noun
"The baby drinks milk."
Baby (answers the question who?) – noun;
- initial form - baby;
- constant morphological features: animate, common noun, concrete, male, 1st declension;
- inconsistent morphological features: nominative case, singular;
- at parsing sentences acts as the subject.
Morphological analysis of the word “milk” (answers the question of whom? What?).
- initial form – milk;
- constant morphological characteristics of the word: neuter, inanimate, real, common noun, II declension;
- variable morphological features: accusative case, singular;
- direct object in the sentence.
Here is another example of how to make a morphological analysis of a noun, based on a literary source:
"Two ladies ran up to Luzhin and helped him get up. He began to knock the dust off his coat with his palm. (example from: “Luzhin’s Defense”, Vladimir Nabokov)."
Ladies (who?) - noun;
- initial form - queen;
- constant morphological features: common noun, animate, concrete, feminine, first declension;
- fickle morphological characteristics of the noun: singular, genitive case;
- syntactic role: part of the subject.
Luzhin (to whom?) - noun;
- initial form - Luzhin;
- faithful morphological characteristics of the word: proper name, animate, concrete, masculine, mixed declension;
- inconsistent morphological features of the noun: singular, dative case;
Palm (with what?) - noun;
- initial shape - palm;
- constant morphological features: feminine, inanimate, common noun, concrete, I declension;
- inconsistent morpho. signs: singular, instrumental case;
- syntactic role in context: addition.
Dust (what?) - noun;
- initial form - dust;
- main morphological features: common noun, material, feminine, singular, animate not characterized, III declension (noun with zero ending);
- fickle morphological characteristics of the word: accusative case;
- syntactic role: addition.
(c) Coat (Why?) - noun;
- the initial form is a coat;
- constant correct morphological characteristics of the word: inanimate, common noun, specific, neuter, indeclinable;
- morphological features are inconsistent: the number cannot be determined from the context, genitive case;
- syntactic role as a member of a sentence: addition.
Morphological analysis of the adjective
An adjective is a significant part of speech. Answers the questions Which? Which? Which? Which? and characterizes the characteristics or qualities of an object. Table of morphological features of the adjective name:
- initial form in the nominative case, singular, masculine;
- constant morphological features of adjectives:
- rank according to the value:
- - quality (warm, silent);
- - relative (yesterday, reading);
- - possessive (hare, mother);
- degree of comparison (for quality ones, for which this feature is constant);
- full/short form (for quality ones, for which this sign is constant);
- inconsistent morphological features of the adjective:
- qualitative adjectives vary according to the degree of comparison (in comparative degrees simple form, in excellent ones - complex): beautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful;
- full or short form (qualitative adjectives only);
- gender marker (singular only);
- number (agrees with the noun);
- case (agrees with the noun);
- syntactic role in a sentence: an adjective can be a definition or part of a compound nominal predicate.
Plan for morphological analysis of the adjective
Example sentence:
The full moon rose over the city.
Full (what?) – adjective;
- initial form – full;
- constant morphological features of the adjective: qualitative, full form;
- inconsistent morphological characteristics: in a positive (zero) degree of comparison, feminine (consistent with the noun), nominative case;
- according to syntactic analysis - a minor member of the sentence, serves as a definition.
Here is another whole literary passage and morphological analysis of the adjective, using examples:
The girl was beautiful: slender, thin, blue eyes, like two amazing sapphires, looking into your soul.
Beautiful (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - beautiful (in this meaning);
- constant morphological norms: qualitative, brief;
- inconstant signs: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine;
Slender (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - slender;
- constant morphological characteristics: qualitative, complete;
- inconsistent morphological characteristics of the word: full, positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative case;
- syntactic role in a sentence: part of the predicate.
Thin (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - thin;
- morphological constant characteristics: qualitative, complete;
- inconsistent morphological characteristics of the adjective: positive degree of comparison, singular, feminine, nominative case;
- syntactic role: part of the predicate.
Blue (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - blue;
- table of constant morphological features of the adjective name: qualitative;
- inconsistent morphological characteristics: full, positive degree of comparison, plural, nominative case;
- syntactic role: definition.
Amazing (what?) - adjective;
- initial form - amazing;
- constant characteristics of morphology: relative, expressive;
- inconsistent morphological features: plural, genitive case;
- syntactic role in a sentence: part of the circumstance.
Morphological features of the verb
According to the morphology of the Russian language, a verb is an independent part of speech. It can denote an action (to walk), a property (to limp), an attitude (to be equal), a state (to rejoice), a sign (to turn white, to show off) of an object. Verbs answer the question what to do? what to do? what is he doing? what did you do? or what will it do? Different groups of verbal word forms have heterogeneous morphological characteristics and grammatical features.
Morphological forms of verbs:
- the initial form of the verb is the infinitive. It is also called the indefinite or unchangeable form of the verb. There are no variable morphological features;
- conjugated (personal and impersonal) forms;
- inconjugated forms: participles and participles.
Morphological analysis of the verb
- initial form - infinitive;
- constant morphological features of the verb:
- transitivity:
- transitive (used with accusative case nouns without a preposition);
- intransitive (not used with a noun in accusative case without pretext);
- repayment:
- returnable (there is -sya, -sya);
- irrevocable (no -sya, -sya);
- imperfect (what to do?);
- perfect (what to do?);
- conjugation:
- I conjugation (do-eat, do-e, do-eat, do-e, do-ut/ut);
- II conjugation (sto-ish, sto-it, sto-im, sto-ite, sto-yat/at);
- mixed verbs (want, run);
- inconsistent morphological features of the verb:
- mood:
- indicative: what did you do? What did you do? what is he doing? what will he do?;
- conditional: what would you do? what would you do?;
- imperative: do!;
- time (in the indicative mood: past/present/future);
- person (in the present/future tense, indicative and imperative: 1st person: I/we, 2nd person: you/you, 3rd person: he/they);
- gender (past tense, singular, indicative and conditional);
- number;
- syntactic role in a sentence. The infinitive can be any part of the sentence:
- predicate: To be a holiday today;
- subject: Learning is always useful;
- addition: All the guests asked her to dance;
- definition: He had an irresistible desire to eat;
- circumstance: I went out for a walk.
Morphological analysis of verb example
To understand the scheme, let’s conduct a written analysis of the morphology of the verb using the example of a sentence:
God somehow sent a piece of cheese to the crow... (fable, I. Krylov)
Sent (what did you do?) - part of speech verb;
- initial form - send;
- constant morphological features: perfective aspect, transitional, 1st conjugation;
- inconsistent morphological characteristics of the verb: indicative, past tense, masculine, singular;
Next online sample morphological analysis verb in a sentence:
What silence, listen.
Listen (what do you do?) - verb;
- initial form - listen;
- morphological constant features: perfective aspect, intransitive, reflexive, 1st conjugation;
- inconsistent morphological characteristics of the word: imperative mood, plural, 2nd person;
- syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.
Plan for morphological analysis of verbs online for free, based on an example from a whole paragraph:
He needs to be warned.
No need, let him know next time how to break the rules.
What are the rules?
Wait, I'll tell you later. Has entered! (“Golden Calf”, I. Ilf)
Caution (what to do?) - verb;
- initial form - warn;
- morphological features of the verb are constant: perfective, transitive, irrevocative, 1st conjugation;
- inconsistent morphology of part of speech: infinitive;
- syntactic function in a sentence: component predicate.
Let him know (what is he doing?) - verb part of speech;
- initial form - know;
- inconsistent verb morphology: imperative, singular, 3rd person;
- syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.
Violate (what to do?) - the word is a verb;
- initial form - violate;
- constant morphological features: imperfect form, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
- inconstant features of the verb: infinitive (initial form);
- syntactic role in context: part of the predicate.
Wait (what will you do?) - part of speech verb;
- initial form - wait;
- constant morphological features: perfective aspect, irrevocable, transitional, 1st conjugation;
- inconsistent morphological characteristics of the verb: imperative mood, plural, 2nd person;
- syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.
Entered (what did you do?) - verb;
- initial form - enter;
- constant morphological features: perfective aspect, irreversible, intransitive, 1st conjugation;
- inconsistent morphological characteristics of the verb: past tense, indicative mood, singular, masculine;
- syntactic role in a sentence: predicate.
Part of speech(lat. pars orationis) is a category of language unit, which is determined by syntactic and morphological features. According to these characteristics, there are different classification of parts of speech V different languages peace. A part of speech can be called a group of words that has:
- One grammatical meaning and general set morphological features;
- One thing in common lexical meaning;
- Some executable syntactic functions.
In different languages of the world, parts of speech are divided into the category of names, which is opposed to the verb, and they are together opposed to various auxiliary parts of speech. But this division is primarily conditional.
Signs of classification of parts of speech in the Russian language.
Signs of classification- these are the signs that determine the principles of classification of parts of speech in the Russian language. There are four such signs in Russian:
- Semantic- this sign defines general meaning parts of speech (for example, a verb has the meaning of action)
- Syntactic- This sign, which determines the role of the part of speech in a sentence (for example, the verb most often acts as a predicate).
- Morphological- this is a complete set of forms and paradigms of a word, as well as the division of words of a language into changeable and unchangeable.
- Derivational- this sign characterizes a set of models and means of word formation of a particular part of speech.
Types of parts of speech in Russian.
The Russian language has ten main parts of speech:
Principles of classification of parts of speech.
All parts of speech in Russian are divided into independent parts of speech And functional parts of speech. Independent parts of speech- these are parts of speech that have their own meaning (objectivity, attribute, action, quantity, etc.). Functional parts of speech- these are words that do not have their own meaning, but serve to link words in sentences, compare, contrast and other purposes.
TO independent units speeches include:
- Noun
- Adjective
- Numeral
- Pronoun
- Verb
- Adverb
TO service parts of speech in Russian include:
- Pretext
- Particle
These are the main parts of speech in Russian, each of which we will consider and study separately.