Zoology

Revolution in Hungary. Soviet troops in Hungary

Hungary in the first half of the 19th century. There was one of the powerful European countries that constantly suffered from the uprisings of national minorities and crises. An attempt to change the existing state of affairs was the revolution of 1848-1849, which in Europe received the name "Spring of Peoples". The rise of national liberation uprisings in Central Europe began with Chekhov, throwing over other peoples, including Hungarians. Reassure rebels managed only with the help of Russian troops.

The socio-economic development of Hungary in the first half of the XIX century.

Kingdom for the first four decades of 19 century. There was a system of absolutism. But, if at the beginning of the 1800s. Absolutism answered the conditions of that time, then by the 1840th. The situation began to change. The population of the country no longer perceived existing procedures, wishing to conduct reforms. The need for transformations understood both Vienna, which carried out control over the internal and external development of the Hungarian kingdom. Nevertheless, the Austrian monarchy did not seek at all to go to change the existing orders in political and administrative spheres.

The main trends in the development of the kingdom to the "spring peoples" include:

Canned bureaucratic system.
Total control of Austria over all spheres of life.
Permanent persecution of dissent with the Magazinburg regime.
Police and censorship bodies of punishments of all who opposed the existing regime.
Taxes and fees in the empire were established in accordance with the interests of the Austrian industry.
The kingdom was used as the raw materials appendage to the Austrian Empire. All raw materials were exported to Austria and the Czech Republic, which by the 1840s. began to economically develop.
Unresolved peasant question. In the kingdom, the system of serfdom, the leadership of landowners, the peasants lived very poor, the feudal relations prevented the development of agriculture.
Agrarian nature of the country's economy.
Constant increase in fears for peasants.
In political, economic and public areas, the domination of old traditions and customs was observed.

Thus, Hungary was fully controlled by Vienna, which forbade the convening of state fees of the kingdom. The state language remained Latin, the Hungarians could not at all affect internal politics, took limited participation in the work of local governments (comedates).

Rise national self-consciousness

Despite the crisis in the socio-economic sphere and the total control of Austria over all the life of the Hungarian kingdom, in the 1830s. The state developed national movements of the Hungarians and the peoples conquered.

Hungarian revolution 1848-1849. provoked two main points:

First, the rise of the national liberation movement among the Hungarians began.
Secondly, attempted to conduct reforms. Despite the fact that they failed, the effect of them had a positive effect on the revolutionary consciousness of the Hungarian population.

Resonance in public life began with the speeches of the Ishthan section and the Miklosh Veshchleni, who demanded to update the country's device, the economy, eliminate feudalism, absolutism, the introduction of a constitutional monarchy in Hungary. Ideas picked up representatives of the nobility and intelligentsia. By the end of the 1830s, the country had already existed several currents of the National Hungarian Movement. It is quite interesting that the carriers of ideas about democratic transformations and the main power of the future revolution became nobles. Historians explain this state of affairs by the following factors:

Weak urban development in Hungary.
Weakness of a new class - bourgeoisie.
The nobles expressed the interests of the rights and freedoms of the Hungarian nation.

Liberals, like nobles, practically ignored the decision of the National Question. It was believed that democratic reforms and the introduction of the right to personal freedom would remove the voltage in society and will make unnecessary introduction of rights for national minorities. This was clearly a miscalculation, since in the state of the Hungarians constituted a clear minority. At the end of the 1830s. They had only 38% in the kingdom. The remaining interest is a national minority, which was numerically more than representatives of the title nation. Therefore, Hungarians "Promorgali" moment when the national identity of Croats, Serbs, Rusinov, Slovaks, Romanians, Chekhov began to actively form actively. Their requirements did not respond to the aspirations and interests of Hungarians.

Separately, it is worth mentioning about attempts to conduct democratic reforms. The beginning of them was found at the State Assembly in 1839-1840, when the liberals have achieved from the government of the following concessions:

Amnesty for political prisoners.
Expanding the scope of the Hungarian language.
The outlet of the peasants from serfdom through the repurchase system.

As a result, various social organizations began to appear, offering Higrand Protection and Support, industry began to develop. On the eve of the revolution itself, Vienna handed over all controls in the Kingdom to the Hungarian government of conservatives. We needed still reforms, but the decision was never accepted, because In 1847, Liberals and Conservatives could not agree among themselves at the State Assembly.

What provoked the revolution?

The prerequisites that caused the rise of the national self-awareness of the Hungarians was a lot. The main among them are:

The dominance of Austrian and Austrians everywhere, where only you can in Hungary.
The presence of personal union between Austria and the Hungarian kingdom.
Economic lag of Hungary.
The crisis in the economy, which in Vienna tried not to pay attention.
Gradual formation of national liberation movement.

The causes of the "spring peoples" were deeper and large-scale. Firstly, the population was displeased by the Austrian Chancellor with mettern. Secondly, different groups of the population demanded reforms that feudalism and crisis phenomena would be able to defeat. Thirdly, nobles sought to obtain the independence of Hungary. Fourth, the elimination of the national oppression.

Features and driving forces

The Hungarian national movement was not a unique phenomenon. Similar events occurred in other European regions, including Austria. The revolution in the kingdom was closely connected with all the events that was happening in the monarchy.

In nature, it was a democratic, national and liberation war, which was supposed to solve national and peasant questions.

The main participants in the Hungarian "Spring of Peoples" were:

Workers.
Students.
Intelligentsia.
Liberals.
Part of the nobility.
Craftsmen.

Despite the involvement of almost all social groups of society, the revolution was unfinished and contradictory. On the one hand, she presented a chance to the peoples of the kingdom to self-determination. On the other hand, national pressure and monarchy were not eliminated.

Main events

The beginning to the revolution was the uprising in March 1848 in Buda, and then in Pest. By that time, these two cities were disconnected, only in 1872 Buda and Pest connected to one locality.

In mid-March 1848, the rebellion began in the feather, the participants of which demanded the provision of democratic freedoms. He headed the revolution of the radicals, which demanded that the government eliminate the fortressing system and the work on the peasants on the feudal police, brought the Austrian troops from Hungary, provided the country more powers.

The Emperor Austria was forced to adopt the requirements of the opposition of Hungary, as a result of which the first national Hungarian government was formed. It entered his staff - one of the active figures of the revolution. Under its pressure, all the durations for the peasants in Hungary were abolished, which was the first step towards the complete cancellation of the serf system.

A truce with Austria lasted not long and in September 1848, the armed struggle of Hungarians vs. Austria broke out. Parliament dissolved the old government and created a new one, which was headed by Kosut. The emperor on such actions of revolutionary and recalcitrant Hungary replied quite rigidly - the military actions of the empire against the rebellious kingdom began. Among the main events are autumn 1848 - summer 1849. You can allocate:

October 1848 - the invasion of the Austrians to Hungary, the result of which began to capture in January 1849 Buda and Pest.
Hungary turned into the province of the Austrian Empire.
Canceled by the decisions of the Hungarian Parliament, adopted in 1848
March 1849 - the counteroffensiveness of the Hungarians, the expulsion of Austria from the kingdom.
April 1849 - Hungary becomes an independent republic, the Habsburg Dynasty understood that he lost control in the country and the right to occupy the throne in the former kingdom.
Koshta became president, conducted internal reforms, the main of which became military. The creation of a 170-titsynya army allowed the koshet with the troops to begin an offensive on Vienna.

As it happens in such conflicts, among the leadership of Hungary and the army there was no consensus regarding the campaigns and the conquest of Austria. If the aristocracy sought to peace and negotiations with Habsburgs, then the nobles and peasants wanted to completely get rid of the Austrian domination. The situation worsened that the nobles did not want to completely cancel the consoles for the fortress peasants, demanded that equal rights for Hungarians, Croats, Ukrainians, Slovakov, Serbs not installed.

The President of the Country Koshut fluctuated in the decision of the national and peasant issues, and while he thought, the campaign fell on Vienna. This pause used the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph second. He turned to Nicholas the second with a request for help. Such a solution to the Habsburg dynasty has become fatal for Hungary. The Russian army is a number of 200 thousand people was sent to Hungary. There they joined the Austrians and began a joint campaign against the rebels.

Numerical superiority, lack of unity, internal parties contributed to the fact that the Hungarians lost a number of important battles. Koshut in such conditions went on concessions for the peasants, proclaiming the equality of all nations in the country, but it was too late.

The capitulation of Hungary occurred on August 13, 1849, 9 generals were taken, many soldiers, weapons and arms.

Results and consequences

The revolution in Hungary has not reached its goals and tasks. The struggle for independence and independence was unfinished, since the domination of Habsburgs in Hungary continued, the monarchy was also not eliminated. Due to the inorganization of the rebels, the indecision of the leadership of Hungary, the lack of clear tasks of the revolution led to the fact that the joint efforts of Austria and Russia were able to suppress the growing national movement in Central Europe. It is also worth to take into account the fact that inside the country had serious national contradictions that were constantly deepened. The national question was not the main thing for the rebel against the power of the Habsburgs. Aristocrats and nobles wanted only to free themselves from the total Austrian control, retaining their property and the rights to the peasants. The latter did not want to work out unbearable feudal subsidies, so they became active participants in the revolution. But the lack of experience, organized among peasants, managers reflecting their interests, led to the fact that the interests of peasants and residents of cities were not taken into account by other social groups.

To the negative results of events 1848-1849. relate:

Springle over the highest military command of the Hungarian army.
Hard violence over peasants.
Conducting punitive expeditions and military vessels.
Mass arrests and executions of the participants of the revolution.

There are positive moments in the Hungarian revolution. First, she gave a powerful impetus to develop national movements of the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula and Central-Eastern Europe. Secondly, reforms began to take off social tension and eliminate the economic crisis. It made an impetus for the rapid development of industry, production, formation of market relations. Thirdly, Hungary "heard." The Austrian monarchy, after almost two decades, went to the creation of the Dual Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867). Fourthly, serfdom and feudal subsidies were canceled.

Suppression by Russian troops In 1849, the revolution in Hungary, many historians consider hardly the main foreign policy error of Nicholas I. However, an objective analysis shows that this intervention was a step completely rational and inevitable.

The criticism of the decision taken by Nikolai I is based on two theses. Firstly, there were imaging losses, since the nickname "Gendarme of Europe" has been fixed behind Russia. Secondly, just five years later, Habsburg will perform against their Savior, and Russia will have to keep troops on the Austrian border, which will be so missing under Sevastopol.

However, Nicholas I did not make any mistake.

Feldmarshal on the knees

Falling in 1848 in Europe revolution call the "spring peoples". The requirements of democratic reforms intertwined with aspirations to independence and attempts to unite the nation's split into small states.

Russia looked on a general background unshakable bastion autocracy. Revolutionary fermentation was not observed even in the kingdom of Polish, which Ivan Fedorovich Passevich, who was carrying the title of Prince Warsaw, was ruled by the Polish.

The most severely had to Austria, which, due to the numerous peoples inequate, was often called the "patchwork empire".

Hungary, headed by the revolutionary government of Lyosh Koshut, took the course to create an independent republic. At the same time, the Slavic peoples demonstrated the devotion to the house of the Habsburgs, because they calculated the equation in rights with the Germans and the Hungarians.

In the spring of 1849, the most capable Hungarian warlord Arthur Görgei defeated the Austrians a number of defeats, which was extremely alarmed Nikolai I. Vacuum, which should have been formed on the site of the staggering Austrian Empire, would have filled out a new European power - Hungary, in the army of which leading command posts occupied Polish generals Named in the Anti-Russian uprising of 1831. Galicia would be included in Hungary, where in 1846, during the Austrian authorities, the Ukrainian peasants arranged a massacre of Polish landowners. Poles dreamed of putting "cattle in place", after which it is used to use Galicia as a springboard for inciting the insurrection, and then the invasion of Russian Poland.

Nicholas I and Passevich did not suit such a scenario, and they decided to help the Austrians who, besides, simply prayed.

Since May 1849, arriving in Warsaw Field Marshal Lieutenant Count Kaboga handed over Passevich's letter from the head of the Austrian government of Prince Schwarzenberg, in which he reported that Hungarians are in several transitions from the capital of Austria and its drop inevitably. "Save Austria! - Begone the cable. - Every day, every hour of the road! " - And, falling on his knees, I wrapped the hand of Prince Warsaw.

Duel mind

The decision of Passevich was required to take immediately. It was possible to obtain the sanction in Moscow in Moscow only after 12-15 days - the term is unacceptable.

As a "fire team" was formed a 10-thousand detachment of Lieutenant Lieutenant Panytin, the personnel of which was provided with a four-day soldering and, putting into the cars, sent them to the Warsaw-Viennese railway to the capital of Austria. It was the first in the Russian military history the case of the transfer of troops by rail.

Soon, having learned that Görgei did not step on Vienna, Paskevich ordered Panutin to stay at Gradishe and join the main Austrian Army of Field Marshal-Lieutenant Gainau.

On May 16, Nikolai I arrived in Warsaw, and in five days - the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph. The agreement signed on May 29 determined the procedure and purpose of the actions of the allies. For help in the defeat of Hungarian, the Austrians pledged to provide the supply of a 100-thousand Russian army by transport, food and ammunition, and if it is impossible to cover all needs and compensate for the costs incurred money.

The enemy, including militia detachments, has an almost 200-thousand troops. The main, or the Verkhnedunay Army Gourgei numbered approximately 45,000 bayonets and a saber. However, before on its path, the troops of Passevich would have to cross the weapons with the 25-thousand Upper-Tis army of the Debinsky, defending the exits from the Carpathians to the Hungarian plains. The Thirty Tiss Army of Pregel tried to neutralize the Elachic Southern Austrian Army equal to it. In Transylvania, there was Jozef BEM with 60 thousand, but his destruction was part of the task of an independently Russian building of General Liders. Even up to 50 thousand were in reserve and fortress garrisons.

Going around the mountains, the Russian troops should have come to a huge plain, cut from the north to the south of the Tissa River, to force this water line and then close the enemy to the West, to Wayzen.

Thus, Görgei had to be between the Russian hammer and the Austrian anvil.

"Why do you hate us?"

On June 15, 1849, Passevich's troops performed to the Carpathians. In the army there was a 22-year-old son of the emperor, the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich - in the future, a well-known reformer and admiral-General of the Russian Fleet.

The Slavic population of the "Patchwork Empire" met the royal troops with enthusiasm. "It was a rumor that the Russian army moved to Hungarians, and no one no longer doubted that they came to the end ... they told what these Russians are big, strong and terrible, and that they do not need a gun, and they go to the assault with huge straight Beach, and whom will get them, he will no longer stand. "

On June 23, a successful fight with a five-thousandth detachment of General Vysotsky took place near the town of Shamosh. This is what the participant of Lihutututin is talking about him: "Our troops, overtaking the enemy for the first time, clung to it with fierce; The immediate hand-to-hand fight. Of those who followed the parts, which became probably already on Bivakov, the Cossacks and who could have gone forward alone and rushed into battle. They said that in single fights opponents, breaking the weapon, tormented each other with their hands and teeth ... Although it was small, but his impression on Hungarian, apparently it was very strong. I myself happened to hear in Kashau on the other day after the self-affiliation of Magyar questions; "Why do you stick with us with such a fierce? What did we do?" "

In an effort to facilitate the supply, and at the same time to seize the bridge over Tissu, Paskevich moved the 4th building to the currently known to the current.

The Russian cavalry with the move swept through the city, but then he landed the enemy artillery on the opposite shore and lost a few people killed. Several shots sounded from private houses. Next, provide the word Lichutin: "At the first shots from the windows, the soldiers, naturally, rushed to homes, of which they shot, broke the doors and gates, scattered small barricades arranged in the Seine and gates, and burst into houses. Some inhabitants, including one woman, captured with guns, who even smoked from the shots, all of them died; The disappearance was fast and strangled the people's war if she was possible at the very beginning ... "

Is it possible to agree with Lichutin, especially considering that the legitimacy of the Russian People's War in 1812 he himself does not question, the question is complex. However, the results of such a brutal lesson, the memoirist painted quite convincingly. According to him, throughout the entire campaign of 1849: "Our roads drove along the roads, riding or in crews and on the bass, like at home. However, in all the continuation of the war, no officer happened to any incident and misfortunes; Residents stayed everywhere calm and even single people took peacefully and hospitably. The incidents happened only with the lower ranks that have always been drunk. "

Ring for Gourgey

In Toka, the Russians faced a dangerous enemy - cholera, rapidly spreading in the heat in the conditions of swampy plains of tears.

Meanwhile, the Lyosh Koshut government was evacuated to Seginz, and Buda and Pest were busy with Austrians. On July 11, Gainau and Görgei struggled at the walls of Comornal, after which both army went to the foot of the target, moving on the opposite shores of the Danube. The Hungarians walked along the left bank, and near Wezen, where in the foothills, the Danube was wrapped in the south, Gourgei was to intercept Paskevich. Indeed, on July 15, the Hungarian avant-garde came across the Konnusulman regiment of Bebutov.

Having surrounding the heights surrounding the heights, the Hungar was abandoned to help Bebutov Cavalry and equestrian artillery under the command of General Zass. The battle turned into an artillery duel, sacing with the onset of darkness.

Memoirists were surprised that Paskevich introduced troops into battle reluctantly and did not try to deploy a serious offensive on the enemy. The reasons for such a strange behavior are obvious. Feldmarshal pushed his opponent to the south - in the "embrace" of the Austrians who had to do all the bloody job. However, there was an unnecessary energetic actions of the absenteeism, Görgea descended, and he, changing the route of his movement, decided to move to the northeast - to the current and debt. This meant that it would be necessary to deal with him, the princess Warsaw.

On July 17, the Russian troops battled the airship of the enemy, forcing him to choose from all possible roads to the same uncomfortable, passing through mountain gorges. Görgei himself was injured, and his troops were so demoralized that during one of the parking lots fell into a panic, adopting a drum signal "Lifting" for the "Anxiety" signal.

If you do not count choles, the events developed for Russians at a completely acceptable scenario. During this period, in Hungary, there was even a voice that it would be nice to proclaim the country by an independent kingdom led by the son of the Russian emperor Grand Prince Konstantin Nikolayevich.

Meanwhile, Görgei decided to turn over to the south in the area of \u200b\u200bthe current to move to a connection with the South-Tis army. He himself moved with the main forces through the Gross-Wardeyan, and on the most obvious route for the Russian route - through Debrichin - sent the thousandth Corps of Nagi-Shandor, who was defeated by Paskevich on August 2.

Nicholas I, congratulating Feldmarshal with a victory, I expressed regret that Görgei himself left. Prince Warsaw in a response letter kept calm: "Görgei knows the war and you can only destroy it, maneuvering, and not fighting. He will not fight, conscious of his weakness. I put it in the ring, although it is difficult to maneuver, having 4 thousand carts behind you. "

In Transylvania on July 31, the leader broke BEM with Shegheshvara, after which he moved to the west to Arad, helping to tighten the loop into which Görgei pleased. Bem carried ahead of his winner. Joining the army of the Debinsky and actually removing his compatriot from the command, he tried to breathe in the army of the martial spirit, moving on the Austrians.

On August 9, the battle was killed at Teesmevare, in which the victory was left for Guinau, and where the squad of Panytin perfectly showed himself. Bama's associate, Vysotsky, wrote that the remnants of the broken troops "wandered in small parties on various roads, soldiers without officers, officers without soldiers, artillery dismissed to the muddy ... no one had a desire to fight, everyone demanded that they had to join the negotiations."

What is Görgei? He could only cut the circles that became all already. And he preferred to fold the weapon, "betraying the Hungarian people and, in particular, officers who served before in the ranks of the Austrian troops, excluding himself only, generosity and justice of the Russian king."

Capitulation took place on August 13, 1849 in the vicinity of Vyagosa. About 30 thousand Hungarian servicemen surrendered. Many prisoners later were shot by Austrians as traitors. Gourgei Passevich managed to protect. He died in 1916 in the 98th age!

The losses of Russians in the Hungarian campaign were dead and killed by 12 thousand, and eleven people from every twelve became victims of cholera.

Disputes with Vienna regarding compensation for Russian expenses continued for a long time. An irritated Paskevich wrote the emperor about the Austrians: "In thanks for salvation, they are capable of much."

For what exactly - the prince of Schwartzenberg guessed the best, which persistently predicted that "Austria will still surprise the world with his ungrateful."

No matter how sad, but even if Nicholas I knew in advance what form this ungratefulness would take, in 1849 he would still save Habsburgs. After all, if, during the Crimean war, Austria still limited himself to diplomatic demarches, the Republican Hungary would inevitably joined the Anglo-Franco-Turkish Alliance, and in the kingdom of Polish would kill a new anti-Russian uprising. And then the Crimean War would end much worse.

March 15th The state festival of Hungary is celebrated - the day of the early revolution of 1848-49.

It is on this day that the youth and city intelligentsia under the influence of the "twelve points" of the program of Yirini and the "National Song" S.Petyphi raised the uprising in the foot.
Power passed into the hands of the various democratic circles and clubs of the Committee of Public Rescue, who canceled censorship and announced the creation of the National Guard.

March 18 The government of the Battyan adopted the law on the abolition of the Barbaland and the transfer of the earth to the peasants.

In August The emperor canceled the laws adopted by the Hungarian Parliament and the Government. The crisis broke out, which swallowed in the war.

In September 1848 At the request of the Committee for the Protection of Motherland, headed by L. Kushut, a revolutionary national army was formed, which caused a number of defeats by the Austrian and Croatian troops.

In the spring 1849. The revolutionary army liberated most of Hungary and all transylvania.

April 14, 1849. In Debrecen, the Hungarian Parliament proclaimed the complete independence of Hungary from Habsburg and announced the deployment of them from the Hungarian throne. Koshut was elected supreme ruler of Hungary.
However, the conservative elements of the nobility and aristocracy, seeking an agreement with the Habsburgs, sabotaged the efforts of the koshut and the radical wings aimed at strengthening the country's defense capability. This allowed the Austrian reaction to get a breather, save from the final defeat of his strength and seek help from tsarist Russia. The Austrian Messenger is publicly standing on his lap, kissed the hand of Field Marshal Passevich, begging to save the power of the Habsburgs. Help, at the direction of Nicholas I, was rendered, and the 140-thousand Army Paskovich invaded Hungary.

August 13, 1849 Görgei, commander of the largest residues of the Hungarian army, due to the meaninglessness of the inevitable bloodshed, capitulated by the fortress of Vyagos to Russian troops. The fate of the participants in the revolution was tragic. The first prime minister of the battle was shot, followed by him and did not give to commit suicide before execution.

All the Austrians were shot and hanged 13 generals and 400 military. 1500 active figures were convicted for long terms.
Peterfi Shanndor, who fought in the army of General Bama, died in one of the last fights in a skirmish with the Cossacks. His grave was not found, although on one of the legends, she is on the shore of Baikal.
But the blood of revolutionaries was not spilled in vain, and over the next years, most of the claims of the rebels were implemented.

BUT in 1867. A two-day Austria-Hungarian Empire was formed, where Hungary was equalized in Rights with Austria.

In 1941, on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet government returned Hungary revolutionary banners captured by the Russian Army Paskovich in 1849.

Nikolai I, despite all police measures, could not be able to strangle the growing revolutionary protest within the country.
Faceless of the influence of the Western Revolution on Russia, Nicholas I acted as a fascinator of the revolution, as a gendarme of Europe. The revolution, which began in February 1848 in France, was transferred in March of the same year to Germany and Austria. In June 1848, the French bourgeoisie in Paris was suppressed by the first uprising of the proletariat. After that, the reaction was also intensified in Prussia, the uprising in Vienna was strangled. The center of the revolution in Europe became Hungary, where in 1849 the revolution reached the highest development.
Having learned about the start of revolutionary events in Europe, Nicholas I was celebrated by Military Minister Chernyshev orders for mobilization. Prepared for a campaign to Europe to suppress the revolution, Nicholas I published on March 14, 1848, the manifesto, which argued that the revolution in the West allegedly threatens the integrity of Russia. At the same time, he took all measures to ensure that information about the European Revolution penetrates Russia.
But no matter how the royal government was sought to hide revolutionary events in Europe from the masses, but rumors about them penetrated Russia through all obstacles.
Donaten the gendarmes from all Western provinces, from Ukraine, Belarus and especially from the districts that bordered by Prussia and Austria, they say that the peasants in these areas not only have been talking about events in the West, but also expressed dissatisfaction with serfdom, and also stood weapon. The situation was aggravated not only in the border, but also in the central provinces, in the most important cities of Russia: in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, etc.
In the spring of 1848, unrest began in the country about the cholera epidemic. The position in St. Petersburg was so tense that the nobility and the officials of the top of St. Petersburg fell into a panic when the rumor had reached that the Guard would leave St. Petersburg. This panic ascended only when it turned out that in St. Petersburg left on the battalion from each shelf of the Guards and Grenadier buildings. So, the king, his government and the reactionary noble circles with hatred belonged to the revolution of 1848
The king and the reaction destroying nobility received support in this regard in the medium of liberal nobility and liberal-bourgeois elements - represented by Westerns and Slavophiles.
The revolution of 1848 showed the genuine face of Westerners and Slavophiles. As we have seen earlier, Westerners - Chicherin, Botkin, Annenkov and others, first welcomed the revolution of 1848, after the June speech of the proletariat, decisively turned away from her and condemned it very sharply. Slavophiles held the same reaction positions.
But completely differently to the revolution of 1848, revolutionary democrats were reacted. In the face of Belinsky, Herzen, Ogareva, they welcomed it. The young Chernyshevsky has records in the diary, IE which it is clear, with which approval he referred to the revolutionary events of 1848 in the West. Petrashevtsy welcomed them. Chaadaev wrote in connection with the revolution the appeal, found later in the manuscript, in one of the books of his library. Thus, no doubt that the events of 1848 influenced the revolutionary way to the views of the best advanced people in Russia and the masses. Nicholas I accepted all measures to stop it. To ensure the "order" in Russia, Nicholas I flooded the troops of Poland, the Baltic States and the Right-Bank Ukraine, pulling there to 400 thousand soldiers. In June 1848, the royal troops occupied Moldova and Valahia, where revolutionary fermentation also occurred. In Moldova and Valahia (Romania), the people were expelled by the Lords and elected temporary government, the proclaiming of the independence of Moldova and Valahia, the equality of citizens in taxing, the establishment of freedom of printing. After the classes of Moldova and Valahia, the royal troops all revolutionary transformations were canceled and old orders were restored there. In the suppression of the revolution in Moldova and Valahia, the Turkish Sultan took part. In 1849, the Baltic Liman Convention was concluded between Russia and Turkey, which was the goal of both states the prevention of revolutionary coups in Moldova and Valahia. According to the Balton Liman Convention in Moldova and Valahia, the election of gentlemen and legislative sofas (tips) was eliminated; were planted to manage the Russian and Turkish Commissioner. Lowing in combat readiness of troops and suppressing revolutionary fermentation in Moldova and Valahia, Nikolai I expected to have a formal reason for the direction of the army to suppress the revolution in Hungary. Soon the Austrian emperor officially applied for help to Nikolai I. In May 1849, the Convention was signed that the Tsarist troops should be kept due to Austria and in their actions should be independent. In July 1849, about 150 thousand Russian troops under the command of Paskovich moved to Hungary; Large military forces were also transferred to transylvania.
The army directed to Hungary was to act together with the 100-thousand Austrian army against the revolutionary Hungarian army. The number of revolutionary Hungarian troops amounted to about 200 thousand people.
Soon the royal troops occupied the center of movement - Debrecen, but the Hungarian army was not broken.
The capitulation of the revolutionary Hungarian troops was prepared by the treason of the Commander-in-Chief of the Hungarian Army. He issued an order for the army, in which he openly called for the termination of the struggle, which led to the defeat of the Hungarian revolution. Marx wrote that the party of Gergea "... broke the power of resistance to the Hungarian revolution." Tsarism fulfilled his gendarme role and extended the focus of the revolution in Europe.
The suppression of the revolution in Hungary was maintained by the British bourgeois government. Lord Palmerston said: "Cum with this as soon as possible."
During the actions of the royal troops in Hungary, both among the soldiers and among the officers of the Russian army there were cases of a sympathetic attitude towards the rebel and transition to the side of the revolutionary troops.
So, Captain Gusev created a secret military group, which discussed measures to help the revolutionary Hungarian army. Seven participants in this group led by Gusev were executed, while others are exiled to Siberia. There were cases of group transition to the side of the revolutionary troops and participation in battles along with them. In the Army BEMA, according to the testimony of Vasilyev, captured by Russian troops, 60 people on the side of the rebels fought. Under Debrecen, 13 soldiers were transferred to the side of the revolution, there were cases of transition to the side of the revolutionary troops and individual officers (Rebovsky, Rumkovsky, etc.). During the location of the Russian troops in Hungary, separate appeals were written with a call to the soldiers to switch to the side of the revolution. Thus, although in the Russian army, there was no mass protest against the gendarm policy of Nicholas I in Europe, but the most advanced representatives of officers and soldiers of the Russian army, following the revolutionary democrats, sharply condemned it and moved to the standard of revolution.
After the suppression of the revolution of 1848, Nicholas I began to conduct an even more reaction rate in domestic politics. He created a secret censorship committee in April 1848, chaired by Busurlin, who carried out the strictest censorship in the country, and also strengthened the repression against the revolutionary movement.
The suppression of the revolution in Europe untied the hands of governments of the most important European countries. In this regard, the contradictions between them again aggravated, especially in the Balkans and the Middle East, which soon led to the Crimean War.