Zoology 

The topmost layer of the lithosphere. The structure and composition of the Earth (lithosphere)

In the Middle Kingdom, the largest number of plants in the world is cultivated. About 50 species of field crops, approximately 60 garden plants and about 80 garden species are grown in China annually. In addition, a significant part of the Chinese lands is given to animal husbandry. In general, 60% of the country's population works in this industry.

Plants: Pasha and Fields

What culture in China is more popular? Anyone can answer this question. In the pension rice - everything head. He is loved there and appreciate the same way as cereal cultures are valued all over the world.

The greatest share of Pashen occupy the following landings in China:

  • Grain;
  • Corn;
  • Potatoes;
  • Beans;
  • And much more.

Due to the variety of climatic zones, China can afford the cultivation of the maximum diversity of food, technical and medicinal crops. Sugar beets, reeds and cotton are bright representatives of plants used for further technical production.

Even in the imminent successfully collect crops of many fruits and vegetables. Cultivate soybeans and even peanuts. The country is rich in black soil and lands with a different soil composition, so every plant on the fields of China will definitely have its place.

Animals and their content

Livestock industry takes only 20% among all industries. agriculture Middle Kingdom. Many Chinese living outside the city contain chickens and pigs in their subsidiary farms.

The pig breeding in this state has an industrial scale. The territory of China contains 40% of the entire world pigstock pigs. A large share in breeding is birds. It is still possible to breed a lot of cattle. With such a variety of animal meat for residents in China still lacks, the population of the country is too large, and the square under the pasture is small.

Language silkworm is bred in southern and eastern regions. Chinese silk is one of the highest quality on the planet. Also in China there are beekeeping farms.

Fisheries are found in this state even on rice fields. Coastal shallows Chinese are turned into a mini-farm for breeding shrimps, mollusks and healthy algae.

How do agriculture in China?

Many agricultural work Chinese make manually. To extend the spring and summer for plants in China, greenhouses are used everywhere.

In warm areas of the country, it is sometimes possible to shoot three crops for the year. The government encourages small business students with subsidies, as their products are the highest quality and oriented to the domestic market.

The form of agriculture is determined by the relief of the area, and not the desires of the landowners themselves. Little private farms are dominated in the mountains, and, for example, in the province of Heilongjiang, the state is engaged in rural works. There are more extensive pies, suitable for use of technical devices.

The total perspective of the development of the rural industry of China is very favorable. All lands are consumed there are extremely rational, sometimes inventing options for combining several industries on one site.

The main problem is insecure - overpopulation. That is why in Chinese stores sometimes there is a shortage of meat products, which is more than compensated by fish and rice. With the development of technologies, the methods of maintaining utilities will be improved, then yields can grow to unprecedented heights. But the implementation of this approach is still in the theoretical region and is weakly reproduced in practice in Chinese lands and regions.

The rapid and successful development of the economy is due to the large volume of industrial production and the proper conduct of the country's export policy.

Financial system

The main currency unit of China - Yuan. It is believed that yuan can become a competitor to the American dollar. However, at present, the yuan is directly dependent on the dollar, and the change in its course is strictly controlled by the state. Since China is the leader in export trade, the increase in the value of Yuan will negatively affect all sectors of the economy.

Now China is in the first place in the world by volume foreign trade. Electronics, cars, toys and textiles are considered the most demanded.

China not only successfully exports products, but also invests in the economy of other states. For example, the volume of investments in the states located on the territory of the African continent is more than a trillion dollars. In addition, Beijing successfully implements its projects in the construction, energy and transport sector.

Development of sectors of the economy

Since the end of the 20th century, China's economy is developing rapidly. Most of the country's GDP structure is occupied by industry, agriculture and services. Most actively developing:

  • mechanical engineering;
  • automotive;
  • health care;
  • industry in the field of information technology;
  • online trade.

Fast rates in development are especially noticeable in agriculture and industry.

Agriculture

All lands suitable for plowing are actively used. Most of the lands are grown rice, which is the main agricultural culture. In addition to rice, soybean, potatoes, wheat and other cultures are grown in China. In animal husbandry, China occupies a leading position on breeding chickens and pigs. A rapid pace develops sheepship. A large number of reservoirs in the country contributes to the active growth of fisheries. The pace of development of the agricultural industry is directly dependent on natural factors. Permanent droughts and floods will threaten its further formation.

Industry

Construction and industry is the basis of China's economy. The fifth of the global industry belongs to China. Almost half of the country's GDP accounts for these industries. Active pace develops automotive, the production of personal computers and steel. Special attention is paid to the development of the energy industry. A large number of resources is invested in the development of atomic and alternative energy (construction of wind stations).

Influence of foreign capital on the economy of China

The main feature of China's economy is state control over foreign investments in a number of industries. For example, the intervention of foreign partners in such industries is prohibited, as:

  • mining industry;
  • production of nuclear fuel and radioactive materials;
  • aviation message.

In social activities, there is a strict ban on the presence of foreign capital in the following areas:

  • gMO production;
  • publishing activities;
  • social studies.

Government procures are available for foreigners, but their number is regulated by China's law. In the financial sphere of "law" of foreign investors are also limited. In banks, foreign investments should not exceed 25%, in the securities market - no more than 49%. In the telecommunications and construction industry, the presence of foreign investment is no more than 50%, and in the construction sector, the participation of foreign capital is limited by the construction of office buildings, hotels and hotels.

China's economic development can rightly be called phenomenal. China is a leader in many sectors of the economy and has a significant impact on global trade.

The most important branch of China's economy is agriculture. The leading industry of agriculture is crop production. In 2007, China collected the crop of grain 500 million tons. This is a record indicator in the history of the country. The government pursued a policy of comprehensive support for the peasants, sought to improve their lives. The peasantry was completely freed from agricultural tax, tax on scoring and tax on special agricultural products, and the provision of special subsidies, for example, subsidies for peasants engaged in agricultural activities, subsidies for the removal of breeding seeds, to buy agricultural instruments and equipment. Dotations of Herborobam and payments of the counties producing a large amount of grain has increased. The policy of minimal purchasing prices for basic grain varieties was introduced. In some areas, a state order was introduced with the guaranteed procurement of the harvest in the peasants at guaranteed prices. Another direction of assistance to the peasants was to simplify the issuance of loans to peasants and the provision of free assistance.

The Chinese government has abolished all three types of rural contributions: to the accumulation fund, the social fund and the administrative management fund at the village level, as well as the additional fees charged by the authorities, planned childbirth, road construction and some others. Now all these costs are covered from the state budget. Thus, the Chinese peasantry received a great win. The average annual income of the peasants rose more than eight percent in the last three years.

To increase the interest of the peasants in the production of grain, the government decided to separate the peasants engaged in grain production to allocate special funds in the amount of about $ 1.4 billion in 2006. Another component of success that the Chinese peasants reached in 2006 is confidence in tomorrow. In 2006, the Central Government allocated almost $ 1.94 billion to the benefits for rural residents. This amount is 20% more than in 2005. The government promised to cover everything rural population Social insurance system, which will include social benefits, social insurance, medical insurance, etc.

Medicine remains one of the main worries for Chinese peasants. To solve it, the system of cooperative medical care is now actively implemented. At the end of 2006, the system of such services covered the population of 80% of rural counties. A participant in this system pays a contribution annually in the amount of ten yuan. Another ten yuan adds the local government. And, if the peasant fell ill, then almost all the costs of his treatment takes on the insurance company.

Chinese breeders deposited contribution. They brought hundreds of new grain varieties. The largest success of Chinese breeders was the hybrid rice, the yield of which is much higher than the yield of ordinary varieties and allowed to increase grain collection for hundreds of millions of tons for 25 years. In accordance with the plans of the Chinese government by 2020, the country should turn into leading power in the field of rural science, despite climate change and the shortage of natural resources.

The priorities of the development of agriculture at the present time and in the coming years are:

  • 1) strengthening, improving and intensifying policies in the interests of agriculture and a significant increase;
  • 2) guaranteeing the main supply of main types of agricultural products and active assistance to the growth of peasant revenues;
  • 3) the priority of infrastructure construction in agriculture and forcing the improvement of the production conditions of this sector;
  • 4) strengthening the role of science, technology and human resources in the development of agriculture and the full development of common services;

In 2007, the Chinese government continued to strengthen financial support for agriculture. Direct general subsidies for the needs of agriculture in 2007 reached $ 59 billion, an increase of 63% compared to the same period of 2006. The Ministry of Agriculture of China in 2007 began to implement the "ten programs" aimed at developing Modern agriculture. The goals established for 2007 assumed that the net income of the peasants would grow at least 5%, and the gross grain harvest would be no less than in 2006.

The production of grain in the country in 2007 exceeded 500 million tons against 497 million tons, produced in 2006. Analysts of the ministry note a gradual decline in the annual consumption of grain per capita - from 412 kg in 1996 to 378 kg in 2006

China ranked first in the world in terms of exports of vegetables and fruit production. IN last years Social areas under vegetable cultures are significantly expanded in the country. If in 1996 their total area was 11 million hectares, then in 2006 it reached 15 million hectares. The volume of vegetable production is capable not only to satisfy domestic demand, but also to increase their exports. In 2007, a mechanism for monitoring the quality and safety of products was created on 676 wholesale markets for agricultural products of large and medium cities.

The total area of \u200b\u200bfruit gardens increased from 9 million hectares in 1996 to 10 million hectares in 2006, during this period, the volume of fruit crops increased from 46.53 million tons to 95.99 million tons. Currently, fruit production China is 17% of world volume. In 2007, the gross production of aquaproducts autonomous Area Inner Mongolia (North China) reached 94 thousand tons, an increase of 8%. Pure fishermen's secondary incomes amounted to $ 740 with an increase of 10%.

In 2007, fish farming is consistent in China, the Chinese market has a wide range of water fishery products, seafood prices are stable, grows trade turnover. The gross production volume in this area in 2007 amounted to about $ 69.4 billion.

The rapid development of fisheries in inner Mongolia is promoted by local and state financial support. Only in 2007, the state was allocated to the owners of 568 fishing boats $ 158.3 million in the form of subsidies, the Ministry of Agriculture allocated more than $ 1.7 million for construction in the area of \u200b\u200bfisheries infrastructure. In 2008, the chief emphasis in the work will be made in the management of the legislative framework in the field of animal husbandry and fish farming, it is mainly about the guarantees of quality and safety of water fishery products, as well as to expand the openness of the outside world and raising the level of international cooperation in this area.

The country's population growth leads to an increase in the consumption of the main types of agricultural products. The main task in 2008, the Ministry calls further increasing production of grain crops in the country, both by increasing the sowing areas and due to the growth of yield.

According to analysts of the Central European Information Group, the high global prices for wheat will lead to a sharp increase in the export of flour from China in the current season. In particular, according to various estimates, the country exports in 2007-2008 mg from 0.7 to 1 million tons of flour, delivery will be carried out mainly to the countries of Southeast Asia (Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia).

China has a developed flourishing industry, in addition, a rather high crop of wheat in the current season allows producing and exporting significant amounts of wheat flour. However, exporters of flour fear that the government can introduce restrictions on wheat exports, since in 2007 the China market was observed significant growth Prices for wheat and flour, as well as on other food products. In 2008, China again provided the volume of grain gathering in the same limits and made everything necessary for sufficient supply of the population by the main types of agricultural products. From the second half of 2007, in China, there was a rapid increase in prices for agricultural products, including pork and dietary oils. This is caused by an increase in world prices for similar products, an increase in cost work force and accelerate the urbanization process in China.

Production development and increasing supply are key to stabilizing prices for agricultural products in China. In 2008, the Ministry of Agriculture continued to provide agricultural assistance in the production of grain, oilseeds and pork in order to keep the excessively rapid growth in domestic prices for agricultural products.