Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions However, subordinating conjunction
Before we start studying the topic “Coordinating Conjunctions,” let’s consider in which section of the Russian language they are included. In the Russian language there are functional parts of speech, where particles, prepositions, conjunctions and connectives are studied. They do not have a nominative function, i.e. do not name objects, signs, phenomena, but help express the relationships between them. In a sentence they are not members and are used as a formal grammatical means of the language. They have no accent, they are unchangeable and morphologically indivisible.
Unions
Conjunctions connect homogeneous members of simple sentences and parts of a complex sentence. They are coordinating and subordinating.
Homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence can connect coordinating conjunctions.
Unions and their groups
According to their meaning, these unions are divided into the following groups:
1. Connecting: and, yes (and), neither...nor, and...and. For example: Write And read in Russian. It rained all day And the wind continued to whistle outside the window. And he listens to everything Yes shakes his head. Neither wind, neither storm, neither the thunder couldn't keep him from going. AND first, And second, And the third was served on the table without delay.
2. Opposite: a, but, yes (but), but, however, the same. For example: My father told me A the whole family listened attentively. Today is cloudy, But warm. Small, Yes remote. It was difficult there but very interesting. The officer approached the building, however I was in no hurry to enter the entrance.
3. Dividers: or, or...or, either, or...or, then...that, or...or, not that...not that. For example: Either Sun, either snow, either love you either No. Be or not to be? Wet dogs wandered around or sat waiting for food. Or I had to go forward or stay and wait. Sharp gusts of wind That plucked leaves from trees, That bent the branches to the ground.
4. Comparative: both...and; not only but). For example: Guests How arrived unexpectedly so and suddenly they left. They visited Not only in Moscow, But and in Kyiv.
5. Connecting: yes and, also, too. For example: We study, adults study Same. He laughed, we Also it became fun. We were praised for our work yes and for the children too
They differ:
Singles: But...
Recurring: and...and, or...or, either...either, neither...nor...
Double: both...and, not only..., but also...
Spelling coordinating conjunctions. Punctuation marks
A comma is placed before the conjunction And when he connects the pieces complex sentence.
Before the union And a comma is not used if it connects two parts of a sentence.
When repeating the union And a comma is placed after each part of the sentence it connects.
Before opposing alliances a, but, yes (but) is always put with a comma: The sky was cloudy, But there was no rain anymore. We went to the commandant, A the son went into the room. Small spool Yes expensive
The conjunctions are written together: too, also, but. To make sure that too, also, but unions are needed instead too, also substitute an alliance And, and instead but- union But. If such a stand is possible, then these are conjunctions and they need to be written together.
1. I Same wrote, but also in Same(pronoun That and particle or) listened carefully for a while.
2. Poet Also sang well. They all Also(adverb So and particle or) every day they wait for letters from children.
3. Hide for that(pretext behind and demonstrative pronoun That) tree. We worked a lot but everyone's finished.
Conclusion
Sentences with coordinating conjunctions are very widely used in scientific, colloquial, and official vocabulary of the Russian language. They make our speech rich and interesting.
Line UMK V. V. Babaytseva. Russian language (5-9)
Russian language
Unions and allied words: functions, features, differences
By the ninth grade, schoolchildren should know what a union is, its functions, features of structure and meaning; the relationship between conjunctions and meanings of complex sentences; be able to distinguish subordinating conjunctions and allied words in complex sentences.Purpose of alliances
Subordinating conjunctions and allied words in complex sentences
In the same ninth grade, children learn that subordinate clauses are joined to the main clause or to another subordinate clause by subordinating conjunctions (simple and compound) or allied words.
As you can see, in some cases, simple subordinating conjunctions and allied words coincide (by spelling). How can a ninth grader distinguish a conjunction from a conjunctive word (for example, what, how, when) in a complex sentence?
To distinguish a conjunction from an allied word, you must remember:
1) Subordinating conjunctions are not members of a subordinate clause, but serve only to attach subordinate clauses to the main or other subordinate clause:
Conjunctive words not only “attach” subordinate clauses to the main clause (or to another subordinate clause), but are also members of subordinate clauses:
2) In some cases, the conjunction can be omitted, but the conjunction word cannot:
3) A union can only be replaced by another union:
4) A conjunctive word can only be replaced with a conjunctive word or those words from the main sentence to which the subordinate clause relates, for example:
The authors of this textbook draw the attention of ninth-graders to the fact that the ability to distinguish between conjunctions and allied words is necessary for the correct intonation of a sentence, since often allied words are the semantic center, they are highlighted by logical stress.
We consolidate the acquired knowledge about conjunctions and allied words in practice
There are a number of exercises aimed at developing the ability to distinguish between subordinating conjunctions and allied words. Here are some such exercises.
This model or its fragments can be used both in grade 9 and in grades 7-8.
We believe that the proposed teaching model will help the teacher “dot the i’s” when studying conjunctions and allied words in Russian language lessons: consider their functions, structural features and meanings of conjunctions, their use in complex sentences; features of the use of allied words in complex sentences.
Based on their syntactic functions, conjunctions are divided into coordinating and subordinating conjunctions.
Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members of a sentence, as well as parts of complex sentences. According to their meaning, these conjunctions are divided into connecting ones: and, yes (in the meaning of and); and...and, neither...nor; comparative: not only...but also, both...and; adversatives: a, but, yes (meaning but), however, same, but; dividing: or, or...or, either, or...or, then...that, not that...not that, either...or; connecting: yes and, also, also.
Subordinating conjunctions usually connect parts of complex sentences, although sometimes, relatively rarely, they can be used in a simple sentence to connect members of a sentence. For example: He is known as a good foreman; She's like a song to me.
Some subordinating conjunctions can be divided into two parts, for example, because, since and others: one part forms a correlative word in the main part of the sentence, the other forms a conjunction in a subordinate clause.
Subordinating conjunctions are divided into temporary (when, barely, only, while, while, while, only, since), causal (since, because, because, due to the fact that), target (so that, in order to ), consequences (so that), conditions (if, if, if), concessive (although, let, despite the fact that), comparative (as, as if, as if, as if), explanatory (that).
The distinction between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, both morphologically and syntactically, is not stable. Thus, the conjunction although (at least) can connect homogeneous members and parts of a complex sentence: He shot quickly, although not accurately (Kupr.); Even though the eye sees, the tooth is numb (Kr.).
The function of conjunctions can use pronouns and pronominal adverbs, which in this case are called allied, or relative, words. Acting as unions, i.e. Serving as a means of communication, allied words, unlike conjunctions, are members of the subordinate part of a sentence. Wed: What you sow, so shall you reap (last) (which is a relative word, addition); I'm stupid for getting angry (P.) (which is a union).
Valgina N.S., Rosenthal D.E., Fomina M.I. Modern Russian language - M., 2002.
Union - This service part speech that serves to communicate homogeneous members sentences, parts of a complex sentence, as well as individual sentences in the text.
Unions do not change and are not members of the sentence.
By structure, unions are divided into:
1) simple (written without spaces):ah, because ;
2) composite (written with one or more spaces):since, while.
The types of compound conjunctions are
1) double (two-component) conjunctions, the parts of which are located distantly with an obligatory (not so much...as, not only...but And ) or optional (if...then, once...then, barely...how ) the second part,
2) repetitive , that is, such compound doubles that consist of identical parts (neither...nor, then...that, or...or ).
By the nature of the syntactic relations expressed by them,unions are divided intoessay Andsubordinates .
Coordinating Conjunctions connect equal components. They connect homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, sentences in the text.
Coordinating Conjunctions have the following ranks of meaning:
1) connecting (meaning ‘both this and that’):and, yes (in meaning 'And' ), neither...nor, as...so and, and...and, not only...but also, as...so and, too, also ;
2) dividing (meaning ‘either this or that’):or, either, then...that, not that...not that, or...or, either...or;
3) adversative (meaning ‘not this, but that’):ah, but, yes (in meaning 'But ’), however, but .
Subordinating conjunctions uniteunequalcomponents and indicate the dependence of one of these components on another. They mainly connect parts of a complex sentence, but can also be used in a simple sentence to connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members.
For example:subordinating conjunction ALTHOUGH connects homogeneous members of a sentence:The book is interesting, Although a little drawn out .
Unions AS, AS IF, AS IF, THAN connect homogeneous and heterogeneous members of a sentence:In winter the night is longer, how day . Pond as if mirror.
The following categories of subordinating conjunctions are distinguished by meaning:
1) temporary:when, while, barely, only ;
2) causal: since, because; for (outdated / bookish);
3) conditional: if, if only (obsolete),if (obsolete);
4) target:so that, in order to, in order to (obsolete);
5) concessional:although, despite the fact that ;
6) consequences: So ;
7) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, than ;
8) explanatory:what, how, to .
These lists can be supplemented with compound subordinating conjunctions, for example:while, as if, only, in connection with the fact that, for the purpose of and etc.
Some conjunctions are ambiguous and can be classified into several categories, for exampleto (target and explanatory),When (temporary and conditional).
Morphological analysis of the union
The union is dismantled according to the following plan:
I.Part of speech. Grammatical role (what it is used for).
II.Morphological features: a) coordinating or subordinating; b) simple or compound.
Sample morphological analysis union:
We all jumped up from our chairs, but again there was a surprise: the noise of many steps was heard, which meant that the hostess had not returned alone, and this was indeed strange, since she herself had appointed this hour (F. M. Dostoevsky).
I.But - union
II.Coordinative, adversative, simple, connects parts of a complex sentence.
I.What-union
II.Subordinating, explanatory, simple, unchangeable, connects parts of a complex sentence.
I.A - union
II.Coordinative, adversative, simple, unchangeable, connects parts of a complex sentence.
I.Because it's a union
II.Subordinating, reasons, compound, connects parts of a complex sentence.
By syntactic function, i.e., depending on whether they formalize coordinating or subordinating relationships, conjunctions are coordinating and subordinating.
Essays conjunctions serve to connect syntactically equal units (homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence).
By value, i.e. According to the nature of the relationships they express, coordinating conjunctions are divided into:
1) connecting, expressing the enumeration relation: and, yes(in meaning And), and... and, neither... nor, too, also: The farm was spread out far to the side, and near the pier there was such silence as happens in deserted places only in the dead of autumn and at the very beginning of spring;
2) adversative, expressing relations of opposition, inconsistency, difference: a, but, yes, however, same, but, otherwise: Birches are all more were burning, but they too crumbled, quietly dropping the last leaves in their sleep, of which there were many lying around each birch;
3) dividing, expressing relations of mutual exclusion, alternation of actions, phenomena, signs: or, or, whether... or, then... then, or... or, not that... not that: In the evenings Taras Semenovich either read aloud some book or told fairy tales;
4) explanatory, expressing explanatory relations: exactly, namely, that is, or(in meaning that is)like that and etc.: Recognizing oneself is usually a slow process, sometimes stretching over decades, connected and even to a certain extent conditioned by recognition of others, that is, life experience that does not come soon;
5) connecting, expressing accession relations, i.e., serving to attach words, phrases and sentences containing additional remarks not provided for original plan sayings: yes and, also, and also, too etc. (other coordinating conjunctions are also used in the connecting meaning): Over tea, my uncle ordered me to sort out my warehouse in the hay, and also go to the janitor so that she could clean the dishes, wash the floor and put the apartment in order..
Subordinates conjunctions serve to connect syntactically unequal units (main and subordinate parts complex sentence, less often - members simple sentence) and to express certain semantic relationships between them.
According to semantic criteria, subordinating conjunctions are divided into:
1) temporary: when, as soon as, as soon as, barely, barely, just, only, before, since then, until, until, after and etc.: They had barely set sail when water began to flow like a fountain from the rotten bottom in different places.;
2) explanatory: what, in order, how: The forest was still packed with people, and no matter how many of them were sent under command in different directions, it seemed that they would never disperse;
3) causal: since, because, because, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in view of the fact that, because, in connection with the fact that, due to the fact that and etc.: I mumbled something and quickly disappeared, because Vaska’s case was partly my fault.;
4) consequences: so: Two arshins of snow fell, so the horse drowned in it;
5) comparative: as, as if, as if, exactly, just like and etc.: A moment later we were racing as fast as if the car had a jet engine installed.;
6) concessionary: although, let it be, let it be, despite the fact that and etc.: No, he was not thinking now about being with his division there, in the very center of the earthquake shaking the plains of southern Russia, but, although his mind was intractable to such thoughts, his heart felt the solemn and terrible tremors coming from there;
7) conditional: if, if, if, if only, once and etc.: If you love, you are crazy, if you threaten, you are serious, if you argue, then you are bold.;
8) targeted: so that, in order to, then in order to and etc.: Sasha pinned an agricultural exhibition badge on his jacket so that everyone could see that he had visited Moscow.
Particles
The class of particles combines unchangeable non-nominal (functional) words, which, firstly, participate in the formation of morphological forms of words and sentence forms with different meanings unreality (motivation, convention,); secondly, they express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics and assessments of the message or its individual parts; thirdly, they participate in expressing the purpose of the message (interrogativeness), as well as in expressing affirmation or negation; fourthly, they characterize an action or state by its course over time, by the completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation. The listed functions of particles are grouped, on the one hand, into functions of shape formation, and on the other hand, into functions of various communicative characteristics of a message. What all these functions have in common is that in all cases they contain the meaning of a relationship: either the relationship (relatedness) of an action, a state, or a whole message to reality, or the relationship of the speaker to the communicated, and both of these types of relationships are very often combined in the meaning of one particle . The meaning of a particle as a separate word is the relationship that it expresses in a sentence.
Characteristic feature many particles is that in their structure and functions they are close to adverbs, conjunctions or interjections and cannot always be strictly opposed to them; in many cases the particles also come close to the parent words.