What is the tragedy of the civil war. Civil War as the National Tragedy of Russia: Participants and Consequences
The civil war, in my opinion, the most cruel and bloody war, because there are sometimes close people who have once lived in one whole, a single country that believed in one God and adhere to some ideals. How does it happen that native people get up on different sides of the barricades and how such wars are ends, we can trace the pages of the novel - Epopea M. A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don".
In his novel, the author tells us how the Cossacks lived to be abolished on Don: they worked on Earth, they were a reliable support of Russian kings, they fought for them and for the power. Families them lived their work, in prosperity and respect. Merry, joyful, full labor and pleasant worries The life of the Cossacks interrupts the revolution. And in front of people stood unfamiliar to the challenge of choice: whose side to take, to whom to believe - red, promising in all equality, but denying faith in the Lord God; Or white, those who served faith and the truth are their grandfathers and great-grandfathers. But do you need this revolution and war? Knowing what victims will need to bring, what difficulties to overcome, the people would probably respond negatively. It seems to me that no revolutionary need justifies all victims of broken lives, destroyed families. And so, as Sholokhov writes, "in the death of the brother goes to his brother, son on his father." Even Gregory Melekhov, the protagonist of the novel, previously opposed by bloodshed, is easily solved by someone else's fate. Of course, the first murder of a person deeply and hurts him, makes it take a lot of sleepless nights, but the war makes him cruel. "I myself became a terrible thing ... I look into my soul to me, and there black, like in an empty well," Gregory admits. All the brutal steel, even women. Recall at least the scene when Daria Melekhov kills Kotlyarov without praying, considering his killer of her husband Peter. However, not everyone is thinking about why blood sheds, what is the meaning of war. Does it really be rich for death "? Or to defend the rights common to all, the meaning of which is not very understandable to the people. A simple Cossack can only see that this war becomes meaningless, because it is impossible to fight for those who rob and kills, rape women and set up at home. And such cases were both on the side of the white and from the red. "They are all the same ... all of them are a yarm on the neck of the Cossacks," says the protagonist.
In my opinion, the main reason for the tragedy of the Russian people, touched literally everyone in those days, Sholokhov sees in the dramatism of the transition from the old, the centuries of the formated way, to the new line of life. Two worlds face: everything that was previously an integral part of the life of people, the basis of their existence, suddenly collapses, and the new one still needs to be taken and get used to it.
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Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
North-West Public Service Academy
Department of History and World Policy
Civil War - National Tragedy of Russia
student (CI) I course
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Krasovskaya Hope Vladimirovna
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Introduction
civil War Historiography Bolshevik
Civil War 1918-1920 continues to be one of the most important events of domestic history. She left an indelible mark in the memory of the peoples of Russia, its consequences and today are felt in the political, economic and spiritual spheres of our society.
The theme of the Civil War occupies a special place in historical and fiction, brochures, articles, documentary publications and artistic filmmakers, in the theater, on television, in song creativity.
It is enough to say that about 20 thousand books and scientific articles is dedicated to the history of the civil war. At the same time, it should be noted that many of our contemporaries have been formed ambiguous and often distorted ideas about this tragic page of the history of Russia. For some hero, Korchagin's dumping remains for others - Lieutenant Golitsyn. Some know the war on the films "Wedding in Malinovka", "elusive avengers" and songs like "Batka Makhno looks out the window ...", representations of others - based on "quiet don" M.A. Sholokhov, Memochov A.I. Denikina, on more accurate historical facts.
Generations of citizens of the USSR brought up on the heroic and romance of the revolution. Millions of the USSR boys in the 30s saw the favorite hero in Chapaev, sang the "Karmeysian song" Alexey Surkov.
Meanwhile, memories were written abroad, scientific works, and the OD, in honor of the heroes and martyrs of the White Movement. Their courage, devotion to the debt, loyalty to the unfortunate homeland in the fight against the Bolshevik monsters, the willingness to carry a martyr's cross through the basements of Lubyanka and the dungeons of the Odessa Gubbuck.
So, the civil war was seen, reflected, studied from two opposite sides - from the side of the winners and by the defeated. Both sides were allowed distortion, tendentiousness. It is natural and inevitable. Wise Romans have long noticed a simple truth: "Times are changing, and we change together with them."
It is not by chance that a number of historians believe that "the civil war has not yet become a story in the full sense of the word, reconciliation (in Russian society) has not yet come and the time of suspended judgments has not yet come."
The collapse of the Soviet Union atmosphere of the Civil War is in the air. Dozens of regional conflicts put the country for the edge of the war: Transnistria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Chechnya (December 1994 - October 1996). All this requires the current political leaders of all countries of excerpts, restraint, ready to compromise.
Still, everything that is said is written, it comes in, removed, it is raised about the civil war permeated by irreconcilability, i.e. Psychology of the Civil War.
The purpose of this work is: - to reveal the approaches to the coverage of the history of the civil war in domestic and foreign historiography; - show the essence, reasons, the composition of the opposing forces and the main stages and events of the war; - To highlight the consequences and lessons of civil war, their importance for the current stage of Russia's development.
1. The essence, causes of the emergence and main stages of the Civil War in Russia
Civil wars are known in history from ancient times. On the household level, civil war is a war between citizens of one state. The International Encyclopedia of Public Sciences (USA) gives such a definition: "Civil War is a conflict within a society caused by attempts to seize or preserve power by illegal means."
This definition approaches the civil wars in England (XVII century), in the United States in 1861-1865, in Spain in the 30s. XX century It also applies to the civil wars of the beginning of the XVII century. and 1918-1920. in Russia. At the same time, an armed struggle is always as "illegal funds". Therefore, the civil war - this, due to deep social, political, economic and other contradictions, the armed struggle for power between the various groups and layers of the population inside any country.
For Russia - Civil War 1918-1920. - This is due to deep social, political, economic, national and other contradictions, the armed struggle for power between the various groups and layers of the country's population, which was held with the active intervention of foreign states and included military operations of regular armies, uprising, rebellion, partisan and sabotage-terrorist actions and Other forms.
Why did the civil war begins in Russia? What are its reasons? Who is guilty of unleashing, escalation, millions of human victims? Answers to these questions are ambiguous. Currently, under the influence of publicists and especially electronic media, the point of view was widely disseminated in Russian society that the Bolsheviks unleasted the civil war. They, they say, usurped the power, killed the very humane king in the world, aggravated confrontation in society and in the name of the concentration of the world revolution was unleashed by a fratricidal war.
A more reasoned is the point of view of Lenin and Bolsheviks, enshrined in numerous books and school textbooks of the Soviet period. Its essence: in 1917, workers and peasants came to power in Russia. The bourgeoisie and landowners do not want to accept this. But they did not have forces for any major resistance of the Soviet power. The rebellion of Krasnova-Kerensky, Kaltedina on Don and Dutov on the southern Urals were easily and quickly suppressed. However, foreign states organized an open intervention, assisted internal counter-revolution. Thus, international imperialism was initiated by the initiator and catalyst in the civil war.
With this interpretation of the causes of civil war, we are well acquainted, but it is one-sided, biased, unscientific. The causes of the war cannot be reduced to the guilt at her beginning of any of the parties. Its historical prerequisites should be sought in a state of Russian society until February 1917, when Russia permanently entered the state of the Civil War, and the reasons - in the actions or inaction of the main political forces of the country from February 1917 to about the summer of 1918
If you retrospectively assess the prerequisites and causes of the civil war in Russia, they can be reduced to the following:
1. The exacerbation of social contradictions in Russian society, which accumulated over decades and even centuries and extremely deepened during the First World War. The most acute problems of Russian society were not solved decades. In the West, the acuity of social contradictions is more or less smoothed. In Russia, violence against the people was the leading principle of functioning of power.
At the end of the XIX early XX centuries. Especially noticeable was the persistent reluctance of autocracy to conduct significant reforms of political and economic system. The conflict of power and society was so deep that defenders from autocracy in February-March 1917 did not turn out, they were simply not in a multi-million country.
2. The policy of leading political parties (cadets, Socialists, Mensheviks), who could not stabilize the situation after carrying out autocracy. The struggle for the army in the conditions of the continued war led to her collapse.
3. Capturing power by the Bolsheviks and the desire of overthrown classes to restore their dominance.
4. Contradictions in the camp of socialist parties, which in the elections in the Constituent Assembly received more than 80% of the votes, but did not manage to ensure consent, the price of mutual concessions.
5. Interference of foreign countries in the internal affairs of Russia. The intervention has become a catalyst for the civil war, and the support of the countries of the Antaxa of the White Guard troops and governments largely led the duration of this war.
6. Gross mistakes and miscalculations of the Bolsheviks, the Soviet Government in a number of important issues of domestic policy (split the village in the summer of 1918, the painting, the policy of "military communism", etc.).
7. The social and psychological aspect of the civil war should also be allocated. Psychology and psychopathology of the revolutionary era largely predetermined the behavior of each person and large social groups of people during the war years. The habit was formed first to make a control shot, and then check the documents. Violence was perceived as a universal solution to solve many problems. Russia was traditionally a country where the price of human life was always negligible. In the era of the Civil War, the mutual fierce of people devalued and this magnitude.
Periodization of civil war. The problem of periodization of the history of civil war was repeatedly subject to scientific discussions. But to this day there is no single point of view. Until recently, Leninsky approach dominated in domestic historical science. IN AND. Lenin considered civil war in two aspects: a) Civil War as the most acute form of class struggle (continued in Russia from October 1917 to October 1922); b) Civil war as a special period in the history of the Soviet state, when a military question performed as the main, the root issue of the revolution (since the summer of 1918 until the end of 1920). The second (Leninsky) period of Soviet historians of the 60-80s. Deli, as a rule, at three stages: the 1st - end of May 1918. March 1919. 2nd - March 1919 - March 1920 3rd - April 1920 - November 1920 but Other approaches met: 4, and 5 periods were allocated in the war.
During the reign of Stalin, it was dominated, of course, his periodization: the campaign of Kolchak, the campaign of Denikin, the campaign of Poland and Wrangel. Even in someone in schools and universities, historical training cards "The first campaign against the Soviet Republic", "The second campaign ..." and the "third campaign", made in the light of the instructions of Comrade Stalin, are preserved. But in such periodization drops 1918.
Western historians give their periodization of the Civil War in Russia: 1st period - 1918 - called anarchist; 2nd period - 1919 - the struggle of red with white; The 3rd period - 1920 - the struggle of the Bolsheviks with the peasantry. At the same time, they believe that the victory in the civil war won the peasants, as the Bolsheviks refused the policies of "military communism" and moved to Nap.
In the 90s at the Institute of Russian History, Academician Yu.A. Poles offered a new periodization of the history of the civil war in Russia. It covers the period from February 1917 to 1922 and consists of 6 stages:
February-March 1917 - the violent overthrow of the autocracy, the open split of the Company mainly on social attribute;
March-October 1917 - the failure of Russian democracy in an attempt to establish civil peace, strengthening the socio-political confrontation in society, escalation of violence;
October 1917 - March 1918 - overthrow of the Bolsheviks of the Provisional Government, the establishment of Soviet power, the new split of the society, the dissemination of the armed struggle (including the Brest World as one of the factors of the split);
March-June 1918 - Local hostilities, the formation of white and red armed forces, terror on both sides, further escalation of violence
Summer 1918.- The end of 1920 - "A large civil war between mass regular armies, foreign intervention, partisan struggle in the rear, militarization of the economy (this is actually a civil war in the full sense of these words, although it is more accurate to call this time - the" big "stage civil war).
1921-1922 - Gradual attenuation of the Civil War, its localization on the outskirts and complete end. Of course, the approach Yu.A. Polyakova is far from perfect. But it represents a higher level of understanding the history of the civil war in Russia.
Thus, the reasons for the Civil War in our country cannot be reduced to the search for the unambiguous perpetrators, and should be considered as a result of a multi-stage process of increasing and exacerbation of the socio-political confrontation in Russian society.
2. The composition of the opposing forces and the main events of the "big" civil war
By the summer of 1918, the vast majority of Russian citizens did not want to fight. The confirmation of this thesis can be the fact that against the Bolsheviks at the beginning of 1918 there were no more than 2-3% of officers of the old Russian army.
So, in the first campaign of the volunteer army, 2341 officer participated (including the generals - 36, Colonels - 190, Lieutenant Colonels - 52, captains -215, headquarters - 251, Liekers - 394, followers - 535, ensigns - 668) , and the whole army numbered 3377 people.
However, as combat operations are deployed, millions of people are inevitably gained inevitably. And the front of the Civil War passed not only through the forests and fields, he passed through families, through the souls and hearts of people. Therefore, when characterizing the composition of those opposing in the civil war, the forces should be avoided by primitive "class" division on the poor and rich.
The composition of the red and white armies was not so different from each other. In the Red Army served offacarious nobles, and Workers of Izhevsk and Votkinsk fought under the red banners in the army of Kolchak. The bloody meat grinder of the Civil War has drawn people most often without their desire and even, despite their resistance, they often solved circumstances. Much, for example, depended on whom the mobilization was hit by a person, what was the attitude of those or other authorities personally to him, his family, his relatives and friends died from whose hands. A significant role was played by the features of the region, nationality, religion and other factors.
It should also be borne in mind that the positions of specific personalities, political parties and social layers during the war were not static. They changed - and often repeatedly - radically.
The main struggle during the "big" civil war took place between red and white. But the third force, speaking under the slogan, was very significant: "Bay Reds do not yet be white, Beykh Whore will not blush." In the history of the Civil War, it entered the name "Green".
Red. The backbone of this camp was the Bolshevik party, which created a powerful vertical structure and under the slogan of the dictatorship of the proletariat actually established its dictatorship.
The social base of the Soviet camp was:
Workers of the Central Industrial District;
A significant part of the peasantry, which in the end largely predetermined the victory of the red;
Part of the officer corps of the Russian army (about 1/3 of its composition); Small officials who quickly made a career with a new government, incl. Marginal layers that reached power.
Some aspects of the creation of the Red Army. On January 15, 1918, the decree of the SNK was proclaimed by the creation of the workers' and peasant Red Army, and on January 29, 1918, a decree was adopted about the organization of the Red Fleet. But the first results of creating a new revolutionary army did not inspire optimism. The largest number of volunteers was recorded in the peripheral areas under the immediate threat to white, and in large industrial centers. In addition, under the guise of volunteers in the Red Army, a significant number of declassed elements that consider the war as a source of personal enrichment has come.
In July 1918, decree was published on the universal military service of the male population aged 18 to 40 years. A network of military commissariats was created throughout the country to keep registering military-ridic, organizations and conduct of military training, mobilizing the proposed military service.
By the fall of 1918, 300 thousand people were mobilized in the ranks of the Red Army, by spring 1919 - 1.5 million people., By October 1919 - up to 3 million people, by 1920. The number of Red Army approached 5 million
Much attention of the Bolsheviks paid the preparation of command personnel. In addition to short-term courses and schools to prepare a medium-sized team from the most distinguished Red Army teams, in 1917-1919. The highest military schools were opened: the Academy of the General Staff of the Red Army, Artillery, Military Medical, Military-Economic, Naval, Military Engineering Academy.
At the same time, in the spring of 1918. In the Soviet press, a notice of military specialists of the old army was published in the Red Army. As of January 1, 1919, approximately 165 thousand former officers of the royal army were listed in the Red Army.
A special role in the years of the civil war was played by the so-called "military communism" policy. It included a number of events: on December 2, 1918, the decree on the dissolution of the poor committees, which entered into conflicts with local councils, seeking to usurp the power; On January 11, 1919, the decree "On the scan of bread and foil" was issued, according to which the state reported in advance the exact number of its grain needs. But in fact, this meant withdrawal from the peasants of all surplus bread, and often the necessary reserves; In the field of industrial production, a course was taken to the accelerated nationalization of all industries, and not only the most important, as provided for the decree of July 28, 1918; Commodity and cash relations were abolished (free trade of food and widespread consumption goods) were prohibited, which were distributed as a state as wages;
Why did this policy be called "military communism"? "Military" - because this policy was subordinated to the only goal - to concentrate all the forces for military victory over his political opponents, "communism" - because the Bolshevik measures coincided with the Marxist forecast of some socio-economic traits of the Communist society.
Describing the policies and composition of the Red Forces, it is impossible not to reflect some points related to their "Red Terror" policies. In general, this is the policy of reducing the population. For the first time, terror was applied in relation to the peasantry on the basis of the decree dated May 9, 1918. "On the provision of emergency powers to the Food Commissioner." In the cities of "Red Terror" accepted extensions since September 1918 - after the murder of the chairman of the Petrograd Emergency Commission, M.S. Uritsky and attempt on life V.I. Lenin.
Terror was massive. Only in response to the attempt on V.I. Lenin Petrogradskaya PVC shot, according to official reports, 500 hostages. In the famous armored spent, on which Lion Trotsky performed his moving on the fronts, a military revolutionary tribunal with unlimited powers was worked without tired. In Murom, Arzamas, the first concentration camps were created. Between the front and the rear are formed by special barrier troops, leading the fight against deserters.
What was white? White. Usually, this concept is united by the entire camp of the counter-revolution, opposed the red. The anti-Soviet camp was:
laine the authorities and property owners and bourgeoisie. The number with family members is approximately 6 million people;
cossacks are about 4.5 million people united in 13 Cossack troops. Usually, this military estate is depicted by an indispensable opponent of Soviet power. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the Cossacks participated in the Civil War and often fought on two fronts, protecting their interests, his special position in the state, which developed historically and seemed to be unshakable and from the red and white. So, the Don Army extremely reluctantly left the limits of the Don Troops. The top of the Kuban Cossacks led frankly separatist policies aimed at the formation of a self-sufficient state. Such aspirations were characteristic of the activities of Semenov and Kalmykov atamanov in the East;
(part of the officer corps of the Russian Army (about 40%);
b clergy. Only in the Orthodox Russian Church there were more than 200 thousand clergymen, many of them were fighting against the Bolsheviks;
b workers and peasants who lived in the territory engaged in white armies. At the same time, some were mobilized, others, mainly, from among the prosperous peasants - poured into the ranks of resistance on the basis of dissatisfaction with the Bolshevik policies;
l significant part of the intelligentsia. Here you can include the top of political parties (EC and to a lesser degree of Mensheviks), and various governments created by them during the civil war.
The white camp was heterogeneous. It included monarchists and liberals, supporters of the constituent assembly and open military dictatorship, supporters of the proper and proactant orientation, people ideas and people without certain political beliefs. In a civilizational plan in the Anti-Soviet camp, both supporters of the traditional development path were presented and speaking for the development of Russia in Western samples.
However, in a white movement did not find their place to the extreme monarchists like V.M. Purishkevich, as well as the extreme Socialists like Kerensky and Savinkov. Because of political disagreements, the Whites had no generally accepted leader. White programs (Kolchak, Denikin. Wrangel) did not take into account the interests of the majority of the population. Thus, the program drawn up at Denikin's headquarters provided for:
The destruction of the Bolshevik anarchy and the establishment of legal order in the country;
Restoration of powerful, united and indivisible Russia;
Convocation of the National Assembly on the basics of universal electoral law;
Democratization of power by establishing regional autonomy and wide local self-government;
Guarantee of full civil liberty and freedom of religion;
Implementation of land reform;
The introduction of working legislation, the fence of workers from exploitation by the state and capital.
Such measures also contained the Kolchak program: Constituent Assembly, Market Economy, Protection of Private Property, etc. For example, paragraph 3. "Agrarian Declaration" Kolchak (March 1919) read: preservation by the owners of their rights to land. If we compare with the decree of the Earth, which proclaimed more understandable and acceptable measures for the peasantry, then the question of which programs do most of the peasantry go? Looks like a rhetorical (Kolchak Alexander Vasilyevich (1873-1920). Admiral since 1918 from the family of a maritime officer. Member of the Russian-Japanese and First World War, in 1916-1917 - Commander of the Black Sea Fleet. At the end of 1918 agreed Become a dictator of Russia. Admiral Kolchak was issued by Czechoslovakov to the Irkutsk political center in exchange for the unhindered passage of their echelons through the city. On February 7, 1920, the Kolchak was shot by Kolchak.
In the Civil War there were supporters of the so-called "green". What is this power? Green. Green movement was not organizationally decorated. It proceeded enough spontaneously. It became the most massive character in the spring-summer of 1919, when the Bolsheviks tightened the food dictatorship, and Kolchak and Denikin were restored by old orders. Among the rebels prevailed the peasants, and in national regions - the Russian-speaking population.
Thus, in the spring of 1919, the uprisings embraced the Bryansk, Samara, Simbirskaya, Yaroslavl, Pskov, Smolensk, Kostroma, Vyatka, Novgorod, Penza, Tverskaya, and others. At the same time, in Ukraine, the uprising was headed by a former headquarters-captain of the Tsarist Army N.A. Grigoriev, who fought against the world bourgeoisie, directory, cadets, the British, Germans and the French. For some time, Grigorievs with his detachments even entered the Red Army (6th Ukrainian Soviet Division), but then spoke out against the Bolsheviks under the slogan "for advice, but without the Communists."
Especially bright ideas and practices of green manifested themselves in the Makhnovsky movement, which covered the significant area of \u200b\u200bthe South of Ukraine. It is characteristic that there was no clear program in Makhno, and in other green leaders. ECEROVA-ANARKHIST PRINTS prevailed, the movement was not politically organized. In general, the rebel movement in Russia was doomed, the partisan detachments could not constitute a long time to resist the regular military units (Grigoriev, Makhno, Antonov, Basmachi).
In analyzing the events of the Civil War, it is necessary to take into account the external factor: the intervention of foreign countries in the internal affairs of Russia. Entente countries refused to recognize the power of the Bolsheviks, but they tried to prevent Russia from world war.
Initially, the Entente strongly sought to support cooperation with the new government both in Moscow and the outskirts of the former Russian Empire. The conference in Paris was divided by the spheres of the impact of allies in Russia. In early 1918, the first landings were landed in Murmansk, Odessa, Vladivostok and other ports. In March 1918, Anntan decided to support anti-Soviet forces through military intervention. The goal was extremely clear: "The destruction of Bolshevism and the promotion of the creation of the procedure in Russia."
In the actions of the former allies of Russia, three directions can be distinguished: 1) the promotion of the collapse of Russia by supporting self-sufficient governments; 2) the direction of military contingents in the zone of their "life interests"; 3) providing any assistance to the armies of white and other anti-Soviet forces.
In modern domestic historiography, there was a tendency of "justification" of intervention or the increase in its role in the civil war in Russia. They write that the interventionist corps was a few that the interventions were acting far from Moscow and active hostilities against the red were not led. By February 1919, foreign troops were in the territory of Russia with a total number of 202.4 thousand Chelovers, incl. 44.6 thousand English, 13.6 thousand French, 13.7 thousand American, 80 thousand Japanese, 42 thousand Czechoslovaki, 3 thousand Italian, 3 thousand Greek, 2.5 thousand Serbian.
I did not regret the fight against the Bolsheviks and during the Civil War. Only for December 1917 - the first half of January 1918, the Volunteer Army received: 60 million pounds of sterling from England, 500 thousand dollars from the United States, over 1 million rubles. from France and from special sources. England has equipped with all the necessary 200,000 slices army. The United States provided the Supreme Ruler by March 1, 1919 - 394 thousand rifles, 15.6 million cartridges, machine guns, guns, medicines. The reasons for such a generosity explained in 1919. W. Churchill: "It would be mistaken to think that during this year we fought for the Russian White Guards," he said, "on the contrary, the Russian White Guardians fought for our business."
We should not forget about the role of Germany. After the Brest world, she occupied the territory of 1 million square meters. km with a population of more than 50 million people. There were about 300 thousand German troops in Russia.
Chronicle of the main events of war. A characteristic feature of the "big" civil war is the confrontation of regular armies. By the end of 1917, the old Russian army lost its combat capability and practically broke out. The support of the Bolsheviks - the Red Guard - numbered more than 460 thousand people, but did not have combat experience, prepared team personnel, heavy weapons.
On December 16, 1917, SNK abolished all the ranks and ranks, introduced the election of the Komostava and transferred power in the old army to the soldiers' committees and advice.
On January 15, 1918, the SNK adopted a decree on the creation of the Red Army and January 29 - the RKKF on a voluntary basis.
By April 1918, the Armed Forces of Soviet Russia had about 195 thousand people. During the summer - autumn 1918, 300 thousand people were mobilized in the ranks of the Red Army. By the spring of 1919, the red army increased to 1.5 million people, and by October 1919 - up to 3 million people.
By 1920, the number of Krasnoarmeys approached 5 million.
At the same time, they created their armed forces and opponents of Soviet power. In November 1917, Alekseevskaya organization was formed in Novocherkassk (from December 27, it began to be called a voluntary army). Its number in early 1918 was 3377 people, incl. 2341 officer. In April 1918, with the support of Germany, the Don Cossack Army began to be created (P.N. Krasnov). Army and in other regions of Russia were formed: in Transbaikalia - Ataman G.M. Semenova, in Primorye - I.M. Kalmykova, in Harbin - L. Croat, People's Army Commus - in the Volga region, Ural and Siberian Army, the Army of the Central Rada in Ukraine, Muslim, Armenian and Georgian Corps in the Transcaucasus.
Everywhere there were two ways to pick: a) voluntarily; b) forcibly mobilization. The officer corps of the Russian army in the Civil War. The officers make up the backbone of the army. This is an axiom. The creation and red and white armies were impossible without attracting the officer of the old Russian army. By October 1917, the officer corps consisted of approximately 250 thousand, among which about 220 thousand (ie 88-90%) were military time officers. And if the pre-war officer corps consisted mainly from the nobles, then by the fall of 1917 as a result of severe losses during the war in the rules of the current army of personnel officers could be counted on the fingers of one hand. In other words, the social composition of the officer corps, especially in the regimental link, has changed significantly: he became differential from the noble class.
How did the officer structure of the Russian army in the Bolshevik revolution? Some historians and especially modern publicists argue that most officers met the coming to power the Bolsheviks hostile. Historical facts indicate that the position of the overwhelming part of officers in relation to Soviet power can be called expectant or wary-awaiting. Immediately after October 25, 1917, 2-3% of officers performed in the fight against the Bolsheviks. Even in the first campaign of the Volunteer Army, at the beginning of 1918, only 2341 officer participated (including about 500 personnel), and the whole army consisted of 3377 people.
When analyzing the position of the officer corps, an important aspect is often missing. The collapse of the old army turned almost a quarter of a million officers in the unemployed. The decree of SNK on the legal and material situation, the generals and officers were equated to soldiers. The war was their profession, and military service - the only source of existence for tens of thousands of officers. And many people reached on Don not because Lyuto hated the Bolsheviks and Soviet power, and mostly because they promised the service there. The Soviet government turned to military professionals only in the summer of 1918, when the construction of a regular red army began. By the end of the year it was necessary to form 60 divisions. For this, about 55 thousand commanders of all degrees were required, and only 1773 red officers could be prepared on courses, except for primary officer posts.
And in the Red Army, many officers went not because the sacred believed in the ideals of the world revolution and future socialist Russia. For most reasons for joining the Red Army were more prose. But without their participation in the construction and combat actions of the Red Army, the victory in the Civil War can not be speech. Of the 20 commander of the fronts - 17 were military specialists (including 10 officers of the General Staff and generals). Of the 100 commanders of the armies - 82 were the officers of the old Russian army (including 62 were personnel officers). The posts of headquarters of fronts (100%) and armies (83%) were also replaced by War Association (from 25 NS of Fronts - 22 were officers of the General Staff). Colonels of the General Staff I.I., the Commander of the Armed Forces of the Republic were also Watietis and S.S. Kamenev. In general, 53% of the General Staff officers served in the Red Army.
In the course of studying the participation of the officer corps in the Civil War on this or that side should be avoided by a primitive "class" approach: for the poor, for the rich, for the nobles. According to this logic, the son of the Cossacks L.G. Kornilov, Son Soldier General M.V. Alekseev, as well as General A.I. Denikin and many others would have to serve in the Red Army, and the aristocrats, the offacarious nobles of Brusilov, Tukhachevsky, Danilov - to create a voluntary army. In life, everything turned out to be much more difficult. Of the 250 thousand officers of approximately 75 thousand. Served in the Red Army (30%). About 100 thousand (40%) - in white and other armies. The remaining 30% - appealed to the "primitive state", i.e. Returned to pre-war classes or died, died, dispersed through the territory of Russia, emigrated abroad.
The civil war in Russia led to a phenomenal phenomenon when the officers and generals of the opposite sides were commanded by the troops of the opposite sides of the Unified Russian Army. So, on the one hand were M.V. Alekseev, L.G. Kornilov, A.I. Denikin, A.V. Kolchak, N.N. Yudenich, and on the other - their yesterday's fellow soldiers who became the service of Soviet power: the Commander of the Red Army I.I. Valentis, S.S. Kamenev, Commander of the Troops of Fronts - V.M. Gittis, A.I. Egorov, V.N. Egoriev, P.P. Sitin, M.N. Tukhachevsky, V.I. Shorin; Large staff workers - p.p. Lebedev, N.N. Petin, N.I. Teltel, B.M. Shaposhnikov; Army commander - M.I. Vasilenko, A.I. Hekker, A.I. Cork, M.K. Levandovsky, I.P. Sadewich, R.P. Eideman.
Extremely intricate in modern literature is the question of the number of armed forces. Often, the total number of RKKA is compared with the number of troops of one or another white armies in a particular operation.
In this paper, the focus is on the most important events: summer 1918-winter 1919. - How the apogea of \u200b\u200bthe Civil War. The active actions of the anti-Soviet forces opened the rebellion of the Czechoslovak Corps. It was formed from the prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian army in 1917 and by agreement the Entente and SNK evacuated to France through Vladivostok. On the night of May 26-26, 1918, part of the corps stretched in echelons by rail from Penza to Khabarovsk opposed the Bolsheviks.
In the summer of 1918, in the Volga region, in the Urals and Siberia - about 30 different mainly of the Siberian Government appeared: in Samara - "Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly", in Yekaterinburg - Ural Regional Government, "in Tomsk -" Siberian Government ". Under the slogan" All power to the constituent assembly! " They launched armed actions against the Bolsheviks.
At the end of September, the Asero Cadet Government was formed in Ufa - the directory that announced the All-Russian. Then the government moved to Omsk, where November 18 was disrupted by Kolchak, who became the Supreme Ruler.
In the fall of 1918 - in the winter of 1919. The main areas of hostilities were: a) Eastern Front (functioned from June 13, 1918 until January 15, 1920. commanded the Eastern Front: M.A. Muravyev, I.I. Vacetyes, with . With. Kamenev, A.A. Samojo, P.P. Lebedev, M.V. Frunze, V.A. Olderogge) where the Red Army defeated the enemy and moved to the Urals, where he connected with the troops of the Turkestan Republic. b) Southern Front (operated from September 11, 1918. Until January 10, 1920, he commanded the front: P.P. Satent, P.A. Slavven, V.M. Gittis, V.N. Egoryev, A.I. Egorov ) He made heavy fighting against the Don Army in Tsaritsyn and Voronezh directions, and then moved to the offensive. However, on January 24, 1919, the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of Bolsheviks demanded a mass terror against the Cossacks who participated in the fight against the Soviet government. This deprived the Bolsheviks of all support on the Don and led in March to the uprising of the Cossacks. The offensive was suspended. c) in the north - red troops were defended at the Vologda and Petrograd directions. d) After canceling the Brest world, Soviet troops occupied Belarus, a significant part of the Baltic States and the entire left-bank bank.
Spring1919-Spring1920.
a) In March 1919, the offensive was launched by the army of Kolchak (Siberian, Western, Ural, Orenburg and South Army Group). But on April 28, the Eastern Front of the Red switched to counteroffensive (first, with its southern flank, and from June 21, all armies). The army of Kolchak retreated to Siberia, where in January 1920 and were defeated.
To avoid war with Japan, Soviet troops stopped offensive. In April 1920, a buffer state was created - the Far Eastern Republic.
b) In the summer of 1919, after the obvious failure of the Kolchakovsky offensive, the campaign to Moscow deployed Denikin. The fighting was going with varying success. At first he was on the side of Denikin, then the initiative passed into the hands of the Soviet command. Reid Connection General Mamontov in many ways disorganized the work of the South Front of the Red. However, by the spring of 1920, Soviet troops took Odessa and Novorossiysk. The remnants of the armed forces of the South of Russia under the command of Wrangel moved to the Crimea.
c) during battles with Kolchak and Denikin, the army of Yudenich, supported by the Finnish, Estonian, Lithuanian, Latvian and others. The troops tried to capture Petrograd three times, but could not do this and, ultimately, was defeated.
Spring 1920-End of 1920 After the defeat of the troops of Kolchak and Denikin, the Soviet power received a breather. But she was short. Poland, with the support of the Entente countries, demanded the restoration of the border that existed until 1772, i.e. before the first section of Poland. Russia did not agree to this. On April 21, Poland has signed an agreement with the Ukrainian directory: a) Poland recognizes the directory of the Supreme Government of Independent Ukraine; b) Ukraine for this agrees to joining the Poland of Eastern Galicia, Western Volyn and part of Polesia: c) All Ukrainian troops are subordinate to the Polish command.
On April 25, 1920, the Poles began the offensive and on May 6 seized Kiev. On May 26, Soviet troops were transferred to the counteroffensive, which by the middle of August came to Warsaw. This caused the hopes of the Bolshevik leaders in the ambulance implementation of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe world revolution in Western Europe. In the order in the Western Front, Tukhachevsky wrote: "We will bring happiness and peace to working on our bayonies. To the west!". However, the inconsistency between the fronts and the collapse of hopes for the help of the Polish proletariat led to the defeat of the Soviet Western Front.
On October 12, 1920, a peace treaty with Poland was signed in Riga, according to which the territories of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus were translated.
In the course of the Soviet-Polish war, Wrangel's active action began. His troops were stopped at Kakhovsky and other bridgeheads. At the end of October, the troops of the Southern Front moved into a counteroffensive, broke through Perekop and Chongan fortifications and defeated Wrangel. On November 16, 1920, after taking Kerch, the South Front was eliminated. Almost 100 thousand people were forced to leave their homeland.
Civil War ended with the victory of "red". In April 1920 Soviet troops defeated White Guards in Semirchye. At the end of April 1920, the 11th Caucasian Army under the pretext of assisting the rebels joined Baku. The Azerbaijan SSR was proclaimed. In May 1920, the Volga-Caspian flotilla under the command of F.F. Skolnikova entered the territorial water of Persia. In June, after graduation, the Persian SSR was proclaimed, which existed for about a year. In November 1920 and February 1921, the same 11th Army occupied the Erivan and Tiflis, respectively and "proclaimed" the formation of the Armenian and Georgian Soviet republics.
3. Historical consequences and Civil War Lessons
In the fierce civil war, which lasted for more than 5 years, the Bolsheviks managed to capture and keep power. White movement remained fragmented, dissimilar, which did not have clear and popular slogans. The lack of ideology in this movement largely contributed to its reincarnation and begun "almost holy", it fell into the hands of "almost gangsters."
The Bolsheviks, on the contrary, managed to combine the communist ideology (at the level of slogans) with those features of the Russian mentality, in which the new ideology often replaced religion.
What are the historical consequences of the civil war? Civil war led to a huge material and human losses. The total amount of damage was 50 billion. Gold rubles, and human sacrifices are estimated at 13-16 million people today.
The losses of the Red Army in battles amounted to 939.755 people, about the same amount made up the fighting losses of her opponents. The rest died from hunger and epidemics associated with the war. Emigrated from Russia about 2 million people. If we take into account the decline in population growth during the war years, i.e. Calculate unrode Russians, the amount of loss can be estimated at about 25 million people.
As a result of victory in the Civil War, the Bolsheviks managed to preserve statehood, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia. In 1922, the USSR was almost recreated by the Russian civilizational heterogeneous conglomerate with obvious imperial signs.
The victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War led to the coagulation of democracy, the domination of the one-party system, when, on behalf of the people, the rules of the party, on behalf of the batch of the Central Committee, Politburo and in fact the Secretary General or his environment.
As a result of the Civil War, it was not only laid by the foundations of a new society, its model was tested, but also in many respects are the trends that Russia on the Western path of civilization development.
During the civil war, the struggle went on the path of further development of the country. There were several of these paths. The first is the preservation of the Soviet power and the dissemination of it on the entire territory of the former Russian Empire, the suppression of all forces, without consonation with the Bolshevik leadership policies. This path meant the creation of a socialist state, the state of the proletariat dictatorship.
The second way is an attempt to preserve the bourgeois-democratic republic in Russia and the continuation of the policy that was declared by the temporary government and the Soviets in spring - in the summer of 1917: the further development of democracy, free entrepreneurship. For this path, the party "Revolutionary Democracy", participants in the temporary government and councils - Mensheviks, the Esers (from the autumn - right-wing esters), the left wing of the cadets.
The third way answered the interests of a major bourgeoisie, the nobility, the supreme leadership of the Tsarist Army and meant an attempt to preserve a limited monarchy and Russia as a "unified and indivisible" country, faithful "allied obligations".
The most important results of the Civil War: the defeat of all anti-Soviet, anti-Bolshevik forces, the defeat of the White Army and the army troops; preservation, including the power of weapons, a significant part of the territory of the former Russian Empire, suppressing attempts by a number of national regions to separate from the Republic of Tips; The overthrow of national governments in Ukraine, in Belarus and Moldova, in the North Caucasus, in Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), in Central Asia, and then to Siberia and the Far East, the establishment of Soviet power there. This actually laid the foundations of the Unitary State of the USSR created in 1922.
The victory in the Civil War created geopolitical, social and ideological and political conditions for further strengthening the Bolshevik regime. She meant the victory of the communist ideology, the dictatorship of the proletariat, the state-owned ownership.
Civilian lessons. In Russian society, there are two poles of stability: or "the people will silent", or the "riot decisive and merciless". Moreover, the transition from one to another takes a little time. In such a mental field, a special responsibility falls on the modern political elite of the country.
Historical experience shows that civil war is easier to prevent than to stop. But, unfortunately, today the psychology of the Civil War is not simply present, and it is often reanimated, consciously hesitates both politicians and the media.
Our society is still divided on red and white. And this is a disturbing symptom. The collapse of the Russian army became largely promoted by the civil war. And the real state in which the modern Armed Forces of Russia is forbidden to think about much. Are we ready to reflect the aggression of anyone, the most strong enemy? As the results of the war in Chechnya show, NATO aggression in Yugoslavia - the concern for the armed forces should be one of the priority areas in the activities of the modern leadership of Russia.
Conclusion
The civil war was generated by a complex complex of social contradictions, economic, political, psychological and other reasons and became the greatest disaster for Russia. The deep, systemic crisis of the Russian Empire ended with its collapse and victory of the Bolsheviks, who, with the support of the masses, defeated their opponents in the Civil War and got the opportunity to implement their ideas about socialism and communism in practice.
Historical experience teaches that the civil war is easier to prevent anything to stop, what the Russian political elite should remember constantly. The victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War was determined by a number of factors:
The political cohesion of the Bolsheviks, at the head of which there was a supercentralized party, and in the hands of which there was a huge state apparatus, whereas in the white movement there were inconsistency of actions, contradictions with the national regions and the forces of the Entente;
The skill of the Bolsheviks mobilize the masses. Unlike them, a white movement, the former in many ways heterogeneous, failed to rally the bulk of the population under their slogans.
Bolsheviks, under the authority of which were central areas of the country, possessed powerful economic potential (human resources, severe industry);
The superiority of the Red Army over white in numbers (1.5-2.5 times at different stages of the war);
The defeat of the parties held for the second path of development was explained by the weakness of the social forces that were standing behind them, weak support for workers and peasants.
The failure of supporters of the third possible way, despite the combination of military forces, their connection with the interventionists was historically predetermined, since this path rejected the overwhelming mass of workers.
Literature
1. Anisimov A. Army Denikin before and after the defeat // Military-historical magazine. 1996. No. 6.
2. Archive of the Russian Revolution: at 22 t. M., 1991.
3. White business: Element. Works in 16 books / Sost. S.V. Karpenko. M., 1992.
4. Air fleet of white armies during the Civil War (1918-1920) M., 1998.
5. Wrangel P.N. Vospomnia. In 2 h. M., 1992.
6. Civil War in the USSR. TT. 1-2. M., 1980-1986.
7. Danilov A.A. History of Russia, the twentieth century. Reference materials. M., 1996.
8. Doltsky I.I. National history. XX century. M., 1994.
9. Polyakov Yu.A. Civil War in Russia: the consequences of domestic and external // New and the newest History.-1992. M., № 4.
10. Polyakov Yu.A. Civil War: look through the years. Ufa, 1994.
11. Rybnikov V.V., Slobodin V.P. White movement during the civil war in Russia. M., 1993.
12. Shulgin V.V. Days of 1920.-m., 1989.
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Why and why are we fighting daily? What can our Internet battles and verbal vessels be poured? What needs to be changed so that the tragedy will never repeat on June 22, 1941? Reflects Andrei Zaitsev.
June 22, 1941 began in the history of our country. For their freedom, each Soviet family paid for policy mistakes. The war crippled the fate of people, changed our consciousness, and still many people as a spell repeat the phrase: "If only there was no war."
Recently, this terrible word firmly entered our lives.
On the Internet, they seek to defeat the opponent in verbal battles, well-known politicians are resorted to military rhetoric and say that Russia will resist with any enemy, in politics also go their battles and opponents are destroyed.
Concession, the ability to compromise is perceived as a sign of weakness even for Christians. The church is increasingly represented by a troops who are managed by a brave general. He has self-co-volunteers who want to shoot traitors somewhere behind the headquarters. These Orthodox commissars want to send a missionary expedition to Mars, condemn those who walk with the child in the Darwinian Museum.
Fortunately, genuine Christianity has little common with this militarized Orthodox "Slant", but the fact of the presence of such views from Christian makes us think and talk about very important things.
On the one hand, it is impossible to consider a believer as a hazardous person who is not able to protect his interests, his country or his church. On the other hand, it is impossible to justify violence and insult other people with gospel commandments. It is impossible to water water or much more firm fluids of people, even if they protect sin. Cannot be struggling with evil with the help of aggression.
This is the same great oriental parable. The student came to the mentor and asked him to go to his homeland, where cruel tyran came to power. The teacher banned the novice to do this and said such words: "If you are right, and the belief of the ruler who lost the human appearance, you can die, and it will not change, and your death will be in vain. If a conscience remained in the soul of a person, and you will hit him with brands and charges, then you can insult him and harden his heart. In any case, your care will not benefit. "
Nevertheless, the war as the process remains attractive wishing to feel the taste of victory over the opponent more and more people who can enter into peace agreements are less. In part, the development of technology is guilty - to kill other people physically or verbally at a distance.
I pressed the button on the computer - a slander appeared on the Internet, which had fallen by the interlocutor, the irreparable damage sent him into the deep. Slightly pressed on another key, and the rocket flew out, the bomb fell, the explosion rang out. People died, and you look at the picture in the monitor, and you think that this is not you killed, but a bomb.
Here in some kill others, some countries are going to supply weapons to fighters so that "their" can win. The war from the tragedy turned into a show, to the economy factor, in a way to sell the murder machines. Politicians sitting in their chairs conclude contracts, and at this time people continue to die.
In the world will always be, soldiers and tanks, airplanes and ships will be needed. It's unavoidable. The boys will run with toy pistols, adult unidie and aunt to play paintball. With a deep antiquity, the battle or knightly tournament was perceived as a matter of brave men and brave women. It is important that the war does not become commonplace, the only way to achieve the goals and resolution of conflicts.
Politicians will always share society on their own and strangers, promise to wipe the opponent into powder. These are the features of rhetoric, but they are very dangerous. The crowd of supporters assumes a man to the top of power or barricades, makes hero from him, and now the shots are distributed on the streets of your country, and some citizens kill or cripple others. Over the past hundred years, Russia has repeatedly tried to solve its problems on the streets, with the help of blood, and we all need to make serious efforts so that the tragedy does not happen.
For all of us. Regardless of faith, political addictions, attitudes towards the Church or the future of our country.
Only then is the hope that the tragedy will never happen again on June 22, 1941, and our grandfathers and great-grandfathers did not waste their lives.
More than 85 years ago, Russia, the former Russian empire, lay in ruins. The 300-year-old Board of the Romanov dynasty in February was stopped, in October, the bourgeois-liberal temporary government was distributed in October. Throughout the territory of the huge, once a great power, which was collected on the Pyd from the time of the Moscow principality of Ivan Kalita, was gone by civil war. From the Baltic to the Pacific, from the White Sea to the Mountains of the Caucasus and Orenburg steppes walked bloody battles, and, in addition to the handful of the provinces of Central Russia, there was no volost or county, where each other would not be replaced by various authorities of all shades and ideological Color.
What is any civil war? It is usually defined as armed struggle for power between representatives of various classes and social groups. In other words, this is a struggle inside countries, insidepeople, nation, often between Countrymen, neighbors, recent colleagues or friends, even close relatives. This is a tragedy for a long time leaving the wound in the heart of the nation and dorms in her soul.
How was this dramatic confrontation in Russia proceeded? What were the features ours In addition to unprecedented geographical, spatial scope?
To learn, to see, feel the whole palette of paints, thoughts, the feelings of the era of the civil war, while studying the archival documents and memories of contemporaries. Also, the answers to the piercing questions can be found in the works of literature and art of the firing pore, which are testimonial testimony before the history of history. And there are a lot of such works, because the revolution is too huge on its scale event in order not to be reflected in the literature. And only a few words of writers and poets, which were influenced, did not touch this topic in their work.
One of the best monuments of any era, as I said, are bright and talented works of fiction. So with Russian literature about the Civil War. It is very interesting to the creations of those poets and writers, which passed through the gorgeous Russian turmoil. Some of them fought "for the happiness of all workers", others - "for a single and indivisible Russia." Someone did a clear moral choice for himself, someone was only indirectly involved in the acts of one of the opposing camps. And others and at all tried to get up above battle. But each of them is a personality, a phenomenon in Russian literature, talent, sometimes undeservedly forgotten.
For many decades, we considered our story in two colors, black and white. Black is all the enemies - Trotsky, Bukharin, Kamenev, Zinoviev and others with them, White is our heroes - Voroshilov, weekly, Chapaev, Furmanov and others. Halftone did not admit. If it was about the civil war, then whitening whites, the nobility of red and, as an exception that confirms the rule, accidentally fired between them "Green" - Batka Makhno, who "not our, nor yours."
But now, we know how difficult and confused was actually the whole process in the early 20s of the 20th century, the process of selection of human material, we know that it is impossible to approach the evaluation of those events and literary works in a black and white image, They are dedicated. After all, even the very civil war of historians are inclined now to consider not since the summer of 1918, and from October 25, 1917, when the Bolsheviks made a military coup and overthrow the legal temporary government.
Civil War Estimates are very non-contradictory, starting with its chronological framework. Some researchers dated her 1918-1920, which, apparently, cannot be recognized as fair (it can only be about war in European Russia here). The most accurate is dating 1917-1922 years.
The civil war began, without exaggeration, "the other day" after the seizure of the government of the Bolsheviks by the Oktyabrskaya Revolution.
I was interested in this topic, its embodiment in the literature of the pore. I wanted to get acquainted in more detail with various estimates of the events taking place, find out the point of view of writers, standing on different sides of the barricades, differently evaluating the events of those years.
I set my goal -
to get acquainted with some works about the Civil War, analyze them and try to understand all the ambiguities of this tragedy in our country;
consider her from different sides, from different points of view: from the complete worship of the revolution ("defeat" Alexander Fadeeva) to a sharp criticism ("Russia, blood was washed" Artem Merry);
to prove on the example of literary works that any war, speaking with the words of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, is "the enemy's nitstic human mind and the whole human nature."
Interest in this topic arose after acquaintance with the publicistic notes of Alexey Maximovich Gorky "late thoughts", which were previously not available to the reader. The writer for a lot condemns the Bolsheviks, expresses his disagreement and condemnation: "The new bosses are as coarse, as well as the old. They are yelling and kicking down, and bribes are hypeed, as the former chinosh of Hapali, and the people are drunk in prisons."
Soviet readers and the "popy days" of Ivan Alekseevich Bunin, who called the Time of Revolution and Civil War, "Letters to the Lunacharsky" Valentine Galaktionich Korolenko and other previously prohibited works.
As a fratricide war ("Why walked on my brother, Rube and Divor ..."), as the destruction of a "bright culture of his debris" perceived a civil war and a revolution, not included in the school program of the Silver Century Poet, Igor Northernik.
Sympathized with white and red Maximilian Voloshin:
... and here and there between the rows
Sounds the same voice:
Who is not for us, he is against us!
No indifferent! True, with us!
And I stand alone between them
In the roaring of flame and smoke.
And with my own
I pray for those for those and others.
It took more than eight decades after the civil war, but we are just now begin to understand what misfortune was for all Russia. Recently, in the literature in the image of the Civil War, heroic was performed. Idea prevailed: Glory to winners, shame defeated. The heroes of war were those who fought on the side of the Red, on the side of the Bolsheviks. This is Chapaev ("Chapaev" Dmitry Furmanova), Levinson ("defeat" Alexander Fadeeva), a casing ("Iron Flow" Alexander Serafimovich) and other soldiers of the revolution.
However, there was another literature, with sympathy, depicting those who stood on the protection of Russia from the rebellion of the Bolsheviks. This literature condemned violence, cruelty, "red terror". But it is clear that such works during the years of Soviet power were prohibited.
Once the famous Russian singer Alexander Vertinsky sang a song about Junkers. For this, he was called in the CC and asked: "Are you on the side of the counter-revolution?". Vertinsky replied: "I regret them. Their life would be useful to Russia. You can't forbid them to regret."
"To break forbid if we find it necessary! Without these bourgeois wrappers we will manage."
I met a different works about the Civil War, both poetic and prose, and saw various approaches of the authors to the depicted, various points of view on what is happening.
In more detail in the abstract, I will analyze three works: Roman Alexander Fadeeva "Rod", an unfinished Roman Artem Merry "Russia, Blood washed" and the story of Boris Lavrenova "Forty-first".
Roman Alexander Fadeeva "Rod" is one of the most striking works drawing the heroic of the civil war.
The youth of Fadeev himself was held in the Far East. There he actively participated in the events of the Civil War, fighting in the Red Partisan detachments. The impressions of those years were reflected in the story "Against the current" (1923), in the story "Spill" (1924), the novel "defeat" (1927) and the unfinished epopea "the last of UDEGE" (1929-1940). When Fadeev was born the design of the novel "defeat", the last battles were still continued on the Far Eastern outskirts of Russia. "The basic notes of this topic," said Fadeev, "appeared in my mind back in 1921-1922."
The book highly appreciated readers and many writers. They wrote that the "defeat" "opens a truly new page of our literature" that they found "the main types of our era" in him, attributed a novel to the number of books, "giving a broad, truthful and talented picture of the civil war", emphasized that "defeat" showed, "What major and serious power is our literature in Fadeev." In the "defeat" there is no prehistory of characters that precedes action. But in the story of the life and struggle of the partisan detachment for three months, the writer, not retreating from the main plot, includes significant details from the past life of heroes (Levinson, Frost, Switch, etc.), explaining the origins of their nature and moral qualities.
In total characters in the novel (including and episodic) about thirty. It is unusually little for a work that tells about the Civil War. This is explained by the fact that the focus of Fadeeyev, the image of human characters. He loves for a long time and carefully examine a separate personality, watch it in different moments of public and private life.
Military episodes in the novel set up a little space. Their description is subject to an in-depth analysis of changes in the inner world of participants in the fight. The title event is the military defeat of the partisan detachment - begins to play a prominent role in the fate of heroes only from the middle of the work (chapter 10 - "Start of defeat"). The first half of the novel is a leisurely narration of human destinies and characters, the life orientation of heroes during the revolution years. The author then shows the battle as a test of people. And during hostilities, the writer draws attention primarily to the behavior and experience of participants in battles. Where I was what I did, what did this or another hero thought - that's what questions are worried by Fadeev.
"A real man awakens in the best of its best parties when it is before the big test." This conviction of Fadeeyev led his artistic technique - to complete the characteristics of the person with the image of his behavior in the difficult situation that requires the highest voltage of the forces.
If you take a purely outer shell of the development of events in the novel "defeat", then this is really the history of the defeat of the partisan detachment of Levinson, because A.A. Fadeev uses one of the most dramatic moments in the history of the partisan movement in the Far East, when the combined efforts of the White Guard and Japanese troops were made heavy blows on the partisans of Primorye.
By the end of the novel there is a tragic situation: the partisan detachment turns out to be in an enemy environment. The way out of the created position required great victims. The novel ends with the death of the best people of the detachment. It remains alive only nineteen. But the spirit of the fighters is not broken. The novel approves the idea of \u200b\u200bthe invincibility of the people in a fair war.
The system of images "defeat", taken as a whole, reflected the real ratio of the basic social forces of our revolution. It was attended by proletariat, peasants and intellectuals, led by the Bolshevik Party. Accordingly, "coal flame" is shown in the "defeat", which goes in the forefront of the struggle, the peasants, a dedicated to the people of the intellectual - the doctor Stashinsky, Bolshevik - the Levinson commander.
However, the heroes of the novel are not just "representatives" of certain social groups, but also unique individuality. Before the reader's gaze, as living, serve calm and reasonable Goncharenko, hot and hurrying in the judgments of the oaks, a timely and fascinating frost, the submissive and compassionate cooking, charming, combining the naivety of the young man and the courage of the Blankov wrestler, brave and rapid blizzard, modest and volitional Levinson.
The images of Baklanov and Metelitsy, whose youth coincided with the revolution, open the portrait gallery of young heroes, so richly and poetically presented in the subsequent work of Fadeev, and especially in his novel "Young Guard".
Baklanov, in all of the Bolshevik Levinson, becomes during the struggle with a genuine hero. Recall the rows that predicate the episode of his heroic death: "... His naive cheese face, slightly filed forward, waiting for the order, burned the true and greatest of passions, in whose name the best people from their detachment."
The former rider shepherd was standing out in the partisan detachment with his exceptional courage. His courage admires others. In intelligence, in the White Guard Captivity, during the cruel execution of Metelitsa showed a high sample of fearlessness. The vitality of Bila in it in an inexhaustible key. "This man could not sit quietly - all there was fire and movement, and his predatory eyes were always burning with an insatiable desire to catch up and fight." Metelitsa - a nugget hero, formed in the elements of labor life. There were many people in the people. The revolution took them out of obscurity and helped them disclose their excellent human qualities and opportunities to fully measure. Metelitsa personifies their fate.
Each operating face "defeat" makes something in the novel. But in accordance with the main topic of the work - the person's re-education in the revolution - the artist focused his attention, on the one hand, on the ideological leader of the detachment - a communist of Levinsone, and on the other, on a representative of the revolutionary mass, in need of ideological re-education, which is frozen. Fadeev showed those people who were accidentally in the Revolution camp were not capable of real revolutionary struggle.
A particularly important role of Levinson, freezing and swing in the development of the plot is emphasized by the fact that their name calls or mainly by them dedicated to many of the heads of the novel.
With all the passion of the writer-Communist and the revolutionary A.A. Fadeev sought to bring the bright time of communism. This humanistic faith in an excellent person penetrated the greatest paintings and positions in which his heroes fell.
For Fadeeyev, the revolutionary is impossible without aspiration into a bright future, without faith in a new, beautiful, kind and pure person. This revolutionary is the commander of the partisan detachment Levinson.
This is one of the first in the young Soviet prose of realistic truthful types of communists who led the national struggle at the fronts of the Civil War.
Levinson is called a man "special right breed." Is it so? Nothing like this. He is quite ordinary, with weaknesses and disadvantages. Another thing is that he can hone them and suppress. Levinson does not know any fear, no doubt? His always in stock unmistakably accurate solutions? And this is not true. And his doubts are, and confusion, and painful spiritual disorders. But he did not share with her with his thoughts and feelings, he presented ready-made "yes" and "No". Without it, it is impossible. The partisans who trusted him their lives, who should not know about any disclaimers and doubts ...
The actions of the Communist Levinson led the "huge, without comparable to any other desire for the thirst for a new, beautiful, strong and kind person." Such character traits he sought to bring up in people who led. Levinson is always with them, it is all absorbed by everyday, everyday educational work, shallow and imperceptible at first glance, but great in its historical meaning. Therefore, the scene of the public court over the stamped frost is especially indicated. Conversion of peasants and partisans to discuss the offense of frozen, the commander said to the crowd: "The case is general, as you decide and will be." He said - and "SGAS, as a fitist, leaving the desire to decide the case in the dark." When the discussion of the issue took a random nature, the steadfasts began to be confused in the trifles and already "nothing could not be understood," Levinson quietly, but said: "Let's, comrades, in turn ... Since we will say anything - we will not solve anything."
The pleasant commander of the oaks in his angry and passionate speech demanded the expulsion of the frozen from the detachment. Levinson, appreciated the noble impulse of the resentment of the speaker and at the same time wanting to warn him and all those who gathered from excessive decisions, again intervened in the course of the discussion:
"Levinson behind the rear grabbed the sleeve.
Oaks ... Oaks ... - he said calmly. - Move the little thing - the people are blocked.
The charge of Dubov was immediately disappeared, the pleasant crash, confusedly blinking. "
Levinson's attitude to the mass of workers and peasants is imbued with a feeling of revolutionary humanism, he always acts as a teacher and friend. In the last chapter, when the detachment passed the path of grave tests, we see Levinson tired, patients who fell into a state of temporary indifference to the whole surrounding. And only "they were still unlikely, close to him, these exhausted faithful people, the closest, closer even themselves, because he did not stop feeling for a second that he was obliged to be in front of them ...". Here is this devotion to "exhausted faithful people", the feeling of his moral duty to serve them, forcing it to go with the mass and heading it to last breath, and there is a higher revolutionary humanity, the highest beauty of the civil mind that distinguishes communists.
But there are no two episodes of the novel, but the confiscation of a pig at Korean and Frolov's poisoning. In this case, Levinson operates according to the principle: "The goal justifies the funds." In this respect, levinson appears before us, which does not stop any cruelty to save the detachment. In this matter, he helps Stashinsky, a doctor who gave an oath of hippocrates! And the doctor himself, and seemingly, Levinson comes from an intelligent society. To the same extent necessary to change to kill a person or sentence a whole family to hungry death! Is the Korean and his family are not the most people in the name of the bright future of which civil war is going?
The image of Levinson should not be assessed as the ideal personification of the spiritual appearance of the communist figure. It is not free from some erroneous ideas. So, for example, he believed that "we can lead other people, only pointing to them on their weakness and suppressing their hiding from them."
For a communist acting in the role of the head, not only and not so much indication on weakness, how much the ability to detect advantages in led people, to educate faith in them in their strength, encourage their initiative. And only because that, in most cases, Levinson arrived, the reader finds out and recognizes in it a typical representative of the Communists who worked in the masses at the fronts of the Civil War.
The characteristic of the Bolshevik Levinson, one of the main characters of the novel "defeat", as a person aspiring and believing in the best, enclosed in the next quote: "... Everything that he thought was the deepest and important thing he could only think because he could only think about In overcoming this scarcity and poverty, the main meaning of his own life was, because there was no Levinson, and there would be someone else if it had not lived in it huge, not comparable to any other desire for the thirst for a new, beautiful, strong and Good man. But what could be a conversation about a new, beautiful person until the huge millions are forced to live such a primitive and miserable, so unthinkable-scanty life. "
The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe novel - a person's re-education during the revolutionary struggle - is solved mainly on the image of the frozen. Frost guerrilla - the correct personification of the mass of ordinary proletarians, which only the revolution discovered the path to the spiritual growth and restoration of the fragmented human dignity.
The main features of his character are revealed in the first chapter of the novel. Freezka opposes the fulfillment of the task of the commander, preferring the "boring government offering" a date with his wife. But on the demand of the commander - to pass the weapon and get out of the detachment - says that it is impossible to leave the detachment "in no way", because he understands the participation in the partisan struggle as his blood mining. Having left the instructions after this harsh warning, in the way of frozen, risking his life, saves the wounded sword.
In these episodes, the essence of frost nature was revealed: we have a person with a proletarian worldview, but insufficient consciousness. The feeling of the proletarian fraternity dictates the correct actions into the decisive moments of the struggle: he cannot leave the detachment, he must save the wounded comrade. But in everyday life, the hero showed an undisciplining, rudeness in handling a woman could be drunk.
People like freezing constituted the mass army of the revolution, and participation in the struggle was for them a great school of ideological and moral re-education. The new reality has discovered the unsuitability of old "norms" behavior. Parisan frozen stole melons. From the point of view of his former everyday experience, this is a permissible deed. And suddenly now the commander collects a Men's gathering to judge the frozen public opinion. The hero got a lesson for communist morality.
In the revolutionary struggle yesterday's slaves gained a lost sense of human dignity. Recall the scene in the ferry, when Frost was in the role of the crowd organizer, the frightened close proximity of the Japanese. "Frost, hitting this Bogyatitsa, I wanted, on the old habit (" for laughter "), it is even stronger to miss, but for some reason he thought and jumping off the horse, began to calm down ... He suddenly felt a big, responsible person ... Rejoicing unusual His role. " So in the casual phenomena of the partisan life of Fadeev with rare insight, the moral result of the revolutionary struggle has compressed, its szvuk in the human heart, its refining effect on the moral appearance of the personality.
Participation in big events enriched the life experience of frozen. Its spiritual life became deeper, the first "unusual heavy duma" appeared, the need to comprehend their actions and the world around. Before, before the revolution, living in the Shakhtar settlement, he did a lot of thoughtlessly: life seemed to him a simple, unwilling and even "cheerful." After it is experienced in the partisan detachment, Frost overestimated its former life, his "careless" mischief, he tried now to get to the right road, "on which people like Levinson, Baklanov, Oaks went. In the course of the revolution, he turned into a conscious thinking person.
"The defeat" of Alexander Fadeev, together with the "Chapaev" Dmitry Furmanov and the "Iron Flow" Alexander Serafimovich - bright milestones on the path of realistic comprehension of revolutionary changes in the life and creating the people. But with all the generality of novels, each author has its approach to the topic, its manner of his artistic lighting. Serafimovich depicted the process of birth of revolutionary consciousness in the masses primarily on the basis of their own experience of struggle. Furmanov and Fadeev told about the great role of the party in the organization of the revolutionary struggle of the people and in his ideological-moral education. They showed the beauty and greatness of the socialist revolution as the beauty and greatness of advanced ideas, raising the self-consciousness of the folk masses and guides their natural revolutionary rush to a high target.
But the main thing in the novel is his optimistic idea, which manifests itself in the final words: "... it was necessary to live and fulfill their duties," the appeal, which united, the struggle and overcoming, and in the entire structure of the novel, namely, in the location of the figures, their Fates and characters. Thanks to all this, the novel does not sound pessimistic, it is optimistic. Optimism of the novel - in faith in the victory of the revolution.
The following work draws a revolution with completely different colors, is remembered by other characters and episodes. This is the book of Artem Merry "Russia, blood was washed."
Artem Cheerful (real name - Nikolai Ivanovich Kochkov) belonged to the generation of Soviet writers, whose youth fell on the years of revolution and civil war. They were formed by the time of the Great Disame. The arrival of merry in the "red" is quite natural. The son of the Volga Hook, since childhood he "breaded a lich", combining work - sometimes heavily and quite adulth - with studies in the Samara Primary School. Bolshevik, he became already in the February Revolution; After October - the fighter of the Red Army. Fucked with whitewashers, then with Denikins, was on party work. Artyom cheerfully noted in autobiography: "Since the spring of 1917, I have been engaged in a revolution. Since 1920 - writing."
In "Russia, blood washed" there is no traditional single plot, a fastened story of the fate of individual heroes, there is no single intrigue. The originality and strength of the book is in the playback of the "time image". The writer believed that his main task was to embody the image of a revolutionary, ricety Russia at the front, at train stations, in the Sunpes, on the Rustic streets, on the city's squares. The time of time corresponds to the style and language of the narrative, its intense pace, dynamic phrase, the abundance of mass scenes with their multipleness and polyphony.
"Russia, blood was washed" - one of the significant works of domestic literature. In it, the great breakdown of Russia's life during the First World War, the October Revolution and War of Civilian is reflected with the extraordinary force and veracity. .
Since the spring days of 1920, when young Nikolai Kochkov saw a wagon window of the Don and Kuban Cossacks, which were defeated by the Red Army and now, disarmed, hiking on their horses were returned at home (it was then, according to his own recognition, "the image of the grandiose Books about the Civil War "and arose in front of him" in full growth "), and ending the second half of the 30s, it was working on a novel that can be called the main book of the writer.
The work has developed as a single artistic integer to a separate publication of 1932. It was then that a two-part division appears - on the "two wings", and between the "wings" stretched the etudes that the author himself interpreted as "short, in one - two pages, completely independent and completed stories related to the main text of the novel with their hot breath, place Actions, theme and time ... ".
The action of the first part of the novel occurs in the south: Russian positions in the Turkish front during the First World War, return from the front, civil war in the Caucasus and near Astrakhan. The action of the second part is transferred to the average Volga. None of the characters of the first part in the second does not fall: thereby fabulous motivations that fasten both parts together, there is no. Each of the two parts is spatially closed inside the narrative.
Closed spatially, they are closed and in time. The first part covers the initial period of the Civil War, when there was breaking the former nationwide and general education institutions. This is the period when, according to John Reed, "old Russia did not become": "The shapeless society melted, flowed in the primordial heat, and from the stormy sea flame floated the mighty and ruthless class struggle, and with her still fragile, slowly frozen kernels new formations. " The second part covers the final stage of the Civil War, when white is already bent, the "nuclei of new formations" structurally marked, a new state power has formed and this power has entered complex relations with the peasantry - relations fraught with tragic conflicts.
Consequently, the first and second part of "Russia, blood washed" is two points in the development of the revolution, related to the principle of historical sequence.
The country is raised. The feeling of drama and greatness Artem is cheerful creating a speech style activity, the emotional tension of the story of the narrative.
The heads of the first and second parts are opened by copyright folklorely stylized causes:
"In Russia, the revolution - trembled Mati Cheese-Earth, the white light muddied ... ";
"In Russia, revolution, all Russia is rally";
"In Russia, the revolution, all Russia on the knives";
"In Russia, the revolution - on the whole of the Rasyushka thunderstorms thunder, livni noisy";
"In Russia, the revolution, the whole Rasyushka took the fire yes he swelled with blood";
"In Russia, the revolution - dust, op, yar, flood, urevyvy water";
"In Russia, the revolution - the village in the heat, cities in delusion";
"In Russia, the revolution - flames broke out and everywhere in a thunderstorm";
"In Russia, the revolution - from the only light rose dust post ...";
"In Russia, the revolution - the country is boiling in the blood, on fire ...".
I carry the memory of the epic archaic, inspired by the speech style of the novel, the tradition of the solemn raising of the narration, create a sense of shocks by what is happening. At the same time, the plot of the narrative does not boil the plot of folklore stylization. The idea of \u200b\u200bhow the reality exploded, the reader receives from different sides, as it were from different people, sometimes through the vision of the narrator close to the author.
Seventeenth - the beginning of the eighteenth year: in Russia there is a flood of destructive hatred. The story of the ordinary soldier Maxim Kuzhel's terrible story about how at the rally, in the positions of the Turkish Front, was killed, the commander was killed: "We resolved the commanders of the ribs, the guts were trampled, and our browsing only was gaining momentum ..."
This is indeed only the beginning. Further, a number of episodes will follow, in which violence over people who personify the hated royal regime are becoming a system, a steady line of behavior, so to speak, with a familiar thing - so habitual that the murder is not even a big crowd of curious to collect not in a position, - not interesting, see, we know:
"Three crowds in the station garden. In one - played in the Orlyan, in the other - they killed the head of the station and in the third, the biggest crowd, the map showed the focuses ... "
"A black-breeding big soldier, wrapping the people and on the move by the last chicken leg, flew to see the stations of the boss: they said that it was still breathing."
The centrifugal tendencies of Being are dominated, as we see, the desire to overturn and merge the entire former life. There were no values \u200b\u200bleft - everything goes under a negative sign.
These are still origins - the narrative is just gaining height. It is characteristic, however, that in the plot of the novel, the sailor ship republic acts as an episodic phenomenon, as a short-term military fraternity, which does not have the thought of a cheerful, social perspective as an independent organizing force: together with the death of the fleet, the existence of a ship republic ends; Under the influence of the Bolshevik of the mechanic Egorov, in response to his "brief and simple word", the sailors are written in the detachment and go to the front, in the ranks of the Red Army.
The dramatic complexity of social being In the transition period, Artem cheerfully reveals into a symmetrically corresponding episodes of the first and second parts. Contradictions share Cossacks and immigrants in the North Caucasus, rich and poor men in the Zavolzhsky village of Khomutovo, hungry cities and a relatively revealed village.
The soldiers returned from the front dream to redistribute the Kuban lands on the basis of equality, since "the rich region, the attributive kidka" holds the Cossack Caucasus, and nearby - the printed existence of the sucked men. In the same village, the Cossacks and the sucked apart crushed, mutually inspired by the principle: poverty is wealth.
"On the Cossack side - both the bazaar, cinema, and the gymnasium, and a big spreeful church, and the dry high shore, where on holidays played a spiritual orchestra, and the walking and threshing youth gathered in the evenings. White huts and rich houses under tile, tone and hardware stood strict order, hiding in the greenery of cherry sarders and acacia. Big Went Water came to the Cossacks to visit, under the very windows. "
In the novel, the final of the chapter "Gorky hangover" (the first part) and the head of the Khomutovo village (the second part) are not randomly correlated. White Ivan Chernoyarov was taken to the market square to hang: "Before the very last death minute, he pulled the executioner Kalen Mat and Harked in the eye." That is the result of "bitter hangover". In the chapter "Khomutovo Village", the anarchist enters ridiculous martial arts with a martial arts with a municipal bull.
"The locomotive buxed, firedly fled, moaning and dragged his tail with such difficulty, which was moved, seemed no more than one plant in a minute. Anarchist hit himself on the sides of heavy, like a rope, tail with a fluffy membrane on the end, metal with hooves of sand and, having learned to the earth, with a fatal roar, it was rapidly rushed to meet a locomotive and sustained the mighty horns in the chest of a locomotive ... Lanterns were shot down, hurt the front But the steam locomotive is black and snatching - stepped: on the rise, the driver could not stop. ... from under the cast-iron wheels splashed white bone. The train passed Khomutovo, without stopping, - on the rise, the driver could not stop ... ".
Pay attention to twice repeated "The driver could not stop on the rise," is a signal that the law of historical inevitability is valid. Carriers of new statehood come into a tragic contradiction with the breadwinters of a huge country, representatives of the "earth forces", supporters of the Third Way. The martial arts of the bull with a steam locomotive is terrible in his meaninglessness, in which the rebels kuit "spears, darts, hooks and bugs, which armed a chapan man." This medieval equipment is also powerless against a technically equipped new government, as a powerless bull anarchist compared with the mechanical force of the steam locomotive. The tragic final of the fate of Ivan Chernoyarov and the death of an anarchist under the wheels of the locomotive of the locomotive are symbolic under the wheels: throwing a mutual discharge on each other, both episodes at the same time projected on the development of epic action as a whole - prepare the defeat of the "straw power" trying and not able to find for themselves "Third Way."
In the ability to say the bitter truth about the victims of the tragic conflict revealed the dialectical capacity of the artem's artem merry, which absorbs how "regret it is impossible", and "it is impossible not to regret", if you take advantage of the well-known aphorism from the story A. Nevelov "Andron Nepivoy". In the way, Ivan Chernoyarov, who turned out to be in a dead end, it falls under the locomotive wheels of a bull with a significant nickname anarchist, how to defeat the "Chapani" defeat, declares his through the author's thought, allowing to talk about "Russia, blood was washed" as a tragic novel .
The tragedy is asked by the introductory chapter "death defense". The panoramic image of the All-Russian Growing of the First World War appears here as a misfortune that fell into separate human destinies:
"The hot bullet was smack in the nose of Fisher's Ostab Kalaida - and orphaned his white hut on the seashore, under Taganrog. Fallen and stuck, the Sormovsky locksmith Ignat Lysichenko was delayed - the lich of his leaf with three small guys was baked. The young volunteer Petya Kakurin, raised by the Fuhaas explosion together with the closures of frozen land, fell in ditch, as the burnt match, will be the joy of old people in the distant Barnaul, when the news about the son will do it. Pucked the head into the bump, and the Volga Bogatyr Yuhan remained lying - not to wave him more ax and no songs in the forest. Next to Yuhan, the commander of the company Lieutenant Andrievsky, - and he was in the teacher of the parent. "
We will not know anything more about those killed and about their families, but the rhythm is asked: any war is terrible, nasty human nature, and civil war is more tragic.
The final lines "of Russia, blood washed" are indicative: "The country is native ... smoke, there is no fire - the end-edge is not!". In the context of the work in front of us in the romance open finale: the plot rushes into an extensively deployed future; Life acts as a fundamentally not completed, not knowing stops, which is in constant motion forward.
In order to save and consolidate "Russia, blood washed" exactly how romantic Unity, Artem Cheerfully undertakes a bold attempt to make relatively completed individual destinies and individual, also relatively completed in themselves, the fate of social teams in a special section - "Etudes", which, as already mentioned, act as a kind of gasket between the first and second parts of the novel . Before us is a chain Novel, each of which is built on a phabatively exhaust event.
The grand metaphor made in the title of the book is projected onto the panoramic image of the mass life, and on a large-plane image of individual human destinies. Both the title, and the subtitle ("fragment") showed a writer to the new horizons of limitless reality, which offered new artistic tasks. It is not surprising that by releasing the book by several publications, the writer continued to work on it. Artem Merry wanted to complete the romance by the battles on the Polish front, the storm of the perk, was assumed to introduce the image of Lenin, the episodes of the activities of the Comintern ...
It was not possible to implement these ideas: a writer, as already mentioned, fell victim to lawlessness. However, it is safe to say: and in the present, relatively not completed form, the novel took place. It opens up the scope of the "common revolution", its tragic conflicts and its hopes.
No writer of those years have possessed such a mighty confidence in their speech - speech directly perceived from the people. The words tender and coarse, formidable and spiritualized combined into fragmentary periods, as if escaped from the mouth of the people. The rudeness and authenticity of some shouts repelled lovers of the elegant prose of Turgenev style. Therefore, a wonderful epic "Russia, blood washed" did not cause long discussions and deep estimates, most likely an example of a revolutionary-spontaneous delete, and not a completely new literary phenomenon. Artem cheerful tried, and not only tried, but also carried out a novel without a hero, or rather with the mass hero, in which such a plurality of the features of the peoples, formed the population of the former Russian Empire, which was not possible to take these features as uniting someone. None of some of those known to me the writers of the past and the present there was no such freedom of expressive speech, such a recklessness and at the same time willing to proclaim it. In my opinion, Artem must become a completely unprecedented and unheard of the Soviet writer who opened the road to all the tongue, all the feelings of the people without embellishment and exaggeration, without pedagogical considerations, which is permitted in the structure and style of the work.
For many years, the name of Artem Merry was not mentioned anywhere, his books were withdrawn from state libraries, generations have grown, who did not have disliked the writer about this.
In 1988, Goslitisdat released a monophonist of Artem Merry, since then his works - and above all the "Russia, blood was washed" - they were published more than once in our country, and abroad, many readers re-opened for themselves Artem Merry. This was written in 1988 Valentin Rasputin: "Prose Artem Merrye was a revelation for me back in my student time. Now I reread her. A lot of Soviet Classics eventually makes it very much noticeable, this book does not threaten this book, because it is also talented And in many ways the modern book. "
Lushnikov Oleg Vadimovich
researcher of the Institute of History and Archeology URO RAS
The theme of the Civil War is enormous, complex, contradictory, and is so connected with the personal views of the researchers, which sometimes you understand - it has passed almost 100 years, and the civil war is still coming. Disputes continue, who is more to blame - white, or red, who began the first terror, and who was more cruel.
The civil war has become a nationwide tragedy, and for those who were in power, and for the intelligentsia, and for a simple people. In the conditions of the external and inner war, the entire established world collapsed within 7 years of external and inner war. The economy was destroyed, personal destinies were broken, the country lost colossal resources - material and human. The death of millions in a fratricidal fight, devastation, hunger, disease, epidemics, threw the country for decades, and caused new crises (demographic, economic, etc.). To a certain extent, the inevitable methods of forced industrialization of the 1930s of the 1930s were also laid. And accompanying her victims.
While the "big policy" solved global issues, the life of ordinary people turned into an incessant nightmare. Documents of Perm Archives (Gappo and Gopapo), impartially indicate the realities of society's life during the instability of the authorities, the relationship of the population to the politics of white and red. The leitmotif of all documents of this period is the theme of hunger, ruin, violence, chaos.
A comprehensive analysis of what is happening in the country was given "on hot trails" in the "Appeal of Professors of the University of Perm to Scientists of Europe and America" \u200b\u200bsigned by A.I. Raw. "All seal is suspended; There is no newspapers except "Truth". The free preaching in the church entails a prison and execution ... The slightest manifestation of displeasure causes punitive expeditions that produce mass executions and even the destruction of entire settlements. Under such conditions, the only way out for the population is an uprising. And indeed - the uprisings do not stop ... The country captured by the Bolsheviks is upset every day, thanks to the complete disorganization of life and poor nutrition, labor productivity fell 5 times, which even Soviet power is recognized. Passive resistance or sabotage, manifested at every step, finally demoralized folk care. Improved seizure of someone else's work is meaningless. In this regard, the amount of foodstuffs is reduced every day and hunger spreads increasingly and wider. There is a decrease in livestock in the country and an ominous reducing of crowns, which, however, is understandable; To whom the hunt to plow and sow, since he is not sure that the harvest will get to him, and will not be taken away by the commitments of the poor or requested for the needs of the Red Army ... After the departure of the Bolsheviks, the corpses of not only executed, but the victims of the victims remained everywhere. Especially terrible moments when, under pressure from the upcoming Siberian troops, the Red Army women leave the terrain where they rule. Enclobs them reaches extreme limits. They forcibly hijaculate the inhabitants, pounce on civilians, kill them, invade their homes, where whole families often cut out, rape women, plunder property. In the villages, it is added to this. Another meaningless release of the livestock, which cannot be sacred with themselves. " (Gappo. F. R-656. OP. 1. D. 33. L. 1-9.)
The result of such a policy of steel and the "Perm catastrophe" red in December 1918, and successful mobilization and the offensive of white in Kama region in the spring of 1919 (Gappo. F. R-656. Op. 1. D. 5. L. 76; F. R-746. OP. 2. D. 54. L. 11, 11 OB.), And the amazing glow of passions and the readiness of the "samurai" to die, but not to get to the "red monsters" among the part of the Perm peasantry. (Gappo. F. R-656. OP. 1. D. 4. L. 298, 298)
In the summer of 1919, the most irreconcilable or died in battles, or went to Siberia and emigration. The population tired of the arbitrariness hoped to gain peace under the new power. However, soon after the generously distributing promises of red agitals (F. R-484. Op. 2. D. 19. L. 1, 1), People and in the village and in the city again encountered the reality of "military communism". Inflation, devastation, lack of food (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 8. L. 14. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 3. L. 117.), Arbitration of power (Gappo. F . P-383. OP. 1. D. 20. L. 271.; F. R-49. Op. 3. D. 19. L. 2, 2,; F. R-656. OP. 1 D. 32. L. 1-8; Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 9. L. 68.; F. 557. OP. 1. D. 138. L. 77, 77 vol.; F . 557. Op. 1. D. 50. L. 63-65.) Cause discontent even those who took the new power with the hope of workers and peasants, which often overwhelmed into the spontaneous protests, hidden and open criticism of power, workers' strikes and peasant uprisings, Mass desertion from the Red Army and long-term partisan resistance in many areas of the province (Cherdin, Osa, Okhansk, Kungur) (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 52. L. 55.; F. 557. OP. 1 D. 7. L. 69, 69 vol.; F. 754. OP. 2. D. 5. L. 195, 195). Power actually did not control most of the territory of the province, continuing to keep on the bays of punitive detachments (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 52. L. 158-159).
The complex of documents of the Perm archives highlights the realities of the food dictatorship, the activities of the Combeds and the Products, Ringing food from the village and its hungry weekdays (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 52. L. 53 OP.) Detabout methods The inconsistency of the prohibitors (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 50. L. 29, 29 OB. Gappo. F. R-49. OP. 1. D. 534. L. 78, 78). In each document - Tr "Comrades, everywhere and everywhere, freedom, equality and fraternity are preached everywhere, but, unfortunately, I still do not see for a peasant or freedom, neither equality, but to water him, poorly, as a rehabited horse, forcing him soon Time to spin bread and provide at the same time on the refrigera points, hay, straw, potatoes, drive to all kinds of work and make it take fuel for all government institutions and even officials and drive to duty, while leaving no more than 1 horses at the same time in the farm, and require unprincipled uniforms for the red eagles, and a large amount of meat is required. And here in such a stunning of the peasant head very night, and there is a lot of the fact that the peasant is once brought by WHO Sena and knitting firewood for his farm, and rides, poor, among the night ... "(Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D . 38. L. 89.)
"We have a riot in the village, two soldiers came and there is a young cow from us, impose very large taxes. If there is a flour in the barn, then the halfway is selected. We do not know how to live, very bad ... Living is very bad. The word cannot be said now, and then they are arrested. We also take potatoes and eggs. Petya, this power is very bad. " (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 53. L. 29-30)
The attitude of the people to the new government is also characteristic, demanding to disperse the advice of loafers and bureaucrats and return to the village of Older, the writer and the District. "Jul has stuffed everywhere: in the heads, commissioners, etc., boosters, robbers, former drunkards who slept under the boat on the shore; They are commissars, they and our governors. Our husbands, our fathers, sons briefly shed blood on the front, and these cursed the Communists in the rear are sunk, they save their skins, they go around the villages, the performances are arranged, such means lazy want to enlighten the people. It's only ridicule over us, there is nothing more, if you now drive it into work in such a cold and such deep snow, jokes to say, women to go to the woods of firewood hack - not felt, not lapes and leather shoes, but go ... in the institution where 2 people were sitting, all the works ruled, and now 20 people, and they also say that so much work is already - and there is no time. Of course, a lot of work, when almost completely illiterate: you will come with any piece of paper, and you go from the table to the table, here it is clear as the day that he does not know "but" nor "b"! " (Gappo. F. R.-737. OP. 2. D. 1. L. 17-18 about.)
Rocked repeated repeated exversers from the villages under vigorous reports (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 138. L. 97.) Food, led to terrible hunger in winter 1919 and in the spring of 1920 (Gopapo. F. 557. OP.1. D. 7. L. 79). The peasants dying from hunger were forced to buy bread in the neighboring villages, Schitrogoga bread, just to hand over the unbearable privacy (Gopapo. F. 557.OP. 1. D. 52. L. 94-96.; F. 557. OP. 1. D. 138. L. 21.). Catastrophically fell sowing areas. The former province-producer has become in dire need of bread. (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 138. L. 21.; F. 557. OP. 1. D. 138. L. 38, 38 OB.). At the same time, the food selected from the people was actively and unpunished by those who "guarded" and distributed, rot on the warehouses in warehouses, and after it was thrown into the ravine to universal visits of starving. (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 52. L. 94-96, 104-106, 133, 133). The vanity of individual leaders and the General Line of the Central Committee on the "Food Dictatorship", as the most effective way to control society, almost did not serve the Soviet power to be a bad service.
The reviews for the "Second Coming of Bolsheviks" a year later. "1.07.20. Today, Perm celebrates the anniversary of the liberation from the bloody fragile, in other words - exemption from lattice, oil, freedom, etc. Therefore, the case today and they were engaged only to the hour, and with 2nd the fun will begin. Eh ... Yes, just be silent. " (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 51. L. 40, 44.)
"No, in other powers there are no such riots as you have in Soviet Russia. You have a board according to the folk saying: "I used to be a rogue, climbed on my pockets, and now in the Council of the General Commissioner" ... a continuation of the war, the proportion of communists! Long live whiteguards. Down with Lenin and Trotsky with a koblyatina! Long live Kolchak with pigly! ". (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 53. L. 4.)
Growth of anti-Soviet and anti-Semitic sentiment (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 10. L. 32; F. 557. OP. 1. D. 52. L. 46-47), massive output from the party, as ordinary members and responsible workers (Gopapo. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 52. L. 63-66; F. 557. OP. 1. D. 52. L. 63-66; F. 557.op.1.d.55.l.77-79,134,135. F. 557. OP. 1. D. 53. L. 36), discontent with the authorities in the patient, hungry and spreading army (Gopapo.- .557.op.1.D.52.l.104-106.; Gappo. F. R-78. Op. 3. D. 22. L. 41-42.) Prozally threaten the fact of the further existence of the Bolsheviks authorities. And only awareness of V.I. Lenin the danger of continuing such a course and the transition to the NEPA made it possible to mitigate the relationship between the Russian society and his new power.