Biology

Units of measurement of quantities. Non-metric units of measurement Mi h unit of measurement

Meter (m, m), meter. According to the definition adopted in France in 1791, the meter was equal to 1 × 10-7 parts of a quarter of the length of the Parisian meridian, and in 1799 Lenoir produced a platinum “archive meter”.

Millimeter (mm, mm), millimeter. Defined as a thousandth of a meter.

Measure of length yard (yd), yard, equal to 91.44 centimeters (exactly).

Length unit foot (ft), foot- literally translated as a foot, it is absolutely known what a foot is equal to - 30.48 cm (exactly) or 12 inches

Inch (in), inch(from Dutch duim - thumb)

Kilometer (km, km) - kilometer. 1 Kilometer is equal to 1000 meters.

Mile (mi), mile- equal to 1609.344 meters (exactly). The name comes from milia passuum - a thousand double Roman steps.

nautical mile (NM, nm and nmi), nautical mile, equal to 1852 meters (exactly).

Kilogram (kg, kg), kilogram- a unit of measurement of mass, one of the main SI systems.

Gram (g, g), gram, from lat. and Greek gramma.

Weight unit pound (lb, plural.lbs), pound, avoirdupois pound. The name comes from Lat. pondus - pound weight, weight.

Troy or pharmaceutical pound (lb t, lt ap), troy pound, apothecaries" pound. Equal to 373.2417216 grams (exactly) or 12 troy ounces.

Ounce (oz), ounce, avoirdupois ounce. The name comes from the Latin uncia, which means “twelfth part.” Despite this, the modern ounce is the 16th.

Troy (pharmaceutical) ounce (oz tr, oz ap), troy ounce, apothecaries" ounce. The name comes from the city of Troyes in France. Now it is widely used in banking and jewelry for measuring the weight of precious metals.

Pood, pood- old Russian unit of measurement. It is impossible to say exactly what one pood is equal to, since it is not currently used and therefore is not defined in international standards.

Carat (ct), carat Equal to 0.2 grams (exactly). From Italian carato, via Arabic. qirat, from Greek. keration - a carob pod, the seeds of which served as a measure of mass.

Kilometer per hour (km/h, km/h, kmmph) kilometer per hour.

Meter per second (m/s, m/s) meters per second. 1 meter per second corresponds to 3.6 kilometers per hour (exactly).

Mile per hour (mph) mile per hour. 1 mile per hour equals 1.609344 kilometers per hour (exactly).

International nautical mile per hour (mi/h) international nautical mile per hour. Equal to 1.852 kilometers per hour (exactly). Same thing as a node. For more information about the nautical mile, see the Length section.

Knot- a unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour. Since there are different definitions of a nautical mile, a knot can have different meanings.

Foot per second (fps), feet per second. Equal to 0.3048 meters per second (exact) or 1.09728 kilometers per hour (exact).

Deciliter- from the Greek deka - ten, a prefix for the formation of names of multiple units, the multiplicity of which is 10. 1 Deciliter = 10 liters (exactly).

Liter- by the decision of the 3rd General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1901, it was defined as the volume of 1 kg of pure water and was equal to 1.000028 dm3. The 12th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1964) abolished this definition and accepted that 1 liter = 1 dm3 = 0.001 m3 (exact).

Milliliter (ml, ml), milliliter. Same as cubic centimeter (cm3, cm3), cubic centimeter

Gallon liquid (gal), fluid gallon Equal to 4 quarts or 231 cubic inches or 3.785411784 liters (exactly).

Liquid quart (qt), fluid quart.

Pint liquid (pt), fluid pin. 1 pint = 28.875 cubic inches or 0.473176473 liters (exact)

Oil barrel(petroleum), literally - barrel (English) 1 barrel is equal to 42 gallons or 158.987294928 liters (exactly).

Fluid ounce (oz), fluid ounce. 1 fluid ounce is equal to 29.5735295625 milliliters or cm3 (exactly).

Cubic yard (yd3), cubic yard Equal to 27 cubic feet or 0.764554857984 cubic meters (exactly).

Cubic foot (ft3), cubic foot. Equal to 1278 cubic inches or 28.316846592 liters (exactly).

Cubic inch (in3), cubic inch Equal to 16.387064 milliliters (exactly).

Gallon dry (gal), dry gallon. Equal to 4.40488377086 liters (exactly).

Dry quart (qt), liquid quart. Equal to 1.101220942715 liters (exactly).

Pint dry (pt), dry pint. Equal to 0.5506104713575 liters. Beer is poured into imperial pints

Dry barrel. Equal to 105 dry quarts or 115.628198985075 liters (exactly)

Bushel (bu), bushel. Equal to 64 dry quarts or 70.47814033376 liters (exactly).

Imperial gallon (gal), gallon, UK gallon, imperial gallon. Equal to 160 imperial fluid ounces or 4.54609 liters (exactly).

Imperial quart (qt), quart, UK quart, imperial quart. Equal to 40 imperial fluid ounces or 1.1365225 liters (exactly).

Universal Time (Greenwich Mean Time, GMT)- this is the average solar time at the prime meridian (passes near Greenwich). The updated universal time is measured using atomic clocks and is called UTC (Universal Time Coordinated). This time is considered the same for the entire globe. Used in astronomy, navigation, astronautics, etc.

Standard time- due to the fact that it is inconvenient in everyone locality have your own time Earth is divided into 24 time zones, within which the time is considered the same, and when moving to a neighboring time zone it changes by exactly 1 hour.

Square foot (ft2, sq ft), square foot. Equal to 0.09290304 square meters (exactly).

Sq. inch- equal to 6.4516 square centimeters or 0.00064516 square meters (exactly)

Acre- equal to 4046.8564224 square meters (exactly). A land measure used in a number of countries that use the English system of measures (Great Britain, USA, Canada, Australia, etc.)

Hectare equal to the area of a square with a side of 100 m. The name “hectare” is formed by adding the prefix “hecto” to the name of the area unit “ar”. Equal to 10000 m2 (exactly)

Acre- comes from the Latin area - area equal to the area of a square with a side of 10 m, that is, 100 m2 (exactly). Sotka - the same ar, is usually applied to summer cottages and does not have an international designation

Square mile (mi2, sq mi), square mile. Equal to 2.589988110336 square kilometers (exactly)

Brief entry	Meaning	Russian translation and notes
Bbl, bbls	barrel(s)	Oil barrel
B/D, b/d	barrels per day	Barrels per day
DSCF	dry standard cubic feet	Dry normal cubic foot
EA, ea	Each e.g. Potable Water Storage Tanks (2 ea.)	Things ( for example: Storage Tanks drinking water(2 pcs.))
E.A.	each ( e.g. $70.00/manhour each)	To each ( for example: $70/(man-hour) each)
gpg	grains per gallon (ppm = 17.1 gpg)	Grains per gallon (concentration unit)
gpm	gallons per minute	G.p.m
h. p.	horse power	Horsepower ( British)
in WC	inches of water column	Inches of water ( low pressure, vacuum)
kli	1000 pli = 1000 pounds/linear foot	Thousand pounds per linear inch
kp = kips	1000 pounds	Kilopound (thousand pounds)
ksi	1000 psi	thousand pounds per square inch
lb, LBS	libra	Lb
lb m	libra of mass	Pound mass
lb f	libra of force	Pound force (see also #)
l/c/d	liter per capita per day	l/(person-day)
LF	linear foot	Linear feet
off		Things ( as opposed to kit). see also pc, pcs, EA, ea.
pc; pcs	pc = piece; pcs = pieces	Things. see also off, EA, ea.
pcf	pounds/cubic feet	Pound per cubic foot
plf	pounds/linear feet	Pound per linear foot
PS	pferdestarke (PS = 0.986 h.p.)	Horsepower ( German and Russian; often found in English texts. language)
psf	pounds/sq. foot	Pounds per square foot
psi	pounds/sq. inch = lbs/sq. inch	Pounds per square inch ( psi inch)
psia	pounds/sq. inch, absolute	Pounds per square inch absolute (absolute pressure)
psid	pounds/sq. inch, differential	PSI, differential (pressure drop)
psig	pounds/sq. inch, gage	Pounds per square inch, gauge (overpressure)
Qt/mi	quart per mile	quart per mile (unit of measurement of gasoline consumption)
r.m.	running meter	Linear meter ( p.m.)
rpm	revolutions per minute	Rpm (rpm)
SCFM	standard cubic foot per minute	Normal ( those. at normal temperature and pressure) cubic feet per minute
sq. ft, S.F.	square feet	Square foot (sq ft; ft 2)
1/TE (e.g. $/TE)	per tonne	Per ton (1/t)

Anglo-American system of measures

Name			Inverse ratio
Weights
1 ounce (oz)	G	28,3500	0,0353
1 pound pound(lb) = 16 ounces	kg	0,4536	2,2046
1 stone = 14 pounds	kg	6,3500	0,1575
1 handweight short hundredweight (cwt) (net, short) = 100 pounds	kg	45,3600	0,0220
1 handweight long hundredweight (gross, long) = 112 pounds	kg	50,8000	0,0197
1 short ton ton (ne) (sh.tn)	kg	907,1800	0,0011
1 long ton ton (ne) (tn)	kg	1 016,0000	0,0010
Linear measures
1 point	mm	0,3528	2,8345
1 line line = 6 points	mm	2,1000	0,4762
1 inch (in) = 12 lines	cm	2,5400	0,3937
1 foot foot (ft) = 12 inches	cm	30,4800	0,0328
1 yard yard (yd) = 3 feet = 36 inches	m	0,9144	1,0936
1 furlong (fur) = 220 yards	m	201,1700	0,0050
1 mile mile (ml) = 5280 feet = 1760 yards = 8 furlongs	km	1,6093	0,6214
1 nautical mile naut. mile = 6080 feet	km	1,8320	0,5459
Area measures
1 sq. inch square inch (in2)	cm2	6,4516	0,1550
1 sq. square foot (ft2)	cm2	929,0300	0,0011
1 sq. square yard (yd2)	m2	0,8361	1,1960
1 acre acre (a)	m2	4 047,0000	0,0002
1 sq. mile square mile (ml2)	km2	2,5890	0,3862
1 township = 36 sq. miles	km2	93,2400	0,0107
Volume measures
1 cu. inch cubic inch (in3)	cm3	16,3870	0,0610
1 cu. cubic foot (ft3) = 1728 cubic feet inch	m3	0,0283	35,3145
1 cu. cubic yard (yd3) = 27 cubic yard foot	m3	0,7646	1,3080
1 stack stack = 4 cu. yard	m3	3,0400	0,3289
1 cu. mile cubic mile (ml3)	km3	4,1682	0,2399
Liquid measures
1 fl oz fluid ounce (US)	ml	29,5700	0,0338
1 fl oz fluid ounce (UK)	ml	28,4000	0,0352
1 gill (USA)	l	0,1180	8,4746
1 gill (UK)	l	0,1420	7,0423
1 pint pint (pt) = 16 fl oz (US)	l	0,4732	2,1133
1 pint pint (pt) = 20 fl oz (UK)	l	0,5700	1,7544
1 quart quart (qt) = 2 pints (US)	l	0,9464	1,0567
1 quart quart (qt) = 2 pints (UK)	l	1,1400	0,8772
1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts = 8 pints (US)	l	3,7854	0,2642
1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts = 8 pints (UK)	l	4,5460	0,2200
1 barrel barrel (USA)	l	119,2400	0,0084
1 barrel barrel (UK)	l	160,4200	0,0062
1 barrel of oil	l	158,9800	0,0063

Anglo-American volume measures used in households

Name	Value in metric system		Inverse ratio
1 teaspoon teaspoon (t or tsp)	ml	4,9000	0,2041
1 tablespoon tablespoon (T or tbsp)	ml	14,9000	0,0671
1 glass of wineglass	ml	56,8000	0,0176
1 glass cup (c)	ml	236,0000	0,0042

Wood volume measures

Name	Metric value		Inverse ratio
1 small cord (for round timber) cord (short)	m3	3,5680	0,2803
1 cord large cord (gross) (for firewood)	m3	4,6720	0,2140
1 standard = 165 cubic feet	m3	4,6723	0,2140
1 Faden = 216 cc ft cubic foot = 6.11643 m3	m3	6,1164	0,1635

Troy system of measures for precious metals and precious stones

Name	Metric value		Inverse ratio
1 grain	mg	64,7990	0,0154
1 carat = 3.086 grains	mg	200,0000	0,0050
1 ounce (oz) = 480 grains	G	31,1030	0,0322
1 pound (lb) = 12 ounces	kg	0,3732	2,6792

Conversion of other physical quantities

Name	Metric value		Inverse ratio
UNITS OF POWER
Horsepower	W	745,7000	0,0013
UNITS OF TEMPERATURE
Fahrenheit temperature		F° = (C° x 9/5) + 32	C° = (F° - 32) x 5/9
Reaumur temperature		Tr = 4/5Tc	Tc = 5/4Tr
Absolute temperature		Tk = Tc+273.16	Tc = Tc-273.16
ASTRONOMICAL VALUES
Parsec	km	30 860 000 000 000
Light year	km	945 750 000 000
Astronomical unit	km	149 613 400
Light minute	km	17 993 800
Light second	km	299 896,943
UNITS OF PRESSURE
Inch of mercury	Pa	3386,37526
Centimeter of mercury	Pa	1333,21957
Millimeter of mercury	Pa	133,321957
Atmosphere	Pa	101325,025
UNITS OF SPEED
Knot	km/h	1,8520043
Miles per hour	km/h	1,6093444

Work, energy,
amount of heat

The method for setting temperature values is the temperature scale. Several temperature scales are known.

Kelvin scale(named after the English physicist W. Thomson, Lord Kelvin).
Unit designation: K(not “degree Kelvin” and not °K).
1 K = 1/273.16 - part of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water, corresponding to the thermodynamic equilibrium of a system consisting of ice, water and steam.
Celsius(named after the Swedish astronomer and physicist A. Celsius).
Unit designation: °C .
On this scale, the melting temperature of ice at normal pressure is taken to be 0°C, the boiling point of water is 100°C.
The Kelvin and Celsius scales are related by the equation: t (°C) = T (K) - 273.15.
Fahrenheit(D. G. Fahrenheit - German physicist).
Unit symbol: °F. Widely used, particularly in the USA.
The Fahrenheit scale and the Celsius scale are related: t (°F) = 1.8 · t (°C) + 32°C. In absolute value, 1 (°F) = 1 (°C).
Reaumur scale(named after the French physicist R.A. Reaumur).
Designation: °R and °r.
This scale is almost out of use.
Relation to degrees Celsius: t (°R) = 0.8 t (°C).
Rankin Scale (Rankine)- named after the Scottish engineer and physicist W. J. Rankin.
Designation: °R (sometimes: °Rank).
The scale is also used in the USA.
Temperature on the Rankine scale is related to temperature on the Kelvin scale: t (°R) = 9/5 · T (K).

Basic temperature indicators in units of measurement of different scales:

The SI unit of measurement is meter (m).

Non-system unit: Angstrom (Å). 1Å = 1·10-10 m.
Inch(from Dutch duim - thumb); inch; in; ´´; 1´ = 25.4 mm.
Hand(English hand - hand); 1 hand = 101.6 mm.
Link(English link - link); 1 li = 201.168 mm.
Span(English span - span, scope); 1 span = 228.6 mm.
Foot(English foot - leg, feet - feet); 1 ft = 304.8 mm.
Yard(English yard - yard, corral); 1 yd = 914.4 mm.
Fat, face(English fathom - measure of length (= 6 ft), or measure of volume of wood (= 216 ft 3), or mountain measure of area (= 36 ft 2), or fathom (Ft)); fath or fth or Ft or ƒfm; 1 Ft = 1.8288 m.
Cheyne(English chain - chain); 1 ch = 66 ft = 22 yd = = 20.117 m.
Furlong(eng. furlong) - 1 fur = 220 yd = 1/8 mile.
mile(English mile; international). 1 ml (mi, MI) = 5280 ft = 1760 yd = 1609.344 m.

The SI unit is m2.

Square foot; 1 ft 2 (also sq ft) = 929.03 cm 2.
Square inch; 1 in 2 (sq in) = 645.16 mm 2.
Square fathom (fesom); 1 fath 2 (ft 2; Ft 2; sq Ft) = 3.34451 m 2.
Square Yard; 1 yd 2 (sq yd)= 0.836127 m 2 .

Sq (square) - square.

The SI unit is m3.

Cubic foot; 1 ft 3 (also cu ft) = 28.3169 dm 3.
Cubic Fathom; 1 fath 3 (fth 3; Ft 3; cu Ft) = 6.11644 m 3.
Cubic Yard; 1 yd 3 (cu yd) = 0.764555 m 3.
Cubic inch; 1 in 3 (cu in) = 16.3871 cm 3.
Bushel (UK); 1 bu (uk, also UK) = 36.3687 dm 3.
Bushel (USA); 1 bu (us, also US) = 35.2391 dm 3.
Gallon (UK); 1 gal (uk, also UK) = 4.54609 dm 3.
Gallon liquid (USA); 1 gal (us, also US) = 3.78541 dm 3.
Gallon dry (USA); 1 gal dry (us, also US) = 4.40488 dm 3.
Jill (gill); 1 gi = 0.12 l (US), 0.14 l (UK).
Barrel (USA); 1bbl = 0.16 m3.

UK - United Kingdom - United Kingdom (Great Britain); US - United Stats (USA).

Specific volume

The SI unit of measurement is m 3 /kg.

ft 3/lb; 1 ft3 / lb = 62.428 dm 3 / kg .

The SI unit of measurement is kg.

Pound (trading) (English libra, pound - weighing, pound); 1 lb = 453.592 g; lbs - pounds. In the system of old Russian measures 1 lb = 409.512 g.
Gran (English grain - grain, grain, grain); 1 gr = 64.799 mg.
Stone (eng. stone - stone); 1 st = 14 lb = 6.350 kg.

Density, incl. bulk

The SI unit is kg/m3.

lb/ft 3 ; 1 lb/ft 3 = 16.0185 kg/m 3.

Linear density

The SI unit of measurement is kg/m.

lb/ft; 1 lb/ft = 1.48816 kg/m
Pound/Yard; 1 lb / yd = 0.496055 kg/m

Surface density

The SI unit of measurement is kg/m2.

lb/ft 2 ; 1 lb / ft 2 (also lb / sq ft - pound per square foot) = 4.88249 kg/m2.

Linear speed

The SI unit is m/s.

ft/h; 1 ft/h = 0.3048 m/h.
ft/s; 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s.

The SI unit is m/s2.

ft/s 2 ; 1 ft/s2 = 0.3048 m/s2.

Mass flow

The SI unit is kg/s.

lb/h; 1 lb/h = 0.453592 kg/h.
lb/s; 1 lb/s = 0.453592 kg/s.

Volume flow

The SI unit of measurement is m 3 /s.

ft 3 /min; 1 ft 3 / min = 28.3168 dm 3 / min.
Yard 3/min; 1 yd 3 / min = 0.764555 dm 3 / min.
Gpm; 1 gal/min (also GPM - gallon per min) = 3.78541 dm 3 /min.

Specific volume flow

GPM/(sq·ft) - gallon (G) per (P) minute (M)/(square (sq) · foot (ft)) - gallons per minute per square foot;
1 GPM/(sq ft) = 2445 l/(m 2 h) 1 l/(m 2 h) = 10 -3 m/h.
gpd - gallons per day - gallons per day (day); 1 gpd = 0.1577 dm 3 /h.
gpm - gallons per minute - gallons per minute; 1 gpm = 0.0026 dm 3 /min.
gps - gallons per second - gallons per second; 1 gps = 438 10 -6 dm 3 /s.

Consumption of sorbate (for example, Cl 2) when filtering through a layer of sorbent (for example, active carbon)

Gals/cu ft (gal/ft 3) - gallons/cubic foot (gallons per cubic foot); 1 Gals/cu ft = 0.13365 dm 3 per 1 dm 3 of sorbent.

The SI unit of measurement is N.

Pound-force; 1 lbf - 4.44822 N. (An analogue of the name of the unit of measurement: kilogram-force, kgf. 1 kgf = = 9.80665 N (exact). 1 lbf = 0.453592 (kg) 9.80665 N = = 4 .44822 N 1N=1 kg m/s 2
Poundal (English: poundal); 1 pdl = 0.138255 N. (Poundall is the force that gives a mass of one pound an acceleration of 1 ft/s 2, lb ft/ s 2.)

Specific gravity

The SI unit of measurement is N/m 3 .

lbf/ft 3 ; 1 lbf/ft 3 = 157.087 N/m 3.
Poundal/ft 3 ; 1 pdl/ft 3 = 4.87985 N/m 3.

SI unit of measurement - Pa, multiple units: MPa, kPa.

In their work, specialists continue to use outdated, canceled or previously optionally accepted units of pressure measurement: kgf/cm 2; bar; atm. (physical atmosphere); at(technical atmosphere); ata; ati; m water Art.; mmHg st; torr.

The following concepts are used: “absolute pressure”, “excess pressure”. There are errors when converting some pressure units into Pa and its multiples. It should be taken into account that 1 kgf/cm 2 is equal to 98066.5 Pa (exactly), that is, for small (up to approximately 14 kgf/cm 2) pressures with sufficient accuracy for work the following can be accepted: 1 Pa = 1 kg/(m s2) = 1 N/m2. 1 kgf/cm 2 ≈ 105 Pa = 0.1 MPa. But already at medium and high pressures: 24 kgf/cm 2 ≈ 23.5 105 Pa = 2.35 MPa; 40 kgf/cm2 ≈ 39 · 105 Pa = 3.9 MPa; 100 kgf/cm 2 ≈ 98 105 Pa = 9.8 MPa etc.

Ratios:

1 atm (physical) ≈ 101325 Pa ≈ 1.013 105 Pa ≈ ≈ 0.1 MPa.
1 at (technical) = 1 kgf/cm 2 = 980066.5 Pa ≈ ≈ 105 Pa ≈ 0.09806 MPa ≈ 0.1 MPa.
0.1 MPa ≈ 760 mm Hg. Art. ≈ 10 m water. Art. ≈ 1 bar.
1 Torr (tor) = 1 mm Hg. Art.
lbf/in 2 ; 1 lbf/in 2 = 6.89476 kPa (see below: PSI).
lbf/ft 2 ; 1 lbf/ft 2 = 47.8803 Pa.
lbf/yd 2 ; 1 lbf/yd 2 = 5.32003 Pa.
Poundal/ft 2 ; 1 pdl/ft 2 = 1.48816 Pa.
Foot water column; 1 ft H 2 O = 2.98907 kPa.
Inch of water column; 1 in H 2 O = 249.089 Pa.
Inch of mercury; 1 in Hg = 3.38639 kPa.
PSI (also psi) - pounds (P) per square (S) inch (I) - pounds per square inch; 1 PSI = 1 lbƒ/in 2 = 6.89476 kPa.

Sometimes in the literature the designation of the pressure unit lb/in 2 is found - this unit takes into account not lbƒ (pound-force), but lb (pound-mass). Therefore, in numerical terms, 1 lb/ in 2 is slightly different from 1 lbf/ in 2, since when determining 1 lbƒ it is taken into account: g = 9.80665 m/s 2 (at the latitude of London). 1 lb/in 2 = 0.454592 kg/(2.54 cm) 2 = 0.07046 kg/cm 2 = 7.046 kPa. Calculation of 1 lbƒ - see above. 1 lbf/in 2 = 4.44822 N/(2.54 cm) 2 = 4.44822 kg m/ (2.54 0.01 m) 2 s 2 = 6894.754 kg/ (m s 2) = 6894.754 Pa ≈ 6.895 kPa.

For practical calculations we can assume: 1 lbf/in 2 ≈ 1 lb/in 2 ≈ 7 kPa. But, in fact, equality is illegal, just like 1 lbƒ = 1 lb, 1 kgf = 1 kg. PSIg (psig) - same as PSI, but indicates gauge pressure; PSIa (psia) - the same as PSI, but emphasizes: absolute pressure; a - absolute, g - gauge (measure, size).

Water pressure

The SI unit of measurement is m.

Head in feet (feet-head); 1 ft hd = 0.3048 m

Pressure loss during filtration

PSI/ft - pounds (P) per square (S) inch (I)/foot (ft) - pounds per square inch/foot; 1 PSI/ft = 22.62 kPa per 1 m of filter layer.

WORK, ENERGY, QUANTITY OF HEAT

SI unit of measurement - Joule(named after the English physicist J.P. Joule).

1 J - mechanical work of force 1 N when moving a body over a distance of 1 m.
Newton (N) is the SI unit of force and weight; 1 Н is equal to the force imparting an acceleration of 1 m 2 /s to a body weighing 1 kg in the direction of the force. 1 J = 1 N m.

In heating engineering, they continue to use the abolished unit of measurement of the amount of heat - calorie (cal).

1 J (J) = 0.23885 cal. 1 kJ = 0.2388 kcal.
1 lbf ft (lbf ft) = 1.35582 J.
1 pdl ft (poundal feet) = 42.1401 mJ.
1 Btu (British Heat Unit) = 1.05506 kJ (1 kJ = 0.2388 kcal).
1 Therm (British large calorie) = 1 10 -5 Btu.

SI unit of measurement is Watt (W)- named after the English inventor J. Watt - mechanical power at which 1 J of work is performed in 1 s, or a heat flux equivalent to 1 W of mechanical power.

1 W (W) = 1 J/s = 0.859985 kcal/h (kcal / h).
1 lbf ft/s (lbf ft/s) = 1.33582 W.
1 lbf ft/min (lbf ft/min) = 22.597 mW.
1 lbf ft/h (lbf ft/h) = 376.616 µW.
1 pdl ft/s (poundal feet/s) = 42.1401 mW.
1 hp (British horsepower/s) = 745.7 W.
1 Btu/s (British Heat Unit/s) = 1055.06 W.
1 Btu/h (British Thermal Unit/h) = 0.293067 W.

Surface heat flux density

The SI unit is W/m2.

1 W/m2 (W/m2) = 0.859985 kcal/(m2 h) (kcal/(m2 h)).
1 Btu/(ft 2 h) = 2.69 kcal/(m 2 h) = 3.1546 kW/m 2.

Dynamic viscosity (viscosity coefficient), η.

SI unit - Pa s. 1 Pa s = 1 N s/m2;
non-systemic unit - poise (P). 1 P = 1 dyne s/m 2 = 0.1 Pa s.

Dina (dyn) - (from the Greek dynamic - strength). 1 dyne = 10 -5 N = 1 g cm/s 2 = 1.02 10 -6 kgf.
1 lbf h/ft 2 (lbf h/ft 2) = 172.369 kPa s.
1 lbf s / ft 2 (lbf s/ft 2) = 47.8803 Pa s.
1 pdl s / ft 2 (poundal-s/ft 2) = 1.48816 Pa s.
1 slug /(ft s) = 47.8803 Pa s. Slug (slug) is a technical unit of mass in English system measures

Kinematic viscosity, ν.

Unit of measurement in SI - m 2 /s; The unit cm 2 /s is called “Stokes” (named after the English physicist and mathematician J. G. Stokes).

Kinematic and dynamic viscosity are related by the equality: ν = η / ρ, where ρ is density, g/cm 3.

1 m 2 / s = Stokes / 104.
1 ft 2 /h (ft 2 /h) = 25.8064 mm 2 /s.
1 ft 2 /s (ft 2 /s) = 929.030 cm 2 /s.

Tension unit magnetic field in SI - A/m(Ammeter). Ampere (A) is the surname of the French physicist A.M. Ampere.

Previously, the Oersted unit (E) was used - named after the Danish physicist H.K. Oersted.
1 A/m (A/m, At/m) = 0.0125663 Oe (Oe)

The resistance to crushing and abrasion of mineral filter materials and, in general, of all minerals and rocks is indirectly determined using the Mohs scale (F. Mohs - German mineralogist).

In this scale, numbers in ascending order designate minerals arranged in such a way that each subsequent one is capable of leaving a scratch on the previous one. The extreme substances on the Mohs scale are talc (hardness unit 1, the softest) and diamond (10, the hardest).

Hardness 1-2.5 (drawn with a fingernail): volskonkoite, vermiculite, halite, gypsum, glauconite, graphite, clay materials, pyrolusite, talc, etc.
Hardness >2.5-4.5 (not drawn with a fingernail, but drawn with glass): anhydrite, aragonite, barite, glauconite, dolomite, calcite, magnesite, muscovite, siderite, chalcopyrite, chabazite, etc.
Hardness >4.5-5.5 (not drawn with glass, but drawn with a steel knife): apatite, vernadite, nepheline, pyrolusite, chabazite, etc.
Hardness >5.5-7.0 (not drawn with a steel knife, but drawn with quartz): vernadite, garnet, ilmenite, magnetite, pyrite, feldspars, etc.
Hardness >7.0 (not marked with quartz): diamond, garnets, corundum, etc.

The hardness of minerals and rocks can also be determined using the Knoop scale (A. Knoop - German mineralogist). In this scale, values are determined by the size of the imprint left on the mineral when a diamond pyramid is pressed into its sample under a certain load.

Ratios of indicators on the Mohs (M) and Knoop (K) scales:

SI unit of measurement - Bq(Becquerel, named after the French physicist A.A. Becquerel).

Bq (Bq) is a unit of activity of a nuclide in a radioactive source (isotope activity). 1 Bq is equal to the activity of a nuclide, at which one decay event occurs in 1 s.

Radioactivity concentration: Bq/m 3 or Bq/l.

Activity is the number of radioactive decays per unit time. The activity per unit mass is called specific.

Curie (Ku, Ci, Cu) is a unit of activity of a nuclide in a radioactive source (isotope activity). 1 Ku is the activity of an isotope in which 3.7000 · 1010 decay events occur in 1 s. 1 Ku = 3.7000 · 1010 Bq.
Rutherford (Рд, Rd) is an obsolete unit of activity of nuclides (isotopes) in radioactive sources, named after the English physicist E. Rutherford. 1 Rd = 1 106 Bq = 1/37000 Ci.

Radiation dose

Radiation dose - energy ionizing radiation, absorbed by the irradiated substance and calculated per unit of its mass (absorbed dose). The dose accumulates over time of exposure. Dose rate ≡ Dose/time.

SI unit of absorbed dose - Gray (Gy, Gy). The extrasystemic unit is Rad, corresponding to the radiation energy of 100 erg absorbed by a substance weighing 1 g.

Erg (erg - from the Greek: ergon - work) is a unit of work and energy in the non-recommended GHS system.

1 erg = 10 -7 J = 1.02 10 -8 kgf m = 2.39 10 -8 cal = 2.78 10 -14 kW h.
1 rad = 10 -2 Gr.
1 rad (rad) = 100 erg/g = 0.01 Gy = 2.388 · 10 -6 cal/g = 10 -2 J/kg.

Kerma (abbreviated English: kinetic energy released in matter) - kinetic energy, released in a substance, is measured in grays.

The equivalent dose is determined by comparing the nuclide radiation with X-ray radiation. The radiation quality factor (K) shows how many times the radiation hazard in the case of chronic human exposure (in relatively small doses) for a given type of radiation is greater than in the case of x-ray radiation at the same absorbed dose. For X-ray and γ-radiation K = 1. For all other types of radiation K is established according to radiobiological data.

Deq = Dpogl · K.

SI unit of absorbed dose - 1 Sv(Sievert) = 1 J/kg = 102 rem.

BER (rem, ri - until 1963 was defined as the biological equivalent of an x-ray) - a unit of equivalent dose of ionizing radiation.
X-ray (P, R) - unit of measurement, exposure dose of X-ray and γ-radiation. 1 P = 2.58 10 -4 C/kg.
Coulomb (C) is an SI unit, amount of electricity, electric charge. 1 rem = 0.01 J/kg.

Equivalent dose rate - Sv/s.

Permeability of porous media (including rocks and minerals)

Darcy (D) - named after the French engineer A. Darcy, darsy (D) · 1 D = 1.01972 µm 2.

1 D is the permeability of such a porous medium, when filtering through a sample with an area of 1 cm 2, a thickness of 1 cm and a pressure drop of 0.1 MPa, the flow rate of a liquid with a viscosity of 1 cP is equal to 1 cm 3 /s.

Sizes of particles, grains (granules) of filter materials according to SI and standards of other countries

In the USA, Canada, Great Britain, Japan, France and Germany, grain sizes are estimated in meshes (eng. mesh - hole, cell, network), that is, by the number (number) of holes per inch of the finest sieve through which they can pass grains And the effective grain diameter is the hole size in microns. In recent years, US and UK mesh systems have been used more frequently.

The relationship between the units of measurement of grain sizes (granules) of filter materials according to SI and standards of other countries:

Mass fraction

Mass fraction shows what mass amount of a substance is contained in 100 parts by mass of a solution. Units of measurement: fractions of a unit; interest (%); ppm (‰); parts per million (ppm).

Solution concentration and solubility

The concentration of a solution must be distinguished from solubility - the concentration of a saturated solution, which is expressed by the mass amount of a substance in 100 parts by mass of a solvent (for example, g/100 g).

Volume concentration

Volume concentration is the mass amount of a dissolved substance in a certain volume of solution (for example: mg/l, g/m3).

Molar concentration

Molar concentration is the number of moles of a given substance dissolved in a certain volume of solution (mol/m3, mmol/l, µmol/ml).

Molal concentration

Molal concentration is the number of moles of a substance contained in 1000 g of solvent (mol/kg).

Normal solution

A solution is called normal if it contains one equivalent of a substance per unit volume, expressed in mass units: 1H = 1 mg eq/l = 1 mmol/l (indicating the equivalent of a specific substance).

Equivalent

Equivalent equal to the ratio part of the mass of an element (substance) that adds or replaces one atomic mass of hydrogen or half in a chemical compound atomic mass oxygen, to 1/12 the mass of carbon 12. Thus, the equivalent of an acid is equal to its molecular weight, expressed in grams, divided by the basicity (the number of hydrogen ions); base equivalent - molecular mass, divided by acidity (the number of hydrogen ions, and for inorganic bases - divided by the number of hydroxyl groups); salt equivalent - molecular weight divided by the sum of charges (valence of cations or anions); the equivalent of a compound participating in redox reactions is the quotient of the molecular weight of the compound divided by the number of electrons accepted (donated) by an atom of the reducing (oxidizing) element.

Relationships between units of measurement of the concentration of solutions
(Formula for transition from one expression of solution concentrations to another):

Accepted designations:

ρ - solution density, g/cm 3 ;
m is the molecular weight of the dissolved substance, g/mol;
E is the equivalent mass of a solute, that is, the amount of substance in grams that interacts in a given reaction with one gram of hydrogen or corresponds to the transition of one electron.

According to GOST 8.417-2002 The unit of quantity of a substance is established: mole, multiples and submultiples ( kmol, mmol, µmol).

The SI unit of measurement for hardness is mmol/l; µmol/l.

IN different countries Often the canceled water hardness units continue to be used:

Russia and CIS countries - mEq/l, mcg-eq/l, g-eq/m 3 ;
Germany, Austria, Denmark and some other countries of the Germanic group of languages - 1 German degree - (Н° - Harte - hardness) ≡ 1 part CaO/100 thousand parts water ≡ 10 mg CaO/l ≡ 7.14 mg MgO/ l ≡ 17.9 mg CaCO 3 /l ≡ 28.9 mg Ca(HCO 3) 2 /l ≡ 15.1 mg MgCO 3 /l ≡ 0.357 mmol/l.
1 French degree ≡ 1 hour CaCO 3 /100 thousand parts water ≡ 10 mg CaCO 3 /l ≡ 5.2 mg CaO/l ≡ 0.2 mmol/l.
1 English degree ≡ 1 grain/1 gallon of water ≡ 1 part CaCO 3 /70 thousand parts water ≡ 0.0648 g CaCO 3 /4.546 l ≡ 100 mg CaCO3 /7 l ≡ 7.42 mg CaO/l ≡ 0.285 mmol /l. Sometimes the English degree of hardness is denoted Clark.
1 American degree ≡ 1 part CaCO 3 /1 million part water ≡ 1 mg CaCO 3 /l ≡ 0.52 mg CaO/l ≡ 0.02 mmol/l.

Here: part - part; the conversion of degrees into their corresponding amounts of CaO, MgO, CaCO 3, Ca(HCO 3) 2, MgCO 3 is shown as examples mainly for German degrees; Dimensions of degrees are tied to calcium-containing compounds, since calcium in the composition of hardness ions is usually 75-95%, in rare cases - 40-60%. Numbers are generally rounded to the second decimal place.

The relationship between water hardness units:

1 mmol/l = 1 mg eq/l = 2.80°H (German degrees) = 5.00 French degrees = 3.51 English degrees = 50.04 American degrees.

A new unit of measurement of water hardness is the Russian degree of hardness - °Zh, defined as the concentration of an alkaline earth element (mainly Ca 2+ and Mg 2+), numerically equal to ½ its mole in mg/dm 3 (g/m 3).

Alkalinity units are mmol, µmol.

The SI unit of electrical conductivity is µS/cm.

The electrical conductivity of solutions and its inverse electrical resistance characterize the mineralization of solutions, but only the presence of ions. When measuring electrical conductivity, nonionic substances cannot be taken into account. organic matter, neutral suspended impurities, interference that distorts the results - gases, etc. It is impossible by calculation to accurately find the correspondence between the values of specific electrical conductivity and the dry residue or even the sum of all separately determined substances of the solution, since in natural water different ions have different specific electrical conductivity, which simultaneously depends on the mineralization of the solution and its temperature. To establish such a dependence, it is necessary to experimentally establish the relationship between these quantities for each specific object several times a year.

1 µS/cm = 1 MΩ cm; 1 S/m = 1 Ohm m.

For pure solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl) in distillate, the approximate ratio is:

1 µS/cm ≈ 0.5 mg NaCl/l.

The same ratio (approximately), taking into account the above reservations, can be accepted for most natural waters with mineralization up to 500 mg/l (all salts are converted to NaCl).

When mineralization of natural water is 0.8-1.5 g/l, you can take:

1 µS/cm ≈ 0.65 mg salts/l,

and with mineralization - 3-5 g/l:

1 µS/cm ≈ 0.8 mg salts/l.

Content of suspended impurities in water, transparency and turbidity of water

Water turbidity is expressed in units:

JTU (Jackson Turbidity Unit) - Jackson turbidity unit;
FTU (Formasin Turbidity Unit, also designated EMF) - unit of turbidity for formazin;
NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit) - nephelometric turbidity unit.

It is impossible to give an exact ratio of turbidity units to suspended solids content. For each series of determinations, it is necessary to construct a calibration graph that allows you to determine the turbidity of the analyzed water in comparison with the control sample.

As a rough guide: 1 mg/l (suspended solids) ≡ 1-5 NTU units.

If the clouding mixture (diatomaceous earth) has a particle size of 325 mesh, then: 10 units. NTU ≡ 4 units JTU.

GOST 3351-74 and SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 equate to 1.5 units. NTU (or 1.5 mg/l for silica or kaolin) 2.6 units. FTU (EMF).

The relationship between font transparency and haze:

The relationship between transparency along the “cross” (in cm) and turbidity (in mg/l):

The SI unit of measurement is mg/l, g/m3, μg/l.

In the USA and some other countries, mineralization is expressed in relative units (sometimes in grains per gallon, gr/gal):

ppm (parts per million) - part per million (1 · 10 -6) of a unit; sometimes ppm (parts per mille) also means a thousandth (1 · 10 -3) of a unit;
ppb - (parts per billion) billionth (billionth) fraction (1 · 10 -9) of a unit;
ppt - (parts per trillion) trillionth part (1 · 10 -12) unit;
‰ - ppm (also used in Russia) - thousandth (1 · 10 -3) of a unit.

The relationship between the units of measurement of mineralization: 1 mg/l = 1ppm = 1 10 3 ppb = 1 10 6 ppt = 1 10 -3 ‰ = 1 10 -4%; 1 gr/gal = 17.1 ppm = 17.1 mg/l = 0.142 lb/1000 gal.

For measuring the salinity of salt waters, brines and salinity of condensates It is more correct to use units: mg/kg. In laboratories, water samples are measured by volume, not mass fractions, therefore, in most cases it is advisable to refer the amount of impurities to a liter. But for large or very small values of mineralization the error will be sensitive.

According to SI, volume is measured in dm 3, but measurement is also allowed in liters, because 1 l = 1.000028 dm 3. Since 1964 1 l is equal to 1 dm 3 (exactly).

For salt waters and brines salinity units are sometimes used in degrees Baume(for mineralization >50 g/kg):

1°Be corresponds to a solution concentration equal to 1% in terms of NaCl.
1% NaCl = 10 g NaCl/kg.

Dry and calcined residue

Dry and calcined residues are measured in mg/l. The dry residue does not fully characterize the mineralization of the solution, since the conditions for its determination (boiling, drying the solid residue in an oven at a temperature of 102-110 ° C to constant weight) distort the result: in particular, part of the bicarbonates (conventionally accepted - half) decomposes and evaporates in the form of CO 2.

Decimal multiples and submultiples of quantities

Decimal multiples and submultiple units of measurement of quantities, as well as their names and designations, should be formed using the factors and prefixes given in the table:

(based on materials from the site https://aqua-therm.ru/).

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