Feudal fiefdom and rent in medieval Europe. Feudal fiefdom and rent in medieval Europe Federal fiefdom in medieval England
Patrimony - highest form feudal land tenure - patrimony, seigneury, manor (in England). The fiefdom was productively organized to collect feudal rent. Feudal land rent is part of the surplus labor, the product of dependent peasants, which was appropriated by the feudal landowner. Feudal rent was an economic mechanism for the realization of the feudal lord's land ownership.
As a rule, it was divided into a master's economy (domain) and peasant holdings. Within the borders of Europe, its owner (who had the right of immunity) had administrative and judicial power and the right to levy taxes.
In feudal society, rent came in three forms:
1) corvee, or labor rent;
2) food rent, or quitrent in kind;
3) cash rent, or cash rent.
At different stages of 12 centuries of feudalism, one or another type of rent prevailed. At the beginning of feudalism, labor rent was the most common, almost simultaneously with it quitrent in kind and later cash rent appeared.
In the early Middle Ages, when feudal lords conducted a dominant economy in their estates, the corvee system of farming and the associated quitrent in kind, or food rent, prevailed. In classical and late feudalism in most Western countries. and Center. In Europe, along with labor and food rent, the third type of rent, cash rent, or money rent, begins to predominate. The emergence of money was caused by the growth of cities as centers of craft and trade and the formalization of commodity-money relations. The sale of rent in products and, especially, cash rent undermined the corvée economy. Feudal money rent is being replaced by the capitalist form of rent. In some Western countries. In Europe, towards the end of feudalism, the corvée economy was revived, and in other countries this economic system was curtailed, because the feudal landowner himself stopped working on his farm, and in these farms two types of rent remained; quitrent in kind and feudal money rent.
This situation, when the landowner refused to run his own farm and lived on rent, is especially typical for France and for countries with strong royal power and an extensive court staff. For the sake of a brilliant career at the royal court, feudal lords abandoned their estates and rushed from the deep outback to Paris, thereby changing their social status. With the constant absence of the feudal lord, the peasant became more and more independent, felt like a master, worked more, and his farm prospered.
Northern neighbors of the Roman Empire: Germans, Celts, Slavs.
Of all the numerous barbarian tribes that lived north of the Roman Empire, three main ethnic groups stand out, which played a major role in the Great Migration and the death of the Roman Empire, as well as in the formation of feudal medieval Europe.
Celts
The system of these tribes differed from the socio-economic system of the Roman Empire. The Celts lived in a primitive communal way of life. By the 5th century Primitive communal relations were transformed and underwent significant decomposition, but were not completely eliminated. Tribal relations were preserved, as well as public ownership of the main means of production - land. Rome had to wage a stubborn and difficult struggle with these tribes for many centuries. As a result of the victories of the Roman army big number territories inhabited by barbarians turned into colonies. Like other tribes, the Celts served as a source work force for Roman latifundia, which required a huge number of workers.
Rome encountered the Celts earlier than other barbarian tribes. The Celts inhabited a vast area in Western Europe in the middle and second half of the 1st millennium BC. They occupied the territory of modern Germany, modern France (Gallo-Celts), Spain (Celt-Iberians), as well as Ireland (eras, or airs, and Scots) and Britain (Britons); in addition, they occupied the territory of modern Switzerland (Helvetii) and modern Northern Italy (Cisalpine Gaul). In Asia Minor, the Celts formed the state of Galatia.
The Celts left their mark on modern world. They owe, in particular, to geography. Whole line geographical names Europe has Celtic origins. The names of the rivers - Rhine and Danube, mountains - Alps, and countries - Switzerland (Helvetia) - are of Celtic origin.
For centuries, the mere name of the Celts-Gauls terrified the Romans. At the beginning of the 4th century. BC. The Gauls invaded Central Italy, reached Rome and burned it. Under Emperor Maria at the end of the 2nd century. BC. there was an invasion Cimbri And Teutons. These tribes were partly Gallic and partly Germanic. Their invasion forced the empire to strain all its forces to the limit to repel the Cimbri and Teutones. The Roman legions managed to push back the barbarian troops from their borders. In the II century. BC. The Romans conquered part of Gaul, which from then on received the name Narbonne Gaul.
IN 58 BC appears in Gaul with his legions Guy Julius Caesar, who has already undertaken the conquest of all Transalpine Gaul. The Celts were driven out by Germanic tribes from the territory of modern West Germany, and the border between the Celtic and Germanic tribes lay along the river Rhine. In contrast to other Celtic tribes (for example, in Britain or Ireland), the tribal system of the Gauls began to disintegrate even before their conquest by the Romans. They had a rich and powerful nobility, which Caesar called horsemen. Horsemen had a significant, well-armed squad, as well as numerous slaves, land, and acquired more and more power in their tribes. Gallic community members became dependent on the nobility.
In the religion of the Celts-Gauls, the generic features of their social system can be traced. The Celts-Gauls developed a strong and powerful priesthood - Druids. The Druids were rich, influential, and often acted as arbiters in inter-tribal conflicts. The Druids were pagans in their religious views; they deified nature and elemental forces. Deifying nature, they studied it. Druids were skilled healers. The Druidic cult knew sacrifices (human, animal). The Druids were astronomers: their megalithic structures made it possible to observe and calculate the movement of the stars.
The Roman conquest of Gaul led to its early Romanization. The Romans introduced their own rules into Gaul: Roman land ownership, slavery, culture. Numerous Gallo-Romans appear cities, built by Roman architects and Roman workers (using Gallic labor). Before this, the barbarians had no cities. Gaul was crossed in all directions by beautiful Roman highways. After the conquest, the Gauls willingly made contact with the Romans, adopting their customs and Roman life; the Gallic nobility were especially successful in this. The Gauls began to wear Roman clothing. In comparatively short term Gaul became Romanized province of Rome closely associated with Italy.
In the 1st century BC. was conquered by the Romans under Emperor Augustus The Iberian Peninsula, whose population also underwent Romanization. But in Spain this process was less profound than in Gaul. The Iberian Celts resisted Romanization. The Basques who lived in the north of the Iberian Peninsula especially valued their independence. They desperately resisted both the Roman invasion and subsequent Romanization.
In the middle of the 1st century, under Emperor Claudius, it was conquered by the Romans. Britannia. The conquest of Britain began with Caesar himself, when he created Transalpine Gaul. Roman legions entered Britain, but in small numbers. The remoteness of Britain from Rome did not allow sending numerous legions there. Britain was partially conquered. Significant parts of it (modern Scotland, Ireland, Wales) were not part of the Roman possessions. For these reasons, Romanization here was even weaker than in the Iberian Peninsula. In addition, the conquest of Britain was temporary: at the beginning of the 5th century. Roman legions were withdrawn from British territory, and for some time the British Celts regained their former independence.
The Celts played an important role in the formation of medieval Europe. The Celtic tribes were the first to offer stubborn resistance to the Romans, although for the most part they eventually submitted to them. It was the Celts who were subject to the longest and deepest Roman influence. Through the Celtic tribes, Roman civilization reached the most distant borders of Europe. The Celts inherited some features of the clan system, in particular clan land ownership, to the new feudal system. This was especially evident in Ireland, Scotland and French Brittany.
A number of ethnic and linguistic elements passed from the Celts to many peoples of Western Europe: the French, Irish, English, Spaniards - although in the formation of these peoples, after some time, other tribes, mainly Germanic, would play a large role.
Despite the fact that the Celtic tribes were so closely associated with the Roman Empire and were largely Romanized, and moreover, Christianized, despite all this they maintained a hostile attitude towards the Roman conquerors, and when the Great Migration began, the Celts took the most active participation in the defeat of the empire.
When Britain was freed from Roman rule, another territory on the continent seceded from Rome - a peninsula in northwestern Gaul, which at that time was called Armorica, and then became known as Brittany, a name that is still retained in France.
The northern territories of the Iberian Peninsula also stood on the verge of liberation from Rome as a result of the stubborn struggle of their population, but the Great Migration played a final role in this process.
Germans
More is known about these tribes than about the Celts. The first source that historians use when studying Germanic tribes is "Notes on the Gallic War" Julius Caesar (work completed in 50 BC).
In his work, Caesar conveyed in detail and colorfully the life of the Germans. 150 years later, another famous Roman historian, Tacitus, who wrote the work “Germania,” wrote about the Germans. Pliny, Plutarch and many other famous ancient authors also wrote about the Germans. From their writings it is known that the Germans lived between the Rhine in the west, the Vistula in the east, the Baltic and North Seas in the north, and the Alps and Danube in the south. Numerous Germanic tribes lived in Scandinavia.
From the very beginning these tribes were divided into West and East Germans, a division that continues to this day.
This is probably not accidental: the differences between them were quite significant. The border between the western and eastern Germanic tribes was the Elbe River. From the Germanic tribes that had in the time of Caesar and Tacitus highest value , most often mentioned Suevi
The Germans, namely the Sueves, about whom Caesar was the first to write, differed from the social structure of the time when Tacitus wrote about them. Caesar and Tacitus, complementing each other, left invaluable information about the life of the Germanic tribes. At the time of Caesar, the Germanic tribes had not yet transitioned to full sedentary life. Their agriculture was primitive and of a crudely agricultural nature. The fields were loosened superficially, grains were thrown into the ground in handfuls at random, and a year later, when the harvest was harvested, the tribe left this territory. that in his time the land of the German tribes was not a matter of private property, but belonged to the community. This communal ownership of land would continue until the time of Tacitus, i.e. 150 years later, although by that time all aspects of the existence of the Germanic tribes had undergone serious changes. These tribes were semi-sedentary or nomadic, and they played an important role cattle breeding. Caesar's Notes say that the Germans do not eat bread, but milk, cheese and meat.
As for power, not all Germanic tribes in the era of Caesar had royalty. Among those tribes where it was, it was temporary and purely military in nature: kings were elected only during the war, and in times of peace they were not needed. In peacetime, the Germanic tribes were ruled by tribal elders and leaders - principles, as Caesar called them.
Tacitus has a different picture. Over the course of 150 years, the Germanic tribes reached a new level of development. Tacitus writes about them as settled tribes with their own settlements, villages, and hamlets. They are engaged in agriculture and for this they clear wastelands and cut down forests. The Germans of the era of Tacitus have heavy plow. They developed three main types of craft for this time: blacksmithing, pottery And weaving. The Germans also mine iron. They still do not have private ownership of land, and the clan and tribe remain the supreme administrator of the land. But new elements of the economy are already beginning to form, and individual land use is emerging. Tacitus notes that it appears because a layer of people begins to form who stand out among other relatives by their dignity, i.e. the source of individual land use, which, according to Tacitus, is the individual dignity of a particular member of the tribe. This can be seen as a harbinger of new relationships emerging among the Germanic tribes.
Tribal system both under Caesar and under Tacitus he played a huge role among the Germans. The clan organization controlled the land. In battles, relatives lined up next to each other and fought shoulder to shoulder. They retained family revenge, and it was legitimized by custom: not to avenge the murder of a relative was considered a disgrace for the entire clan. In the presence of relatives, marriages were concluded, a young German was declared an adult, acquired property was alienated, and court cases were examined. At the family meeting, all aspects of life were discussed.
However, during the time of Tacitus, the tribal system of the Germanic ethnos showed signs of its decay. The clan nobility is acquiring more and more wealth and more and more power, polarization occurs between the nobility (nobilitas) and ordinary members of the clan (plebs). The nobility had the best lands and used a large number of slaves. At this time, slaves were mainly supplied by wars. Compared to Roman slavery, which was plantation in nature, German slavery had patriarchal features. After a certain period of time, the Germans freed the prisoner of war slave and gave him land on which he could run his own farm. This is how a layer of “slaves with huts”, or quitrent slaves, appeared. “Slaves with huts” had to pay their master a rent in food.
The power of the tribal nobility among the Germans was also based on the development of military affairs. Noble people, as a rule, had large squads and waged wars with neighboring Germanic and non-Germanic tribes. As a result of these constant wars, the nobility and warriors gradually became professional warriors. War booty and the capture of prisoners were a source of enrichment for the military nobility, which was thus formed into a special privileged class. Already in the time of Tacitus, the military nobility sought to make their power hereditary, passing it on from father to son. However, ordinary German warriors, who made up the bulk of the army, continued to play a certain role in the life of the tribe. They gathered during military councils, and when the leader proposed this or that plan to them, they had to express their approval or censure by rattling weapons and shouting. This structure was inherent to all peoples at a certain stage of development - all barbarians, without exception, as well as the ancient Greeks (as evidenced by Homer) and, at a certain historical period, the same system was inherent in the ancient Romans.
The underdeveloped class relations of the ancient Germans is indicated by the domestic patriarchal nature of their religion. According to religious views, the Germans were pagans. The Germans did not have such a powerful priesthood as the Celts, although they also had a priesthood. The Germans had neither special sanctuaries nor complex cult rituals, like the Celts. They still deified the elemental forces of nature: the sun, thunder, lightning, earth - everything that played a huge role in the life of the primitive farmer. But over time, the Germans begin to anthropomorphize nature, gods appear: the warlike Odin, his wife the goddess Freya, and others. In the 11th-12th centuries. complex mythology developed among the Scandinavian tribes.
Relations between the Germans and their southern neighbors, the Romans, were quite complex. They cannot be reduced only to relations of hostility, although it is precisely this that comes to the fore. The first serious clashes took place during Julius Caesar, except for the invasion of the Cimbri and Teutones in 102-101 BC. Caesar repulsed the Suevian king Ariovistus, and then, to intimidate the Germans, he crossed to the other side of the Rhine. Under Augustus, part of the Trans-Rhine lands between the Rhine and Weser were conquered. In 9 AD the defeat of Varus Teutoburg Forest stopped the advance of the Roman legions to the north. From this time on, the Romans limited themselves mainly to defense. They fortify themselves on the banks of the Rhine and Danube. Between the Rhine and the Danube, the so-called Roman wall, 500 km long, was built, in its own way strategic purpose and a scale reminiscent of the Great Wall of China. The fortifications of the Romans held back the invasions of the Germanic tribes for some time. However, in the 2nd century. The persistent onslaught of Germanic tribes on the territory of the Roman Empire begins, which was already of a more serious nature. In the second half of the 2nd century, for 15 years, Marcomannic War(165-180) in the Danube lands.
Quads And Marcomanni invaded Northern Italy, from where they were driven out with great difficulty. At the same time, the Romans began to look for new opportunities for cooperation and alliance with the Germanic tribes. The Roman government allocates for them certain territories within the empire, on which the Quadi and Marcomanni settled as federate allies. These lands were located between the Upper Rhine and the Upper Danube (on the Roman side of the Roman rampart) and were called Tithe fields. There is an assumption that this name comes from the tax that the federal allies of the Roman Empire paid.
In the middle of the 3rd century, when the Roman Empire was experiencing a particularly acute social and political crisis, part of the West German tribes: Franks, Suevi and others crossed the Rhine, i.e. Roman border. In the second half of the 2nd and during the 3rd centuries. significant movements occurred among the East Germanic tribes. One of the most powerful East German tribal groups, goths, passed from north to south, into the Danube basin, captured part of the territory of Dacia and spread to the Black Sea region, settling there after heavy battles with the Slavs. Here the Goths remained for about 150 years, living among the Slavs, the Eastern Sarmatian tribes. In the Black Sea region, the Goths formed two powerful multi-tribal political alliances. By their type these were pre-state formations - Visigothic Kingdom on the lower Danube and Ostrogothic kingdom in the lower Dnieper basin. Thus, the Goths reached directly the borders of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Slavs
The word "Slavs" was used by Byzantine writers quite often in the 6th century. However, the Slavic tribes were known to Roman and Greek authors much earlier. News about the Slavs from ancient authors appears almost simultaneously with news about the ancient Germans. Tacitus, Pliny, Ptolemy more than once mentioned the Wends living east of the Germans, on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea. In the IV-VI centuries. Along with the names “Vends” and “Slavs”, new names of Slavic tribes began to appear: Getae and Antes. The Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea (mid-6th century) calls the Slavs “Sclavinians” and “Ants”. The Sklavins, according to Procopius of Caesarea, occupied a significant territory on the Danube, the Antes lived east of the Dniester. Already in the first centuries new era The Slavs, of all the barbarian tribes, occupied perhaps the largest territories. Their territory in the north began at the Baltic Sea, in the south it ended at the Danube, in the west their border ran from the Danube to the Dnieper and further east to the Oka.
The social system of the Slavs, described by Byzantine writers Prokripius of Caesarea and Mauritius (late 6th - early 7th centuries), is characterized by tribal relations. The Slavs lived in tribes and clans, clans were made up of large families. Byzantine writers call clan elders in Greek archons or phylarchs. Philarchs and archons had large squads. Procopius and Mauritius noted that the Slavs wage frequent wars, including in the Balkans.
Being at the same stage of development as the Germanic tribes, the Slavs still retained a military-tribal system with elements of military democracy, veche, etc. - something that was inherent in all barbarian tribes that lived north of the Roman Empire. Procopius and Mauritius celebrate whole line positive traits in the character of the Slavs, for example, their love of freedom and hospitality, as well as the fact that they do not keep captives taken into slavery, but after some time they release them, while offering them to remain in the clan and allocating a separate household. According to Procopius and Mauritius, the Slavs are very hospitable, and this quality has even become a proverb among the inhabitants Byzantine Empire. The Slavs strive for friendly relations with their neighbors, but at the same time they are characterized by some touchiness; they perceive unfriendly attitude towards themselves very painfully and respond to its manifestation with military campaigns.
Procopius and Mauritius note the very high military qualities of the Slavs, physically very strong and large people, as well as their penchant for all kinds of military tricks (ambushes, etc.). Once on the territory of Byzantium, the Slavs quickly mastered the Byzantine military equipment and soon learned to besiege and take fortified cities. The Slavs used single-tree boats and made long sea voyages and trips.
Unlike the Germanic tribes, the main occupation of the Slavs was agriculture. During the period described by Mauritius and Procopius, they sowed mainly barley and millet, and also raised livestock. They also knew many households crafts. Those Slavs who lived in the Vistula and upper Dnieper basin (in the area of modern Smolensk), along with agriculture, paid great attention to cattle breeding, fishing and forestry - hunting and beekeeping.
Like the ancient Celts and Germans, the Slavs were pagans who deified the forces of nature (the sky god Svarog, the god of thunder and lightning Perun, the god of cattle breeding Veles, the goddess of fertility Zhiva, etc.). Deifying nature in all its manifestations, the Slavs populated their world with many small deities and worshiped them: their reservoirs were inhabited by mermaids and mermans, their forests were inhabited by forest deities, and a brownie certainly lived in every dwelling. In the first centuries of the new era, the Slavs did not have the institution of priesthood, unlike the Celts.
Relations between the Slavic and Germanic tribes were complex, they constantly fluctuated from hostility to peace and from peace to hostility. These relationships are colorfully reflected in the “Acts of the Saxons” by Widukind of Corvey.
How Celtic, Germanic Tribes, Slavs Played a Large Role in the Downfall ancient world(Roman Empire), which was already on the verge of destruction, and in the creation of a new system, the system of medieval feudal Europe. The very movement of the Germanic tribes from east to west, which marked the beginning of the Great Migration of Peoples, was partly the result of the Slavic onslaught on the Germanic tribes, as the Gothic historian Jordan writes about in detail. The Slavs began to displace the Germans from their ancestral lands along the Vistula, Oder and the southern coast of the Baltic, and settled there themselves, while the Germanic tribes went west. Many Slavic tribes went with them, thus taking part in the Great Migration of Peoples in the 4th-6th centuries. Many southern Slavic tribes moved with the Visigoths and Ostrogoths.
In the VI-VII centuries. the Slavs moved further west from the Vistula and Elbe and occupied territories further and further south, approaching the borders of the Roman Empire. Soon, numerous Slavic invasions of Byzantine territory began, and eventually the Slavs settled there in large numbers. The Slavic ethnic group became second (after the Greek) in the Balkans, on the coast and on many islands of the Aegean Sea. From here the Slavs moved further east, they settled in Syria and other territories of the Middle East.
What is a feudal estate and a feudal estate? and got the best answer
Answer from Vlad Ustelyomov[guru]
Feudal estate is a type of economic and land relations in medieval Europe that developed under the feudal system. A typical feudal estate was a large house or castle surrounded by fields, small houses, pastures and forests. Feudal estates were completely self-sufficient. Surplus goods and products were exchanged for other goods that were in short supply. Over time, market relations in cities developed more and more, and feudal estates became more specialized, since producing several goods of the same type is much more efficient than trying to provide yourself with everything you need.
The patrimony differed in economic structure (depending on the role of the domain, the type of feudal duties of the peasants), in size, and in the social affiliation of the votchinniki (secular, including royal, church).
Source: History of Feudalism
Answer from Artyom Sotskov[newbie]
Feudal estate is a type of economic and land relations in medieval Europe that developed under the feudal system. A typical feudal estate was a large house or castle surrounded by fields, small houses, pastures and forests. Feudal estates were completely self-sufficient. Surplus goods and products were exchanged for other goods that were in short supply. Over time, market relations in cities developed more and more, and feudal estates became more specialized, since producing several goods of the same type is much more efficient than trying to provide yourself with everything you need.
Feudal estate is land ownership that belongs to the feudal lord hereditarily (from the word “father”) with the right to sell, pledge, or donate. The estate was a complex consisting of landed property (land, buildings and equipment) and rights to dependent peasants. Synonyms for fiefdom are allod, bockland.
Since the 8th-9th centuries, patrimony has been the dominant form of land ownership in most countries of Western Europe. In the process of forming the estate, a coercive apparatus was created (court, administration, and so on). The peasants retained their communal organization (community, commune, almenda), which, along with the obligatory hereditary nature of ownership, distinguished the patrimony from the benefice, manor and estate.
The patrimony varied in economic structure (depending on the role of the domain, the type of feudal duties of the peasants), in size, and in social affiliation
Answer from 3 answers[guru]
Manor (English manor, from Latin maneo - staying, living)
the name of a feudal fief in medieval England. Although M. arose before the Norman conquest of England in 1066 (See Norman conquest of England 1066), its spread and mainly unification throughout the country occurred already in the Norman era. “Typical” M. consisted of two parts: a domain - the land on which the lord’s own farm was conducted, and the land of the serf holders (villans) and freeholders (freeholders). In addition, M. included communal lands, which were largely in communal use, but were already considered the property of Lord M. The Villans constituted the absolutely predominant layer in such M. Their labor service to the lord was the basis of the domain economy, and the rent in kind not only satisfied the needs of the lord, but was also taken to the market by him; their jurisdiction of the manorial curia is the basis of the lord's jurisdiction; they were subject to the banal rights of a lord (see Banality). M.'s management was carried out by his ministerials (the so-called stewards - managers). Manorialism combined all forms of seigneurial dependence: personal, land, judicial, etc. By the end of the 13th century, small and medium-sized magistrates predominated. The decomposition of the manorial system, which occurred under the influence of the development of commodity-money relations, was accompanied by the gradual emancipation of villans and commutation (See .Commutation) corvée; domain land was either leased to one large tenant, or was divided into small plots, which were rented to small peasant tenants. IN late Middle Ages M. remained a traditional shell, the real relations in which took on a completely new, bourgeois character. In the 18th century, capitalism finally disappeared, giving way to capitalist forms of land ownership, which did not, however, eliminate the actual land monopoly of landlords, which became the basis of the modern system of landlordism. Lit.: Vinogradov P. G., Research on social history England in the Middle Ages, M., 1887; Vinogradoff P., The villainy in England, Oxf., 1892; by him, The growth of the manor, 2 ed., L., 1911; Petrushevsky D.M., The Rebellion of Wat Tyler, 4th ed., M., 1937; Kosminsky E. A., Studies on the agrarian history of England in the 13th century, M. - L., 1947; Barg M. A., Studies on the history of English feudalism XI - XIII centuries, M., 1962; Maitland F. W., Domesday book and beyond, Camb., 1907. M. A. Barg.
Big Soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
Synonyms:See what "Manor" is in other dictionaries:
- (English manor from Latin maneo I stay, live), feudal fiefdom (see PATRIOT) in medieval England. The manor dates back to the 11th century, but its spread and unification throughout the country occurred after the Norman Conquest (see... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
The name of a feudal estate in medieval England. The manor arose even before the Norman conquest of England in 1066. With its spread within the country, it consisted of the domain of the lord’s own economy and the land of the holders of serfs (villans) and free... ... Historical Dictionary
Votchina Dictionary of Russian synonyms. manor noun, number of synonyms: 1 patrimony (7) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary
MANOR- in the Middle Ages, an estate that was in the possession of an aristocratic feudal lord and produced products to satisfy the basic vital needs of its inhabitants. M. functioned not for the purpose of generating income, but to maintain basic... ... Legal encyclopedia
A medieval manor owned by an aristocratic feudal lord that produced food to meet the basic needs of its inhabitants. The manor functioned not for the purpose of generating income, but to maintain basic... Collier's Encyclopedia
The request for "Manor" is redirected here; see also other meanings. Rough plan medieval manor Manor (English manor ... Wikipedia
Ehud Manor (Hebrew: אהוד מנור [Ehud Manor]) (July 13, 1941 April 12, 2005) is an outstanding Israeli songwriter. Ehud Manor was born in Binyamin in 1941. Graduated from Tel Aviv University, where he studied art history, second academic... ... Wikipedia
- (English manor) feudal estate in medieval England. New dictionary foreign words. by EdwART, 2009. manor [eng. manor] - a feudal estate in medieval England. Big dictionary foreign words. Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
The economy of the Middle Ages closely correlates with the development of feudalism and, accordingly, the evolution of feudal property. Within the framework of this essay, we will consider the essence and mechanism of feudal estates and rent in Medieval Europe. The fief-patrimony can be viewed in two ways: firstly, as a structure in which the production relations of feudal society are personified, and secondly, as an organization for the distribution and collection of feudal rent. Let's look at the two above-mentioned aspects of the estate in more detail.
The socio-economic and political structure of the ruling class of the feudal system of society is the patrimony (manor, seigneury).
A patrimony is a more or less significant territory, the population of which is dependent on the feudal lord who owns the territory. The area of the territory was usually determined by the role and place of the feudal owner among the hierarchy of the ruling class. In accordance with the “patrimonial” theory, the patrimonial economy can be interpreted as the production and organizing central mechanism of the entire economy of the Middle Ages. Moreover, the estate subsequently served as the basis for the emergence of all other social and economic forms of organizations in the Middle Ages.
The exploitation of the peasantry was carried out precisely within the framework of the feudal estate, in particular, through the collection of rent.
Feudal rent represents part of the surplus product produced by dependent peasants. At the same time, it is appropriated by the landowner and is considered an economic form of realization of the feudal lord’s ownership of the land. There are three types of feudal rent: labor rent (corvée), food rent (in-kind rent) and cash rent (money rent).
Over time, the feudal estate lost its natural and autarkic orientation, becoming more and more involved in commodity-money relations. Initially, it became more profitable for the feudal lords to replace corvee with quitrent in kind, distribute all patrimonial land to the peasants and receive rent payments; a pure fiefdom is developing. Exchange and the increase in demand for money were the reason why rent in kind began to be replaced by money. The transformation of natural feudal rent into monetary form is called rent commutation. The rapid growth of trade and the commutation of rent allowed peasants to accumulate their funds and buy their freedom. For the use of feudal land, the peasant paid a fixed annual cash contribution (rent) - a qualification.
Excerpt from the text
The object will be education and science in medieval Europe. The subject is the features of functioning educational institutions, as well as content scientific knowledge The Middle Ages during the specified period of history.
The concept " middle age", which arose several centuries ago to designate the period separating Greco-Roman antiquity from modern times, and from the very beginning carried a critical, derogatory assessment - a failure, a break in cultural history Europe - has not lost this content to this day. When talking about backwardness, lack of culture, lack of rights, they resort to the expression “medieval”.
The chronological scope of the work covers the period from IX. to the 16th centuries The lower limit coincides with the beginning of the formation of strong princely power and the formation ancient Russian state. The upper limit is associated with the end of the formation of a single centralized state.
Another well-known domestic researcher on this issue, A.N. Dzhurinsky analyzed the most important educational ideas, the views of outstanding representatives of pedagogical thought of the past in close connection with the history of development human society and examined the implementation of these ideas in educational practice.
The Middle Ages are considered a difficult page in European history, its “dark era.” Because then they were lost high achievement antiquity, people became uncultured, cruel, destroyed each other both in numerous wars and in peacetime, and chaos reigned in their political life.
The information base for the research is the work of Sprenger J., Kramer G. “The Witches’ Hammer” as one of the culminating documents in the fight against devil worship. Also explored is the work of J.B. Russell's Witchcraft and Witches in the Middle Ages, a wide-ranging study of attitudes to witchcraft in the Middle Ages.
Already the thinkers of antiquity recognized the role of tolerance in effective interaction: Socrates and Plato associate “patience” with intellectual asceticism and define it as a prerequisite for the spiritual and social unity of people.
It was typical for the philosophy of the Middle Ages to look for ways to overcome religious fanaticism, misunderstanding and hatred towards dissidents in tolerance. The purpose of the work is to study the tolerance of society in medieval Europe.
List of used literature:
1. www.banauka.ru
2. www.historylib.org
3. www.gumer.info
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