Geographical Society of Donbass. Kolesnik A.V.

Kolesnik A.V. Middle Paleolithic of Donbass - Archaeological Almanac No. 12.- Donetsk: Lebed LLC, 2002. - 294 p.

The concept of Donbass has several meanings - geographical, geological, administrative and economic. In the economic and geographical sense, Donbass is associated with the Donetsk Ridge and the territories immediately adjacent to it. The ridge is located primarily in the Donetsk and Lugansk regions of Ukraine and partially extends into the Rostov region of Russia. In the political and administrative context, Donbass is synonymous with South-Eastern Ukraine. Based on the established geographical terminology, the Middle Paleolithic of Donbass should be understood as the Middle Paleolithic of the Donetsk and Lugansk regions of Ukraine, although the outlying areas of these two administrative units cover those adjacent to the Ridge geographical zones. In addition to the territory of the Ridge itself, this actually includes part of the Azov Upland, the upper reaches of the left-bank tributaries of the Lower Dnieper, and part of the Zadonetsk Plain.

The unification of neighboring regions into one archaeological region is justified not only by their geographical proximity, but also by a long historiographic tradition. Systematic study of the Middle Paleolithic of Donbass has been carried out since the 20s. XX century and is associated with the names of P.P. Efimenko, S.N. Zamyatnina, P.I. Boriskovsky, V.M. Evseeva, S.N. Loktyusheva, D.S. Tsveibel, V.N. Gladilina, N.D. Praslova, A.A. Krotova and other Russian and Ukrainian specialists. It was in the Donbass in 1935 that V.M. Evseev made the first, as it was then believed, Acheulean find in Ukraine.

The need to generalize the accumulated Lately information on the Middle Paleolithic of Donbass is long overdue. The Donetsk sector has long and firmly entered into the Paleolithic map of Eastern Europe. The study of the Middle Paleolithic in Ukraine and the southern regions of Russia has been carried out at an unabated pace for several decades. The doors have opened for complex international expeditions, and extensive new materials are being prepared and published, painting a broad panorama of the development of the Paleolithic traditions of Eastern Europe as part of a single Paleolithic world. Donbass materials bring new colors to the archaeological palette, helping to better understand the general and specific in behavior ancient man and in the development of its material and spiritual culture.

Work on this publication was initiated and paid for under state program on the preparation of materials for the volume of the “Code of Historical and Cultural Monuments” for the Donetsk Region. The Middle Paleolithic monuments are the oldest in the region and open the corpus of historical and cultural monuments of Donbass.

Besides the solution research tasks, this development serves as a reference manual, since it includes information about almost all (including isolated) finds of the Middle Paleolithic in the Donbass known at the time of publication. This obliges us to provide, as far as possible, complete geographical and administrative references for monuments and collection points for finds. Drawings of stone products were made in different time, therefore they may differ in execution technique.

The manuscript of this summary of monuments and its fragments were repeatedly discussed with colleagues, to whom the author expresses his most sincere gratitude. Valuable advice and comments were provided by Girya E.Yu., Gladilin V.N., Degermendzhi S.M., Demidenko Yu.E., Evtushenko A.I., Kulakovskaya L.V., Koval Yu.G., Matyukhin A. E., Praslov N.D., Sytnik A.S., Chabai V.P., Bosinski. G., Tuflreau A., Sitlivy V. and other specialists. Long-term voluntary participants of the expeditions deserve special thanks: Barsukov E., Votyakova O., Kovalenko A.G., Ilyashenko L.V., Ilyashenko T.V., Tsyba O., Yur A., ​​Golebiowska-Tobiacz A., students of Kramatorsk Economics -Humanitarian Institute, Donetsk state university, Donetsk Open University, who with their own hands brought to light the archaeological remains of the Middle Paleolithic of Donbass.

Hotels in Yuzovka appeared twenty years after the founding of the village. We don’t yet know which of them was the very first, but from the available documents for 1892 it is clear that at the beginning there was the Davlitsar inn. He was located in the area in front of the Lache pharmacy (Artema, 5). Since Yuzovka was not a city until 1917, according to the law, the right to maintain inns outside cities for the purpose of providing overnight accommodation and food was given to everyone without special permission and without paying excise tax to the treasury. Selling intoxicating drinks was allowed only in taverns. The British only began to own the surrounding lands in 1889. Gradually they established the work of the bazaar office - an institution that collected taxes from local entrepreneurs. As a result of the cholera riot of 1892, the inn and the tavern that stood next to it burned down. But Davlitsar did not despair and did not quit the business. Moreover, it appeared new form for the convenience of visitors combining all possible services - a hotel.

After some time Davlitsar - full name Jihan-Girey-Selim - changed his last name to Davlitsarov, built the “Europe” hotel, also known as “European”. Address: 1st line, 7 (on the site of the Leman-trans building). By 1912, Davlitsarov had a companion - Kh. Akhvarev. In addition to the hotel business, they carried out off-site trading in the Garden of the Novorossiysk Society (modern City Garden).

“Europe” appears in the newspaper publications available to us. In the fall of 1901, it was mentioned in connection with the closure of the summer season in the Garden of the Novorossiysk Society: “The garden is closed and the owners of the buffet left the gazebos empty and moved to “Europe.” Now all their attention is focused on getting as much value out of the “private offices” as possible. About 25 rooms located on the second floor are almost unoccupied, because... the dirt and ugly noise from the first floor forces visitors to seek shelter in other hotels. But already the first floor is doing great business. Here, deep after midnight, the loud voices of drunken Savras can be heard from “separate rooms” to the accompaniment of a virtuoso, who delights the ear with his beautiful piano playing and who once captivated with his art the residents and visitors of almost all lines of our Yuzovka.”

Hotel "Europe" or "European", photo from 1942

From an advertisement from 1912 we know that the hotel had a restaurant and rooms with electric lighting. Guests had access to a bath and a telephone. A ladies' orchestra played in the restaurant, and the gourmet cuisine was supervised by an experienced chef. The advertisement calls the hotel first-class. Rooms cost from 1 to 3 rubles per night.

At the turn of the century, there was a hotel in Yuzovka called “Warsaw Rooms”. It was owned by Zeiger, unknown to us. The numbers were included in the newspaper chronicle because of an incident with a guest: “A terrible incident occurred the other day in one of the local hotels. A certain A. Tamarkin, a timber merchant, having arrived from Bakhmut, stayed at the “Warsaw Rooms” in the city of Zeiger.

Tired of the journey, Mr. Tamarkin went to bed early in the evening, having previously ordered the stove to be turned on, because it was cold in the room. The next morning, around 10 o'clock, the innkeeper was surprised that the guest still had not gotten up. This circumstance forced the owner to go wake up the sleeping guest, but, having knocked quite a lot on the door of the room he occupied, he did not get an answer from there. There was a suspicion that something was wrong. With the help of the numbered person and several other strangers, the door was broken down and the eyes of those present were presented with the following picture: the bed was completely rumpled, and in the corner of the room lay crouched, with protruding eyes, almost the corpse of Mr. Tamarkin. A doctor was immediately sent for, and Mr. Herman arrived and stated that there was fumes from the stove in the room; as it turned out later, the pipe was closed before the fire went out. Having examined the burnt man and finding signs of life in him, Mr. Herman began to bring him to his senses. Quite a long time passed until, thanks to the efforts of the doctor, little by little the burnt man began to show vitality and after some time he was brought to his senses.

Doctor Mr. Herman states that if medical assistance had been provided ten minutes later, all efforts would have led to nothing and death would have been inevitable.

Brought to his senses and regained consciousness, Mr. Tamarkin complained of a terrible headache and pain throughout his body. G. Tamarkin says that at night he woke up and, feeling a severe headache, wanted to get out of bed, but could not do it and fell to the floor in exhaustion; how he ended up in the corner of the room, he doesn’t remember.” Unfortunately, we don’t know where the “Warsaw Numbers” were located. But they found information about the doctor who saved Tamarkin. German Mikhel Psakheevich (1866 - ?) received the title of doctor in 1891. From 1895 to 1907 - practicing doctor of the village. Yuzovka, since 1908 assistant at the university clinic (pediatrician). According to information from 1924, he worked there.

The most famous Yuzovsky hotel was “Great Britain”, built at the intersection of Sredny Avenue.

"Hotel "October" (Great Britain). Donetsk, 1967

After the events civil war The building housed various business organizations until the city authorities realized that the city did not have enough places for visitors. By that time the street had been renamed. The Oktyabr Hotel opened at Novomartenovskaya, 40. During the war, the occupiers used it as a brothel and set it on fire during the retreat. By 1948, the building was restored and began to be used for its original purpose. In post-perestroika times, its first name was returned. The hotel was perhaps the largest in the village. The hotel was owned by Chaim Srulevich Sobolev, who in addition to the hotel business had a factory mineral water, a lumber yard and movie theater located next to the hotel.

The hotel ended up in newspaper chronicles and memoirs. In the fall of 1904, “Priazovsky Krai” wrote: “Dirt, soot and smoke... Sights of Yuzovka, which is known for its factory and commercial and industrial activities. However, among the aforementioned “charms” of local life we ​​must include the open debauchery that flourishes here, the restaurant at the Great Britain Hotel is apparently cultivating with great success. The ladies of the orchestra, constantly being in the restaurant hall in the company of men who are having fun and, to the pleasure of the restaurateur, contribute to the prosperity of his business, behave very frankly. Right there, in front of the audience present in the hall, “flirtings” take place with complete shamelessness and cynical speech hangs in the air. Such cute pictures, of course, quite clearly indicate exactly what purposes the orchestra performing in the restaurant serves. No one, however, would protest against the indicated outrages existing in the restaurant if the latter had the appropriate name and, thus, the public would have been warned about the nature of this type of establishment... But the “Great Britain” restaurant is the only first-class one in Yuzovka, and many visitors, unfamiliar in advance with the inner life of the restaurant, are unwittingly forced to be spectators of the ugly scenes taking place in it. This filth, in a more naked form, of course, also occurs in the offices of the restaurant, from where the echoes of orgies often reach the ears of the public present in the hall... Is it really impossible to take measures to eliminate all this?

Women's musical groups, apparently, were a newfangled invention of the time. Whether the correspondent is exaggerating in this article or not, God knows. In any case, in the Europe Hotel, as we said above, in 1912 a ladies’ orchestra also played.

One of the blessings of civilization - the telephone - appeared in Yuzovka in 1902. But then this miracle of technology was a rare and expensive pleasure. Advertisements for Yuzovsky hotels are full of telephones. Local “sharks of the pen” noted here too: “But telephones are especially expensive here. If you would like to have a telephone, please pay 100 rubles for installation, and 150 rubles for the annual subscription fee. And it is not surprising that they are reluctant to let you use the phone for free. At the Great Britain Hotel the fee for using the telephone for strangers is 30 kopecks. for every conversation. The telephone ladies here are especially cruel and silent - I was convinced of this personally. They probably value themselves very highly.”

Either the owner's income decreased, or there was another reason, but by 1912, the Great Britain Hotel, as stated in the advertisement, was rented by a company of waiters. The advertisement stated that the hotel had been newly renovated and was comfortably furnished. The premises had steam heating, electric lighting and a telephone. A famous and experienced (!) Moscow chef was invited, and twice a week there were direct deliveries of Moscow veal, various game and other products from Moscow. The buffet included a variety of Russian and foreign drinks.

For restaurant visitors, the Ladies Concert Orchestra played during lunch from 13-00 to 16-00 and during dinner from 20-00 to 1 am.

After the end of the civil war, the city hotel industry it had fallen into disrepair. True, after a few years they came to their senses. Reopened under a different name "Great Britain" for its 10th anniversary October revolution built the Metallurgy Hotel, where V.V. stayed for one night a year later. Mayakovsky.

Hotel "Metallurgy", October 1927

A new surge in urban hotel construction began 100 years later - in the early 2000s, in connection with the upcoming football championship. True, the hotel business in 2012 did not bring the expected results.

Donetsk region
Lugansk region Lugansk region Donbass at Wikimedia Commons

Informal capital - city Donetsk. Motto - Possibilitas re probata est (translated from lat.   - “the possibility has been proven by deeds”). Katoykonyms- Donetsk residents ( Ukrainian Donetsk) ; less often - Donbass residents ( Ukrainian Donbassians) or Donbassians ( Ukrainian Donbass); V colloquial speech- Donetsk ( Ukrainian Donetsk).

The founding date is considered to be 1721 when an expedition led Grigory Grigorievich Kapustin was opened Donetsk coal basin. However, industrial development of the region began only in the second half 19th century. Since the name of the region comes from the name of the coal basin, confusion often occurs: in the context of the coal mining industry, the territory of the region is known as Small Donbass and is part of the so-called Greater Donbass- the entire territory of the Donetsk coal basin, which also includes the eastern regions Dnepropetrovsk region Ukraine ( Western Donbass), and West Side Rostov region Russian Federation (Eastern Donbass) .

Donbass is one of the most urbanized regions of the world and the most urbanized region of the country, in cities and urban settlements which is home to about 90% of the inhabitants. On the territory of the region there is the so-called Greater Donetsk (Ukrainian Great Donetsk) - third largest urban agglomeration Ukraine.

Etymology

"Sunrise" over Donbass

The name of the region is associated with coal deposits. Russian geologist Leonid Ivanovich Lutugin wrote:

The largest coal basin European Russia is Donetsk basin. This name should be understood as the entire area South of Russia, where Carboniferous sediments of the coastal-marine type with subordinate strata are developed coal. Similar deposits protrude to the surface in the southern part Kharkov province, in the eastern part Ekaterinoslav province and in the western part Regions of the Don Army.

The name Donetsk coal basin comes from geographical name Donetsk Ridge, which in turn was established after the work Evgraf Petrovich Kovalevsky“Experience of geognostic research in the Donetsk mountain range” () and “Geognostic review of the Donetsk mountain range” (), which has as its source “Coal deposits in the river basin area Seversky Donets ».

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Story

Background

The first settlements on the territory of Donbass, in the eastern part Azov Upland belong to the era Early Paleolithic, and many settlements Late Paleolithic, discovered by archaeologists, cover the banks of the valleys Seversky Donets and its tributaries.

In the first millennium BC, the territory of Donbass was part of Scythian state, the so-called Golden Scythia - the central part of the ancient kingdom. The beginning of the Slavic colonization of the region dates back to 8th century And 9th centuries AD, at the same time the region was under the rule Khazars.

Active settlement of the region began after the beginning Khmelnytsky region ( -1654), when thousands of peasants fled to these lands from the horrors of the war Right Bank Ukraine. About how little the present Kharkov, Lugansk and Donetsk region, can be judged by the fact that the Belgorod district, which occupied a vast territory from Kursk to Azov, had 1620 only 23 settlements with 874 households. The new settlers studied the depths of the Donetsk basin. C 1625 Salt was mined in the area of ​​present-day Slavyansk. “Eager” people from Valuek , Oskola , Yelets , Kursk and other “outlying” cities of Russia. IN 1646 The fort of Tor was built for protection from the Crimean Tatars, who carried out raids on new settlers and “hunting” people (now Slavyansk). IN 1650 Private salt works in the Tora prison began operating. IN 1676 settled along the Seversky Donets " Cherkasy"(those who escaped the yoke of the Polish gentry Ukrainians) . In Cossack settlements and towns along the Seversky Donets and the Don, metallurgical, mining and blacksmithing production was established. Izyum and Don Cossacks began to cook salt and Bakhmutka, a tributary of the Seversky Donets. A town grew up near the new salt mines Bakhmut(known from 1571) .

Base

• 35% - maintaining the region as part of Ukraine as autonomy;
• 33% - entry of the region into the Russian Federation as autonomy;
• 21% - preservation of the region as part of Ukraine on the usual basis;
• 11% - the region’s entry into the Russian Federation on the usual basis.

Territories controlled by Ukrainian authorities:

• 65% - saving status quo ;
• 26% - creation of autonomy within Ukraine;
• 9% - the region’s entry into the Russian Federation.

Economy and industry

Donbass is one of the most economically developed regions Ukraine. The main inter-industry complexes: energy, metallurgical, mechanical engineering, chemical-industrial. Suburban type predominates Agriculture. Well developed transport And recreational complexes.

Coal mining

The formation of Donbass is associated with the discovery of coal in 1721 Nikita Vepreysky, who represented the civil authorities in the Bakhmut district, and Semyon Chirkov, commander of the guard battalion Bakhmutskaya fortresses The following 24 coal state holding companies (GCC) operate on the territory of Donbass:

In addition, the structure of the MCC does not include the following 20 independent mines And mine management :

Industry

Metallurgy

Chemical industry

A powerful chemical-industrial complex. This includes enterprises producing nitrogen (Severodonetsk , Gorlovka) And phosphate fertilizers (Konstantinovka), soda (Lisichansk , Slavyansk), products organic synthesis chemistry (Severodonetsk , Donetsk , Lisichansk , Stakhanov , Rubizhne). The largest enterprises in the chemical industry in the region are CJSC Severodonetsk Association Azot , Gorlovsky PJSC "Concern Stirol" , Lisichansky Oil Refinery.

Mechanical engineering

The centers of agricultural engineering are Lugansk , Pervomaisk. The instrument making center is Severodonetsk.

Construction materials industry

Light industry

Main centers light industry are Donetsk , Lugansk, Konstantinovka.

Agro-industrial complex

A powerful agro-industrial complex has formed in the region, 80% of agricultural land is arable land.

Agriculture

The suburban type of agricultural production predominates. Livestock has a dairy and meat direction, crop production specializes in growing