The state body that carried out nationwide planning. State Planning Committee of the USSR, functions
Introduction
1. History
On August 21, 1923, the USSR State Commission for Planning was established under the USSR Labor and Defense Council under the USSR Council of People's Commissars (STO USSR). Initially State Planning Committee of the USSR played an advisory role, coordinating the plans of the union republics and developing a general plan. Since 1925, the USSR State Planning Committee began to formulate an annual plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR, which were called "control figures".
The prototype of its creation was the State Commission for the Electrification of Russia (GOELRO), which operated from 1920 to 1921.
1.1. Building
To understand the history of this most important body of state power in the USSR for the socialist era, it is necessary to briefly describe the history of the building occupied by the State Planning Committee of the USSR.
The building was built on the site of the Church of St. Paraskeva (Friday) of the Venerable in Okhotny Ryad (1686-1928)
The main building is on the street Okhotny Ryad, house 6. It was built in 1934-1938 by the architect A. Ya. Langman to house the Council of Labor and Defense, then the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and, finally, the State Planning Committee of the USSR. The building has a characteristic imperial style - heavy columns and wide halls.
The second building of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was a building overlooking Georgievsky Lane, designed in the late 70s by the architect N. Ye. Gigovskaya. It is completely different in style, completely made of glass and concrete.
The buildings are interconnected by a passage.
According to some reports, the building of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was mined in 1941, and cleared of mines only in 1981. As luck would have it, the builders discovered wires "going nowhere."
Currently, the building houses the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Also for the State Planning Committee of the USSR in 1936, according to the project of the outstanding architect Konstantin Melnikov, in collaboration with the architect V.I.
Previous names and subordination Tasks and functions of the USSR State Planning Committee
See also: Five-Year Plan, Seven-Year Plan.
In the Regulations on the State General Planning Commission, approved by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated February 28, 1921, it is determined:
"Under the Council of Labor and Defense, a general plan commission is being created to develop a unified national economic plan based on the electrification plan and for general monitoring of the implementation of this plan."
At the beginning of its activity, the USSR State Planning Committee was engaged in studying the situation in the economy and drawing up reports on certain problems, for example, on the restoration and development of coal-mining regions. The development of a unified economic plan for the country began with the release of annual control figures, directives for 1925-1926, which determined the benchmarks for all sectors of the economy.
The main task in all periods of its existence was planning the economy of the USSR, drawing up plans for the country's development for various periods.
In accordance with Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918, the subject of the jurisdiction of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets includes: Federal Soviet Republic ".
In accordance with Article 1 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the II All-Union Congress of Soviets of the USSR on January 31, 1924, the jurisdiction of the supreme bodies of power of the USSR includes: “h) establishing the foundations and general plan of the entire national economy of the Union, determining the branches of industry and individual industrial enterprises of all-Union significance, the conclusion of concession agreements, both all-Union and on behalf of the union republics. "
Article 14 of the Constitution of the USSR, approved by the Extraordinary VIII Congress of Soviets of the USSR on December 5, 1936, provided that the jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its higher authorities and government bodies, is: "j) the establishment of the national economic plans of the USSR", and Article 70 referred the State Planning Committee of the USSR to the bodies government controlled, Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Article 16 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on October 7, 1977, provided that the leadership "of the economy is carried out on the basis of state plans for economic and social development, taking into account the sectoral and territorial principles, with a combination of centralized management with economic independence and initiative of enterprises, associations and other organizations. " The jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its higher bodies of state power and administration, includes: “5) pursuing a unified socio-economic policy, managing the country's economy: determining the main directions scientific and technological progress and general activities for rational use and protection natural resources; development and approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, approval of reports on their implementation. Control over the implementation of state plans and assignments is carried out by the bodies of people's control formed by the councils of people's deputies (Article 92). State plans for the economic and social development of the USSR are approved by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Article 108). The Council of Ministers of the USSR: “2) develops and submits to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR current and long-term state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, the state budget of the USSR; takes measures to implement state plans and budget; submits to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR reports on the implementation of plans and the execution of the budget ”(Article 131). There is no mention of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in this Constitution.
By the law of the USSR of December 19, 1963 No. 2000-VI, the State Planning Committee of the USSR was transformed from an all-union body into a union-republican body. The same act determines that the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR is a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (Art. 70).
The main task of the State Planning Committee of the USSR from the end of the 60s until the liquidation in 1991 was: development, in accordance with the CPSU Program, directives of the Central Committee of the CPSU and decisions of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, state national economic plans that ensure the proportional development of the national economy of the USSR, continuous growth and increase in the efficiency of social production in in order to create the material and technical base of communism, to steadily increase the loss of people's lives and to strengthen the country's defense capability.
"State plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR should be optimal, based on the economic laws of socialism, on modern achievements and prospects for the development of science and technology, on the results scientific research economic and social problems of communist construction, a comprehensive study of social needs, on the correct combination of sectoral and territorial planning, as well as centralized planning with the economic independence of enterprises and organizations. (Regulations on the State Planning Committee of the USSR, approved by the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated September 9, 1968 No. 719) "
The work of the State Planning Committee of the USSR on planning the national economy was coordinated with the Central Statistical Office (CSO), the People's Commissariat of Finance (later the Ministry of Finance of the USSR), the Supreme Council of the National Economy (Supreme Council of National Economy of the USSR), and later with the State Committee for Science and Technology of the USSR, the State Bank of the USSR and the State Committee of the USSR.
Evacuation and mobilization of the USSR industry during the Great Patriotic War
By the decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR of August 7, 1941, No. 421 "On the procedure for placing the evacuated enterprises", the State Planning Committee of the USSR was entrusted with the task of ensuring the evacuation and mobilization of the USSR industry. In particular, special attention was paid to the fact that when placing the evacuated enterprises, priority was given to the aviation industry, the industry of ammunition, weapons, tanks and armored vehicles, ferrous, non-ferrous and special metallurgy, chemistry. The People's Commissars were instructed to coordinate with the USSR State Planning Committee and the Evacuation Council the terminal points for the enterprises transported to the rear and the organization of duplicate production.
N.A.Voznesensky was appointed the GKO commissioner for the implementation of the ammunition production plan by the industry, and M.Z.Saburov was appointed his deputy.
In July-November 1941, more than 1,500 industrial enterprises and 7.5 million people - workers, engineers, technicians and other specialists - were relocated to the east of the country. The evacuation of industrial enterprises was carried out to the eastern regions of the RSFSR, as well as to the southern republics of the country - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
After the war
In May 1955, the State Planning Committee of the USSR was divided into two parts:
The State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Long-Term Planning developed long-term plans for 10-15 years
The State Economic Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the Current Planning of the National Economy (State Economic Commission) (1955-1957) - developed five-year plans.
2. Plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR
Our plans are not plans-forecasts, not plans-guesses, but plans-directives, which are obligatory for the governing bodies and which determine the direction of our economic development in the future on a national scale..
Since 1928, the USSR State Planning Committee began to draw up five-year plans and monitor their observance.
2.1. Gosplan of the USSR and the implementation of plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR
First five-year plan (1928-1932)
1,500 large enterprises were built, including: automobile plants in Moscow (AZLK) and Nizhny Novgorod(GAZ), Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk metallurgical plants, Stalingrad and Kharkov tractor plants).
In the same period (early 1933), JV Stalin issued a directive: “To forbid all departments, republics and regions, prior to the publication of the official publication of the State Planning Committee of the USSR on the results of the first five-year plan, the publication of any other final works, both consolidated and sectoral and regional so that even after the official publication of the results of the five-year plan, all works on the results can be published only with the permission of the USSR State Planning Committee ", which undoubtedly testifies to the desire of the country's political leadership to censor statistical data and, at the same time, the central role of the USSR State Planning Committee apparatus in managing the national economy is increasing ...
At the January (1933) plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), the implementation of the first five-year plan for 4 years and 3 months was announced
Second five-year plan (1933-1937)
On the preparation by the State Planning Committee of the USSR of the second five-year plan, see R. Davis, O. V. Khlevnyuk: "The second five-year plan: a mechanism for changing economic policy"
3. Apparatus of the State Planning Committee of the USSR
3.1. Apparatus in the 1920s
At first, the apparatus consisted of 40 economists, engineers and other personnel, by 1923 it had 300 employees, and by 1925 a network of planning organizations subordinate to the USSR State Planning Committee had been created throughout the USSR.
The State Planning Committee of the USSR combined in itself, first of all, the functions of the highest expert body in the economy and a scientific coordination center.
The work of the Apparatus of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in the 20s of the XX century is well illustrated by V.V.Kabanov in his book.
Let's take the fund of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, stored in the Russian State Academy of Economics. Suppose we are interested in material on agriculture in the mid-1920s. Where to find it? It can be established that the complex will include documents resulting from the activities of the Presidium of the State Planning Commission, the agricultural section, as well as all other sections, whose work to some extent was related to agricultural issues. First of all, one can single out the economic and statistical section that carried out preparatory work to build a long-term plan for the development of the national economy, which studied the issues of the methodology for compiling the grain and fodder balance, yield, grain prices, peasant budgets, etc. domestic and foreign trade. Mechanical engineering for agriculture issues are revealed in the documents of the industry section. The materials of the agricultural section, which was preparing the issue for consideration by the Presidium of the State Planning Commission, without fail passed the stage of discussion in all interested sections. A preliminary discussion of the issue took place in the presidium of the agricultural section and then, after approval, its results were submitted to the presidium of the State Planning Committee. Thus, the first thematic set of documents on a particular issue was first formed at the level of the agricultural section and concentrated in the materials of the appendices to the minutes of the meeting of the presidium of the agricultural section. Then, in its final form, with the addition of the composition of the materials, the conclusions of the people's commissariats and departments, a set of documents is formed as annexes to the minutes of the State Planning Committee Presidium.
The structure of the State Planning Commission before the arrival of Voznesensky, seven sections: 1) accounting and distribution of material resources and labor organization; 2) power engineering; 3) agriculture; 4) industry; 5) transport; 6) foreign trade and concessions; 7) zoning. In 1927, the defense sector of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was added to them.
3.2. "The State Planning Commission case" in 1949
The "Gosplan case", the "Voznesensky case" and the "Leningrad case" were closely intertwined and complemented each other, they were the result of rivalry and struggle between Stalin's associates in the highest echelons of power.
As a result of the adoption of the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated March 5, 1949 "On the State Planning Committee of the USSR" "and the resolution of the Politburo on September 11, 1949" On numerous facts of the disappearance of secret documents in the State Planning Committee of the USSR ", the staff of the State Planning Committee of the USSR underwent a significant purge:
By April 1950, the entire main staff of responsible and technical workers was checked - about 1400 people. 130 people were dismissed, more than 40 were transferred from the State Planning Commission to work in other organizations. During the year, 255 new employees were admitted to the State Planning Commission. Of the 12 Voznesensky's deputies, seven were removed, and only one had been arrested by April 1950, and four were given new responsible jobs (which also testified to the predominantly non-political nature of the "Gosplan case"). The composition of the heads of departments and departments and their deputies has been renewed by a third. Out of 133 sector chiefs, 35 were replaced
The chairman of the State Planning Committee, N.A. Arrested on October 27, 1949, shot on October 1, 1950. Rehabilitated in 1954.
3.3. Apparatus in the 1980s
The apparatus of the USSR State Planning Committee consisted of sectoral departments (for industries, agriculture, transport, commodity circulation, foreign trade, culture and education, health care, housing and communal services, consumer services for the population, etc.) and summary departments (consolidated department of national economic plan, department of territorial planning and distribution of productive forces, consolidated department of capital investments, consolidated department of material balances and distribution plans, department of labor, department of finance and cost, etc.
The State Planning Committee of the USSR, within the limits of its competence, issued decrees that were binding on all ministries, departments and other organizations. He was given the right to involve the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the academies of sciences of the union republics, sectoral academies of sciences, research and design institutes, design and other organizations and institutions, as well as individual scientists, specialists and leaders in the development of draft plans and individual economic problems. production.
Chairmen of the State Planning Committee of the USSR The chairmen of the State Planning Committee of the USSR were deputy chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Deputy Chairmen
20 years
1921-1929-Osadchiy, Pyotr Semyonovich - First Deputy Chairman (1866-1943) 1921-1938-Strumilin, Stanislav Gustavovich - Deputy Chairman (1877-1974) 1923-1927-Pyatakov, Georgy Leonidovich - Deputy Chairman (1890-1937) 1925 -1926-Smilga, Ivar Tenisovich - Deputy Chairman (1892-1938) 1926-1930- Vashkov N.N. - Deputy Chairman, Chairman of the electrification section of the State Planning Committee of the USSR (1874-1953) 1926-1928-Sokolnikov, Grigory Yakovlevich - Deputy Chairman ( 1888-1939) 1926-1927-Vladimirsky, Mikhail Fedorovich - Deputy Chairman (1874-1951) 1927-1931-Kviring, Emmanuil Ionovich - Deputy Chairman (1888-1937) 1928-1929-Grinko, Grigory Fedorovich - Deputy Chairman (1890- 1938) 1929-1934-Milyutin, Vladimir Pavlovich - Deputy Chairman (1884-1937)
30 years
1930-1934-Smilga, Ivar Tenisovich - Deputy Chairman - Head of the Integrated Planning Department (1892-1938) 1930-1937-Smirnov, Gennady Ivanovich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1938) 1931-1935-Mezhlauk, Valery Ivanovich - First Deputy Chairman ( 1893-1938) 1931-1933-Oppokov, Georgy Ippolitovich (Lomov A.) - Deputy Chairman (1888-1938) 1932-1934-Geister, Aron Izrailevich - Deputy Chairman (1899-1938) 1932-1935-Obolensky, Valerian Valerianovich - Deputy Chairman (1887-1937) 1933-1933-Troyanovsky, Alexander Antonovich - Deputy Chairman (1882-1955) 1934-1937-Quiring, Emmanuil Ionovich - First Deputy Chairman (1888-1937) 1935-1937-Kraval, Ivan Adamovich - Deputy Chairman (1897-1938) 1936-1937-Gurevich, Alexander Iosifovich - Deputy Chairman (1896-1937) 1937-1937-Vermenichev, Ivan Dmitrievich - Deputy Chairman (1899-1938) 1938-1940-Sautin, Ivan Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman ( 1905-1975) 1939-1940-Kravtsev, Georgy Georgievich - First Deputy Chairman (1908-1941)
40 years
1940-1940-Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich - Deputy Chairman (1901-1983) 1940-1948-Starovsky, Vladimir Nikonovich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1975) 1940-1941-Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich - First Deputy Chairman (1900-1977) 1940 -1943-Kuznetsov, Vasily Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman 1940-1946-Panov, Andrey Dmitrievich - Deputy Chairman (1904-1963) 1941-1944-Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich - First Deputy Chairman (1901-1983) 1941-1945-Sorokin, Gennady Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1990) 1941-1948-Starovsky, Vladimir Nikonovich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1975) 1942-1946-Mitrakov, Ivan Lukich - Deputy Chairman 1944-1946-Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich - First Deputy Chairman (1900-1977 ) 1945-1955-Borisov, Nikolai Andreevich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1955) 1946-1947-Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich - Deputy Chairman (1900-1977) 1946-1950-Panov, Andrey Dmitrievich - First Deputy Chairman (1904-1963) 1948-1957-Perov, G eorgy Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1979) 1949-1953-Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich - First Deputy Chairman (1901-1983)
50 years
1951-1953 - Anatoly Vasilyevich Korobov - Deputy Chairman (1907-1967) 1952-1953 - Gennady Mikhailovich Sorokin - Deputy Chairman (1910-1990) 1953-1953 - Vasily Prokhorovich Pronin - Deputy Chairman 1955-1957 - Dmitry Georgievich Zhimerin - First Deputy Chairman (1906-1995) 1955-1957 - Yakovlev, Mikhail Danilovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1999) 1955-1957 - Sorokin, Gennady Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1990) 1955-1957 - Kalamkarov, Vartan Aleksandrovich - Deputy Chairman (1906-1992) 1955-1957 - Khrunichev, Mikhail Vasilyevich - Deputy Chairman (1901-1961) 1956-1957 - Kosygin, Alexey Nikolaevich - First Deputy Chairman (1904-1980) 1956-1957 - Malyshev, Vyacheslav Alexandrovich - first Deputy Chairman (1902-1957) 1957-1959 - Perov, Georgy Vasilievich - First Deputy Chairman (1905-1979) 1957-1962 - Zotov, Vasily Petrovich - Deputy Chairman 1957-1961 - Matskevich, Vladimir Vladimirovich - Deputy Chairman (1909-1998) 1957-1961 - Khrunichev, Mikhail Vasilyevich - First Deputy Chairman (1901-1961) 1958-1958 - Zasyadko, Alexander Fedorovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1963) 1958-1958 - Ryabikov, Vasily Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman 1958 -1960 - Lesechko, Mikhail Avksentievich - First Deputy Chairman (1909-1984)
60 years
1960-1962-Orlov, Georgy Mikhailovich - First Deputy Chairman 1960-1966-Korobov, Anatoly Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1907-1967) 1961-1961-Ryabikov, Vasily Mikhailovich - First Deputy Chairman 1961-1962-Dymshits, Veniamin Emmanuilovich - First Deputy Chairman 1961 -1965-Lobanov, Pavel Pavlovich - Deputy Chairman (1902-1984) 1963-1965-Stepanov, Sergey Alexandrovich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1976) 1963-1965-Korobov, Anatoly Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1907-1967) 1963-1973 -Goreglyad, Alexey Adamovich - First Deputy Chairman 1963-1965-Tikhonov, Nikolay Alexandrovich - Deputy Chairman 1965-1973-Lebedev, Viktor Dmitrievich - Deputy Chairman (1917-1978) 1965-1974-Ryabikov, Vasily Mikhailovich - First Deputy Chairman 1966-1973-Misnik , Mikhail Ivanovich - Deputy Chairman (1913-1998)
70 years
1973-1978-Lebedev, Viktor Dmitrievich - First Deputy Chairman (1917-1978) 1974-1983-Slyunkov, Nikolay Nikitovich - Deputy Chairman 1976-1988-Pascar, Pyotr Andreevich - First Deputy Chairman 1979-1982-Ryzhkov, Nikolay Ivanovich - First Deputy Chairman 1979 -1983-Ryabov, Yakov Petrovich - First Deputy Chairman
80 years
1980-1988-Voronin, Lev Alekseevich - First Deputy Chairman 1982-1985-Maslyukov, Yuri Dmitrievich - First Deputy Chairman 1983-1989-Sitaryan, Stepan Armaisovich - First Deputy Chairman 1988-1990-Paskar, Pyotr Andreevich - Deputy Chairman, Head of the Consolidated Department of the Agro-Industrial Complex 1988 -1991-Anisimov, Pavel Petrovich - Deputy Chairman 1988-1991-Troshin, Alexander Nikolaevich - Deputy Chairman 1988-1991-Serov, Valery Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman 1989-1991-Durasov, Vladimir Alexandrovich - First Deputy Chairman 1988-1989-Khomenko, Yuri Pavlovich - first vice-chairman
90 years
3.6. Structural units
1930-1931 - Economic and statistical sector (ESS) 1931-1931 - Sector of national economic accounting
Nuclear Power Plants Subdivision (1972)
Department of Energy and Electrification
Department of Automotive, Tractor and Agricultural Engineering
Department for the activities of the Soviet units of the CMEA standing committees
Fuel Industry Division
Department of Construction and Construction Industry
Consolidated department of the agro-industrial complex
Consolidated Department of the National Economic Plan
4. Commissions under the USSR State Planning Committee
Special Commission of the Council of Labor and Defense under the State Planning Commission of the USSR for the consideration of the charters of trusts (1923-1925)
State Expert Commission (GEC of the USSR State Planning Committee)
Interdepartmental Commission on Economic Reform (formed 1965 -?)
Concession Committee of the USSR State Planning Committee
Council of Technical and Economic Expertise of the State Planning Committee of the USSR
5. Institutes under the USSR State Planning Committee
6. Organizations under the USSR State Planning Committee
Organizations are not all.
7. Publications of the State Planning Committee of the USSR
Since 1923 the State Planning Committee of the USSR has been publishing a monthly branch magazine "Planned Economy", and has been awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
Literature
Lenin V.I., Draft of the main point of the resolution of the STO on the general planning commission, PSS, 5th ed., Vol. 42, p. 338
Lenin V.I., On imparting legislative functions to the State Planning Committee, PSS, 5th ed., Vol. 45, p. 349-53
Lenin V.I., On a single economic plan, PSS, 5th ed., Vol. 42, p. 339-47
Baybakov NK, State planning leadership - the most important condition for the successful development of the economy of the USSR, "Planned economy", 1971, no. 2, p. 5 - 19
Strumilin S.G., Planning in the USSR, M., 1957
Bibliography:
Naydenov N.A.Moscow. Cathedrals, monasteries and churches. Part II: White City. M., 1882, N 23
According to the International Socio-Ecological Union
s: Constitution of the RSFSR (1918)
s: Constitution of the USSR (1924) initial version
s: Constitution of the USSR (1936) revision 5.12.1936
s: Constitution of the USSR (1977)
Bulletin Financial Academy, Issue 1 (25) 2003.
Stalin I. V. Political report of the Central Committee to the XV Congress of the CPSU (b). Library of Mikhail Grachev
Quote from VZ Rogovin's book "Power and Opposition"
R. Davis, O. Khlevnyuk: "The Second Five-Year Plan: Mechanism for Changing Economic Policy"
V. V. Kabanov, "Source study of the history of Soviet society"
The text of the resolution on the website of the Social and Political Magazine "Proryv"
Khlevnyuk O. V. Soviet economic policy at the turn of the 1940s-1950s and the "State Planning Commission case", National history/ RAS. Institute Russian history... - M .: Nauka, 2001 .-- N 3.
Voznesensky Nikolay Alekseevich, short biography
V.I.Lenin's note, PSS vol. 45
Source - Wikipedia
State Planning Committee of the USSR
(State Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR) - a state body that carried out nationwide planning of the development of the national economy of the USSR and control over the implementation of national economic plans. In the union republics (including Russia) and autonomous formations there were state planning commissions (in Russia - the State Planning Commission of the RSFSR), in regions (including autonomous regions) - regional planning commissions, in districts - regional planning commissions, in cities - city planning commissions.
On August 21, 1923, the USSR State Planning Commission was established under the USSR Labor and Defense Council (STO USSR) under the People's Commissars THE USSR.
The prototype of its creation was the State Commission for the Electrification of Russia (GOELRO), which operated from 1920 to 1921.
In the Regulations on the State General Planning Commission, approved by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated February 28, 1921, it is determined:
"Under the Council of Labor and Defense, a general plan commission is being created to develop a unified national economic plan based on the electrification plan and for general monitoring of the implementation of this plan."
Initially, the USSR State Planning Committee played an advisory role, coordinating the plans of the union republics and developing a general plan. Since 1925, the USSR State Planning Committee began to formulate annual plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR, which were called "control figures".
At the beginning of its activity, the USSR State Planning Committee was engaged in studying the situation in the economy and drawing up reports on certain problems, for example, on the restoration and development of coal-mining regions. The development of a unified economic plan for the country began with the release of annual control figures, directives for 1925-1926, which determined the benchmarks for all sectors of the economy.
At first, the apparatus of the State Planning Committee consisted of 40 economists, engineers and other personnel; by 1923 it had 300 employees, and by 1925 a network of planning organizations subordinate to the State Planning Committee of the USSR had been created throughout the USSR.
The State Planning Committee of the USSR combined in itself, first of all, the functions of the highest expert body in the economy and a scientific coordination center.
The work of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in the 1920s is illustrated by V.V.Kabanov in his book.
Let's take the fund of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, stored in the Russian State Academy of Economics. Suppose we are interested in material on agriculture mid 20s. Where to find it?
It can be established that the complex will include documents resulting from the activities of the Presidium of the State Planning Commission, the agricultural section, as well as all other sections, whose work to some extent was related to agricultural issues. First of all, one can single out the economic and statistical section, which carried out preparatory work for building long-term plan development of the national economy, which studied the methodology of drawing up the grain and fodder balance, yield, grain prices, peasant budgets, etc. The materials of the sections of domestic and foreign trade gravitate towards the problems of the domestic and foreign markets of agricultural products. Mechanical engineering for agriculture issues are revealed in the documents of the industry section. The materials of the agricultural section, which was preparing the issue for consideration by the Presidium of the State Planning Commission, without fail passed the stage of discussion in all interested sections. A preliminary discussion of the issue took place in the presidium of the agricultural section and then, after approval, its results were submitted to the presidium of the State Planning Committee.
Thus, the first thematic set of documents on a particular issue was first formed at the level of the agricultural section and concentrated in the materials of the appendices to the minutes of the meeting of the presidium of the agricultural section. Then, in its final form, with the addition of the composition of the materials, the conclusions of the people's commissariats and departments, a set of documents is formed as annexes to the minutes of the State Planning Committee Presidium.
The structure of the State Planning Commission before the arrival of N. A. Voznesensky, consisted of seven sections:
accounting and distribution of material resources and labor organization;
energy;
Agriculture;
industry;
transport;
foreign trade and concessions;
zoning.
In 1927, the defense sector of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was added to them.
Under the leadership of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, large-scale industrialization programs of the USSR were successfully implemented, which turned the USSR from a predominantly agrarian country into a leading industrial power.
During the first five-year plan (1928-1932), 1,500 large enterprises were built, including: automobile plants in Moscow (AZLK) and Nizhny Novgorod (GAZ), Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk metallurgical plants, Stalingrad and Kharkov tractor plants).
At the January (1933) plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), it was announced that the first five-year plan had been fulfilled in 4 years and 3 months.
As a result of the fulfillment of the second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR, 4,500 large state industrial enterprises were put into operation. On the preparation by the State Planning Committee of the USSR of the second five-year plan, see R. Davis, O. V. Khlevnyuk: "The second five-year plan: a mechanism for changing economic policy"
By the decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR of August 7, 1941, No. 421 "On the procedure for placing the evacuated enterprises", the State Planning Committee of the USSR was entrusted with the task of ensuring the evacuation and mobilization of the USSR industry. In particular, special attention was paid to the fact that when placing the evacuated enterprises, priority was given to the aviation industry, the industry of ammunition, weapons, tanks and armored vehicles, ferrous, non-ferrous and special metallurgy, chemistry. The People's Commissars were instructed to coordinate with the USSR State Planning Committee and the Evacuation Council the terminal points for the enterprises transported to the rear and the organization of duplicate production.
N.A.Voznesensky was appointed the GKO commissioner for the implementation of the ammunition production plan by the industry, and M.Z.Saburov was appointed his deputy.
In July-November 1941, more than 1,500 industrial enterprises and 7.5 million people - workers, engineers, technicians and other specialists - were relocated to the east of the country. The evacuation of industrial enterprises was carried out to the eastern regions of the RSFSR, as well as to the southern republics of the country - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
In 1945, active work began on the Soviet atomic project, and a Special Committee was created to manage the work. Gosplan was assigned a special role in the activities of the special committee:
The head of the State Planning Commission N. A. Voznesensky became a member of the special committee;
In the State Planning Committee, Directorate No. 1 was created, which was responsible for the work of the Special Committee. JV Stalin appointed N. A. Borisov the head of Directorate No. 1, relieving him of his other duties in the State Planning Committee.
Also, the Gosplan was entrusted with the tasks of supplying the organizations of the nuclear industry, the head of the Gosplan Voznesensky himself was appointed responsible for their implementation.
In 1949, the state security organs began organizing the largest series of political trials in post-war period- the so-called "Leningrad affair". The head of the State Planning Commission, Voznesensky, was to become a key figure in the conspiracy to overthrow the Soviet regime and separate Russia from the USSR, making Leningrad the capital of the new state. The Leningrad affair, the Voznesensky affair and the Gosplan affair were closely intertwined and complemented each other; they were the result of rivalry and struggle between Stalin's associates in the highest echelons of power.
The result of the adoption of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of March 5, 1949 "On the State Planning Committee of the USSR" and the resolution of the Politburo of September 11, 1949 "On the numerous facts of the loss of secret documents in the State Planning Committee of the USSR" was a significant personnel purge in the apparatus of the State Planning Committee of the USSR:
By April 1950, the entire main staff of responsible and technical workers was checked - about 1400 people. 130 people were dismissed, more than 40 were transferred from the State Planning Commission to work in other organizations. During the year, 255 new employees were admitted to the State Planning Commission. Of the 12 Voznesensky's deputies, seven were removed, and only one had been arrested by April 1950, and four were given new responsible jobs (which also testified to the predominantly non-political nature of the "Gosplan case"). The composition of the heads of departments and departments and their deputies has been renewed by a third. Out of 133 sector chiefs, 35 were replaced
.
The chairman of the State Planning Committee, N.A. Arrested on October 27, 1949, shot on October 1, 1950. Rehabilitated in 1954.
In May 1955, the State Planning Committee of the USSR was divided into two parts:
The State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Long-Term Planning developed long-term plans for 10-15 years
The State Economic Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the Current Planning of the National Economy (State Economic Commission) (1955-1957) - developed five-year plans.
On November 24, 1962, the State Planning Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers was reorganized into the Council of National Economy of the USSR. On the same day, a new State Planning Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers was formed on the basis of the State Scientific and Economic Council of the USSR Council of Ministers.
Later, the State Planning Commission was renamed several more times, as can be seen from the table below.
The successor to the State Planning Committee of the USSR can be conditionally considered the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation (formally speaking, it is the successor of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR).
Official names and subordination
1921-1923 State General Planning Commission under the Council of Labor and Defense of the RSFSR
1923-1931 State Planning Commission under the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR
1931-1946 State Planning Commission under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR
1946-1946 State Planning Commission under the Council of Ministers of the USSR
1946-1948 State Planning Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
1948-1955 State Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
1955-1957 State Planning Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Long-Term Planning of the National Economy of the USSR
1957-1963 State Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
1963-1965 State Planning Committee of the USSR of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR
1965-1991 State Planning Committee of the USSR of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
1991-1991 USSR Ministry of Economy and Forecasting
The main task in all periods of its existence was planning the economy of the USSR, drawing up plans for the country's development for various periods.
In accordance with Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918, the subject of the jurisdiction of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets includes: Federal Soviet Republic ".
In accordance with Article 1 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the II All-Union Congress of Soviets of the USSR on January 31, 1924, the jurisdiction of the supreme bodies of power of the USSR includes: “h) establishing the foundations and general plan of the entire national economy of the Union, determining the branches of industry and individual industrial enterprises of all-Union significance, the conclusion of concession agreements, both all-Union and on behalf of the union republics. "
Article 14 of the Constitution of the USSR, approved by the Extraordinary VIII Congress of Soviets of the USSR on December 5, 1936, provided that the jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its higher authorities and government bodies, is: "j) the establishment of the national economic plans of the USSR", and Article 70 referred the USSR State Planning Committee to the bodies state administration, the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Article 16 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on October 7, 1977, provided that the management of the "economy is carried out on the basis of state plans for economic and social development, taking into account sectoral and territorial principles, with a combination of centralized management with economic independence and initiative of enterprises, associations and other organizations ". The jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its highest bodies of state power and administration, includes: “5) pursuing a unified socio-economic policy, managing the country's economy: determining the main directions of scientific and technological progress and general measures for the rational use and protection of natural resources; development and approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, approval of reports on their implementation. Control over the implementation of state plans and assignments is carried out by the people's control bodies formed by the councils of people's deputies (Article 92). State plans for the economic and social development of the USSR are approved by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Article 108). The Council of Ministers of the USSR: “2) develops and submits to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR current and long-term state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, the state budget of the USSR; takes measures to implement state plans and budget; submits to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR reports on the implementation of plans and the execution of the budget ”(Article 131). There is no mention of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in this Constitution.
By the law of the USSR of December 19, 1963 No. 2000-VI, the State Planning Committee of the USSR was transformed from an all-union body into a union-republican body. The same act determines that the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR is a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (Art. 70).
The main task of the State Planning Committee of the USSR from the end of the 60s until the liquidation in 1991 was: development, in accordance with the CPSU Program, directives of the Central Committee of the CPSU and decisions of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, state national economic plans that ensure the proportional development of the national economy of the USSR, continuous growth and increase in the efficiency of social production in in order to create the material and technical base of communism, to steadily improve the standard of living of the people and to strengthen the country's defense capability.
“State plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR should be optimal, based on the economic laws of socialism, on modern achievements and prospects for the development of science and technology, on the results of scientific research on the economic and social problems of communist construction, a comprehensive study of social needs, on the correct combination of sectoral and territorial planning , as well as centralized planning with economic independence of enterprises and organizations. (Regulations on the State Planning Committee of the USSR, approved by the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated September 9, 1968 No. 719) "
The work of the State Planning Committee of the USSR on planning the national economy was coordinated with the Central Statistical Office (CSO), the People's Commissariat of Finance (later the Ministry of Finance of the USSR), the Supreme Council of the National Economy (Supreme Council of National Economy of the USSR), and later with the State Committee for Science and Technology of the USSR, the State Bank of the USSR and the State Committee of the USSR.
Since 1928, the USSR State Planning Committee began to draw up five-year plans and monitor their observance.
Implementation period Sequential number Document name Approved
1928-1932 I five-year plan of the Directive on the preparation of a five-year plan for the development of the national economy XV Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1927; Adopted by the V All-Union Congress of Soviets in 1929
1933-1937 II five-year plan Resolution "On the second five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR" XVII Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1934
1938-1942 III five-year plan - thwarted by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War Resolution of the XVIII Congress of the CPSU (b) on the report of Comrade Molotov XVIII Congress of the CPSU (b) in 1939
1946-1950 IV five-year plan Law on a five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy (for 1946-1950) by the first session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR March 18, 1946
1951-1955 V five-year plan Directive on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR XIX Congress of the CPSU in 1952
1956-1960 VI five-year plan - instead of it from 1959 to 1965 there was a seven-year directive on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR XX Congress of the CPSU in 1956
1959-1965 VII five-year plan (seven-year) Directives for a seven-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR XXI Congress of the CPSU in 1959
1966-1970 VIII five-year plan Directives on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR XXIII Congress of the CPSU in 1966
1971-1975 IX five-year plan Directive on the five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR XXIV Congress of the CPSU in 1971
1976-1980 X five-year plan Main directions of development of the national economy of the USSR for 1976-1980. XXV Congress of the CPSU in 1976
1981-1985 XI five-year plan Basic directions of economic and social development of the USSR for 1981-1985. and for the period until 1990 the XXVI Congress of the CPSU in 1981
1986-1990 XII five-year plan Main directions of economic and social development of the USSR for 1986-1990 and for the future until 2000 XXVII Congress of the CPSU in 1986
1991-1995 XIII five-year plan Was not implemented due to the collapse of the USSR.
Our plans are not plans-forecasts, not plans-guesses, but plans-directives, which are binding on the governing bodies and which determine the direction of our economic development in the future on a national scale.
- J.V. Stalin - December 3, 1927
Administrative structure
The apparatus of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in the 1980s consisted of sectoral departments (by industry, agriculture, transport, commodity circulation, foreign trade, culture and education, health care, housing and communal services, consumer services, etc.) and summary departments ( consolidated department of the national economic plan, department of territorial planning and distribution of productive forces, consolidated department of capital investments, consolidated department of material balances and distribution plans, department of labor, department of finance and cost price, etc.
The State Planning Committee of the USSR, within the limits of its competence, issued decrees that were binding on all ministries, departments and other organizations. He was given the right to involve the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the academies of sciences of the union republics, sectoral academies of sciences, research and design institutes, design and other organizations and institutions, as well as individual scientists, specialists and leaders in the development of draft plans and individual economic problems. production.
Structural units
1930-1931 - Economic and statistical sector (ESS)
1931-1931 - Sector of National Economic Accounting
Department of Energy and Electrification
Nuclear Power Plants Subdivision (1972)
Department of Automotive, Tractor and Agricultural Engineering
Department of activities Soviet units standing committees of CMEA
Fuel Industry Division
Department of Construction and Construction Industry
Consolidated department of the agro-industrial complex
Consolidated Department of the National Economic Plan
First Division
Commissions under the USSR State Planning Committee
Special Commission of the Council of Labor and Defense under the State Planning Commission of the USSR for the consideration of the charters of trusts (1923-1925)
State Expert Commission (GEC of the USSR State Planning Committee)
Interdepartmental Commission on Economic Reform (formed 1965 -?)
Concession Committee of the USSR State Planning Committee
Council of Technical and Economic Expertise of the State Planning Committee of the USSR
Booking Commission work force per national economy(Executive Secretary 1969-1990 Major General S.P. Malafeev)
Chairmen of the State Planning Committee of the USSR
The chairmen of the State Planning Committee of the USSR were deputy chairmen of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Surname, Name and Patronymic Period of work Years of life Notes
Krzhizhanovsky, Gleb Maksimilianovich 1921-1923 1872-1959 1921 GOELRO
Tsyurupa, Alexander Dmitrievich 1923-1925 1870-1928
Krzhizhanovsky, Gleb Maksimilianovich 1925-1930 1872-1959 1928 1st five-year plan
Kuibyshev, Valerian Vladimirovich 1930-1934 1888-1935
Mezhlauk, Valery Ivanovich 1934-1937 1893-1938
Smirnov, Gennady Ivanovich 1937-1937 1903-1938 February - October
Mezhlauk, Valery Ivanovich 1937-1937 1893-1938 October - December
Voznesensky, Nikolay Alekseevich 1938-1941 1903-1950
Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich 1941-1942 1900-1977 from March 10, 1941 to December 1942
Voznesensky, Nikolay Alekseevich 1942-1949 1903-1950
Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich 1949-1953 1900-1977
Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich 1953-1953 1901-1983 March - June
Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich 1953-1955 1900-1977
Baybakov, Nikolai Konstantinovich 1955-1957 1911-2008 1957 Khrushchev reform
Kuzmin, Iosif Iosifovich 1957-1959 1910-1996
Kosygin, Alexey Nikolaevich 1959-1960 1904-1980
Novikov, Vladimir Nikolaevich 1960-1962 1907-2000
Dymshits, Veniamin Emmanuilovich 1962-1962 1910-1993 July - November
Lomako, Pyotr Faddeevich 1962-1965 1904-1990
Baybakov, Nikolai Konstantinovich 1965-1985 1911-2008 Economic reform of 1965
Talyzin, Nikolay Vladimirovich 1985-1988 1929-1991 1987-88 dismantling of the planned economy was carried out (laws "On state enterprises" and "On cooperation")
Maslyukov, Yuri Dmitrievich 1988-1991 1937-2010
Deputy Chairmen
1921-1929-Osadchiy, Pyotr Semyonovich - First Deputy Chairman (1866-1943)
1921-1938-Strumilin, Stanislav Gustavovich - Deputy Chairman (1877-1974)
1923-1927-Pyatakov, Georgy Leonidovich - Deputy Chairman (1890-1937)
1925-1926-Smilga, Ivar Tenisovich - Deputy Chairman (1892-1938)
1926-1930- Vashkov N. N. - Deputy Chairman, Chairman of the electrification section of the State Planning Committee of the USSR (1874-1953)
1926-1928-Sokolnikov, Grigory Yakovlevich - Deputy Chairman (1888-1939)
1926-1927-Vladimirsky, Mikhail Fedorovich - Deputy Chairman (1874-1951)
1927-1931-Quiring, Emmanuil Ionovich - Deputy Chairman (1888-1937)
1928-1929-Grinko, Grigory Fedorovich - Deputy Chairman (1890-1938)
1929-1934-Milyutin, Vladimir Pavlovich - Deputy Chairman (1884-1937)
1930-1934 Smilga, Ivar Tenisovich - Deputy Chairman - Head of the Integrated Planning Department (1892-1938)
1930-1937-Smirnov, Gennady Ivanovich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1938)
1931-1935-Mezhlauk, Valery Ivanovich - First Deputy Chairman (1893-1938)
1931-1933-Oppokov, Georgy Ippolitovich (Lomov A.) - Deputy Chairman (1888-1938)
1932-1934-Geister, Aron Izrailevich - Deputy Chairman (1899-1938)
1932-1935-Obolensky, Valerian Valerianovich - Deputy Chairman (1887-1937)
1933-1933-Troyanovsky, Alexander Antonovich - Deputy Chairman (1882-1955)
1934-1937-Quiring, Emmanuil Ionovich - First Deputy Chairman (1888-1937)
1935-1937-Kraval, Ivan Adamovich - Deputy Chairman (1897-1938)
1936-1937-Gurevich, Alexander Iosifovich - Deputy Chairman (1896-1937)
1937-1937-Vermenichev, Ivan Dmitrievich - Deputy Chairman (1899-1938)
1938-1940-Sautin, Ivan Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1975)
1939-1940-Kravtsev, Georgy Georgievich - First Deputy Chairman (1908-1941)
1940-1940-Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich - Deputy Chairman (1901-1983)
1940-1948-Starovsky, Vladimir Nikonovich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1975)
1940-1941-Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich - First Deputy Chairman (1900-1977)
1940-1943-Kuznetsov, Vasily Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1901-1990)
1940-1946-Panov, Andrey Dmitrievich - Deputy Chairman (1904-1963)
1940-1949 Kirpichnikov Petr Ivanovich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1980)
1941-1944-Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich - First Deputy Chairman (1901-1983)
1941-1945 Sorokin, Gennady Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1990)
1941-1948-Starovsky, Vladimir Nikonovich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1975)
1942-1946-Mitrakov, Ivan Lukich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1995)
1944-1946-Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich - First Deputy Chairman (1900-1977)
1945-1955 Borisov, Nikolay Andreevich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1955)
1946-1947-Saburov, Maxim Zakharovich - Deputy Chairman (1900-1977)
1946-1950 Panov, Andrey Dmitrievich - First Deputy Chairman (1904-1963)
1948-1957-Perov, Georgy Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1979)
1949-1953-Kosyachenko, Grigory Petrovich - First Deputy Chairman (1901-1983)
1951-1953 - Anatoly Korobov - Deputy Chairman (1907-1967)
1952-1953 - Sorokin, Gennady Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1990)
1953-1953 - Pronin, Vasily Prokhorovich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1993)
1955-1957 - Zhimerin, Dmitry Georgievich - First Deputy Chairman (1906-1995)
1955-1957 - Yakovlev, Mikhail Danilovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1999)
1955-1957 - Sorokin, Gennady Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1990)
1955-1957 - Kalamkarov, Vartan Alexandrovich - Deputy Chairman (1906-1992)
1955-1957 - Khrunichev, Mikhail Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1901-1961)
1956-1957 - Kosygin, Alexey Nikolaevich - First Deputy Chairman (1904-1980)
1956-1957 - Malyshev, Vyacheslav Aleksandrovich - First Deputy Chairman (1902-1957)
1957-1959 - Perov, Georgy Vasilievich - First Deputy Chairman (1905-1979)
1957-1962 - Zotov, Vasily Petrovich - Deputy Chairman (1899-1977)
1957-1961 - Matskevich, Vladimir Vladimirovich - Deputy Chairman (1909-1998)
1957-1961 - Khrunichev, Mikhail Vasilievich - First Deputy Chairman (1901-1961)
1958-1958 - Zasyadko, Alexander Fedorovich - Deputy Chairman (1910-1963)
1958-1958 - Ryabikov, Vasily Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman (1907-1974)
1958-1960 - Lesechko, Mikhail Avksentyevich - First Deputy Chairman (1909-1984)
1960-1962-Orlov, Georgy Mikhailovich - First Deputy Chairman (1903-1991)
1960-1966-Korobov, Anatoly Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1907-1967)
1961-1961-Ryabikov, Vasily Mikhailovich - First Deputy Chairman (1907-1974)
1961-1962-Dymshits, Veniamin Emmanuilovich - First Deputy Chairman (1910-1993)
1961-1965-Lobanov, Pavel Pavlovich - Deputy Chairman (1902-1984)
1963-1965 Stepanov, Sergei Alexandrovich - Deputy Chairman (1903-1976)
1963-1965-Korobov, Anatoly Vasilievich - Deputy Chairman (1907-1967)
1963-1973-Goreglyad, Alexey Adamovich - First Deputy Chairman (1905-1986)
1963-1965-Tikhonov, Nikolay Alexandrovich - Deputy Chairman (1905-1997)
1965-1973-Lebedev, Viktor Dmitrievich - Deputy Chairman (1917-1978)
1965-1974-Ryabikov, Vasily Mikhailovich - First Deputy Chairman (1907-1974)
1966-1973-Misnik, Mikhail Ivanovich - Deputy Chairman (1913-1998)
1973-1978-Lebedev, Viktor Dmitrievich - First Deputy Chairman (1917-1978)
1974-1983-Slyunkov, Nikolay Nikitovich - Deputy Chairman
1976-1988-Pascar, Pyotr Andreevich - First Deputy Chairman
1979-1982-Ryzhkov, Nikolay Ivanovich - First Deputy Chairman
1979-1983-Ryabov, Yakov Petrovich - First Deputy Chairman
1980-1988-Voronin, Lev Alekseevich - First Deputy Chairman (1928-2008)
1982-1985-Maslyukov, Yuri Dmitrievich - First Deputy Chairman (1937-2010)
1983-1989-Sitaryan, Stepan Armaisovich - First Deputy Chairman (1930-2009)
1983-1991-Lukashov, Anatoly Ivanovich - Deputy Chairman (1936-2014)
1988-1990-Pascar, Pyotr Andreevich - Deputy Chairman, Head of the consolidated department of the agro-industrial complex
1988-1991-Anisimov, Pavel Petrovich - Deputy Chairman
1988-1991-Troshin, Alexander Nikolaevich - Deputy Chairman
1988-1991 Serov, Valery Mikhailovich - Deputy Chairman
1989-1991-Durasov, Vladimir Alexandrovich - First Deputy Chairman
1988-1989-Khomenko, Yuri Pavlovich - First Deputy Chairman
Institutes under the USSR State Planning Committee
Organization name Period of operation
Research economic institute 1955-1991
Council for the Study of the Productive Forces 1960-1991
Institute for Complex Transport Problems 1954-1991
All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Complex Fuel and Energy Problems 1974-1991
Research Institute of Planning and Norms 1960-1991
Economic Research Institute (IEI) 1929-1938
Central Institute of Technical Information of the Coal Industry (CITI of the Coal Industry) CITI of the State Planning Committee of the USSR 1957-1959
Institute for the design of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises "Giprotsvetmet" 1957-1960
Since 1923 the State Planning Committee of the USSR has been publishing a monthly branch magazine "Planned Economy", and has been awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
The building was built on the site of the St. Paraskeva (Friday) Church in Okhotny Ryad (1686-1928).
The main building is located on Okhotny Ryad Street, building 1. It was built in 1934-1938 by architect A. Ya. Langman to house the Council of Labor and Defense, then the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and, finally, the State Planning Committee of the USSR. The building has a characteristic imperial style - heavy columns and wide hallways.
The second building of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was a building overlooking Georgievsky Lane, designed in the late 70s by the architect N. Ye. Gigovskaya. It is completely different in style, completely made of glass and concrete.
The buildings are interconnected by a passage.
According to some reports, the building of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was mined in 1941, and cleared of mines only in 1981. By a lucky coincidence, the builders discovered wires "going nowhere."
Currently, these buildings house the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Also for the State Planning Committee of the USSR in 1936, according to the project of the outstanding architect Konstantin Melnikov, in collaboration with the architect V.I.
Plan
Introduction
1. History
1.1 Building
1.2 Previous names and subordination
1.3 Tasks and functions of the USSR State Planning Committee
1.3.1 Evacuation and mobilization of the USSR industry during the Great Patriotic War
1.3.2 After the war
2 Plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR
2.1 Gosplan of the USSR and the implementation of plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR
2.1.1 The first five-year plan (1928-1932)
2.1.2 Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937)
3 Apparatus of the State Planning Committee of the USSR
3.1 Apparatus in the 1920s
3.2 "The State Planning Commission case" in 1949
3.3 Apparatus in the 1980s
3.4 Chairmen of the USSR State Planning Commission
3.5 Vice-Chairmen
3.5.1 20 years
3.5.2 30 years
3.5.3 40 years
3.5.4 50 years
3.5.5 60 years
3.5.6 70 years
3.5.7 80 years
3.5.8 90 years
3.6 Structural divisions
4 Commissions under the USSR State Planning Committee
5 Institutes under the USSR State Planning Committee
6 Organizations under the USSR State Planning Committee
7 Editions of the State Planning Committee of the USSR
Bibliography Introduction 1. History On August 21, 1923, the USSR State Commission for Planning was established under the USSR Labor and Defense Council under the USSR Council of People's Commissars (STO USSR). Initially State Planning Committee of the USSR played an advisory role, coordinating the plans of the union republics and developing a general plan. Since 1925, the USSR State Planning Committee began to form an annual plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR, which were called "control figures." 1.1. Building To understand the history of this most important body of state power in the USSR for the socialist era, it is necessary to briefly describe the history of the building occupied by the State Planning Committee of the USSR.
- The building was built on the site of the Church of St. Paraskeva (Friday) of the Venerable in Okhotny Ryad (1686-1928)
- The main building is located at 6 Okhotny Ryad Street. It was built in 1934-1938 by architect A. Ya. Langman to house the Council of Labor and Defense, then the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and, finally, the State Planning Committee of the USSR. The building has a characteristic imperial style - heavy columns and wide halls.
- The second building of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was a building overlooking Georgievsky Lane, designed in the late 70s by the architect N. Ye. Gigovskaya. It is completely different in style, completely made of glass and concrete.
- Currently, the building houses the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
- In accordance with Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918, the subject of the jurisdiction of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets includes: Federal Soviet Republic ". In accordance with Article 1 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the II All-Union Congress of Soviets of the USSR on January 31, 1924, the jurisdiction of the supreme bodies of power of the USSR includes: “h) establishing the foundations and general plan of the entire national economy of the Union, determining the branches of industry and individual industrial enterprises of all-Union significance, the conclusion of concession agreements, both all-Union and on behalf of the union republics. " Article 14 of the Constitution of the USSR, approved by the Extraordinary VIII Congress of Soviets of the USSR on December 5, 1936, provided that the jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its higher authorities and government bodies, is: "j) the establishment of the national economic plans of the USSR", and Article 70 referred the State Planning Committee of the USSR to the bodies state administration, the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Article 16 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on October 7, 1977, provided that the management of "the economy is carried out on the basis of state plans for economic and social development, taking into account sectoral and territorial principles, with a combination of centralized management with economic independence and initiative of enterprises, associations and other organizations ". The jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its highest bodies of state power and administration, includes: “5) pursuing a unified socio-economic policy, managing the country's economy: determining the main directions of scientific and technological progress and general measures for the rational use and protection of natural resources; development and approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, approval of reports on their implementation. Control over the implementation of state plans and assignments is carried out by the bodies of people's control formed by the councils of people's deputies (Article 92). State plans for the economic and social development of the USSR are approved by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Article 108). The Council of Ministers of the USSR: “2) develops and submits to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR current and long-term state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, the state budget of the USSR; takes measures to implement state plans and budget; submits to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR reports on the implementation of plans and the execution of the budget ”(Article 131). There is no mention of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in this Constitution. By the law of the USSR of December 19, 1963 No. 2000-VI, the State Planning Committee of the USSR was transformed from an all-union body into a union-republican body. The same act determines that the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR is a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (Art. 70). The main task of the State Planning Committee of the USSR from the end of the 60s until the liquidation in 1991 was: development, in accordance with the CPSU Program, directives of the Central Committee of the CPSU and decisions of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, state national economic plans that ensure the proportional development of the national economy of the USSR, continuous growth and increase in the efficiency of social production in in order to create the material and technical base of communism, to steadily increase the loss of people's lives and to strengthen the country's defense capability.
- The State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Prospective Planning developed long-term plans for 10-15 years. The State Economic Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Current Planning of the National Economy (State Economic Commission) (1955-1957) developed five-year plans.
- 1,500 large enterprises were built, including: automobile plants in Moscow (AZLK) and Nizhny Novgorod (GAZ), Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk metallurgical plants, Stalingrad and Kharkov tractor plants). In the same period (early 1933), JV Stalin issued a directive: “To forbid all departments, republics and regions, prior to the publication of the official publication of the State Planning Committee of the USSR on the results of the first five-year plan, the publication of any other final works, both consolidated and sectoral and regional so that even after the official publication of the results of the five-year plan, all works on the results can be published only with the permission of the USSR State Planning Committee ", which undoubtedly testifies to the desire of the country's political leadership to censor statistical data and, at the same time, the central role of the USSR State Planning Committee apparatus in managing the national economy is increasing ... At the January (1933) plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), the implementation of the first five-year plan for 4 years and 3 months was announced
- Department of Energy and Electrification
- Nuclear Power Plants Subdivision (1972)
- Special Commission of the Council of Labor and Defense under the State Planning Commission of the USSR for reviewing the charters of trusts (1923-1925) State Expert Commission (GEC of the State Planning Committee of the USSR) Interdepartmental Commission on Economic Reform (formed 1965 -?) Concession Committee of the State Planning Commission of the USSR Council of Technical and Economic Expertise of the State Planning Commission the USSR
- Organizations are not all.
Literature
- Lenin V.I., Draft of the main point of the resolution of the STO on the general planning commission, PSS, 5th ed., Vol. 42, p. 338 Lenin V.I., On imparting legislative functions to the State Planning Committee, PSS, 5th ed., Vol. 45, p. 349-53 Lenin V.I., On a single economic plan, Collected Works, 5th ed., Vol. 42, p. 339-47 Baybakov NK, State planning leadership - the most important condition for the successful development of the economy of the USSR, "Planned economy", 1971, No. 2, p. 5 - 19 Strumilin S.G., Planning in the USSR, M., 1957
- Naydenov N.A.Moscow. Cathedrals, monasteries and churches. Part II: White City. M., 1882, N 23 According to the International Socio-Ecological Union s: Constitution of the RSFSR (1918) s: Constitution of the USSR (1924) original edition s: Constitution of the USSR (1936) edition 5.12.1936 s: Constitution of the USSR (1977) Financial Academy Bulletin, Issue 1 (25) 2003. Stalin I. V. Political report of the Central Committee to the XV Congress of the CPSU (b). Library of Mikhail Grachev Quote based on VZ Rogovin's book "Power and Oppositions" R. Davis, OV Khlevnyuk: "The Second Five-Year Plan: The Mechanism of Changing Economic Policy" V.V. Kabanov, "Source Study of the History of Soviet Society" website of the social and political magazine "Breakthrough" Khlevnyuk OV Soviet economic policy at the turn of the 1940-1950s and the "State Planning Commission", National History / RAS. Institute of Russian History. - M .: Nauka, 2001. - N 3. Voznesensky Nikolai Alekseevich, short biography Note of V. I. Lenin, Collected Works vol. 45
The State Planning Committee of the USSR (State Planning Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR) was a state body that carried out nationwide planning for the development of the national economy of the USSR and control over the implementation of national economic plans. It was formed on February 22, 1921 by a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. Liquidated in 1991.
On August 21, 1923, the USSR State Commission for Planning was established under the USSR Labor and Defense Council under the USSR Council of People's Commissars (STO USSR). Initially, the USSR State Planning Committee played an advisory role, coordinating the plans of the union republics and developing a general plan. Since 1925, the USSR State Planning Committee began to formulate an annual plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR, which were called "control figures".
The prototype of its creation was the State Commission for the Electrification of Russia (GOELRO), which operated from 1920 to 1921.
To understand the history of this most important body of state power in the USSR for the socialist era, it is necessary to briefly describe the history of the building occupied by the State Planning Committee of the USSR.
The building was built on the site of the Church of St. Paraskeva (Friday) of the Reverend in Okhotny Ryad (1686-1928). The main building is located at 6 Okhotny Ryad Street. It was built in 1934-1938 by the architect A. Ya. Langman to house the Labor Council and Defense, then the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and, finally, the State Planning Committee of the USSR. The building has a characteristic imperial style - heavy columns and wide halls.
The second building of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was a building overlooking Georgievsky Lane, designed at the end of the 70s by the architect N.E. Gigovskaya. It is completely different in style, completely made of glass and concrete. The buildings are interconnected by a passage. According to some reports, the building of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was mined in 1941 and cleared only in 1981. As luck would have it, the builders found wires "going nowhere." Currently, the building houses the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.
Also for the State Planning Committee of the USSR in 1936, according to the project of the outstanding architect Konstantin Melnikov, in collaboration with the architect V.I.
Tasks and functions of the USSR State Planning Committee
In the Regulations on the State General Planning Commission, approved by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR dated February 28, 1921, it is determined: "Under the Council of Labor and Defense, a general planning commission is created to develop a single national economic plan based on the electrification plan and for general monitoring of the implementation of this plan."
At the beginning of its activity, the USSR State Planning Committee was engaged in studying the situation in the economy and drawing up reports on certain problems, for example, on the restoration and development of coal-mining regions. The development of a unified economic plan for the country began with the issuance of annual control figures, directives for 1925-1926, which determined the benchmarks for all sectors of the economy.
The main task in all periods of its existence was planning the economy of the USSR, drawing up plans for the country's development for various periods.
In accordance with Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR, adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10, 1918, the subject of the jurisdiction of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets includes: Federal Soviet Republic ".
In accordance with Article 1 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the II All-Union Congress of Soviets of the USSR on January 31, 1924, the jurisdiction of the supreme bodies of power of the USSR includes: treaties, both all-Union and on behalf of the Union republics. "
Article 14 of the Constitution of the USSR, approved by the Extraordinary VIII Congress of Soviets of the USSR on December 5, 1936, provided that the jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its higher authorities and government bodies, is: "j) the establishment of the national economic plans of the USSR", and Article 70 referred the State Planning Committee of the USSR to the bodies state administration, the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR was a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
Article 16 of the Constitution of the USSR, adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on October 7, 1977, provided that the management of "the economy is carried out on the basis of state plans for economic and social development, taking into account sectoral and territorial principles, with a combination of centralized management with economic independence and initiative of enterprises, associations and other organizations ". The jurisdiction of the USSR, represented by its highest bodies of state power and administration, includes: “5) pursuing a unified socio-economic policy, managing the country's economy: determining the main directions of scientific and technological progress and general measures for the rational use and protection of natural resources; development and approval of state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, approval of reports on their implementation. Control over the implementation of state plans and assignments is carried out by the bodies of people's control formed by the councils of people's deputies (Article 92). State plans for the economic and social development of the USSR are approved by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Article 108). The Council of Ministers of the USSR: “2) develops and submits to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR current and long-term state plans for the economic and social development of the USSR, the state budget of the USSR; takes measures to implement state plans and budget; submits to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR reports on the implementation of plans and the execution of the budget ”(Article 131). There is no mention of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in this Constitution.
By the law of the USSR of December 19, 1963 No. 2000-VI, the State Planning Committee of the USSR was transformed from an all-union body into a union-republican body. The same act determines that the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR is a member of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (Art. 70).
The main task of the State Planning Committee of the USSR from the end of the 60s until the liquidation in 1991 was: - development, in accordance with the Program of the CPSU, directives of the Central Committee of the CPSU and decisions of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, state national economic plans that ensure the proportional development of the national economy of the USSR, continuous growth and increased efficiency social production in order to create the material and technical base of communism, to steadily improve the standard of living of the people and to strengthen the country's defense capability.
“State plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR should be optimal, based on the economic laws of socialism, on modern achievements and prospects for the development of science and technology, on the results of scientific research on the economic and social problems of communist construction, a comprehensive study of social needs, on the correct combination of sectoral and territorial planning , as well as centralized planning with economic independence of enterprises and organizations. (Regulations on the State Planning Committee of the USSR, approved by the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated September 9, 1968, No. 719). "
The work of the State Planning Committee of the USSR on planning the national economy was coordinated with the Central Statistical Office (CSO), the People's Commissariat of Finance (later the Ministry of Finance of the USSR), the Supreme Council of the National Economy (Supreme Council of National Economy of the USSR), and later with the State Committee for Science and Technology of the USSR, the State Bank of the USSR and the State Committee of the USSR.
Evacuation and mobilization of the USSR industry during the Great Patriotic War
By the decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR of August 7, 1941, No. 421 "On the procedure for placing the evacuated enterprises", the State Planning Committee of the USSR was entrusted with the task of ensuring the evacuation and mobilization of the USSR industry. In particular, special attention was paid to the fact that when placing the evacuated enterprises, priority was given to the aviation industry, the industry of ammunition, weapons, tanks and armored vehicles, ferrous, non-ferrous and special metallurgy, and chemistry. The People's Commissars were instructed to coordinate with the USSR State Planning Committee and the Evacuation Council the terminal points for the enterprises transported to the rear and the organization of duplicate production.
N. A. Voznesensky was appointed GKO commissioner for the implementation of the ammunition production plan by the industry, and his deputy M.Z. Saburov. In July-November 1941, more than 1,500 industrial enterprises and 7.5 million workers were relocated to the east of the country. , engineers, technicians and other professionals. The evacuation of industrial enterprises was carried out to the eastern regions of the RSFSR, as well as to the southern republics of the country - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
After the war
In May 1955, the State Planning Committee of the USSR was divided into two parts:
The State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Long-Term Planning developed long-term plans for 10-15 years. The State Economic Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the Current Planning of the National Economy (State Economic Commission) (1955-1957) - developed five-year plans.
Development plans of the national economy of the USSR
Since 1928, the USSR State Planning Committee began to draw up five-year plans and monitor their observance. 1,500 large enterprises were built, including: automobile plants in Moscow (AZLK) and Nizhny Novgorod (GAZ), Magnitogorsk and Kuznetsk metallurgical plants, Stalingrad and Kharkov tractor plants.
In the same period (early 1933), JV Stalin issued a directive: “To forbid all departments, republics and regions, prior to the publication of the official publication of the State Planning Committee of the USSR on the results of the first five-year plan, the publication of any other final works, both consolidated and sectoral and district so that even after the official publication of the results of the five-year plan, all works on the results can be published only with the permission of the USSR State Planning Committee, "which undoubtedly testifies to the desire of the country's political leadership to censor statistical data, and at the same time the central role of the USSR State Planning Committee apparatus in managing the people's economy.
At the January (1933) plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, it was announced that the first five-year plan had been fulfilled in 4 years and 3 months. ".
State Planning Committee of the USSR
Apparatus in the 20s of the XX century
At first, the apparatus consisted of 40 economists, engineers and other personnel, by 1923 there were already 300 employees, and by 1925 a network of planning organizations subordinate to the State Planning Committee of the USSR had been created throughout the USSR.
The State Planning Committee of the USSR combined in itself, first of all, the functions of the highest expert body in the economy and a scientific coordination center. The State Planning Committee of the USSR, within the limits of its competence, issued decrees that were binding on all ministries, departments and other organizations. He was given the right to involve the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the academies of sciences of the union republics, sectoral academies of sciences, research and design institutes, design and other organizations and institutions, as well as individual scientists, specialists and production leaders for the development of draft plans and individual national economic problems.
V.L. Nekrasov
Chairmen of the USSR State Planning Committee (1955-1964): political status, power potential, career trajectories
Study of the reforms of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in the second half of the 1950s - the first half of the 1960s. impossible without a special analysis of activities, personal and business qualities the leadership of this planning body. Refer to the study of the leaders of the State Planning Committee of the second half of the 1950s - the first half of the 1960s. compels a number of significant circumstances. Most of the leaders of the planning bodies of the second half of the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s belonged to the "Stalinist People's Commissars" - a group of economic leaders who were promoted to leading positions in the late 1930s - first half of the 1940s. Their career growth was facilitated by the extreme conditions of this period - political repression 1937-1938 and Great Patriotic War... After the end of the war, they formed the core of the ministerial corps, emerging in the second half of the 1950s - the first half as a personnel reserve for leading positions in planning bodies. In fact, all the chairmen of the State Planning Commission - N.K. Baybakov, I.I. Kuzmin, A.N. Kosygin, V.N. Novikov, P.F. Lomako - were nominated on the personal initiative of Khrushchev. Thus, they turned out to be inextricably linked with the formation of Khrushchev as a political leader and his policy of placing his nominees in key positions in the state and party leadership. These circumstances allow us to assert that the chairmen of the State Planning Commission of the second half of the 1950s - the first half of the 1960s. were a group with common social and political characteristics.
In the latest Russian historiography, there are no special studies devoted to the analysis of the leadership of planning bodies as one of the groups of the highest nomenklatura and groups of influence in the political leadership. In historiography, works of the bibliographic genre, dedicated to individual statesmen who led the planning bodies in the "Khrushchev period", have become firmly established. Meanwhile, the "Khrushchev" planners should be viewed as one of the groups of influence in the top political leadership. Moreover, the analysis of this group of influence must be carried out in connection with the reforms of the State Planning Commission in the second half of the 1950s - the first half of the 1960s.
In the Soviet economic system, the State Planning Commission was one of the key bodies of state power, responsible for the preparation of state national economic plans, coordinating the activities of various departments, monitoring and defending "national interests" in the fight against "departmental egoism."
Second half of 1950s - first half of 1960s turned out to be the richest in decisions and decisions that broke the old system of operational management and planning of the national economy. The factors of continuous organizational changes were, firstly, the need to reorganize the State Planning Committee as a carrier of the inertia of the "Stalinist model of management", and secondly, the desire to subordinate the State Planning Committee to the apparatus of the CPSU Central Committee. In the "Khrushchev period" a complex system of operational management and planning of the national economy was formed and functioned. It included special bodies that carried out separate current and long-term planning, management of material and technical supplies, statistics and accounting for the development of the national economy. The main organizational changes in operational management and planning are shown in Table 1.
Table 1
Reorganization of the State Planning Committee of the USSR (1955-1963)
|
Reorganization date |
The nature of the reorganization |
|
|
Division of the State Planning Committee of the USSR into the State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the long-term planning of the national economy (State Planning Committee of the USSR) and the State Economic Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the current planning of the national economy (State Economic Commission of the USSR). |
||
|
December 1956 |
Imposing on the USSR State Economic Commission the functions of promptly resolving current issues related to the implementation of the state plan, and responsibility for ensuring plans for the material and technical supply of the national economy. |
|
|
Liquidation of the USSR State Economic Commission and transformation State Commission on long-term planning to the USSR State Planning Committee (USSR State Planning Committee). Separation of the USSR Central Statistical Office from the USSR State Planning Committee, introduction of the USSR Central Statistical Administration Head into the USSR Council of Ministers. |
||
|
April 1960 |
Separation of the functions of long-term planning from the State Planning Committee of the USSR and the creation of the State Scientific and Economic Council (State Economic Council of the USSR). |
|
|
November 1962 |
Consolidation of the USSR State Planning Committee and the USSR State Economic Council into the USSR State Planning Committee (USSR State Planning Committee). Transfer of management functions for the implementation of national economic plans and material and technical supply of the national economy to the Council of National Economy of the USSR (SNKh USSR). |
|
|
March 1963 |
Re-subordination of the State Planning Committee of the USSR and the Council of National Economy of the USSR to the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR. Creation of branch committees under the USSR State Planning Committee. |
Along with the reorganization of the State Planning Committee, the status of its leader in the system of higher political power was transformed. The Chairman of the State Planning Commission held high position in the Soviet party-state hierarchy. In the late Stalinist period, the chairman of the State Planning Commission necessarily held the position of deputy (first deputy) chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, was a candidate or full member of the Politburo (Presidium) of the CPSU Central Committee. And it should be noted that the members of the Presidium of the Central Committee closely followed who was appointed to the post of chairman of the State Planning Commission and were very jealous of the fact that a person was appointed to this post, bypassing the more deserved and influential leaders of the party and government. Khrushchev changed this practice, believing that "there are many temptations, and departmental interests sometimes prevail over public ones." After the reorganization of the management system in May 1957 and the resignation of M.G. Pervukhin, the leaders of the planning bodies will never be part of the Presidium of the Central Committee as full members, and sometimes even the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU (II Kuzmin, VN Novikov, AF Zasyadko). Thus, in the current configuration of political institutions, Khrushchev limited the powers of the chairman of the State Planning Commission, effectively depriving him of political mechanisms of influence.
The position of the chairman of the State Planning Commission turned out to be less stable, there was a continuous rotation of the leadership of the planning authorities. So, during 1955-1963. In the planning bodies of the USSR, eight leaders were replaced - two in the State Economic Commission (1955-1957), six in the State Planning Committee (1955-1963), three in the State Economic Council (1959-1962). While in 1940 - the first half of the 1950s. - three leaders, and in the second half of the 1960s - the first half of the 1980s. - two.
In the highest echelons of power, there was a hierarchy of leaders based on experience, merit, breadth and strength of business and friendly relations with members of the highest political leadership, proximity to the political leader. This circumstance must be taken into account when assessing the position of the chairman of the State Planning Commission in the top political leadership. Based on these criteria, all leaders of planning bodies can be divided into four groups. The first group consisted of M.G. Pervukhin, M.Z. Saburov, who claimed a certain independence from Khrushchev. They were obliged to I.V. Stalin, and not Khrushchev by his career advancement. These statesmen were introduced to the Presidium of the Central Committee and the Bureau of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR as full members by Stalin. In addition, they had a unique, especially Pervukhin, experience in solving strategic problems.
The second group of chairmen of the State Planning Commission is formed by A.N. Kosygin and V.N. Novikov, who were experienced business executives and administrators, and had broad trusting and friendly ties in the top management. Kosygin, 1950-1957 "Political outsider", but, firstly, he was an experienced administrator, and, secondly, he maintained a trusting relationship with the closest associates of Khrushchev F.R. Kozlov and E.A. Furtseva, as well as with friends of the war years "tough defense ministers" V.A. Malyshev, M.V. Khrunichev. Novikov, from the war years he worked and was friends with D.F. Ustinov, with experience, influence and position in the military-industrial circles, whom Khrushchev considered, and in addition, was F.R. Kozlov.
The third group included N.K. Baybakov, P.F. Lomako, whose positions were determined by their reputation as talented business executives and administrators, since they did not have other statuses, merits and opportunities at that time.
The weakest positions were occupied by I.I. Kuzmin and A.F. Zasyadko, who demonstrated complete loyalty to Khrushchev. Kuzmin, possessing energy, did not have the experience of leading administrative work, and any broad and stable trusting relationships in the top political leadership and the party-state apparatus. Zasyadko is a "big business executive", but alcoholism "led him to sneakiness and sycophancy" in his relationship with Khrushchev.
Khrushchev sought to influence the personal composition of the State Planning Commission's leadership, even when he had not yet recruited full force personal power. This desire is quite clearly visible in the reform of the USSR State Planning Committee in 1955 in the question of the chairmen of the State Planning Committee and the State Economic Commission.
The reform of the State Planning Committee of 1955 is closely related to the reshuffle in the top political leadership. Resignation in January 1955 G.M. Malenkov from the post of Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and appointment as Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR N.A. Bulganin, with whom Khrushchev had a relationship of trust, strengthened the latter's position, and gave him the opportunity to act more decisively in reorganizing state administration and placing his henchmen in the state apparatus. According to D.T. Shepilova, “Khrushchev said without much hesitation that it was necessary to remove“ Malenkov's people ”and place“ his own cadres ”everywhere.
The Minister of the Oil Industry of the USSR N.K. Baybakov. The State Economic Commission for Current Planning was headed by M.Z. Saburov, who headed the State Planning Committee in 1953-1955. Valuable evidence of these appointments is provided by S.N. Khrushchev.
According to his testimony in 1955-1956. Saburov "was among the most active supporters" of Khrushchev, supporting his political and economic initiatives. The "State Planning Commission" experience of Saburov was necessary for conducting "battles" with the branch ministers. The fact that there was a trusting relationship between Khrushchev and Saburov is indicated by the fact that in 1955-1956. Saburov (and M.G. Pervukhin) was entrusted with the duties of presiding over the meetings of the Council of Ministers of the USSR during the absence of N.A. Bulganin.
The appointment of Baibakov corresponded to Khrushchev's plan that the State Planning Committee “should be led by an extraordinary person, not blinkered, not mired in routine ... ". At the same time, it cannot be ruled out that Baybakov was nominated on the advice of L.M. Kaganovich, who knew Baibakov well from the time he worked in the People's Commissariat of the Oil Industry. But Khrushchev viewed Baibakov not as a large independent political figure, but as a "technical" chairman of the State Planning Commission - an experienced, without ambition, business executive, the developer of the sixth five-year plan and the executor of his ideas for modernizing and reforming the economy.
This confirms the point of view existing in historiography that Khrushchev, in the struggle for power, sought to redistribute forces in the USSR Council of Ministers in his favor. This policy was associated with the weakening of the influential and opposed to Khrushchev members of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (G.M. Malenkov, V.M. Molotov) by strengthening the “young” members of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (M.G. Pervukhina, M.Z. Saburov) and promotion of their candidacies for the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (II Kuzmin), Gosplan (NK Baibakov) and the State Economic Commission (AN Kosygin). Although, as the events of the first half of 1957 showed, this policy had its natural limits. Despite the consistency and orderliness of the personnel policy pursued by Khrushchev in relation to the State Planning Commission and the State Economic Commission, it did not produce results. The stumbling block between Khrushchev and the planners was the industrial and construction management reform in 1957. The discussion of the 1957 management reform was extremely difficult; moreover, the discussion around the reform acted as a catalyst for confrontation in the top political leadership. The management reform, which Khrushchev conceived in December 1956 - January 1957, provided for the decentralization of management of industries and the construction complex, breaking down departmental barriers, and increasing the role of party and Soviet authorities in the management of the national economy. For this, Khrushchev proposed to switch from management through line ministries to management through economic councils. The 1957 management reform, which accumulated socio-economic expectations and contradictions, was viewed by its initiators and developers as an effective tool for eliminating the main vices of a centralized economy.
However, both the chairman of the State Planning Commission, Baibakov, and the chairman of the State Economic Commission, Pervukhin, did not hide and openly expressed their fears to Khrushchev regarding the reform he had conceived. A comparative analysis of the argumentation of Baybakov and Pervukhin suggests that they did not deny the fundamental principles of the reform, but insisted on the gradual implementation of the reform and the preservation of centralized management for a number of heavy industry sectors. Centralized management was to be carried out either through ministries, which would be obliged to "relocate a number of main departments to production sites," or through the Supreme Council of the National Economy for Heavy Industry. A feature of the rhetoric of this group of planners was the opinion that the liquidation of ministries would lead to the loss of management of sectors, the stability of the economy, and a unified technical policy. In other words, they were characterized by a technocratic approach devoid of political motives, which consisted in the expediency of preserving, as far as possible, sectoral mechanisms in the new system of industrial and construction management. However, in the conditions of 1957, the preservation of centralized management of the branches of heavy industry went beyond the option proposed by Khrushchev of the reform. Its implementation could lead to the preservation of "management of industry and construction according to the sectoral principle." In fact, these proposals were a conservative version of the reform implementation, in which its main idea was modified in favor of preserving the sectoral principle of management, the implementation time increased, and, in general, the risks of its implementation increased.
However, in the unfolding struggle for power, Khrushchev needed like-minded people in the leadership of the planning bodies, not opponents. As a result, in May 1957, Baybakov and Pervukhin were relieved of their duties. Baibakov was appointed chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR. The appointment of Baybakov to the post of chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR was fully consistent with the new political and economic realities that followed the liquidation of ministries and the creation of economic councils, the practice of appointing former ministers, his competence as a business executive. And among the candidates for the post of chairman of the State Planning Committee in May 1957, Baibakov had minimal chances, since he did not have political influence, and Khrushchev's confidence in him weakened. Pervukhin, given his status as a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee and first deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and experience in managerial work, could have taken the post of chairman of the State Planning Commission, but was appointed minister of medium mechanical engineering. A possible candidate for the post of chairman of the State Planning Commission could be Kosygin, who held in December 1956 - May 1957. the post of first deputy of the State Economic Commission, and loyal to Khrushchev. However, the appointment of Pervukhin or Kosygin was not destined to come true, and one of the reasons could have been their skepticism about the creation of economic councils. As a result, Kosygin remained in Khrushchev's team, and Pervukhin "joined the ranks of potential opponents" of Khrushchev. The chairman of the State Planning Committee, on the initiative of Khrushchev, is approved by the head of the mechanical engineering department of the Central Committee of the CPSU I.I. Kuzmin, who won the trust of Khrushchev by supporting his idea of reforming the management of industry and construction. Obviously, in the context of a "radical restructuring of industrial management" and the struggle for political leadership, Khrushchev sought to control the "brain center" of the country's economic life.
However, in general, when appointing to the post of chairman of the State Planning Committee, Khrushchev evaluated primarily the experience and professionalism of the applicant. Most of the leaders of the State Planning Commission, at the time of their appointment to this post, had unique economic and administrative experience, including the leadership of the national economy of the RSFSR, heavy and light industry, finance, economic councils, strategic projects and construction projects, including abroad. The exception in this group was I.I. Kuzmin is a representative of the party apparatus, whose nomination was of an opportunistic nature.
Career trajectories of leaders of planning authorities in 1955-1964. are presented in table 2.
table 2
Career trajectories of leaders of planning authorities
|
Planned authority |
Leadership period |
Previous post |
Subsequent post |
||
|
N.K. Baybakov |
State Planning Committee of the USSR |
USSR Oil Industry Minister |
Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR |
||
|
I.I. Kuzmin |
State Planning Committee of the USSR |
Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the Central Committee of the CPSU |
Chairman of the USSR State Economic Council |
||
|
A.N. Kosygin |
State Planning Committee of the USSR |
||||
|
V.N. Novikov |
State Planning Committee of the USSR |
Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR |
Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR |
||
|
V.E. Dymshits |
State Planning Committee of the USSR |
July - November 1962 |
First Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR |
Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Chairman of the Council of National Economy of the USSR |
|
|
P.F. Lomakov |
State Economic Council of the USSR |
July-November 1962 |
Deputy Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU for the RSFSR |
Minister of Nonferrous Metallurgy of the USSR |
|
|
State Planning Committee of the USSR |
|||||
|
M.Z. Saburov |
State Economic Commission of the USSR |
First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR |
First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR |
||
|
M.G. Pervukhin |
State Economic Commission of the USSR |
January-May 1957 |
First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR |
First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, Minister of Medium Machine Building of the USSR |
|
|
A.F.Zasyadko |
State Economic Council of the USSR |
Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR |
Pensioner |
At the same time, one should talk about the institutional differences between the heads of planning bodies appointed in 1955-1956, 1957-1959. and 1960-1964. In 1955-1956. the leaders of the planning bodies were representatives of the higher bureaucracy - M.Z. Saburov and M.G. Pervukhin - members of the Presidium of the Central Committee. The chairman of the State Planning Commission, Baibakov, with extensive experience in administrative and economic work, was only an "ordinary" member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and thus was deprived of the opportunity to exert political influence on many issues of the development of the national economy, especially if they formally went beyond the competence of the State Planning Commission. In 1957-1959. the situation is changing dramatically, and the main criteria for appointment are personal loyalty, loyalty and unquestioning fulfillment of the tasks of the new political leader. Namely, this factor, as already noted, determined the appointment of I.I. Kuzmina, A.F. Zasyadko, and also, albeit to a somewhat lesser extent, A.N. Kosygin. In 1960-1964. Technocrats who did not have political weight, but with experience in economic work in both the “old” sectoral and “new” territorial economies, come to the leadership of the State Planning Commission. V.N. Novikov, in 1957-1958. headed the Leningrad Economic Council, in 1958-1960. - Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR. P.F. Lomako, from 1957 to 1961 headed the Krasnoyarsk Economic Council, in 1961-1962. - Deputy Chairman of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU for the RSFSR, in July-November 1962 - Chairman of the State Economic Council.
It is advisable to turn to such a problem as the "image of planners" posed by P. Gregory when studying the history of the State Planning Committee of the first five-year plans. In the history of the State Planning Committee of the 1930s. P. Gregory singled out two images of a planner - "a poorly educated party bureaucrat" V.V. Kuibyshev (1930-1934) and the image of the "professional planner" V.I. Mezhlauk (1934-1937). In his opinion, these images of a planner symbolize two poles of the State Planning Commission itself, two alternatives for its development: the State Planning Commission could become an organization that develops plans in accordance with formal rules, or it could turn into an organization that blindly fulfills party directives, and even in those cases when they contradict economic logic. With regard to the second half of the 1950s - the first half of the 1960s. we can definitely speak of three “images of planners”. The first image is large statesmen who had multifaceted experience in leadership and management of the national economy - A.N. Kosygin, M.G. Pervukhin, M.Z. Saburov. The second is Khrushchev's nominees, devotees, who approved of his ideas and unquestioningly carried out his orders, party and state functionaries, such as A.F. Zasyadko, I.I. Kuzmin. The third image is experienced, but without political ambitions, business executives, branch ministers nominated by Khrushchev to implement his initiatives - N.K. Baybakov, V.N. Novikov, V.E. Dymshits, P.F. Lomako.
The lowering of the political status, the limitation of the power potential of the chairman of the State Planning Commission, the strengthening of party institutions upon the appointment of the head of the planning body reflected the process of liquidation of independence state institutions from the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The situation around the State Planning Committee of the second half of the 1950s - the first half of the 1960s. can be considered along with the transformation of other state institutions and changes in the status of their leaders, - the Ministry of Internal Affairs, headed by L.P. Beria, the Council of Ministers of the USSR, headed by G.M. Malenkov and N.A. Bulganin, the armed forces - G.K. Zhukov, who, according to R.G. Pihoya, "were consistently defeated by the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU."
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