Engineering geology. Textbook for construction specialties of universities

Series: "Bachelor"

The main principles and laws of engineering geology as a science of rational use geological environment during construction. The necessary information from general geology, mineralogy, petrography, and geomorphology is presented. The fundamental principles of hydrogeology are given. The laws of genetic soil science are discussed in detail. The most important physical-geological and engineering-geological processes, the mechanism of their manifestation and the main methods of prevention and localization are assessed. Data on regional features of the engineering-geological situation in Russian Federation and other countries of the world. The basic principles of engineering-geological surveys for various types construction, their organization, methods and methods of implementation, basic instruments and equipment, methodology for analyzing and interpreting data in various geological and climatic regions are given. The main provisions for protecting the geological environment during construction are given. For university students of construction specialties. May be useful for engineers as well as teachers.

Publisher: "Infra-M" (2016)

ISBN: 978-5-16-010406-5,978-5-16-011775-1

Other books by the author:

Book	Description	Year	Price	Book type
	The main principles and laws of engineering geology as a science about the rational use of the geological environment during construction are considered. The necessary information from general geology, mineralogy is presented... - INFRA-M, Bachelor's degree	2016	806	paper book
	The textbook presents the most important characteristics of soils, features of the influence of geological processes on the adoption of design decisions for the construction of linear structures, technologies for their construction in ... - Infra-M, Bachelor's degree	2018	791	paper book
Special engineering geology	The textbook presents the most important characteristics of soils, features of the influence of geological processes on the adoption of design decisions for the construction of linear structures, technologies for their construction in ... - INFRA-M, Bachelor's degree	2018	1023	paper book

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The textbook outlines modern ideas about geology and the Earth. Material is presented on soils, groundwater and geological processes as the main objects of engineering geology based on modern concept on the greening of engineering-geological research. The main provisions for organizing geotechnical surveys are given, taking into account current regulatory documents.
For students of higher construction specialties educational institutions. It can be useful for students of technical schools, colleges, engineers, as well as teachers of universities and technical schools.

Structure of the Earth.
IN general view, as established by modern geophysical research based, in particular, on estimates of the speed of propagation of seismic waves, studies of the density of the earth's matter, the mass of the Earth, the results of space experiments to determine the distribution of air and water spaces and other data, the Earth is composed of several concentric shells: outer - atmosphere (gas shell), hydrosphere (water shell), biosphere (area of distribution of living matter, according to V.I. Vernadsky) and internal ones, which are called geospheres proper (core, mantle and lithosphere) (Fig. 1).

The atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and the uppermost part of the earth's crust are accessible to direct observation. With the help of drilling wells, people can study depths generally up to 8 km. Drilling of ultra-deep wells, which is carried out for scientific purposes in our country, the USA and Canada (in Russia on the Kola ultra-deep well a depth of more than 12 km was reached, which made it possible to select rock samples for direct direct study). The main goal of ultra-deep drilling is to reach the deep layers of the earth's crust - the boundaries of the “granite” and “basalt” layers or the upper boundaries of the mantle. The structure of the deeper interior of the Earth is studied using geophysical methods, of which highest value have seismic and gravimetric. The study of matter raised from the boundaries of the mantle should clarify the problem of the structure of the Earth. The mantle is of particular interest, since the earth's crust with all its minerals was ultimately formed from its substance.

CONTENT
Preface
Introduction
Section I. Basic information about geology
Chapter 1. Origin, shape and structure of the Earth
Chapter 2 Thermal regime of the earth's crust
Chapter 3. Mineral and petrographic composition of the earth's crust
Chapter 4. Geological chronology of the earth's crust
Chapter 5. Movements of the earth's crust
Chapter 6. Relief of the surface of the earth's crust
Section II. Soil science
Chapter 7. General information and soil classification
Chapter 8. Main categories of composition, structure and condition of soils of various origins
Chapter 9. Methods for determining the main indicators of soil properties
Chapter 10. Characteristics of soil classes
Chapter 11. Technical soil reclamation
Section III. The groundwater
Chapter 12. General information about groundwater Oh
Chapter 13. Water properties of rocks
Chapter 14. Properties and composition of groundwater
Chapter 15. Characteristics of groundwater types
Chapter 16. Movement of groundwater
Chapter 17. Regime and reserves of groundwater. Natural mode
Chapter 18. Groundwater in Russia
Chapter 19. Groundwater protection
Section IV. Geological processes on earth's surface
Chapter 20. Weathering process
Chapter 21. Geological activity of wind
Chapter 22. Geological activity of precipitation
Chapter 23. Geological activity of rivers
Chapter 24. Geological activity of the sea
Chapter 25. Geological activity in lakes and reservoirs; swamps
Chapter 26. Geological activity of glaciers
Chapter 27. Movement of rocks on the slopes of the terrain
Chapter 28. Suffosion and karst processes
Chapter 29. Quicksand
Chapter 30. Landing phenomena in loess rocks
Chapter 31. Deformations of rocks above underground mine workings
Section V. Geological engineering work for the construction of buildings and structures
Chapter 32. Engineering and geological research for construction
Chapter 33. Natural deposits building materials
Chapter 34. Engineering-geological surveys for the construction of buildings and structures
Section VI. Security natural environment
Chapter 35. Protection of the natural environment as a universal human task
Chapter 36. Environmental protection management. Monitoring and land reclamation
Geological terms and definitions
Literature.

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: Textbook / Ananyev V.P., Potapov A.D., Filkin N.A. - M.: NIC INFRA-M, 2016. - 263 pp.: 60x90 1/16. - (Higher education: Bachelor's degree) (Cover) ISBN 978-5-16-010407-2 - Access mode: http://site/catalog/product/487350 read

978-5-16-010407-2

The textbook presents the most important characteristics of soils, the features of the influence of geological processes on the adoption of design decisions for the construction of linear structures, technologies for their construction in various geological conditions, and the prevention of the impact of negative processes on the operation of roads and airfields. The principles of organizing and conducting engineering-geological surveys for road construction are considered, and survey methods for various stages of the life cycle of road and airfield projects are described. The textbook provides the necessary basis for subsequent mastery of special road disciplines and work in production. For university students studying in the direction 270100 “Construction”. It is also recommended for use by road engineers in practical work.

Ananyev Vsevolod Petrovich

Special engineering geology: textbook / V.P. Ananyev, A.D. Potapov, N.A. Filkin. - M.: INFRA-M, 2018. - 263 p. — (Higher education: Bachelor's degree). - Access mode: http://site/catalog/product/925812 read

978-5-16-010407-2

Ananyev Vsevolod Petrovich

Engineering geology: Textbook / Ananyev V.P., Potapov A.D., Yulin A.N. - 7th ed., erased. - M.: NIC INFRA-M, 2016. - 575 pp.: 60x90 1/16. - (Higher education: Bachelor's degree) (Cover) ISBN 978-5-16-010406-5 - Access mode: http://site/catalog/product/487346 read

Ananyev Vsevolod Petrovich

Special engineering geology: textbook / V.P. Ananyev, A.D. Potapov, N.A. Filkin. - M.: INFRA-M, 2019. - 263 p. — (Higher education: Bachelor's degree). - Access mode: http://site/catalog/product/1005628 read

978-5-16-010407-2

The textbook presents the most important characteristics of soils, the features of the influence of geological processes on the adoption of design decisions for the construction of linear structures, technologies for their construction in various geological conditions, and the prevention of the impact of negative processes on the operation of roads and airfields. The principles of organizing and conducting engineering-geological surveys for road construction are considered, and survey methods for various stages of the life cycle of road and airfield projects are described. The textbook provides the necessary basis for subsequent mastery of special road disciplines and work in production. For university students studying in the direction 08.03.01 “Construction”. It is also recommended for use by road engineers in practical work.

Ananyev Vsevolod Petrovich

Special engineering geology: textbook / V.P. Ananyev, A.D. Potapov, N.A. Filkin. - M.: INFRA-M, 2017. - 263 p. — (Higher education: Bachelor's degree). - Access mode: http://site/catalog/product/774090 read

978-5-16-010407-2

The textbook presents the most important characteristics of soils, the features of the influence of geological processes on the adoption of design decisions for the construction of linear structures, technologies for their construction in various geological conditions, and the prevention of the impact of negative processes on the operation of roads and airfields. The principles of organizing and conducting engineering-geological surveys for road construction are considered, and survey methods for various stages of the life cycle of road and airfield projects are described. The textbook provides the necessary basis for subsequent mastery of special road disciplines and work in production. For university students studying in the direction 08.03.01 “Construction”. It is also recommended for use by road engineers in practical work.

Ananyev Vsevolod Petrovich

Special engineering geology: Textbook / Ananyev V.P., Potapov A.D., Filkin N.A. - M.: NIC INFRA-M, 2016. - 263 pp.: 60x90 1/16. - (Higher education: Bachelor's degree) (Cover) ISBN 978-5-16-010407-2 - Access mode: http://site/catalog/product/535382 read

978-5-16-010407-2

Ananyev Vsevolod Petrovich

Special engineering geology: Textbook / Ananyev V.P., Potapov A.D., Filkin N.A. - M.: NIC INFRA-M, 2016. - 263 pp.: 60x90 1/16. - (Higher education: Bachelor's degree) (Cover. KBS) ISBN 978-5-16-010407-2 - Access mode: http://site/catalog/product/557097 read

978-5-16-010407-2

Ananyev Vsevolod Petrovich

Engineering geology: Textbook / Ananyev V.P., Potapov A.D., Yulin A.N. - 7th ed., erased. - M.: NIC INFRA-M, 2016. - 575 pp.: 60x90 1/16. - (Higher education: Bachelor's degree) (Binding 7BC) ISBN 978-5-16-011775-1 - Access mode: http://site/catalog/product/543012 read

978-5-16-011775-1

The main principles and laws of engineering geology as a science about the rational use of the geological environment during construction are considered. The necessary information from general geology, mineralogy, petrography, and geomorphology is presented. The fundamental principles of hydrogeology are given. The laws of genetic soil science are discussed in detail. The most important physical-geological and engineering-geological processes, the mechanism of their manifestation and the main methods of prevention and localization are assessed. Data on regional features of the engineering-geological situation in the Russian Federation and other countries of the world are presented. The basic principles of engineering-geological surveys for various types of construction, their organization, methods and methods of implementation are outlined, the main instruments and equipment, the methodology for analyzing and interpreting data in various geological and climatic regions are presented. The main provisions for protecting the geological environment during construction are given. For university students of construction specialties. May be useful for engineers as well as teachers.

Ananyev Vsevolod Petrovich

Engineering geology: Textbook / Ananyev V.P., Potapov A.D., Yulin A.N. - 7th ed., erased. - Moscow: NIC INFRA-M, 2016. - 575 pp.: 60x90 1/16. - (Higher education: Bachelor's degree) (Binding 7BC) ISBN 978-5-16-011775-1 - Text: electronic. - URL: http://site/catalog/product/552357 read

978-5-16-011775-1

Ananyev Vsevolod Petrovich

Engineering geology: textbook / V.P. Ananyev, A.D. Potapov, A.N. Yulin. — 7th ed., stereotype. - M.: INFRA-M, 2017. - 575 p. — (Higher education: Bachelor's degree). - Access mode: http://site/catalog/product/769085 read

978-5-16-011775-1

The main principles and laws of engineering geology as a science about the rational use of the geological environment during construction are considered. The necessary information from general geology, mineralogy, petrography, and geomorphology is presented. The fundamental principles of hydrogeology are given. The laws of genetic soil science are discussed in detail. The most important physical-geological and engineering-geological processes, the mechanism of their manifestation, and the main methods of prevention and localization are assessed. Data on regional features of the engineering-geological situation in the Russian Federation and other countries of the world are presented. The basic principles of engineering-geological surveys for various types of construction, their organization, methods and methods of implementation are outlined, the main instruments and equipment, the methodology for analyzing and interpreting data in various geological and climatic regions are presented. The main provisions for protecting the geological environment during construction are given. For university students studying construction specialties. May be useful for engineers as well as teachers.

The content of the textbook and the order of presentation of the material correspond to the programs training courses"Engineering Geology" and "Foundations and Foundations". Dana general characteristics loess cover of the world and in more detail – loess rocks on the territory of Russia. The history of the study of loess cover is outlined, information is provided on the material composition and properties of loess rocks, in the light modern ideas an assessment of their construction properties is given. Dangerous geological processes (flooding, landslides and subsidence) characteristic of loess cover are described, and issues of geoecology are considered. For students of architectural and construction higher and secondary educational institutions, as well as for civil engineers and geological engineers working in the field of design, construction and operation of buildings and structures on loess cover.

* * *

The given introductory fragment of the book Loess cover of Russia. Tutorial(V.P. Ananyev, 2004) provided by our book partner - the company liters.

Chapter 1. Study of loess formations on Earth

Numerous publications are devoted to the issues of knowledge and history of the emergence of various genetic concepts on loess formations. In general, loess formations as a geological body and their properties have been studied for about 180 years, and such research still remains relevant. Currently, the number of publications that examine the most different aspects these formations have already exceeded 20 thousand; More than 20 sciences are related to the loess problem in their work.

The term “loess” was first introduced by K. Leonard in 1832, and in the same year the first publication about it appeared. Translated from German, loess means “loose, unsteady, weak.” IN Eastern Europe loess was known as “white-eye” or “macroporous soil”; in France and China, loess was defined as “zheltozem” (“yellow soil”). Russian scientist N.I. Krieger (1965) proposed to understand loess as silt (“silt”) of light yellow (fawn) color with a total porosity of 40–55%, with tubules visible to the naked eye. I. M. Gorkova (1964) introduced more general concept loess as a loose fawn-colored rock with high porosity (46–59%) and the presence of macropores with a diameter of 0.5–2 mm, which holds vertical walls well. According to Academician E.M. Sergeev and many other researchers, “loess includes rocks that are homogeneous, non-layered, highly dusty (more than 50%), porous (more than 42%), often macroporous, low-moisture (natural humidity is less than the maximum molecular moisture capacity) " It is also indicated that loess is usually painted in light colors (usually fawn), carbonate (more than 5%), and in outcrops it forms vertical slopes.

Similar definitions are given by most researchers of loess formations. However, these definitions have a significant drawback: they refer to almost one type of loess formations, namely loess. In our opinion, all of the above types of loess are similar to all other types of loess formations - loess-like and loess-like rocks. The difference between the types of loess formations is the color of the rocks.

Academician V. A. Obruchev, a famous Russian geologist, in 1948 proposed that the branch of geological science that deals with the study of loess formations be called forest science. At the same time, he outlined five directions in the study of loess formations: 1) geological; 2) petrographic; 3) engineering-geological; 4) geomorphological; 5) soil. In 1963, researcher A. M. Pilosov proposed a sixth direction - loess formations as minerals. All these directions turned out to be viable and are actually used in the study of loess formations.

Among the numerous researchers of loess formations, scientists from far abroad occupy a significant place. Let us note those whose names are associated with fundamental achievements: Marton Peci (Hungary) - president of the international loess association INKVA, R. V. Ruhe, R. Morisson, T. Peve, D. Joakins, J. Giddings (USA), G. Richter (GDR), E. C. Liteanu (Romania), V. Lozhek, J. Macoun (Czechoslovakia), L. Yu. Dushen (China), E. Markovich-Marjanovic (Yugoslavia), G. Maruschak (Poland) , M. Minkov (Bulgaria), I. Buratsinsky (France), Jung Di (New Zealand), etc.

Significant contributions to forest science were made by Russian scientists: Yu. M. Abelev, V. M. Alekseev, M. N. Alekseev, V. P. Ananyev, L. G. Badaev, L. S. Berg, V. S. Bykova, A. A. Velichko, B. F. Galai, N. Ya. Denisov, V. V. Dobrovolsky, R. S. Ziangirov, R. S. Ilyin, V. I. Korobkin, V. A. Korolev, N. I. Kriger, V. I. Krutov, A. K. Larionov, M. P. Lysenko, A. V. Minervin, S. G. Mironyuk, S. S. Morozov, V. A. Obruchev, V. I. Osipov, V. I. Popov, E. M. Sergeev, V. N. Sokolov, V. T. Trofimov, L. I. Turbin, P. V. Tsarev, Ya. E. Shaevich, E. N. Shantser, as well as scientists F. A. Nikitenko, I D. Sedledsky, G. A. Sulakshina, S. V. Timirdiaro, I. V. Finaev and others. Let us note the scientists from neighboring countries: M. F. Veklich, E. V. Kadyrov, G. E. Kostik, V. F. Kraev, G. A. Mavlyanov, A. A. Mustafaev, R. A. Niyazov, Sh. E. Usupaev, M. Sh. Shermatov and others.

The works of the above scientists made a significant contribution to the study of loess formations as a specific geological body that formed on the surface of the Earth in the Quaternary period.

In conclusion, it should be said that as a result of many years of research, a very definite idea has already been obtained about the distribution of loess formations on Earth, the structure of loess strata, the properties of loess rocks and the processes that are associated with them. However, there are still many unresolved problems. Thus, there is no consensus on the origin of this specific geological formation.

In the last decades of the 20th century. Great attention was paid to loess rocks, in particular in connection with the construction of industrial and civil structures and drainage works. The study of loess rocks began to be studied not by individual scientists, but by large research organizations; The problem of loess formations was constantly raised at international geological congresses, meetings, and conferences. In Russia in 1970–1980. Several all-Union meetings on loess species were held (for example, in Rostov-on-Don in 1987). In the Scientific Council on Engineering Geology Russian Academy Sciences, a loess commission headed by Professor V.P. Ananyev constantly worked.

In the 1980s, the USSR began complex work to study loess rocks throughout the country using reference sections of loess strata. No one has ever done work of this scale before. One of its parts was the engineering-geological study of loess rocks, as well as the creation of an atlas-monography on the typification and characteristics of all types of loess rocks. The locations of the reference cuts were determined and comprehensive study loess rocks, but, unfortunately, after the collapse of the USSR this work remained unfinished.