History of industrialization of the USSR 1938 1941 Factories that Stalin did not build
By industrialization, we mean the process of replacing manual labor with machine labor based on the use of machine technologies in the production of systems. Industrialization marks the onset of a new era in the life of society - the industrial stage and industrial capital, the period of the creation of an artificial habitat and the era of economic growth.
In the first part study guide on the history of the economy, the issues of institutional prerequisites for the industrial revolution were discussed, in the second - the content and features of industrialization in the first European countries and CIIIA, which represents some basic, normative model of industrialization, although with its own characteristics for each country.
In the second chapter of this manual, we discussed another model of industrialization - catch-up. This model has its own variations. This chapter is devoted to the study of one of the variants of the catching-up model of industrialization. Despite the fact that it was formed in certain political conditions, the model has its own features and characteristics, institutional features, which are manifested in some detail in the history of development of other countries in the 20th century.
The brevity of the historical period, the tasks of industrialization, doctrinal guidelines determined the means to achieve the goal, institutional innovations. The results of industrialization are both impressive and discouraging. All this will be discussed in the next paragraph.
10.1. Industrialization in the USSR (1928-1941)
It is known that capitalism in Russia has not completed its historical mission: agrarian reforms, industrialization of production, and therefore the urbanization of the population have not been completed, and the level of its literacy has remained low.
All these historically capitalist tasks had to be solved by the new political leadership of the USSR under different conditions and, of course, by other methods.
The first attempt to approach the organized solution of industrialization problems should be considered the GOERLO plan. State Commission for Electrification of Russia (GOELO), created in February 1919 headed by G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, developed a seven-year plan for the electrification of Russia.
Thus, an important feature of the Soviet model of industrialization was identified - reliance on an administrative rather than a market organization. Former historical models were market-based, with one or another influence of the state organizing principle.
The GOERLO plan provided for the construction of a network of power stations and included the most general estimates of the output of the most important types of products. The plan was inaccurate, approximate, but it was a scientific plan, which was based on the scientific provisions of the theory of spatial reproduction known by that time.
The plan covered the NEP period and was not implemented. The reason for this was not only the lack of experience in the implementation of large projects, the new nuances generated by the New Economic Policy, but also the weakness of internal accumulation for the simultaneous restoration of industry and its development based on electrification.
The completion of industrialization was constantly in mind by the new government of Russia and for one reason or another proved impossible.
The strengthening of political power as a result of economic recovery made it possible at the end of the 1920s to come close to solving the problem of industrialization in the USSR.
The purpose of industrialization is the creation of a machine (industrial) basis for production and the elimination of the economic backwardness of the country, raising the living standards of the population.
To achieve this, the following tasks had to be solved:
1. Get ahead of the developed countries in terms of production per capita. This meant getting ahead of them economically.
2. Overcome technological dependence on advanced countries. This meant being ahead of them technologically.
3. A faster increase in the production of means of production (group "A") in industry) in relation to consumer goods (group "B" in industry) is necessary.
4. To improve the welfare of the population, the task of special development of light industry and agriculture became.
5. To involve resources in production, a more even distribution of productive forces across the country's territory was required. This would contribute to an increase in the standard of living of the population in other regions, and not only in the central one.
The tasks were, of course, grandiose, but unrealistic in the foreseeable future, if we keep in mind the short deadlines for implementation and the degree of backwardness of the country. The tasks determined an important characteristic of the industrial development model: a focus on the formation closed economy.
Industrialization in the USSR was divided into time periods - five-year plans. The first of the periods - 1928/29 - 1932/33 - proceeded from the need to deploy large-scale construction, primarily of heavy industry enterprises, to provide them with the necessary building materials and equipment, but with a certain balance between industry and agriculture. The first five-year plan did not cover the entire volume of products produced in the country - only 60%.
Industrialization needed a lot of money. The limited financial resources were overcome by the issuance of money, government bonds, which were distributed among the population, and the wine monopoly. The stake was also made on the export of resources of the primary sector of the economy: agricultural raw materials, grain, oil, and timber. But the crisis of 1929-32, which caused a fall in world prices, disrupted plans to mobilize accumulation through exports. Consequently, external sources of accumulation of funds were undermined. Obviously, they should have been found inside the country, which meant an increase in the tax burden of the population.
Nevertheless, the country, turned into a huge construction site, tried with all its might to maintain high rates of investment, but there were not so many forces, despite the significant tightening of the belts by the population. There was a clear investment overheating, which resulted in a drop in annual growth rates from 24% in 1928 to 5.5% in 1933.
The growth of those employed in industry and construction was accompanied by an increase in demand for food and manufactured goods, but both were lacking and the transition to their rationing (transition to the rationing system) began.
One of the important reasons for the failure of the plan was the impatience of the country's top leadership to quickly complete industrialization. Given the lack of financial resources, the seizure of grain from the peasants increased. And this upset the delicate balance in the markets for food and industrial products. In addition, the requirement to speed up construction was accompanied by a redistribution of resources within industry. As a result of planned chaos, neither the plan nor the demands of the top political leadership were fulfilled.
Nevertheless, during the years of the first five-year plan, the foundations were laid for a sharp change in the structure of production: the aviation and automobile industries, agricultural engineering, petrochemistry, modern electrical engineering and other new industries appeared. In the USSR, artificial rubber was synthesized for the first time and its production began.
Second Five Year Plan (1933-37) covered the entire industry and took into account the lessons of the first five-year plan. The task of the five-year plan is to complete the technical reconstruction. To solve it, investment resources - building materials, building structures, equipment - were concentrated on objects already under construction, and the number of newly started objects was limited.
The pace of construction in the plan was reduced and the rate of production of consumer goods (group "B" in industry) was ahead of the production of means of production (group "A" in industry). This was done in order to ensure that the wages of workers in group "A" were more fully provided with consumer goods, which were produced in another division of the industrial sector.
The second five-year plan turned out to be better fulfilled than the first one, but it was not carried out in kind. It was not possible to realize the predominant growth of consumer goods in comparison with the growth rates of the production of means of production, although the growth rates of the two groups in industry converged. The need to complete the construction of a huge number of buildings, the beginning of new ones, as well as the famine of 1932-33 prevented the restoration of the necessary proportionality of production.
And yet, by the end of the second five-year plan, the rationing system for supplying the population was abolished. This was facilitated by the opening of new enterprises for the production of consumer goods and the growth of withdrawals from agriculture.
The Second Five-Year Plan also differs from the previous one in that military expenditures, which represent exclusively state expenditures, began to increase.
In the third five-year plan (1938-41) the latter trend was further developed, which is connected with the international situation of those years. The plan again focused on the development of the basic sectors of the industrial economy: mechanical engineering, energy, and the production of structural materials. The production of quality steels and chemical products was given special importance. At the same time, a significant increase in consumption of the population was envisaged - by 1.5 times, with an increase in industrial production by almost 2 times, and in the above priority sectors - by more than 2 times. The outbreak of war interrupted the implementation of the plan.
Such is a brief chronology of the activities and results of the first three Soviet five-year plans. Let us now dwell on the analysis of the main results of industrialization and the economic phenomena observed in its course.
First of all, it should be noted that in a historically short time, the foundations of an industrial economy were created in the USSR. This means that the basic industries were formed, including the investment complex - engineering, construction, structural materials - in terms of industrial output, the USSR took first place in Europe and second in the world, by 1941 the country caught up with European countries in electricity production and lagged only behind the United States .
The technological gap was quickly bridged. As a result of industrialization, the USSR had the youngest equipment fleet: 71% of the equipment was younger than 10 years old, and in the USA - 28%, Germany - 34%. On the eve of the war, 90% of fixed assets were reconstructed or created anew during the five-year plans. In 1940, there were twice as many tractors in the USSR than in all of Europe, but this is only 1/3 of the US level. The Soviet Union was one of the first to start a railway dieselization program and stopped it in the mid-1930s, switching resources in favor of developing the military-industrial sector.
Industrialization was carried out, as in tsarist times, by borrowing foreign technologies and technical experience with some adaptation and improvement. The Gorky Automobile Plant was built on the basis of Ford technologies, the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, the Semipalatinsk Meat Processing Plant were also the best American technologies. Large-scale production is their undoubted advantage, which made it possible to realize a positive effect of scale and facilitated the management of large enterprises from a single center.
However, the significance of technological change for the economy should not be exaggerated, for the economy developed mainly extensively and on the basis of manual labor, since, due to low wages, it was not very profitable to replace it with machines. At the same time, we should not forget that there was not enough money to radically replace manual labor with machine labor, and training work force to work with machines was insufficient. According to Western researchers 1 , the contribution of technical innovations to the growth of output during the period of industrialization amounted to 2-12% throughout the economy, in industry - 5-20%, in the entire agricultural sector 5-10%. Known art films and works. drawing panoramas of grandiose construction projects with the help of shovels, wheelbarrows, saws, axes, etc. are indirect proof of these figures.
Now let's turn to some statistical illustrations of that period, published in the studies of foreign experts. Figure 3 shows a graphical interpretation of the dynamics of the main groups of industrial products. The defense industry had the highest annual production growth, group A was much lower, and even lower was group B. The graph illustrates the obvious disproportions in the development of the country's economy.
Rice. 3. Growth of industrial production 1926-1940 (official data).
There are three periods on the graph: before 1933, when the construction of enterprises was developing at the fastest pace; disastrous 1933 - the consequences of the catastrophe in agriculture; The years 1933-1936 are the most favorable, since the return from the enterprises put into operation, the construction of which was started in the previous period, began. Further, annual production increases decrease. There are several reasons for this. Firstly increased burden on the budget and the economy due to increased military spending. During the three years of the Third Five-Year Plan, the share of defense spending in the budget increased from 18.6% to 31.6%. The share of military production in the total volume of output was 2.6 in 1913, 5.7 in 1932, and already 22% in 1940 2 . The share of state investments in the military-industrial complex in their total volume was (%):
Source: The economic Transformation of the Soviet Union 1913-1945. Cambridge. - 1994. P. 145.
And in 1941. the military industry already absorbed 73% of all investments directed to mechanical engineering. The military sector has become a priority and the most significant success of the pre-war five-year plans (see Figure 4) .
Secondly, by 1937 there is a need to update the equipment, which was introduced in the early 1930s. Despite the fact that the production apparatus was relatively new, it was still subject to disposal due to physical wear and tear. However, for the investment complex, its civilian part, these were already overwhelming and prohibitive tasks.
Third, purges 1936-1938 executives at various levels affected production. Failures in production stimulated changes in the administration of enterprises (purges from enemies of the people), and personnel reshuffling had a negative effect on output.
The data in Figs. 5. Until 1928, the volume of production in natural units differed little from the indicators of 1913, with the exception of the production of electricity. The growth in electricity production is the result of the GOELRO plan. In subsequent years, the basic sectors of the industrial economy are picking up pace with an almost unchanged growth rate in the production of cotton fabrics. This revealed the general patterns of the initial stage of industrialization, reinforced by military spending.
The economic stages of industrialization outlined above differ from the periods of five-year plans, as they characterize the economic processes generated by the implementation of plans. Economic processes are reflected in the dynamics of the main components of the gross product: consumer goods, investment goods of civil engineering and an intermediate product (see Fig. 6). At the first stage investment overheating of the economy until 1932 (construction of more objects at the same time) is replaced by On the secondstages a sharp increase in the production of equipment for completed construction projects and an increase in consumer goods to positive values. And at the previous stage of industrialization, growth in this sector of the economy fluctuated around zero.
This reveals another source of funds for industrialization: along with the agricultural sector, this source was the low standard of living of the bulk of the population. Maintaining household consumption at a relatively low level saved wages and lowered production costs. This should not be viewed as malicious intent. Just in view of the limited sources of industrialization, and Russia, perhaps more often than others, experienced their shortage, something must be sacrificed. At the initial stages of industrialization in many countries, the growth of the well-being of the population was sacrificed.
On third stage pre-war industrialization, the growth in the production of consumer goods turned out to be more stable compared to the growth rates of civil engineering. Enterprises built for the production of consumer goods successfully produced their core products. At the same time, the conversion began in the civil engineering sector: some tractor factories began to produce tanks, machine-building enterprises - different types weapons.
It was previously noted that the industrialization of Russia in the pre-revolutionary period relied on foreign financial and technical assistance. In the thirties, one could not count on foreign financial assistance. The source was the sale of works of art, which was secretly organized by the country's leadership.
But foreign technical assistance, as noted, was actively used by the USSR. The necessary equipment was purchased with the proceeds from foreign trade, although they declined due to the unfolding Great Depression. Nevertheless, the proceeds from the export of grain, other foodstuffs, timber were used to purchase metal and equipment. Figures 7 and 8 give an idea of the structure of Russian exports and imports between 1913 and 1938. The structure of exports is dominated by the export of grain and foodstuffs, although the share of this export item is declining, while the share of timber and fuel is increasing. Most of all grain was exported in 1930 and 1931. 4.4-5 million tons each. These were just the sales of the grain that was literally taken from the peasants in order to compensate for the fall in prices for other exported products by increasing its exports. As a result, grain exports decreased somewhat and increased only before the war.
The structure of imports has also changed dramatically. On the eve of the First World War, the structure of imports was dominated by agricultural raw materials and timber, which accounted for more than 60% of all imports. The main suppliers of industrial sector products - metal and equipment - were Germany and the United States.
During the period of the investment boom, the country's trade balance was negative: they bought more than they sold, despite the fact that the country lived on cards, and grain was seized from the village. After 1933 and until 1937, the balance of trade becomes positive, and then, due to military preparations, it becomes negative again.
These are the general characteristics of the foreign trade turnover of Russia and the USSR from 1913 to 1938.
An important indicator characterizing the results of transformations in production is the per capita production of gross domestic product (GDP). A cross-country comparison of per capita GDP for the period 1913-1940, carried out by Western researchers, is shown in Fig. 9. Despite the huge difference in indicators for the USSR and the USA, Germany and Great Britain, one cannot fail to note the growth in per capita GDP after 1932 and its approximation to those of Japan and Italy. To complete the picture of the effectiveness of industrialization, data on the structure of GDP are needed. Indeed, if the GDP consists mainly of machines and
Rice. 9. GDP per capita, cross-country comparison, 1913-1940
equipment, it is difficult to talk about the growth of the welfare of the population. If, on the other hand, there is a large sector producing consumer goods in its structure, then there are important foundations for the growth of prosperity. It turns out that in terms of GDP per capita, the USSR is close to Italy and Japan, but differs in its structure. (See Table 4.1.)
The data in Table 4.1 provide an important characterization of the Soviet model of industrialization that took shape in the pre-war five-year plans: the low share of private consumption makes it possible to mitigate the restrictions of industrialization contained in its market version. State coercion to work at low consumption rates ensures both a significant accumulation of financial resources and, at the same time, significant military spending.
Table 10.1.
Structure of GDP by final use (%)
Source: Questions of Economics. - 1996. - No. 12. - P. 32.
Thus, undoubted progress in solving the problems of industrialization was achieved with the help of very extraordinary measures.
Emphasizing the achievements of industrialization, we note that technological backwardness was consistently overcome. At the same time, it should be noted that industrialization covered sectors of the economy very unevenly, that modern technologies of that time were concentrated in the main production, while manual production dominated in the auxiliary (in the automotive industry, 1/2 of the workers were employed in auxiliary work). Even with an undeveloped infrastructure in the USSR, not only new industries and industries were created, but they were equipped with quite advanced technology. This made it possible to ensure the independent development of the domestic economy, reducing the purchase of imported equipment, and the country practically refused to import agricultural machinery and cotton.
However, the performance indicators for the use of fixed capital were inferior to European indicators, not only because of the high share of manual labor in auxiliary work, but also because of the low technological and labor discipline of the new proletarians, yesterday's peasants. In such a short period of time, it was not possible to achieve indicators of the efficiency of the use of resources and catch up with the advanced countries in terms of per capita GDP. The per capita production of coal, steel, cement, electricity, textiles accounted for between a quarter and two-thirds of US production.
In the course of industrialization, there was an increase in the number of industrial growth points and their creation in the Urals, Western Siberia, and the Far East.
Thus, the tasks of industrialization were not completed to the end. And then there was a war, a war of engines. Against the background of the results of industrialization, the victory in the war is even more impressive and testifies to the power of the created heavy industry, with all the shortcomings and shortcomings of the industrial transformations of the 1930s.
Let us single out and formulate the features of the industrialization model that took shape in the USSR in the 1930s (the Stalin-type industrialization model).
1. The basis of the industrialization model was state property on the main types of resources and state coercion in relation to the worker. In that - institutional feature of the Soviet type model.
2. High rates of industrialization, mobilization and movement of significant resources became possible thanks to crowding out and replacing market mechanismsadministrative. Therefore, the considered type of model will be called administrative industrialization .
3. The focus on achieving the country's technological independence, ideological doctrines, and the unfavorable world economic situation of the 1930s stimulated the formation of a closed economy, the desire to replace imported equipment and products with domestic copies. Focus on import substitution is an important feature of the administrative industrialization model of the 1930s.
4. Models economic development The 1930s were characterized by the same feature of industrialization as the Russian models of the late 19th and early 20th centuries: the borrowing of foreign technical experience (equipment, organization of production and labor). This feature of the model is natural and inherent in all catching up modernizations. However Soviet Russia unlike the tsar, she could not take advantage of foreign financial assistance.
5. Limited accumulation within the industrial sector and financial resources from outside led to the search for these resources within the country. The source of steel agricultural population first of all, as well as the export of products of the primary sector of the economy (agriculture, forestry and extractive industries) and the preservation of relatively low level life of the urban population. In other words, such sources of industrialization formulated the following features of the model of administrative industrialization.
5.1. Reliance on the resources of the traditional and primary sector of the economy.
5.2. High share of government (military) spending and investment in GDP. The forced withdrawal of resources made it possible to ensure a high and stable share of savings and government spending in GDP.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Russia's transition to the industrial stage of development, unfinished within the framework of market industrialization, was continued in Soviet times on the path of administrative regulation. The concept of socialist industrialization carries only an ideological load. Industrialization itself is an objective function of industrial capital. And administrative methods of accelerated creation of the industrial foundation of the economy are used by many modern countries of catching up development. A classic example of this was South Korea, which, as you know, does not set the task of socialist transformations.
2. The tasks of industrialization reflected both the objective laws of the industrial transition of the transition, and the features of the historical moment associated with the growing isolation of the USSR and deep economic crisis, which developed throughout the 30s in the capitalist countries.
3. The process of displacement of manual labor by machine labor was uneven, both by sectors and sectors of the economy, and by type of work. This reflected not only the similar historical experience of other countries, but also reflected the limited resources for industrial transformation. The industrial breakthrough became possible due to the removal of restrictions imposed by the market mechanism on the speed of distribution of resources between industries and the volume of resources to be mobilized.
4. The sources of the resources of Soviet industrialization were the relative decrease in the living standards of the population (which, in general, corresponds to the patterns of the beginning of industrialization), the export of products from the primary (pre-industrial) sector of the economy, and the withdrawal of a significant share of the net product from agriculture (surplus and part of the necessary).
Using the resources of the agricultural sector for industrialization is a world rule. But the scale of the seizure is a Soviet specificity. The absence and inaccessibility of other sources of accumulation led to an unprecedented scale of withdrawals of resources from agriculture.
5. A feature of the plans of the first Soviet five-year plans was the world's first attempt at the practical development of the laws of industrial reproduction. The best specialists in the field of technology and economics were involved in the development of plans, the examination of parts of the plans. Questions of proportionality and balance of sectors of the economy took center stage. However, the voluntarism of the political leadership prevented the development of the first experience not only by constant correction of plan targets, but also by increased interference in the procedures for planning work. This introduced "planned chaos" into economic life.
6. In the course of industrialization, three phases of the medium-term cycle can be distinguished: an investment boom (1929-33), completion of the construction of the main part of production facilities and an increase in the return on investments made (1934-36), an increase in crisis phenomena associated with the need to update the production apparatus (1937-40).
7. An important feature of the industrialization of the pre-war five-year plans was the increase in military spending. This aggravated the position of the civilian sector, since it could not compete with the military-industrial complex (MIC) for limited production resources. There are examples in history of combining industrialization and militarization of the economy (Germany, Japan), but the significant scale of the redistribution of resources in favor of the military-industrial complex is a special feature of the industrialization model of the 1930s.
8. In the process of industrialization, the structural characteristics of the national economy have changed significantly:
the share of agricultural products in the national income decreased by 40%, while that of industry increased by 61% (in 1937 prices);
the structure of GDP has changed in favor of government consumption and investment;
new industries and industries appeared that did not exist in Russia or were in their infancy;
significant changes have also taken place in the structure of exports and imports of goods;
the basis of the investment complex was formed as the basis for the development of the machine foundation of economic activity.
9. At the same time, the tasks of industrialization were not fully completed. Despite overcoming technological dependence on developed countries, it was not possible to achieve their economic characteristics of resource use and production results. At the same time, the lag in terms of GDP per capita production decreased sharply during the years of industrialization and amounted to about 3.5 times in 1940. However, one should not forget that in each unit of GDP, half was represented by equipment and weapons. Therefore, it was also not possible to solve the problem of a significant increase in the welfare of the population.
Despite the incompleteness of pre-war industrialization, its achievements made an impression on the whole world, especially against the backdrop of the deepest economic crisis of 1929-33. and 1936-37, and were tested on the battlefields of the Great Patriotic War.
10. At the first stage of Soviet industrialization (1929-40), an administrative model of industrial development was formed, the important features and basis of which were:
reliance on all-consuming state property;
state mobilization and distribution of resources primarily from the agricultural sector, from export-oriented industries, as well as maintaining a relatively low standard of living of the population;
the isolation of the economy and the associated trend towards import substitution, the country is a food exporter;
focus on borrowing technological experience;
combining the industrialization of the economy with forcing the creation of a defense complex.
Such a model was formed under the influence of external and internal causes and provided a quick maneuver with large masses of resources for the industrial breakthrough of a country that was very backward in the past. From this, of course, it does not follow that the model is ideal and there could not be another, but in the historical experience it is large and very diverse in terms of the natural-climatic, socio-economic, and other characteristics of the country, having spontaneously formed, it ensured the opposition of one economy to the united economies almost all of Europe during World War II
CONTROL QUESTIONS
What caused the need for industrialization and what are its main tasks?
What is the difference between the first five-year plans in terms of tasks to be solved and results?
What are the stages of industrialization according to the observed economic phenomena and processes?
What are the sources of industrialization?
How has the industry structure changed? What sectors of the economy have become priority?
What are the main outcomes and implications of industrialization?
What are the features of the model of industrial development that took shape in the USSR in the 1930s?
LITERATURE
Essays economic reforms. - M. - Science. - 1993. Ch. 6.
CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee. T. 5.
The economic Transformation of the Soviet Union 1913-1945. Cambridge. - 1994. - §§ 3, 7, 9.
Gordon L.,Elopov E. Thirties - forties. // Knowledge is power. - 1988. - No. 3.
Solutions party and government on economic issues. T. 2.
Story socialist economy. T. III. M. - Science. - 1977. Ch. 8.
Lenin V. I. To the outline of the plan of scientific and technical work. Full coll. op. T. 45.
FOREWORD
This collection is integral part All-Union series of documents and materials on the history of the industrialization of the USSR (1926-1941). It contains documents that tell about the industrial development of the country during the years of the Third Five-Year Plan (before the start of the Great Patriotic War) and thus completes the all-Union volumes of the series.
By the end of the second five-year plan, the Soviet Union had successfully completed, in the main, the building of a socialist society. The victory of socialism opened up enormous opportunities for the development and improvement of the productive forces of Soviet society, its political and spiritual life.
communist party Soviet Union at the XVIII Congress (in March 1939) set the task of completing the construction of socialism and beginning a gradual transition to communism. In order to ensure the fulfillment of this task, it was necessary to strengthen and develop the material and technical base of socialism, improve socialist relations of production, ensure a high standard of living for the people, intensify the education of the working people in the spirit of selfless devotion to the socialist Fatherland and a deep understanding of the ideas of Marxism-Leninism.
The party warned that the path to the goal would not be easy. "However, one cannot underestimate the difficulties of solving this gigantic task, especially in the conditions of a hostile capitalist encirclement," the decisions of the 18th Congress of the CPSU(b) emphasized. At this time, the world was extremely anxious. The military bloc of the fascist states launched intensive preparations for war and has already begun to carry out its aggressive plans in Europe and the Far East. The threat of an attack on the world's first socialist state grew with each passing day. In autumn 1939 Nazi Germany attacked Poland. The second world war began.
The third five-year plan, adopted by the 18th Party Congress, opened up clear prospects for the movement of the Soviet Union towards the intended goal. By 1942, it was envisaged to surpass the level of 1937 in terms of output of all industry by 92%, including 107% in the production of means of production and 72% in the production of consumer goods. One of the main tasks of the new five-year plan was to ensure the introduction of advanced technology in all branches of the national economy, to mechanize labor-intensive work, and on this basis to achieve a significant increase in labor productivity. Given the difficult international situation, the five-year plan provided for an increase in the capacity of the defense industry, an acceleration in its development and the creation of large state reserves. The implementation of the planned plan was ensured by large capital investments in the amount of 192 billion rubles. Great importance the plan was given to the integrated development of the economy of all the main economic regions and the faster development of the eastern regions of the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Far East. All-round development of the coal-metallurgical and oil base (Second Baku), the construction of understudy enterprises in a number of branches of engineering, aircraft industry, ammunition, weapons, oil refining, chemistry, light and food industries was planned.
Despite the fact that in the third five-year plan great attention was paid to strengthening the military-industrial base of the country, from the very first year of the five-year plan, the party and government took a number of measures to strengthen the defense might of the Soviet state. The construction of new and backup enterprises in the East of the country was accelerated. Energetic measures were taken to eliminate the backwardness of a number of leading branches of heavy industry and to reduce the disproportion in their development (non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, energy, fuel, etc.). The pace of deploying the capacities of the defense industry accelerated. In industry and construction, progressive methods of technology and labor organization were introduced, the system of personnel training was improved, the system of industry and construction management was restructured, and the management apparatus was approaching production. These events have played a major role in strengthening the economic and military power our Motherland.
During the years of the third five-year plan, the creative activity of the working people increased immeasurably, manifesting itself in the broad scope of the Stakhanov movement.
The documents and materials of this collection contain information about the main directions of the industrial development of the USSR in 1938-1941. The collection consists of two sections. The first section contains documents on the development of industry in the USSR (financing, capital construction, organization of production, and results of industry work). The second section is devoted to the size and composition of the working class, the training and distribution of industrial personnel, the creative, heroic labor of the Soviet
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The People opens the collection with the resolution of the XVIII Congress of the Communist Party on the results of the Second Five-Year Plan and the tasks of the Third Five-Year Plan [inaudible] The results of the Second Five-Year Plan determined the tasks of the new historical period, outlined the ways and methods for achieving them. For the study of all other materials, the published document is fundamental.
Most of the first chapter of the first section of the documents consists of reports from the budget department of the USSR Narkomfin on the execution of the state budget of the USSR for 1938-1940. (Doc. No. 1 - 4). These documents contain information on tax and non-tax revenues of the budget, expenditures on financing all sectors of the national economy on the execution of the budgets of the union republics, as well as an overview of the general conditions in which the budget was executed during the reporting period. The published extracts from documents contain important information about the financial performance of industry and the size of intra-industrial savings, about the ratio and size of budgetary [inaudible] and their distribution by industry. NKF reports show that in 1938-40. budgetary funding for the defense [inaudible] industry has systematically increased. If in 1938 [inaudible] 18.7% of the budget, then in 1940 - 32.6%. During the same time, the share of expenditures on the development of industry grew from 41% to 48% of all expenditures on the national economy, and [inaudible] went to the leading industries: [inaudible] energy, metallurgy, chemistry, machine building. The reports also contain information about the participation of the population in the financing of socialist industry, including mass loans, their size and significance for the development of industry in the USSR.
In addition to the documents published in the collection of documents on the financing of socialist industry, of great interest are such materials as the draft state budgets of the USSR and the Union republics, the speech of the people's commissars of finance at a meeting of the Supreme Soviets of the USSR [inaudible] budgets published in the reporting [inaudible] at sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, in monthly reviews of the CSO on the implementation of state plans for the national economy. A number of information on issues related to the financing of industry contains the protocols of the budget commission of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR and other materials. In the chapter "Capital construction [inaudible] materials characterizing [inaudible] construction and revealing the process of improving construction-
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Body business in the country. The orders of the People's Commissariat of Construction of the USSR and the reports of major construction departments contain information on the use of high-speed construction methods, on the construction of industrial facilities according to standard designs from enlarged elements, on the introduction of industrial methods into construction practice, new Stakhanov methods of labor (Doc. No. 11, 12, 20-23 )
The methods of high-speed construction, mastered during the years of the third five-year plan, were widely used during the years of the Patriotic War.
Materials on the organization of construction are supplemented by the statistical tables of the People's Commissariat of Construction (doc. No. 24-27), which contain information on the amount of capital work performed, mechanization construction works, output by manufacturing enterprises of the People's Commissariat of Construction of the USSR for 1939-1940 - Reports of TsUNKhU and Gosplan to the Economic Council under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Doc. No. 9, 15, 18) contain information on the implementation of capital construction plans and the launch of the most important enterprises in the first years of the third five-year plan. Documents show that as a result of the implementation of the directive of the XVIII Congress of the CPSU (b) on the further progressive distribution of the country's productive forces, a large construction program was carried out, the capacities of heavy industry were significantly increased, new backup enterprises were created in a number of industries in the Volga region, the Urals and Siberia. Coal mining, metal smelting, and the production of machinery and equipment have grown in these areas.
The party and the government, taking into account the growing threat from fascist Germany, were forced to allocate most of the funds for the construction of the leading branches of the heavy and defense industry. As a result, before the start of the Patriotic War, 3 thousand new large industrial enterprises were built. The commissioning of these enterprises made the industrial base of the country and especially its defense industries more powerful and stable.
In the chapter "Organization of production. The results of the work of industry” includes documents containing information on the organizational activities of the party and the state in the field of industrial development. The industry of the Soviet Union during the years of the third five-year plan, as in the previous two five-year periods, developed along an ascending line. But her path to new frontiers was not easy, as indicated above. From the end of 1939, the direct danger of war, which was approaching our borders, began to affect the entire national economy. As a result, it was necessary to radically change the initial tasks of annual, quarterly and monthly plans, to switch financial and material resources, as well as production capacities to the deployment of the defense industry. Under these difficult conditions, the Communist Party, having mobilized the working class and engineers and technicians to overcome difficulties, achieved a decisive improvement in the work of the most important branches of the heavy industry and a sharp increase in the defense industry. The documents published in the chapter are the resolution of the XVIII Party Conference “On the Tasks of Party Organizations
in the field of industry and transport”, the resolutions of the Council of People’s Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks “On the work of the coal industry of Donbass”, “On increasing the role of the foreman”, “On state all-Union standards and the procedure for their introduction” show the great work of the party and government aimed at overcoming the difficulties and shortcomings that have arisen in the work of industry (Doc. No. 33, 35, 37, 44). The reports of the People's Commissariat of Coal and the People's Commissariat for 1940 published in the chapter for 1940 (documents No. 39, 42) tell about the measures of the party and government to boost the coal industry and ferrous metallurgy. Documents show that in the second half of 1940 a turning point occurred in the work of the ferrous metallurgy and coal industry. And in the first half of 1941, the level of production of cast iron exceeded the average monthly level of 1937 by 25%, steel - by 29%, rolled products - by 26%. The increase in steel production was ensured not only by an increase in production capacity, but also by a better use of equipment. Coal mining increased in 1940 by 30% against the level of 1937.
The largest group of documents in the chapter - orders and reports of industrial people's commissariats - contains information about the great organizational and technical work to improve the production management system, revise production standards and prices, standardize products, mechanize labor-intensive processes and increase labor productivity on this basis. Since the main activities in this area have unfolded since
1939, information for 1938 is presented only as part of generalizing materials. Since the publication of the reports of all people's commissariats is not possible due to their large volume, preference was given to the reports of the people's commissariats of heavy industry - fuel and energy, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy and medium engineering, since they show the development of the economic potential of the Soviet Union on the eve of the Great Patriotic War .
The general reporting materials in the chapter are presented by the report of the State Planning Commission to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on the implementation of the third five-year plan for the development of the national economy and the statistical materials of the TsUNKhU and the Central Statistical Bureau of the USSR on the gross industrial output and the production of the most important types of industrial products in the USSR and the main economic regions for 1939-1940 (Doc. No. 38, 45, 47). These documents show that, despite a number of significant shortcomings in the organization of production, revealed at the 18th conference of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks), industry during 1938-1940. has achieved great success. During the first three and a half years of the five-year plan, the main tasks of the plan were successfully completed. With an increase in industrial output from 1937 to 1940 by 45%, the production of means of production increased by 54%, and engineering output by 75%. The labor productivity of workers in industry increased by 32% over the same period. The defense industries have been especially successful. The total volume of its production for 3 years increased by 2.8 times (with a target of 3.3 times as a whole for the five-year period)
9
Based on acceleration scientific and technological progress and growth in the production of means of production, further technical re-equipment of the national economy took place. The branches of mechanical engineering and metalworking have received significant development. The machine tool industry grew rapidly, especially the production of automatic and special machine tools, at the same time their range expanded. On the eve of the war, more than 500 new types of machine tools were mastered. Recall that in 1932 only 40 types of machine tools were produced in the country. The production of improved open-hearth and rolling equipment, vehicles, and equipment for the coal industry has increased. In 1939-1941. Great success has been achieved in the development of new types of weapons that are not inferior to the best foreign models. As the materials of the chronicle show, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars systematically considered and directed the activities of design and factory teams to create new tanks - KB and T-34, new aircraft engines and new types of combat aircraft: Yak-1, MIG-3, IL -2 and other samples of the latest weapons and the organization of their mass production.
The economic and defense power of the Soviet state increased and strengthened every year, as evidenced by the documents published in the collection. Moreover, it should be noted that they are very important, but not the only ones. In preparing the collection for publication, the compilers took into account that a number of important decisions of the party and government had already been published in well-known collections: “The CPSU in resolutions and decisions of congresses, conferences and plenums of the Central Committee”, “Decisions of the party and government on economic issues”, as well as in the periodical print.
In the chapter “The size and composition of the working class. Training and Distribution of Personnel” publishes documents on ways and methods of solving one of the most important national economic problems during the years of the Third Five-Year Plan - providing growing socialist production with qualified personnel. These documents mainly reflect the features of the growth in the number and change in the composition of the working class at a new stage of historical development; implementation of the measures outlined by the five-year plan to improve the cultural and technical level of industrial and production personnel and the creation of a new system for training qualified workers. By the beginning of the third five-year plan, the main form of replenishment of workers remained as before the recruitment of workers directly by enterprises and construction sites and organized recruitment under contracts with collective farms. At the same time, most of the workers were trained or retrained directly at the production site at the machine tool. The orders and certificates of people's commissariats published in the collection on the results of brigade and individual apprenticeships at enterprises, as well as advanced training in Stakhanov schools (Doc. No. 67, 77), certificate from the Labor Department of the State Planning Commission
10
On the sources of replenishment of the industry labor force(Doc. No. 73) show that these forms could no longer meet the needs of the national economy. Many branches of industry, armed with advanced technology, needed not just labor, but qualified personnel. Therefore, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks took practical measures to streamline the recruitment and distribution of labor, the introduction of a new system of organized replenishment of industry, construction and transport with skilled workers. A system of state labor reserves was created. Of great interest in this regard is the certificate of the Main Directorate of Labor Reserves on the organization of schools and the first enrollment of students (doc. No. 75).
The chapter's documents give an idea of the situation with the supply of labor in all branches of industry and construction, of the change in the number and composition of workers by branches of industry in the republics and large industrial areas countries. Of great interest are the statistical materials of TsUNKhU on the composition of workers and engineering and technical workers. In 1939, TsUNKhU carried out a survey of the organization of labor and wages in industry. The collection includes statistical tables on the distribution of workers and engineering and technical workers big industry by sex and age, by length of continuous work in production as of November 1, 1939 (by industry) and by education. The data of the All-Union Census of 1939 show the level of education of workers and employees by profession, including women workers (doc. No. 56-60).
On January 1, 1941, the Central Statistical Bureau conducted a survey of leading personnel and specialists throughout the USSR (except Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia). The collection publishes a memorandum of the State Planning Committee on the results of the survey, as well as statistical materials on the composition of the leading cadres and specialists in the Union and Union-Republican Industrial People's Commissariats and their subordinate organizations and enterprises on education and party membership, on the saturation of industrial enterprises with engineers and technicians, on the number of women and on the promotion of new personnel to leadership positions (Doc. No. 79-82).
In the chapter "Labor Activity of the Working Class" documents are published that reveal the selfless struggle of the Soviet people for the fulfillment of the Third Five-Year Plan, for new creative forms and methods of labor. The chapter includes information summaries, memorandums, as well as letters from the collectives of enterprises and individual workers who came forward with new labor initiatives. Most of the documents are published for the first time. They contain information about the activities of party, economic, trade union and Komsomol organizations, as well as scientific and technical societies, in the wide dissemination of advanced forms of labor organization in the main branches of industry and construction. Letters and appeals of leading workers - miners, metallurgists,
Machine builders - economic and party organizations show a high political consciousness of the advanced detachments of the Soviet working class (Doc. No. 85, 88, 97). At the suggestion of the Stakhanovites, the steelmakers of the Donetsk Metallurgical Plant, a competition was started among the leading professions of metallurgical enterprises in order to bring the lagging industry out of the breakthrough and promote the dissemination of advanced experience among steelworkers and furnace workers. The collection also contains materials on the implementation of this valuable initiative (Doc. No. 101, 113, 123, 124). Numerous materials cover the origin and development of multi-machine maintenance and combination of professions, i.e. such forms of production activity of the working people, which played a big role in the fulfillment of production tasks not only in peaceful conditions, but also during the years of the Great Patriotic War (Doc. No. 102, 114).
During the goals of the third five-year plan, the movement of Komsomol youth brigades, which originated in the early years of industrialization, gained wide scope. Among the published materials, one should especially note the reports of the central committees of a number of trade unions on mass production work, certificates from the People's Commissariat of Chermet and some other institutions on the Stakhanov movement (Doc. No. 104, 106, 129, 131). These materials contain information about the number of workers participating in the Stakhanov movement, about the spread of new promising forms of socialist emulation, about the main shortcomings in work and about ways to overcome them. Of great interest are the reports and resolutions of the Presidium of the All-Union Scientific and Technical Society on the participation of engineering and technical workers in the dissemination of advanced labor methods, in the implementation of organizational and technical measures in production in accordance with the tasks of the third five-year plan (Doc. No. 86, 90, 91, 94 and etc.). The chapter ends with statistical materials of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions on the number of workers who participated in the socialist competition in 19383-1940, and on the number of rationalization proposals. The published documents sum up the results of the great organizational work of the Communist Party, Soviet government and trade unions to provide conditions for mass labor enthusiasm and heroism of the Soviet working class.
. . .
The published documents are extracted from the funds of the Central state archive National Economy of the USSR (TsGANKh of the USSR), the Central State Archive of the October Revolution, supreme bodies state authorities and bodies government controlled USSR (TsGAOR USSR), the Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU (TsPA IML), the Central Archive of the Komsomol and the Central Archive of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions.
The archeographic processing of the documents was carried out in accordance with the generally accepted rules of publication. Misprints in documents
12
As well as minor errors, including inaccurate names of enterprises (if the correctness of the names of the latter is not in doubt) have been corrected without reservation. All abbreviated words not included in the list of abbreviations are also expanded without square brackets, unless the correctness of the disclosure is in doubt or may be ambiguous.
Some documents are published in extracts. Information that is not related to the topic of the collection or of secondary importance, as well as extracts from the resolutions of the 18th Congress and the 18th Conference of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and from statistical tables, the information of which is beyond the scope of published documents, has been omitted without reservation. . In other cases, the omitted parts of the documents are specified in textual notes, which indicate the names of the entire omitted sections, chapters and paragraphs or the content of the omitted parts of the text. In the reports of people's commissariats and central departments, omitted information is indicated only for that section or chapter, the material of which is published in the collection. All extracts from documents are marked in the title with the preposition "from" and dots in places where the text is missing. Dots are not put if the part of the document limited by an independent heading is published in full.
In the documents of the collection, the numbering of tables has been changed in accordance with the extracts. Published materials and statistical tables that do not have dates are dated by content, since it is established the exact date does not seem possible. Summary statistics are located at the end of each section, regardless of their date.
Document notes are specified in textual notes. The vast majority of documents are typewritten, so only other ways of reproducing the text are stipulated.
The appendices to the collection contain notes, a list of abbreviations, a list of sources used, an index of industrial enterprises, as well as a chronicle of the decisions of the Communist Party and the Soviet government on industrialization issues for the period from January 3, 1938 to December 31, 1940.
Anti-Soviet people often ask where, they say, are all these factories built under Stalin, give me a list. I give a list of plants, factories, power plants and others built from 1938 to 1941.
The list of factories built under Stalin, broken down by industry:
power plants
1. ATSGES, Adzharis-Tskhalinskaya, Batumi, Georgian SSR 67
2. Gyumushskaya, on the river. Rozdan, Armenian SSR 69
3. Dneprovskaya, Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR 46
4. Dneprodzerzhinskaya, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Ukrainian SSR 48
5. Dubrovskaya, r.p. Dubrovka, Leningrad region 46
6. Zakamskaya, r.p. Zakamsk, Molotovskaya. region 46
7. Zemo-Avchalskaya, Tbilisi, Georgian SSR 46, 67
8. Zuevskaya, Khartsyzsk, Ukrainian SSR 363
9. Ivanovskaya, Ivanovo, Ivanovo region 70
10. Kaluga, Kaluga, Tula region 69
11. Kanakerskaya, urban settlement Kanaker, Armenian SSR 46, 67, 69
12. Karaganda, Karaganda, Kazakh SSR 70
13. Krasin named after Baku, Azerbaijan SSR 48
14. "Red Star", Baku, Azerbaijan SSR 46
15. Krasnogorsk, Kamensk, Chelyabinsk region 61
16. Krasnodar, Krasnodar, Krasnodar region 70
17. Krasnozavodskaya, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 46
18. Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk region 70
19. Kuvasayskaya, r.p. Kuvasay, Uzbek SSR 66, 70
20. Kurakhovskaya, p.g.g. Kurakhovka, Stalin region, Ukrainian SSR 70, 363
21. Leningradskaya No. 10, Leningrad 363
22. Nesvetaevskaya, r.p. Small Nesvetai, Rostov region 70
23. Nivskaya, Kirovsk, Murmansk region 69
24. Orskaya, Orsk, Chkalov region 46, 70
25. Rybinsk, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region 69
26. Svirskaya No. 2, Leningrad 69
27. Svistuhinskaya, Ordzhonikidze region 70
28. North-Donetsk, r.p. Post Lyubimovsky, Ukrainian SSR 70
29. Serebryanskaya, r. Miass, Chelyabinsk region 70
30. Stalinogorsk, Stalinogorsk, Tula region 46, 363
31. Sumgayitskaya, urban settlement Sumgayit, Azerbaijan SSR 67
32. Sukhumi, Sukhumi, Georgian SSR 69
33. Syzran, Syzran, Kuibyshev region 70
34. Syasskaya, r.p. Syasstroy, Leningrad region 70
35. Tulomskaya, on the river. Tuloma, Murmansk region 46
36. Uglich, Uglich, Yaroslavl region 69
37. Frunzenskaya, Moscow, 363
38. Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Territory 70
39. Khramskaya, Tbilisi, Georgian SSR 69
40. Chirchik, Chirchik, Uzbek SSR 66, 69
coal industry
41. Friendly, Donbass 48 named after Ilyich, Krivoy Rog, Ukrainian SSR 336
42. Kalinin named after Gorlovka, Ukrainian SSR 377
43. Knotsway No. 2, r.p. Uzlovaya, Tula region 361, 362
44. Central Bokovskaya, p.g.t. Central-Bokovsky, Ukrainian SSR 48
45. Mine No. 3 of the trust Snezhyananthracite 387
46. Mine No. 6, Krasny Luch, Ukrainian SSR 387
47. Mine No. 8 Gorlovka, Ukrainian SSR 377
48. Mine No. 8, Bobriky, Moscow Region 362
49. Mine No. 11-bis, r.p. Alekseev-Leonovo, Ukrainian SSR 377
50. Mine No. 18, r.p. Alekseev-Leonovo, Ukrainian SSR 293, 326
51. Mine No. 19, Bobriky, Moscow region 362
52. Mine No. 20, Bobriky, Moscow region 362
53. Mine "Krasnogvardeyskaya" of the USSR People's Commissariat of Colors, Krasnouralsk, Sverdlovsk Region. 359, 360
Oil industry
54. Baku carbon black plants, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR 46
55. Komsomolskaya drilling rig No. 133 of the Mirzani oil field, Georgian SSR 377
56. Leningrad gas plant, Leningrad 75
57. Moscow Coke and Gas Plant, Moscow 75
58. Moscow cracking plant, Moscow 46
59. Oil pipeline Gor.a-Gorskaya - Grozny 46
60. Oil pipeline Izberbash - Makhach-Kala 48
61. Ufa oil refinery, Ufa, Bashkir ASSR 48
62. Schmidt named after, plant, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR 337
Metallurgical industry
63. Azovstal, see Ordzhonikidze named after Alapaevsky, Alapaevsk, Sverdlovsk region. 346
64. Almaznyaneky, p.g.t. Diamond, Ukrainian SSR 357
65. Amurstalstroy, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Territory
66. Andreeva named after, Tatarrog, Rostov region.
67. Bakalsky, r.p. Bakal, Chelyabinsk region 71
68. Baku pipe rolling, Baku,
69. Azerbaijan SSR 71 Beloretsky, Beloretsk, Bashkir ASSR 346, 399
70. Named after Voikov, Kerch, Crimean ASSR 152
71. Voroshilov named after Voroshilovsk, Ukrainian SSR
72. Vyksa, Vyksa, Gorky region 341, 358
73. Far East see Amurstalstroy
74. Dzerzhinsky named after Dneprodzerzhinsk, Ukrainian SSR 355
75. Dzerzhinsky named after Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR
76. Dneprospetsstal, Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR 152
77. Donetsk, city of Stalin, Ukrainian SSR
78. Zaporizhstal, Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR
79. Zlatoustovsky, Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk region
80. Ilyich name, Mariupol, Ukrainian SSR 347, 374
81. Karl Liebknecht named after Nizhnedneprovsk, Ukrainian SSR 152, 348
82. Kemerovo pipe rolling, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk region 71
83. Kerch, see Voykov named
84. Kirov named after Makeevka, Ukrainian SSR
85. Comintern named after Nizhnedneprovsk, Ukrainian SSR 347
86. Kosogorsky, Tula, Tula region 348
87. Kramatorsk, see Kuibyshev named after
88. "Red October", Stalingrad, Stalingrad region.
89. Krivoy Rog, Krivoy Rog, Ukrainian SSR
90. Kuznetsky, Stalinsk, Novosibirsk region
91. Kuibyshev named after Kramatorsk, Ukrainian SSR 343, 347
92. Kuibyshev named after Trubny, Mariupol, Ukrainian SSR 343, 347, 350
93. Kushvinsky, Kushva, Sverdlovsk region 348
94. Lenin named after Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR
95. Leningrad pipe, Leningrad 330
96. Lysvensky, Lysva, Molotov region 109
97. Magnitogorsk, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk region
98. Makeevsky see Kirov name
99. Mariupol, see Ilyich named after
100. Mariupol pipe see Kuibyshev named after
101. Nadezhdinsky, see Serov named after
102. Nizhne-Saldinskiy, Nizhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk region 109, 153
103. Nizhne-Serginsky, r.p. Nizhniye Sergi, Sverdlovsk region 314, 347, 356
104. Nizhny Tagil, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region 156, 358
105. Nikopol, see Yuzhnotrubny
106. Novo-Lipetsky, Lipetsk, Voronezh region
107. Novo-Moskovsky, Novo-Moskovsk, Ukrainian SSR 46, 71
108. Novo-Tagilsky, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region
109. Novo-Ural pipe rolling, st. Khrompik, Sverdlovsk region 71, 350
110. Ordzhonikidze named after Mariupol, Ukrainian SSR
111. Ordzhonikidze, Ordzhonikidze, Ukrainian SSR
112. Petrovsky, Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky, Chita region
113. Petrovsky named after Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR
114. Satkinsky, Satka, Chelyabinsk region 357
115. Free Falcon, Lipetsk, Voronezh region 348, 357
116. Serov named after Serov, Sverdlovsk region
117. Hammer and sickle, Moscow
118. Sinar pipe foundry, Kamensk, Chelyabinsk region 109, 331
119. Stalin, see Donetsk
120. Taganrog, see Andreev named
121. Tirlyansky see Beloretsky
122. Ural Novotrubny, see Novo-Uralsky
123. Frunze named after Konstantinovna, Ukrainian SSR 314, 374
124. Chelyabinsk ferroalloy, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region 48
125. Chermozsky, r.p. Chermoz, Molotov region 358
126. Chusovoy, Chusovoy, Molotov region 109, 348
127. Elektrostal, Elektrostal, Moscow region
128. Yuzhnotrubny, Nikopol, Ukrainian SSR
Coke plants
129. Bryansk, r.p. Bryansk mine, Ukrainian SSR 109
130. Zaporozhye, Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR 46
131. Kemerovo, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk region 46
132. Mupgketovsky, p.g.t. Mupzhetovo, Ukrainian SSR 109
Non-ferrous metallurgy plants
133. Almalyk copper smelting plant, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR 72
134. Balkhash copper smelter, Balkhash, Kazakh SSR 66, 72
135. Blyavinsky copper-sulphur plant, Blyava, Chkalovsky region 72
136. Dzhezkazgan copper smelter, s.p. Dzhezkazgan, Kazakh SSR 66, 72
137. Kamensky aluminum plant, Kamensk, Chelyabinsk region 61, 64, 72, 136
138. Kandalaksha aluminum plant, Kandalaksha, Murmansk region 64, 72, 136
139. Kandalaksha electrolytic aluminum plant, Kandalaksha, Murmansk region. 72
140. Monchegorsk nickel plant, Monchegorsk, Murmansk region 46
141. Mid-Urals copper-smelting plant, Revda, Sverdlovsk region. 46, 48, 72
142. Stalin aluminum plant, Stalinsk, Novosibirsk region 64, 136
143. Tikhvin alumina plant, s.p. Boksitogorsk, Leningrad region 72
144. Ural aluminum see Kamensky
145. Ural Nickel Plant, Kamensk, Chelyabinsk region. 72
146. Khalilovsky Nickel Plant, Orsk, Chkalov Region 64, 71
Metalworking and mechanical plants
147. Kolchuginsky, see Ordzhonikidze named after
148. "Red Etna", mechanical, Gorky, Gorky region. 402
149. Krasnopresnensky mechanical, Moscow 235, 252, 257, 302, 310
150. Leningrad metal, Leningrad 375, 389
151. Ordzhonikidze named after non-ferrous metal processing, Kolchugino, Ivanovo region. 234
152. Presnensky see Krasnopresnensky
153. Serpukhov file, Serpukhov, Moscow region 313
154. Stalin's name, see Leningrad metal
155. Centrolite, iron foundry, Leningrad 124
mechanical engineering
156. Alapaevsky automatic machines and revolving machine tools, Alapaevsk, Sverdlovsk region. 67
157. Alapaevsky machine-tool building, Alapaevsk, Sverdlovsk region 376
158. "Bolshevik", machine-building city of Leningrad 375
159. Roll turning, Dneprodzerzhinsk, Ukrainian SSR 342
160. Vladimirsky modular machines, Vladimir, Ivanovo region. 67
161. Vorovsky named after mining engineering, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region 375
162. Voronezh diesel building, Voronezh, Voronezh region 320
163. Voronezh secondary engineering, Voronezh, Voronezh region. 336
164. Voronezh machine-tool building, Voronezh, Voronezh region 124, 376
165. Voronezh grinding machines, Voronezh, Voronezh region. 67
166. Voroshilov named after Toretsky Mining Engineering, Druzhkovka, Ukrainian SSR 318
167. Voroshilovgrad locomotive building, see the October Revolution named after
168. Voskov named instrumental, Leningrad 124, 313, 322
169. Second sentry, Moscow 235
170. "Volcano", agricultural engineering, Leningrad 374
171. Vyksa forging and pressing equipment, Vyksa, Gorky region. 124
172. Hydraulic drive, heavy machine tool industry, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 198, 199
173. Gomel Agricultural Engineering, Gomel, BSSR 304, 305 309
174. GOMZ, see OGPU named after
175. Gorky automobile, Gorky, Gorky region 68, 182, 183, 335
176. Gorky heavy machine tools, Gorky, Gorky region 67
177. Gorky milling machines, Gorky, Gorky region.
178. Gorky named after machine tools, Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR
179. GPZ No. 1, First bearing, Moscow
180. "Engine of the Revolution", diesel, Gorky, Gorky region. 124, 321
181. Tractor named after Dzerzhinsky, Stalingrad, Stalingrad region.
182. Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Equipment (DZMO), Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR
183. VMS, see Moscow Automotive Ivanovo Medium Machine Building, Ivanovo, Ivanovskaya obl. 336
184. Izhora machine-building, Kolpino, Leningrad region 161, 319
185. "Ilyich", abrasive, Leningrad 124
186. Ilyich named after the machine tool, Leningrad 321
187. Kazan autotractor parts, Kazan, Tatar ASSR 68
188. "Caliber", instrumentation, Moscow
189. Kalinin named instrumental ("Frazer"), Moscow
190. Kalinin named after forging and pressing equipment, Voronezh, Voronezh region. 124
191. Kalinin car building, Kalinin, Kalinin region 183, 308
192. Kanash car repair, Kanash, Chuvash ASSR 48
193. Kanonersky ship repair, Leningrad 57
194. Karl Marx named after machine-building, Leningrad 47
195. Kiev machine tools, see the Gorky name
196. KIM, small car plant, Moscow 50, 80, 87, 89
197. Kirov named after machine-building and steelmaking, Gorlovka, Ukrainian SSR 320, 321
198. Kirov named after lifting and transport facilities, Leningrad 124
199. Kirov machine-building and metallurgical, Leningrad
200. Kolomna, see Kuibyshev named after
201. Kolyushchenko named after agricultural engineering, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region 305, 309
202. Machine Building Comintern, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 353, 354
203. "Kommunar", agricultural engineering, Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR 303, 305
204. Communist Party of Germany named after Mashinostroitelny, Moscow 235
205. "Compressor", machine-building, Moscow 298
206. "Komsomolets", machine-tool building, Yegoryevsk, Moscow region. 46, 124
207. "Red Star", agricultural engineering, Kirovograd, Ukrainian SSR
208. Krasnodar forgings and bar products, Krasnodar, Krasnodar Territory 68
209. Krasnodar Heavy Machine Tool Building, Krasnodar, Krasnodar Territory 124
210. Krasnoyarsk Agricultural Engineering, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory 68
211. "Red Aksai" see Frunze named after
212. "Red engine", tractor spare parts and parts, Novorossiysk, Krasnodar Territory 309
213. "Red Toolmaker", Leningrad 313, 322
214. "Red metalworker", handling equipment, Leningrad
215. "Red Proletarian", machine tool, Moscow
216. "Red Profintern", tractor spare parts and parts, Odessa, Ukrainian SSR 260
217. "Red Profintern", locomotive and car building, Ordzhonikidzegrad, Oryol region.
218. Kuibyshev named after Kolomna locomotive building, Golutvino, Moscow region
219. Kursk Textile Engineering, Kursk, Kursk region 68
220. Lenin named after machine-tool building, Odessa, Ukrainian SSR
221. Lenin named after tractor spare parts and parts, Michurinsk, Voronezh region. 309
222. Lepse named after tractor spare parts and parts, Kiev, Ukrainian SSR 181, 309
223. Lianozovsky car repair, s.p. Lianozovo, Moscow region 48
224. "Lift", utility equipment, Moscow 320
225. Luberetsky, see Ukhtomsky name
226. Lyudinovsky locomobile, Lyudinovo, Oryol region 46
227. Max Gelts named after printing engineering, Leningrad 310
228. Mozherez, railway repair, Moscow 298
229. Moscow Automobile, Moscow
230. Moscow instrumental, Moscow
231. Moscow small cars, see KIM named after
232. Moscow brake, Moscow 252, 257
233. Moscow knitting machines, Moscow 310
234. Moscow grinding machines, Moscow
235. Mytishchi car building, Mytishchi, Moscow region 183
236. Novo-Kramatorsky machine-building, Kramatorsk, Ukrainian SSR
237. Novosibirsk autotractor parts, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region. 68
238. Novosibirsk boring machines, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region. 67
239. Novosibirsk machine-tool building, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region 376
240. Novosibirsk universal machine tools, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region. 67
241. OGPU named after optical-mechanical, Leningrad
242. Odessa ship repair, Odessa, Ukrainian SSR 57
245. Omsk car assembly, Omsk, Omsk region 68
246. Ordzhonikidze named after revolving machines and semi-automatic machines, Moscow
247. Ordzhonikidze named after Staro-Kramatorsky forging and pressing equipment, Kramatorsk, Ukrainian SSR
248. Ordzhonikidze named after Ural heavy engineering, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region.
249. Ordzhonikidze named after Kharkov Tractor, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR
250. Orlovsky secondary engineering, Orel, Oryol region 47, 336
251. Penza precision machine tools, Penza, Penza region. 67
252. Penza machine-tool building, Penza, Penza region 376
253. "Lift", lifting and transport equipment, Moscow
254. Rostov car assembly, Rostov-on-Don, Rostov region 48, 56, 68
255. Rostselmash, agricultural engineering, Rostov-on-Don, Rostov region.
256. "Russian diesel", diesel building, Leningrad
257. Rybinsk machine-building, Rybinsk, Yaroslavl region 337
258. Ryazan spare parts for cold die and bar, Ryazan, Ryazan region. 68
259. Saratov galvanized wire, Saratov, Saratov region 48
260. Saratov ball bearing, Saratov, Saratov region 68
261. Sverdlov named after the machine tool, Leningrad 124, 198, 310
262. Sverdlovsk heavy machine tools, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region 67
263. Sverdlovsk chemical engineering, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region 69
264. "Light of the miner", mining engineering, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 318
265. "Sickle and hammer", agricultural engineering, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR
266. Sibselmash, agricultural engineering, Omsk, Omsk region.
267. Stalingrad tractor, see Dzerzhinsky name
268. Machine tool construction, machine tools, Moscow 124, 161, 227
269. Stankolit, machine tool, Moscow 124, 269
270. Staro-Kramatorsk, see Ordzhonikidze named after
271. Tashselmash, agricultural engineering, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR 304
272. Troitsk forging and pressing equipment, Troitsk, Chelyabinsk region. 67
273. Ulyanovsk large lathes, Ulyanovsk, Kuibyshev region. 67
274. Uralmashzavod, see Ordzhonikidze named after
275. Ural car building, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region 52, 182, 183
276. Ufa paper machines, Ufa, Bashkir ASSR 69
277. Ukhtomsky named after agricultural engineering, Lyubertsy, Moscow region.
278. "Fraser", see Kalinin named after
279. Machine-building Frunze ("Red Aksai"), Rostov-on-Don, Rostov region 183, 303, 304
280. Metal stamping Frunze, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 318
281. Kharkov machine-tool building, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR
282. Kharkov tractor, see Ordzhonikidze named after
283. Centrolite, machine-tool building, Leningrad 124
284. Central Committee of Mechanical Engineering named after machine-tool, Kuibyshev, Kuibyshev region. 124
285. Chelyabinsk abrasive, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region 124
286. Chelyabinsk tractor, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region
287. Chita auto-tractor parts, Chita, Chita region 68
288. Chusovoy spring, Chusovoy, Molotov region 68
289. Shevchenko named after textile engineering, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 47
290. Engels named after light engineering, Leningrad 47, 310, 311
292. Yaroslavl automobile, Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl region
Electrical industry
293. Belgorod boilers normal pressure, Belgorod, Kursk region 68
294. Voronezh electric lighting fittings, Voronezh, Voronezh region 68
295. Voroshilovsky electric lighting fittings, Voroshilov, Ussuri region 68
296. "Dynamo", electric machine building, Moscow 272, 298, 308
297. ZEM, electric machines, Moscow 181
298. Kaluga steam turbines, Kaluga, Tula region. 67
299. Lysvensky turbogenerator, Lysva, Molotov region 68
300. Moscow Radio Plant, Moscow 234
301. Moscow transformer, Moscow 272
302. Podolsk battery, Podolsk, Moscow region 309
303. Ryazan electric lamp, Ryazan, Ryazan region 68
304. Saransk electrical measuring instruments, Saransk, Mordovian ASSR 68
305. Sverdlovsk high-voltage equipment, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region 68
306. Sverdlovsk steam turbines, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region 67
307. Sverdlovsk transformer, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region 68
308. Stalin's boilers high blood pressure, Stalinsk, Novosibirsk region 68
309. Tomsk electromotor, Tomsk, Novosibirsk region 68
310. UEM, Ural Electric Machine Building, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region 181
311. Kharkov Electromechanical, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 389
312. Kharkov Electric Turbine, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 308
313. Khotkovskiy electrical insulating materials, r.p. Khotkovo, Moscow region 68
314. Electrician, electric machine building, Leningrad 272
315. "Electroapparat", electrical apparatus, Leningrad 308
316. "Electrosignal", radio equipment, Voronezh, Voronezh region. 107
317. Electrosila, electric machine building, Leningrad
Chemical industry
318. Aktobe chemical plant, Aktobe, Aktobe region 244
319. Baku plant of synthetic rubber, Baku city, Azerbaijan SSR 72
320. Berezniki chemical plant, Berezniki, Molotov region 103
321. Boksitogorsk plant for artificial peat dehydration, s.p. Boksitogorsk, Leningrad region 71
322. Bondyuzhsky plant, see Karpova L.Ya. name
323. Vinnitsa sulfuric acid plant, Vinnitsa, Ukrainian SSR 106
324. Voskresensky chemical plant, Voskresensk, Moscow region 86, 104.244
325. Dankovsky natural rubber plant, Dankov village, Ryazan region 73
326. Dorogomilovsky chemical plant, Moscow 244
327. Yerevan plant of artificial rubber, Yerevan, Armenian SSR 67, 72
328. Karpova L.Ya. named after a chemical plant, r.p. Bondyuzhsky, Tatar ASSR 104
329. "Rubber", chemical plant, Moscow, 103, 105
330. Komsomolskaya Pravda, chemical plastics plant, Leningrad 48
331. Konstantinovsky chemical plant, Konstantinovka, Ukrainian SSR 244
332. "Red hero", rubber plant, Moscow
333. "Red triangle", factory of rubber shoes and galoshes, Leningrad, 103, 106
334. "Red chemist", Leningrad 325
335. Kutaisi lithopon plant, Kutaisi, Georgian SSR 67
336. Leningrad plant of rubber technical fabrics, Leningrad 244
337. Livnensky plant of natural rubber, Livny, Oryol region. 73
338. Lipetsk carbide plant, Lipetsk, Voronezh region 48
339. Lisichansk nitrogen-fertilizer plant, Lisichansk, Ukrainian SSR 73
340. Lopasnevsky regenerator plant, Lopasnya village, Moscow region 73
341. Moscow paint and varnish plant, Moscow
342. Moscow tire plant, Moscow.
343. Novo-Slavyansky soda plant, Slavyansk, Ukrainian SSR 72
344. Omsk tire plant, Omsk, Omsk region 73
345. "Victory of workers", paint and varnish plant, Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl region 244
346. Rubezhsky aniline and paint factory, Rubezhnoye, Ukrainian SSR 107
347. SK-1, synthetic rubber plant, Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl region 107, 337
348. SK-5, synthetic rubber plant, Tambov, Tambov region 72
349. SK-6, synthetic rubber plant, Kursk, Kursk region 72
350. SK-7, synthetic rubber plant, Vologda, Vologda region 72
351. "Slavsoda", Slavic soda plant, Slavyansk, Ukrainian SSR 72, 104
352. Sovpren No. 1, synthetic rubber plant, Yerevan, Armenian SSR 72
353. Sovpren No. 2, synthetic rubber plant, Samarkand, Uzbek SSR 72
354. Stalinogorsk chemical plant, Stalinogorsk, Tula region 103, 244
355. Sterlitamak soda plant, Sterlitamak, Bashkir ASSR 72
356. Tambov tire plant, Tambov, Tambov region 73
357. Tashkent tire plant, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR 73
358. Chromium plant, art. Khrompik, Sverdlovsk region 104
359. Chirchik nitrogen fertilizer plant, Chirchik, Uzbek SSR 66, 77
360. Shchelkovsky chemical plant, Shchelkovo, Moscow region 104, 325
361. Yaroslavl rubber-asbestos plant, Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl region.
362. Yaroslavl tire plant, Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl region
Industry building materials
363. Ashgabat cement, Ashgabat,
364. Turkmen SSR 67 Bezmeinsky cement, Bezmein,
365. Turkmen SSR 73 Borovichsky, see "Red Ceramics"
366. Voykov named after heating appliances, Moscow 235
367. Volkhov cement, Volkhov, Leningrad region 48
368. Voskresensky gypsum and partition boards, Voskresensk, Moscow region. 86
369. "Giant", cement, Moscow 73
370. Dzerzhinsky named after Dinasovy, p.g.t. Krasnoarmeyskoye, Ukrainian SSR 109
371. Dzerzhinsky named after refractory, p.g.t. Krasnoarmeiskoye, Ukrainian SSR 331
372. Krasnoyarsk cement, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory 73
373. "Red ceramics", Borovichi, Leningrad region 331
374. Kuznetsk cement, Stalinsk, Novosibirsk region 73
375. Kushvinskaya grinding plant, Kushva, Sverdlovsk region 73
376. Lyubertsy armored concrete, Lyubertsy, Moscow region 86
377. Lyubertsy silicate reinforced concrete building parts, Lyubertsy, Moscow region. 86
378. Lyuberetsky silicate brick, Lyubertsy, Moscow region. 89
379. Magnitogorsk grinding plant, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk region 73
380. Moscow reinforced concrete products, Moscow 86
381. Moscow mosaic number 2, Moscow 86
382. Novo-Bryansk cement, s.p. Cement, Oryol region 48
383. Novo-Saldinskaya grinding plant, Verkhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk region 73
384. Novo-Spassky cement, Spassk, Ussuri region 56, 73
385. Noginsk concrete, Noginsk, Moscow region 86
386. Ordzhonikidze cement, Ordzhonikidze, Ukrainian SSR 73
387. Pashny cement, r.p. Pashia, Molotov region 48, 73
388. Sverdlovsk cement, Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovsk region 73
389. Spass-Tubinsky cement, Kazakh SSR 73
390. Stalinabad cement, Stalinabad, Tajik SSR 67, 73
391. Timlyuisky cement, art. Timlkzh, Molotov region 73
392. Tula concrete, Tula, Tula region 86
393. Ufa cement, Ufa, Bashkir ASSR 73
394. Khilkovskiy cement, st. Khilkovo, Uzbek SSR 73
395. Chelyabinsk cement, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region 73
glass industry
396. "Red Giant", glass, s.p. Nikolskaya Pestravka, Penza region 334
397. "Proletary", glass, Lisichansk, Ukrainian SSR 334
398. Profintern named glass, Ashgabat, Turkmen SSR 334
399. Woodworking industry
400. "Power of Labor", match factory, Nizhny Lomov, Penza region. 74.
401. "Red Anchor", plywood factory, Slobodskoy, Kirov region. 47
402. Sovgavansky sawmill, s.p. Sovetskaya Gavan, Primorsky Krai 74
403. Tavdinsky plywood factory, Tavda, Sverdlovsk region 74
404. Tyumen plywood factory, Tyumen, Omsk region 74
405. Ussuri woodworking plant, Ussuri region 74
paper industry
407. Arkhangelsk pulp and paper mill, Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk region 73
408. Balakhna sulfate-cellulose plant, Balakhna, Gorky region 137, 332
409. Volodarsky named paper factory, Leningrad 48
410. Kamenskaya paper mill, Kuvshinovo, Kalinin region 48
411. Kama pulp and paper mill, Krasnokamsk, Molotov region 296
412. Konakovo Pulp and Paper Mill, Konakovo, Kalinin Region 73
413. Kondrovo pulp and paper mill, Kondrovo, Smolensk region 296
414. Kotlas pulp mill, Kotlas, Arkhangelsk region 73
415. "Red Star", paper mill, p.g.t. Chashniki, BSSR 48
416. Krasnogorodsk paper mill, Krasnoe Selo, Leningrad region 48
417. Krasnoyarsk Pulp and Paper Mill, Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoyarsk Territory 73
418. Kuibyshev paper mill, Vologda region 47
419. Lgov pulp and paper mill, Lgov, Kursk region 73
420. Mari Pulp and Paper Mill, s.p. Lopatino, Mari ASSR 73, 137
421. Okulovsky Pulp and Paper Mill, s.p. Okulovka, Leningrad region 296
422. Okulovsky cellulose plant, s.p. Okulovka, Leningrad region 295
423. Sverdlov pulp mill, Vologda region 47
424. Siberian paper mill, Kurya village, Altai region 47
425. Solikamsk sulfate plant, Solikamsk, Molotov region 47
426. Solikamsk pulp and paper mill, Solikamsk, Molotov region 73
427. Solombala pulp and paper mill, Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk region 73, 137
428. Syassk Pulp and Paper Mill, s.p. Syasstroy, Leningrad region 137
429. Cherepets paper mill, s.p. Cherepet, Tula region 74
Textile and clothing industry
430. Azov hosiery factory, Azov, Rostov region 334
431. Alekseeva P. named after wool-spinning and weaving-finishing factory, Moscow 234, 302, 303
432. Alma-Ata cloth factory, Alma-Ata, Kazakh SSR 48, 75
433. Arzamas spinning and weaving factory, Arzamas, Gorky region 302
434. Balashikha spinning and weaving and finishing factory, Balashikha, Moscow region 303
435. Balashova S.I. named after the spinning and weaving factory, Ivanovo, Ivanovo region 234
436. Barnaul cotton factory, Barnaul, Altai Territory 74
437. Barnaul cotton mill, Barnaul, Altai Territory 66
438. Belovsky textile plant, s.p. Belovo, West Siberian Territory 74
439. Bialystok cloth factories, Bialystok, Bialystok region 74
440. Berdichev knitwear and glove factory, Berdichev, Ukrainian SSR 334
441. "Bolshevich of Ukraine", garment factory, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 334
442. Glukhovsky combine paper-spinning factory, Bogorodsk, Moscow region. 379
443. Dimitrov sewing factory, Kaluga, Tula region 334
444. Kazan fur factory, Kazan, Tatar ASSR 333
445. Kalinin named wool-spinning factory, Moscow 234
446. Karl Liebknecht named after the linen factory, Yartsevo, Smolensk region. 48
447. Kemerovo textile plant, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk region 74
448. Kiev cloth mill, Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR 74
449. Kirzhach textile mill, Kirzhach, Ivanovo region 47
450. Kirovabad cotton mill, Kirovabad city, Azerbaijan SSR 67
451. Kirovakan knitwear factory, Kirovakan, Armenian SSR 75
452. Clara Zetkin knitting factory, Vitebsk, BSSR 334
453. Klintsovsky fine cloth factory, Klintsy, Oryol region
454. Kokand garment factory, Kokand city, Uzbek SSR 333
455. Krasnaya Polyana, spinning mill, s.p. Krasnaya Polyana, Moscow region 334
456. "Red worker", paper mill, Moscow 252, 257
457. "Red Rose", silk weaving and dyeing and finishing plant, Moscow 379
458. Krasnaya Talka, spinning and finishing cotton factory, Ivanovo, Ivanovo region. 379
459. "Red Seamstress", garment factory No. 16, Moscow 333
460. Krasnogvardeisky cotton plant, p. Krasnogvardeyskoe, Uzbek SSR 48
461. "Red ray", spinning factory, Murom, Gorky region 74
462. Kuibyshev hosiery factory, Kuibyshev, Kuibyshev region 75
463. Kuntsevo weaving and finishing factory, Kuntsevo, Moscow region 379
464. Kupavinoka fine cloth factory, art. Kupavna, Moscow region 302
465. Leninakan spinning factory, Leninakan, Armenian SSR 74
466. Likinskaya spinning and weaving factory, st. Likino, Vladimir region 379
467. Lyubertsy spinning factory, Lyubertsy, Moscow region 74
468. Melnikovsky cotton-cleaning plant, s.p. Melnikovo, Tajik SSR 67
469. New Ivanovo manufactory, Ivanovo, Ivanovo region 379
470. Novosibirsk cotton mill, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region 74
471. Nogin named after Vichug cotton factory, Vichuga, Ivanovo region 388
472. Noginsk tape weaving factory No. 9, Noginsk, Moscow region 335
474. Oryol hosiery factory, Orel, Oryol region 75
475. Osh silk-winding factory, Osh, Kyrgyz SSR 66
476. Prokopyevsk textile mill, Prokopyevsk, Novosibirsk region 74
477. Regarsky cotton-cleaning plant, s.p. Regar, Tajik SSR 67
478. "Free Proletarian", textile factory, Vyazniki, Ivanovo region. 48
479. Semipalatinsk cloth factory, Semipalatinsk, Kazakh USSR 74
480. Stalinabad cotton mill, Stalinabad, Tajik SSR 67
481. Stalin cotton mill, Stalinsk, Novosibirsk region 74
482. Stepanovakan knitting factory, Stepanovakan, Armenian SSR 75
483. Tashkent spinning and weaving factory, Tashkent, Uzbek SSR 74
484. Tashkent cotton mill, Tashkent city, Uzbek SSR 66, 67, 74
485. Tbilisi knitting plant, Tbilisi, Georgian SSR 67
486. "Techfilz", 1st factory of technical felt, Moscow 334
487. Trekhgornaya spinning and weaving and cotton-printing factory, Moscow 303
488. Ukrainian fur factory, Kharkov region, Ukrainian SSR 333
489. Feodosia hosiery factory, Feodosia, Crimean ASSR 75
490. Cord-braiding factory No. 5, Moscow 334
491. Shcherbakov named after weaving and dyeing and finishing factory, Moscow 303
492. Yakovlevsky linen plant, p. B. Yakovlevskoe. Ivanovo region 48
Leather and footwear industry
493. Azerbaijan saddlery factory, Baku city, Azerbaijan SSR 333
494. Baku tannery, Baku city, Azerbaijan SSR 75
495. Bebel leather goods factory NKLP RSFSR 333
496. Vasilkovsky tannery, Vasilkov, Ukrainian SSR 75
497. Gribanovsky tanning extract plant, Gribanovka village, Voronezh region. 332
498. Yerevan Tannery, Yerevan, Armenian SSR 75
499. Ivanovo plant for artificial soles, Ivanovo, Ivanovo region 47
500. "Istekhkozh", Leningrad region 332
501. Kazan plant of artificial leather, Kazan, Tatar ASSR 47, 74
502. Kalinin artificial sole plant, Kalinin, Kalinin region 74
503. Kamypglovskaya shoe-finishing factory, Kamyshlov, Sverdlovsk region 334
504. Kirov factory of artificial leather, Kirov, Kirov region 47
505. Brush factory named after Krupskaya, Minsk, BSSR 332
506. Lenin named after Rostov Tannery, Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Region 331
507. Lenin leather factory, Tbilisi, Georgian SSR 332
508. Leningrad leather and raw materials plant, Leningrad 332
509. "Marxist", tannery, Leningrad 333
510. Shoe factory named after Mikoyan, Rostov-on-Don, Rostov region 333
511. Minsk brush, see Krupskaya named after the Moscow Tannery, Moscow 332
512. "Mosplastkozh", plant number 2, Moscow 332
513. Nerekhta heel factory, Nerekhta, Yaroslavl region 333
514. Novosibirsk tannery, Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region 75
515. Odessa tannery, Odessa, Ukrainian SSR 75
516. "Paris Commune", shoe factory, Moscow 48
517. Priluki saddlery factory No. 2, Priluki, Ukrainian SSR 333
518. "Proletarian Victory" No. 1, shoe factory, Leningrad 332
519. Samarkand tannery, Samarkand, Uzbek SSR 75
520. Semipalatinsk tannery, Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR 75
521. Stanislav shoe factory, Stanislav, Ukrainian SSR 75
522. Tbilisi shoe factory, Tbilisi, Georgian SSR 333
523. Kharkov tannery, Kharkov, Ukrainian SSR 75
Food industry
524. Balkhash refrigerator, Balkhash, Kazakh SSR 75
525. Gryazinsky distillery, Gryazi, Voronezh region 75
526. Elan-Kolenovskiy sugar factory, r.p. Yelan-Kolenovskiy, Voronezh region 75, 400
527. Zherdevsky sugar factory, village of Zherdevka, Tambov region 75
528. Ivanovo meat processing plant, Ivanovo, Ivanovo region 47
529. Kolomna fish plant, Kolomna, Moscow region 47
530. Leningrad bakery No. 16, Leningrad 47
531. Mariinsky distillery, Mariinsk, Novosibirsk region 47, 75
532. Moscow Meat Processing Plant, Moscow 234
533. Moscow fish factory, Moscow 75
534. Muynak meat-packing plant, s.p. Muynak, Kara-Kalpak ASSR 67, 75
535. Muynak refrigerator, settlement Muynak, Kara-Kalpak ASSR 75
536. Orsk bakery, Orsk, Chkalov region 48
537. Slobodsky distillery, Slobodskoy, Kirov region 47
538. Stalinabad Meat Processing Plant, Stalinabad, Tajik SSR 75
539. Ulan-Ude Meat Processing Plant, Ulan-Ude, Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 75
540. Khabarovsk Meat Processing Plant, Khabarovsk, Khabarovsk Territory 47
541. Khachmas cannery, Khachmas city, Azerbaijan SSR 67
542. Chita refrigerator, Chita, Chita region 47
543. Shpolsky sugar factory, Shpola, Ukrainian SSR 75
"History of industrialization of the USSR 1938-1941"
In total, in the prewar years, about 9 thousand only large industrial facilities were built, which allowed the USSR to defeat almost all of Europe in 1941-45.
Today we have a book found on the net and reassembled anew.
Pages are cut and aligned, black bars are cut off in the margins, text is recognized. The quality is limited by the quality of the source. There are no other volumes (and this is a multi-volume edition).
STORY INDUSTRIALIZATION USSR
1926-1941
INDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE USSR
1929-1932
DOCUMENTS AND MATERIALS
PUBLISHING HOUSE "NAUKA"
MOSCOW 1970
FOREWORD
The published second collection of the All-Union series documents on the history of the industrialization of the USSR (1926-1941)contains materials about the first five-year plan.
The task of the first five-year plan set by the Communist party, was to build in the shortest possible timethe foundation of a socialist economy in the form of a powerfulheavy industry and socialist agriculture,strengthen the country's defense capability, eliminatecapitalist elements of town and country. Based on this task,almost three quarters of capital investments in industrywas sent to heavy industry, producing fundsproduction. More than 1500 enterprises were to be built,including such giants as Magnitogorsk and Kuznetskmetallurgical plants, Stalingrad and Kharkovtractor factories, Gorky Automobile Plant, and a number of others.The threat of aggression from the imperialist countries causedthe need for exceptionally high rates of industrial construction.
The implementation of the first five-year plan took place in difficult environment and the enormous difficulties associated withcapitalist encirclement, class struggle within the country,speeches of the right opposition against the high ratessocialist construction and attack on the kulak. To thattime in the country, the need for foreign exchange has increased tremendouslyfunds for the purchase of equipment abroad. On the currencythe country's balance sheet was adversely affected by the decline inas a result of the world economic crisis (1929-1933) prices forraw materials and agricultural products, constituting the mainSoviet export. Big and hard to resolvethe problem was the training of qualified personnelworkers and engineering and technical workers. Besides,there was no experience of mass industrial construction andorganization of large-scale production.
The advantages of the socialist economic system, skillfullyused Communist Party and Sovietgovernment, the heroic labor of the Soviet people, firstturn of the working class, were the key to successfulovercoming difficulties and early completion of tasks of the firstfive year plan in 4 years and 3 months. In a short time there weremodern heavy industry, advancedmechanical engineering, mainly eliminated technical dependencethe Soviet state from the capitalist countries, made largeprogress in training skilled workers andspecialists. Widely developed construction from semi-handicraftindustry has become a branch of industrial labor. INthe Soviet Union created the basis for the reconstruction of allsectors of the national economy were largely eliminatedcapitalist elements of town and country. immeasurablyincreased creative activity of the working class, working peoplepeasantry and Soviet intelligentsia. Massivesocialist competition.
The main features of socialist industrialization in the years of the first five-year plan determine the structure of the publishedcollection, principles of selection and systematization of the material.The collection consists of two sections: 1. "Industry of the USSR inthe first five-year plan”, 2. “The working class of the USSR in the struggle forsocialist industrialization. We remind the reader that inthe first collection of our series in the section "Course of the Communistparty for socialist industrialization” are presentedfundamental documents in which the party, on the basis ofLenin's teaching on socialism gave a detailed programsocialist industrialization—the resolutions of the Fourteenth Congress,XV All-Russian Conference and XV Congress of the CPSU (b) K Withoutcareful study of these documents is impossible seriousresearch and analysis of materials published in thiscollection. Documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU relating to 1928-1932, in this edition are placed according to the topic and chronology, without separating them into a separate section. Each sectionThe collection consists of chapters covering the following issues:industry financing, capital constructionin industry, organization of production and results of workindustry, the size and composition of the working class,the problem of training workers and technical specialists,socialist competition and the participation of the working class inproduction management.
Inspires respect - as many as 543 plants! However, as always, the Soviet apologists blundered. It quickly became clear that the gigantic list was a copy-paste of the List of enterprises mentioned in the Soviet "History of the Industrialization of the USSR in 1938-1941"! That is, we are not talking about the factories built by the communists, but about those that are mentioned at all in this book. For example, if the Kremlin is mentioned in a book about the history of architecture of the 20th century, this does not mean that it was built then. Therefore, the absolute majority of these 543 enterprises were not built at all in 1938-1941.
Using the example of ferrous metallurgy plants (it is clear that in the energy sector or oil refining the situation will be somewhat different), we will show this:
1. Azovstal, see Ordzhonikidze named after Alapaevsky, Alapaevsk, Sverdlovsk region. 346 - 346 is the page number where it is mentioned Alapaevsky Metallurgical Plant. The Soviet cretin copy-pasted into his list the names of the factories, along with page indexes. Comrade Stalin has nothing to do with its construction, the plant was founded back in 1704 as the Nizhnealapaevsky ironworks. More precisely, in its place there was a whole cluster of enterprises, and as the Alapaevsky Metal Plant, it was founded in 1828.
2. Diamond, p.g.t. Diamond, Ukrainian SSR. Actually this Almaznyansky Metallurgical Plant. It was built in 1898 by the "Diamond Coal Society" - on January 15, 1898, the first blast furnace was blown out. What about Comrade Stalin?
3. Amurstalstroy, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Territory. He is the Far East. Actually, it's a factory Amurstal". The plant has been under construction since 1936, the first melting of metal in the foundry (martens) took place in 1942. The plant was then built for another 3 years. All equipment is American. But with some stretch we will consider it built by Comrade Stalin in 1938-1941.
4. Andreev name, Tatarrog, Rostov region Taganrog Metallurgical Plant (Tagmet). Founded in 1896. About the history of Tagmet in detail.
5. Bakalsky, r.p. Bakal, Chelyabinsk region He is Chelyabinsk Iron and Steel Works(began to be built under the name Bakalsky). It began to be built in 1941, the first blast furnace was put into operation in the spring of 1943. The plant was built by prisoners and repressed Volga Germans, part of the equipment for it was removed from other enterprises (from the Lipetsk plant, for example), part was supplied by the Americans. . So, the Bakalsky combine does not quite fall into the category of 1938-1941, but so be it - let's leave it.
6. Baku Pipe Rolling. This Sumgayit Pipe Rolling Plant. Construction began in 1947, the first pipe mill "140" was launched in 1952. Goodbye.
7. Beloretsky, Beloretsk, Bashkir ASSR. . Founded in 1762. Again, Stalin missed the mark a little.
8. Named after Voikov, Kerch, Crimean ASSR. Kerch Iron and Steel Works. They wrote about him. It was founded in 1845 as the Kerch ironworks, but was destroyed in 1855. The second foundation - 1897-1902. Due to problems with local ore, the enterprise was more idle. Since 1913, it successfully overcame problems and started working.
9. Voroshilov named after Voroshilovsk, Ukrainian SSR. This Alchevsk Metallurgical Plant. In fact, the plant was founded in 1895.
10. Vyksa, Vyksa, Gorky region Vyksa Steel Works. Founded in 1757. Goodbye communists.
11. Dzerzhinsky named after Dneprodzerzhinsk, Ukrainian SSR. Dzerzhinsky named after Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR. This is actually one plant - Dneprovsky Metallurgical Plant near the city of Kamenskoe. Built in 1887-1889. Stalin is not on you.
12. Dneprospetsstal, Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR. This Zaporozhye Electrometallurgical Plant "Dneprospetsstal" named after A. N. Kuzmin. Built by the Americans and Germans in 1929-1932. It became an independent enterprise in 1939.
13. Donetsk, Stalino, Ukrainian SSR. Donetsk Metallurgical Plant. Works since 1872.
14. Zaporizhstal, Zaporozhye, Ukrainian SSR. Zaporizhstal. The plant was built in 1931-1935.
15. Zlatoustovsky, Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk region Zlatoust Metallurgical Plant. Founded in 1902.
16. Ilyich named after him, Mariupol, Ukrainian SSR. Mariupol Iron and Steel Works named after Ilyich. It was founded in 1899-1902 as two productions - the Nikopol-Mariupol Mining and Metallurgical Society and the Russian Providence plant.
17. Karl Liebknecht named after Nizhnedneprovsk, Ukrainian SSR. Nizhnedneprovsk Pipe Rolling Plant. 1891
18. Kemerovo pipe rolling, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk region. I did not understand what kind of plant it was, perhaps a workshop of the Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works, but there was no pipe production there.
19. Kirov named after Makeevka, Ukrainian SSR. Makeevka Metallurgical Plant (Combine). Founded in 1898 as the Makeevka Metallurgical Plant of the French joint-stock company General Society of Iron, Iron and Steel Works of Russia (Union plant).
20. Comintern named after Nizhnedneprovsk, Ukrainian SSR. Nizhnedneprovsky Metallurgical Plant named after the Comintern. It was founded in 1899 as an enterprise of the Belgian Joint Stock Company of Russian Pipe Rolling Plants.
21. Kosogorsky, Tula, Tula region Kosogorsk Metal Plant. It was founded in 1897 as the Sudakovskiy Steel Works.
22. Kuibyshev named after Kramatorsk, Ukrainian SSR. Kramatorsk metallurgical plant named after V. V. Kuibysheva. Founded in 1898.
23. "Red October", Stalingrad, Stalingrad region. Metallurgical plant "Red October". Founded in 1897 as the Ural-Volga Metallurgical Society in Tsaritsyn.
24. Krivoy Rog, Krivoy Rog, Ukrainian SSR. Krivoy Rog iron ore plant. Iron ore mining began in the 1880s.
25. Kuznetsky, Stalinsk, Novosibirsk region Kuznetsk Iron and Steel Works. The plant was designed by the American corporation Freyn in 1929-1936. They wrote.
26. Kuibyshev named after Trubny, Mariupol, Ukrainian SSR. Mariupol Pipe Rolling Plant. It was founded on the site of the Russian Providence enterprise, established in 1897-1902.
27. Kushvinsky, Kushva, Sverdlovsk region Kushvinsky metallurgical plant(now - Kushvinsky plant of rolling rolls). Founded in 1735.
28. Lenin named after Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR. Dnepropetrovsk Pipe Plant. Founded in 1899.
29. Leningrad pipe, Leningrad. Northwestern Pipe Plant. Founded in 1896.
30. Lysvensky, Lysva, Molotov region Lysva Metallurgical Plant. Founded in 1785-1787.
31. Magnitogorsk, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk region Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works. Built in 1929-1935, it is a clone of the US Steel plant in Gary, Indiana (designed by the Arthur McKee Company).
32. Nadezhdinsky, see Serov named. Serov named after Serov, Sverdlovsk region Nadezhda Metallurgical Plant. Founded in 1896.
33. Nizhne-Saldinskiy, Nizhnyaya Salda, Sverdlovsk region Nizhnesaldinsk Metal Plant. It was founded in 1760 as the Saldinsky ironworks.
34. Nizhne-Serginsky, r.p. Nizhniye Sergi, Sverdlovsk region Nizhneserginsky Metallurgical Plant. Founded by the Demidovs in 1743.
35. Nizhny Tagil, Nizhny Tagil, Sverdlovsk region Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works(NTMZ named after V. Kuibyshev). Founded in 1725 as the Nizhny Tagil plant.
36. Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works (Novotagil Plant). Since 1931, the USSR has been building near the NTMZ Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works. In 1940, the first blast furnace was put into operation. This plant can be considered put into operation in 1938-1941!
37. Nikopol, see Yuzhnotrubny. Yuzhnotrubny, Nikopol, Ukrainian SSR. Nikopol Yuzhnotrubny Plant. Built in 1931-1935.
38. Novo-Lipetsky, Lipetsk, Voronezh region Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works. Built in 1931-1935 as the Lipetsk Cast Iron Plant, it became a plant (NLMK) after the war.
39. Novo-Moskovsky, Novo-Moskovsk, Ukrainian SSR. Built in 1930-1935 as Novomoskovsky tinplate plant. Since 1957 it has become the Novomoskovsk Metallurgical Plant, since 1972 it has been the Novomoskovsk Pipe Plant.
40. Novo-Uralsky pipe rolling, st. Khrompik, Sverdlovsk region Pervouralsk Novotrubny Plant. Built by the Americans in 1934.
41. Ordzhonikidze named after Mariupol, Ukrainian SSR. Azovstal. Built in 1933.
42. Ordzhonikidze, Ordzhonikidze, Ukrainian SSR. Ordzhonikidzevsky Mining and Processing Plant(Pokrov, Dnepropetrovsk region). Since 1896, it existed as the "Nikopol-Mariupol Mining and Metallurgical Association".
43. Petrovsky, Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky, Chita region Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky Metallurgical Plant. It was founded in 1790 as the Petrovsky iron and iron foundry.
44. Petrovsky named after Dnepropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR. Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Plant named after Petrovsky. It was founded in 1887 as the Aleksandrovsky South-Russian Iron-Making and Rolling Plant.
45. Satkinsky, Satka, Chelyabinsk region Satka iron-smelting plant. Founded in 1756.
46. Free Falcon, Lipetsk. Factory " free falcon". Founded in 1900 as the Sokolsky Metallurgical Plant.
47. " Hammer and sickle", Moscow city. Goujon Plant or Partnership of the Moscow Metal Plant. Founded in 1883, since 1890 an open-hearth shop has been operating.
48. Sinarsky pipe foundry, Kamensk, Chelyabinsk region. Sinarsky Pipe Plant. Built in 1929-1936.
49. Tirlyansky, see Beloretsky. Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works. It was founded in 1762 as an iron-smelting and ironworks. Since 1911 - Beloretsk Steel Wire and Rope Plant.
50. Frunze named after Konstantinovna, Ukrainian SSR. Founded in Kharkov in 1885 as a "Factory of metal sheets and perforated tins".
51. Chelyabinsk ferroalloy, Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk region. Chelyabinsk Electrometallurgical Plant. Built in 1929-1937.
52. Chermozsky, r.p. Chermoz, Molotov region CHERMOZSKY METALLURGICAL PLANT. He worked in 1765 - 1771, then from 1840 permanently. The factory closed in 1954.
53. Chusovoy, Chusovoy, Molotov region Chusovoy Metallurgical Plant. Founded in 1879.
54. Elektrostal, Elektrostal, Moscow region The plant was built in 1914-1917.
So, conclusions.
1. The list of factories was compiled incorrectly, incompetently and dishonestly by stupid copy-paste of all factories from the List of industrial enterprises mentioned in the publication.
2. Most important. Of the 53 installed plants, only 1 plant was built in 1938-1941! This is the Nizhny Tagil Iron and Steel Works. With reservations, we can recognize 2 more enterprises - Amurstal and Bakalsky (Chelyabinsk) plants, falling into the period of 1938-1941 (actually not, but this is not so important). That's all.
Of the remaining 50 enterprises:
38 were built and founded under the tsarist regime;
- 12 were built under the communists, but either in 1929-1938 or after the war.
It is surprising why Soviet patriots cannot compile normal, competent and adequate lists of industries built during the years of Soviet industrialization? Why mindlessly copy-paste, why lie like that? Who prevents them from compiling an encyclopedia of industrialization, collecting data, learning how factories were built, when, how and from whom industrial equipment was purchased for them? Why are they so dumb?