Map of the European part of the Russian Federation. What countries come to Europe? Unified and indivisory
1. So, you studied the areas of the European part of Russia, which together form the Western economic zone. List the most characteristic historical, physico-geographical, socio-economic features, which are characterized by the European part of Russia.
Phone physico-geographical features:
It takes the Eastern European Plain, the border are the Ural Mountains, the border with Kazakhstan and the Kuma and Manych River. The relief is flat, so the territory is mastered quite evenly. The mainland of European Russia is located in subarctic and moderate climatic belts. At the same time most of the way - in moderate climatic belt. Largest r. Volga, thick river network, bn internal Stock, Atlantic, North. Istly in the north have a lot of glacial lakes. The big length of the plain from the north to the south determined well-pronounced zonality in the distribution of its landscapes.
The coast of the Barents Sea is occupied by cold, strongly overwhelmed plains. This part of the plain territory is located in the Tundra and Forestandra zone. There are no conditions for the development of agriculture, but a reindeer herding and a hunting and field economy developed, large deposits of coal, oil, gas, iron ore, ores of non-ferrous metals and apatites are located. In the middle lane of the Eastern European Plain, typical forest landscapes prevailed - a dark taiga, mixed, wide oak and lime forests. Currently, many forests are cut down, and forest landscapes turned into a forest plant - a combination of forests and fields. This part of the plain lives the bulk of the population, there are cities and industrial enterprises. In the south of the plains, the spaces of steppes and forest-steppes on fertile black soil soils spread. This is the area with the most favorable for agriculture by climatic conditions. Here is the main agricultural zone of the country, the richest deposits of Iron RUD KMA, oil and gas Volga region and the Survival
The European part of Russia accounts for 1/3 of the country's territory, about 80% of the population, 85% of industrial and agricultural production, about 90% of the non-productive sphere of the country. The European part of Russia forms the Western Macro Region. Western Macroregion includes six natural and business regions: European North, North-West, Central Russia, Volga region, European South, Urals. The Western Economic Area is allocated by the advanced development of the manufacturing industries. In the Volga region, in the Urals and in the Northern District, extractive industries are added to them. The North Caucasus acts as a major processor of agricultural products. The North Area is very similar to the eastern areas where the raw material component prevails.
2. Evaluate the natural conditions and natural resources of the European part of Russia. As far as they contribute to economic Development territories? Which regions are allocated as the most favorable in natural conditions, wealth natural resources?
The natural conditions of the European part of Russia are most favorable and contribute to the economic development of territories. Among the areas rich in the mineral raw materials are distinguished by the Northern, Ural and Central Chernozem. Agroclimatic resources The most favorable in the southern regions of the European part of the country.
3. Make up brief characteristics - Images of different regions of European Russia. To do this, fill in the consolidated table.
Europe is a part of the world, which is located in the northern hemisphere of our planet, it is washed by numerous seas and, together with Asia, forms Eurasia. In the ancient Greek mythology, Europe is the Phoenician Tsarevna, who was insidiously abducted by Zeus and was taken to the island of Crete.
There is a hypothesis that this name occurred from the Greek word, which the Greeks denoted all the territories located west of the Aegean Sea. There are other theories regarding the origin of this name.
General
Today more than 740 million people or 10% of the entire population live here. The total territory is more than 10 million square kilometers.
Europe's shores are washed with two oceans: the Atlantic and Northern Arctic, as well as numerous seas. The coast is strongly cut, the large area is occupied by numerous peninsula. Most of Europe occupy huge plains.
Here leaks a large number of rivers and there are many large lakes. The climate is moderate, in the western part - the oceanic, in the eastern part - continental. Europe is rich in mineral resources and other natural resources. It is here that countries are with the most developed economy.
This part of the world played a crucial role in human history. It should be noted the huge wealth and diversity of European cultures.
Borders
The borders of Europe changed to different periods of human history, the debates around them do not subside and so on. The ancient Greeks considered Europe the northern part of their country. Gradually, people better learned their world, and the borders gradually moved further to the east.
However, people mastered all new and new territories, went further to the east. The famous Russian historian Tatishchev offered to divide the mainland at the foot of the Ural Mountains. This point of view was first accepted in Russia, and then foreign geographers.
However, and at the moment there are controversial moments with respect to the exact boundaries of this part of the world. They are not global. Now there are several options for drawing borders. This question plays an important political roleFor, because of where the border of Europe passes, it depends on which countries are included in its composition.
The border in the north passes along the coast of Northern Arctic Ocean, Western - in the Atlantic Ocean, the Eastern Border - at the foot of the Ural Mountains, along the Emba River to the Caspian Sea and on the Rams of Manany and Kuma to Done's mouth. Then the border goes along the northern coast of the Black Sea and the Black Sea Strait.
According to another opinion, the border passes through the Caucasus Range. There are other options for holding the borders that carry it south from the Caucasian Mountains.
Countries that are part of Europe
Europe is often divided into oriental and western, southern and northern, although this separation is somewhat conditional. It is more connected with political and cultural features. On a European political map you can find how large in the area of \u200b\u200bthe state (Russia, Ukraine, France) and completely tiny. Several countries are only partially located in Europe.
In total, this part of the world includes (in whole or in part) of 49 countries. Of these, several states are not always counted to Europe. There are also several territories with an indefinite status. They proclaimed independence, but she did not recognize the world community.
The borders of European states changed over the centuries as a result of numerous wars and revolutions.
So, what countries today are considered European? We have prepared a list for you, breaking it into four parts: states Western Europe, countries that are in its north, countries of South and Eastern Europe. As well as those countries that are only partially in this part of the world.
West Side:
- France
- Great Britain
- Austria
- Belgium
- Germany
- Ireland
- Luxembourg
- Liechtenstein
- Monaco
- Switzerland
- Ireland
East End:
- Bulgaria
- Romania
- Ukraine
- Poland
- Slovakia
- Hungary
- Czech Republic
- Moldova
- Belorussia
From a geographical point of view, the European part of Russia applies to the European continent - this is the most populated and economically well-developed part of the country, where Russian statehood originated. Today, about 78% of the population live in these territories.
The history of the development of the European part of Russia
The oldest human settlements on this locality belong to Paleolithic and are found in the territory of the Voronezh region in the village of Kostenka, in the territory of the Vladimir and Moscow regions.
During the V-LLL millennium, people who lived in the territory of the European part of Russia, there is a slow transition to a settlement farming. The most striking examples of the cultures of that time are the Dnieper-Donetsk and Culture of Great Ceramics, as well as later Maykop and Coban cultures that have flourished in the North Caucasus in LV-LLL millennium.
Pyranceo-European past
At the same time, the so-called Samara culture is formed in the territory of the Southern Russian Steppes, which by many researchers is recognized by Pyranceo-European.
Summarizing, it is worth saying that the European part of Russia throughout the long millennium was a clash of constantly moving human masses. From the east, the tribes of Arkimsky culture moved to Europe, from the west to the territory of the Eastern European Plain came the Finno-Ugric tribes, who managed to achieve hegemony on a significant part of the European North.
Number of Russian statehood
By 862, historians reveal the first traces of Slavic statehood in the north-west of modern Russia, numerous peoples have already passed throughout the territory of Eastern Europe, such as Gunns, Hettites and Alans, who left their trail in local cultures, which some nations carry to this day.
However, it is worth noting that the Varyags came not on an empty place, but in the already existing settlements in the south of the Lake Ladoga and in the upper course of the Volga. It is reliably known that in the so-called, the state of Rurik was part of the Old Ladoga, Novgorod, Belosero and Rostov.
The bulk of the population was various Slavic tribes, which were still in a state of decomposition of community-generic system, and the Finno-Ugric tribes. Varyags occupied vacant military aristocracy, but rather quickly assimilated with the local population, which is quite clearly traced on the evolution of the names of local rulers, which in the first centuries were exclusively north-European, and later - Slavyansky.
Neighbors of medieval Russia
A great importance for the formation of statehood on the young union of tribes, which was Russia, was interaction with the Khazar Kaganat and the Byzantine Empire, which were important economic partners and political rivals of ancient Russia.
Important historical event For the young Russian state, the invasion of Mongols was in 1237 and followed by the IHO, which lasted until 1480 in some areas of Northeastern Russia. From this time, in spite of numerous changes in the boundaries and the name of the state, the hegemony of the Russian people over the Eastern European Plain remains unchanged, although the statehood has experienced numerous crises and has been tested foreign interventions.
Geography of European Russia
What part of Russia is European has been determined for a long time, despite the fact that in some geographic areas it represents some difficulties. It is believed that the border with Asia passes through the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains, the Russian-Kazakh border, the coast of the Caspian Sea, along the rivers of the rivers Kuma and Manch, the mouth of the Don River, and then limited by the territories of other Eastern European states. It is worth considering that the islands of the seas that wash the northern shores of the European part of Russia also belong to Europe.
From an administrative point of view, the considered part of the country is divided into North-West, Central, Volga and Southern Federal Districts. Partly in the European territory is also the Ural Federal District.
Among the specialists it is customary to consider this terrain as one of the major macro regions, among which the European part, the Caucasus, the Urals and Siberia and the Far East are distinguished. A significant part of the European territory is occupied by the East European or Russian Plain.
Administrative division
In the European part of Russia, the republics, republics and the edges are located both completely and partially. For example, the Republic of Bashkiria, Krasnodar region, Chelyabinsk I. Orenburg regions Located simultaneously in Asia and Europe, while another forty-five subjects are completely in Europe.
Moscow and the region, Belgorod, Bryanskaya, Vladimirskaya, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostromskaya, Kurskaya, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Oryolskaya, Smolenskaya, Tambovskaya, Tvsoj, Tula and Yaroslavl region are refer to the central federal district. That is, only eighteen regions.
The North-West District includes eleven regions, including such a city of the European part of Russia, as St. Petersburg, as well as Nenets autonomous District, which is part of the Arkhangelsk region. The largest cities of this federal district are St. Petersburg, the population of which has reached not so long ago, five million people, and Murmansk, who with a population of 295 thousand people is the largest settlement of the polar circle and an important trading port.
The Southern Federal District includes Astrakhan, Volgograd and Rostov region, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia. Since 2014, the district includes two more regions: the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance Sevastopol.
Largest cities
The greatest concentration of cities with a population exceeding a million inhabitants is observed in the Volga Federal District. Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Samara, Perm and Ufa belong to the area of \u200b\u200bthe European part of Russia, where the paths of Western and Eastern civilizations traditionally crossed, so the Volga region distinguish a variety of both national and culturally.
In the Central District there are Voronezh and Moscow, which is also one of the most populated cities in Europe, yielding only Istanbul on this indicator and ahead of London. It is worth saying that in terms of the number of millionaire cities Russia is ahead of the rest of European countries.
What part of Russia is European, the most harder is determined on its southern borders, where there are no pronounced geographical benchmarks. Therefore, some scientists include or exclude from russian Europe Finnish steppes. However, it is indisputable that Rostov-on-Don and Volgograd are the largest cultural, industrial and economic centers of the South of Russia.
Instead of resume
Despite the fact that the European part of Russia is only 20% of the country's area, it is nevertheless greater than any of the foreign European countries.
For example, she is more than six times, and it is the biggest state foreign Europe, and more than seven times the territory of the French Republic.
It is also worth saying that the geographical and climatic conditions in this part of the country are different, and include both polar tundra and alpine meadows, as well as dry steppes and semi-deserts. The central part of the region is famous for its fertile soils. In the same day in different parts of the European part of Russia, the temperature may vary on 20 degrees.
Many of the inhabitants of this or that locality of Russia do not even know the surrounding attractions, not to mention those who are famous for the neighboring city or another area. Foreigners and at all often have only a distant idea of \u200b\u200bthe country. Fortunately, the level of service is constantly growing, which gradually stimulates the development of tourism.
Geographical location
The territory of the European part of Russia from the East is limited by the Ural Mountains, the southern border passes through the North Caucasus. Its size is about 4,000,000 km., That is, it is almost half of all of Europe, but only 23% of the whole great country. This is the most advanced and tight settlement of the state. It is here that there are noisy megalopolises, ultra-modern buildings, and very nearby - distinctive and beautiful nature. The population of the European part of Russia is about 80 million people - it is half of all residents of the country.
Unified and indivisory
The European and Asian part of Russia is one large integer, although the second geographically refers to Asia. Its area is about 13,000,000 km., Although it lives relatively few people. This is explained by a small amount. large cities and unfavorable climatic conditions. All the huge territory inhabit about 70 million people.
The Asian part is divided into 4 districts: the Urals, Siberia East and Western and Far East. These are expanses from Pacific Ocean To the Ural Mountains, the birthplace of endless forests and beautiful rivers. Despite the abundance of natural wealth concentrated in the eastern part of Russia, construction here is much more expensive, the fault of that harsh climate, eternal Merzlot, mountain relief, forests and swamps. That is why huge territories remain practically intact.
Paradise for nature lovers and hiking
Largest cities The Asian part of Russia is Tyumen, the incredible beauty of the surrounding attracts tourists from all over the world. The famous Belokurich sanatorium, a magnificent Mountain Array of Belukha and the Reserved Zone of the Mountain Altai make it possible to realize dozens of tourist routes of the most different complexity.
Kamchatka gives the opportunity to get acquainted with the acting volcanoes and geysers. Thermal sources and therapeutic dirt open up ample opportunities to improve health. Veryborn I. animal world. Luxurious fishing will give an unforgettable impression.
Already mentioned Mountain Altai and Lake Baikal attract many tourists every year.
Administrative division
The following economic regions of the European part of Russia are distinguished:
- Central.
- Northwestern.
- South.
- North Caucasian.
- Volga.
The European part of Russia is comfortable cities, there are already few distingurable from European megacities - the shine of night lights, luxury hotels and restaurants, magnificent shopping ... Each area is ready to offer its program for tourists, so consider their attractions separately. The population of the European part of Russia consists of representatives of 39 nationalities. Among them are leading Russian, Tatars, Ukrainians.
We have already spoken about the Asian territory, so it will not be considered here. The European part of Russia stretches from the western borders of the country to the Urals. Cities are located compact, close to Europe, there is access to the Atlantic Sea.
Most natural and focused in the eastern part of the country, only iron mining leaders here. The main emphasis in the western part is done on the manufacturing industry and agriculture. Banking sphere is developed much more.
Central District of Western Russia
Beauty-Moscow, ancient Kremlin, architectural monuments and museums. Each tourist seeks to attend precisely the cloak, but, besides her, there are other parts of Russia that are no less interesting. Any travel agency will offer you a tour of the Golden Ring, a visit to Suzdal, Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo and other cities. Ancient temples and unique works of ancient architects will give a lot of impressions.
The second direction for traveling can be the place of life of great people. The most famous of them, of course, is a clear Polyana, although the estate of Pushkin, Sheremety, Shcherbatov, and Boldino is undeservedly forgotten.
Smolensk Posomerier, Forest Valzhye - not enough decades to visit every amazing corner. Developed infrastructure and lack of problems with transport and hotels allow you to successfully accept even foreign tourists.
This area includes such areas of the European part of Russia, like Moscow, Belgorod, Yaroslavl, Bryansk, Tula, Vladimirskaya, Tverskaya, Voronezh, Tambov, Ivanovo, Smolenskaya, Kaluga, Ryazan, Kostroma, Orlovskaya, Kursk and Lipetsk. Budget holidays on the shores of majestic forests and beauticians will benefit, charges health and good mood.
Northwest
This is a big and unfamilous part of the country. This includes Arkhangelskaya, Pskov, Vologda, Novgorod, Murmansk, Leningrad Region, Komi, Karelia and the Creation of Peter, Snove A.S. Pushkin, - St. Petersburg. What is interesting here for a tourist? The north of the European part of Russia is a fabulous virgin taiga. In the summer there is noise in the tops of the trees of fresh breeze, birds sing. If the vacation fell to the sultry July, better place Do not find: Lakes are already warming up for a comfortable bathing, and on the shore the sun does not burn the skin. In the fall of Taiga pleases the paints, everywhere the bazhret and gold. Feed the leaves, nature sits waiting for the winter ...
Karelia provides large space for water adventures. Local lakes are connected to each other with stormy spoil rivers, so they will like rafting lovers. Famous among the newcomers of skiing, but it is better to hold classes before the onset of harsh winter frosts.
In the north, many monuments of architecture, ancient monasteries (Solovetsky, Valaamsky), Kizhi Church in Onega Lake and much more.
South Region
River, Forest and Sun ... The dream here can come into practice. The specified district includes the Krasnodar Territory, Adygea, Astrakhan, Volgograd region. The presence of large and very beautiful rivers, such as the Volga and Don, opens the endless opportunities for vacation. At the same time, you can not even plan a trip to the Black Sea, in Sochi or Anapa.
If we talk about the arriving tourists, then they are most often a wild rest in the tents prefer comfortable hotels in the Black Sea coast with a visit to the local arboretum and other interesting places. But for the local population with an average income, there may be a holiday in a tent camp on the Volga, a ferry trip to the Mushkin Museum and any other budget option.
North Caucasian District
This district includes Stavropol Territory, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Dagestan. Today, these places are world famous as the only subtropical climatic zone in the country, which gives us the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Here annually rest and thousands of tourists are recreated and correct. It is impossible not to mention local mineral waters. Kislovodsk is the former All-Union health resort, which today is very popular.
Climbers have long chosen these places, as Elbrus is located here - the highest peak in Europe. Routes varying degrees Severity allow you to master the basics of a difficult sport.
The life and customs of the Caucasian peoples attract tourists to these beautiful edges. Cultural and ethnographic attractions and museums are frequently visited objects. Local cuisine is a separate conversation, none of the tourists will leave home without trying fragrant kebab from lamb.
Volga District
These are territories near the Urals. Republic of Chuvash, Udmurt, Tatarstan, Mordovia, Mari El. In addition to them, Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara and Saratov region are also included in the district. People live here much, in terms of tourism, the area is very promising. Stunning mountain areas, inexhaustible water resources, magnificent fishing and simply relaxation on the lap of nature - such prospects attract tourists and give opportunities for work with numerous tourist organizations.
The proximity of the Ural Mountains allows you to engage in mountaineering, as well as lead groups of sports and adventure tourism. The area allows you to find a lesson to everyone, including climbers of the highest category (it will be especially interesting on the Supolar Urals).
The unique forests of Komi have the status of the World Natural Heritage. While tourist routes are underdeveloped, although they have a big prospect.
Bashkortostan is a place of amazing beauty. It is difficult to even imagine that forty percent of the area of \u200b\u200bthe entire republic occupy forests, and besides them, more than 10,000 rivers occur here, there are about 2500 lakes, ponds and water bodies. Three reserves, two natural parks, more than one hundred settings for the protection of medicinal plants - all this makes it impossible for the time of vacation to get acquainted even with the same republic. The European part of Russia is truly immense.
Let's summarize
We only casually affected the descriptions of those wealth that these immense territories are taiting. The European part of Russia includes five districts, each of which is among six to eighteen regions. As part of the region there may be several dozen cities, large and small.
Tourists can find here all that wish. Large cities and ancient archaeological monuments, untouched forests Siberia and the highest mountains ... Russia has always been famous for their water resources, these are truly inexhaustible reserves of the Mother of Nature! Rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, small and fragile, powerful and majestic, fast mountain streams for Extreme lovers or leisurely carrying their waves Volga - Nowhere in the world it is impossible to find such a variety. Not only the cities themselves, but also the surroundings are fundamentally different from each other.
In the section on the question how many regions in the European part of Russia, edges, republics? Posted by the author Neuropathologist The best answer is Subjects of the Federation in the European Part of Russia (in brackets administrative centers) :
Central Federal District (FULLY)
1. Belgorod region (Belgorod)
2. Bryansk region (Bryansk)
3. Vladimir Oblast (Vladimir)
4. Voronezh region (Voronezh)
5. Ivanovo region (Ivanovo)
6. Kaluga region (Kaluga)
7. Kostroma region (Kostroma)
8. Kursk region (Kursk)
9. Lipetsk region (Lipetsk)
10. Moscow
11. Moscow Region (Moscow)
12. Oryol Region (Eagle)
13. Ryazan Oblast (Ryazan)
14. Smolensk region (Smolensk)
15. Tambov region (Tambov)
16. Tver region (Tver)
17. Tula region (Tula)
18. Yaroslavl region (Yaroslavl)
North-West Federal District (except for the Kaliningrad region)
19. Arkhangelsk Region (Arkhangelsk)
20. Vologda region (Vologda)
21. Republic of Karelia (Petrozavodsk)
22. Komi Republic (Syktyvkar)
23. Leningrad region (St. Petersburg)
24. Murmansk region (Murmansk)
25. Novgorod region (Novgorod Great)
26. Pskov region (Pskov)
27. St. Petersburg
28. Nenets Autonomous District (Naryan-Mar, part of the Arkhangelsk region)
Southern Federal District
29. Astrakhan Region (Astrakhan)
30. Volgograd region (Volgograd)
31. Republic of Kalmykia (Elista)
32. Rostov region (Rostov-on-Don)
33. Krasnodar Territory (Krasnodar)
North Caucasian Federal District
34. Dagestan (Makhachkala)
35. Ingushetia (Magas)
36. Kabardino-Balkar Republic (Nalchik)
37. Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Cherkessk)
38. North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz)
39. Stavropol Territory (Stavropol)
40. Chechnya (Grozny)
41. Adygea (Maykop)
Volga Federal District (west of the Urals)
42. Kirov region (Kirov)
43. Republic Mari El (Yoshkar-Ola)
44. Republic of Mordovia (Saransk)
45. Nizhny Novgorod Region (Nizhny Novgorod)
46. \u200b\u200bPenza region (Penza)
47. Samara region (Samara)
48. Saratov region (Saratov)
49. Republic of Tatarstan (Kazan)
50. Udmurt Republic (Izhevsk)
51. Ulyanovsk region (Ulyanovsk)
52. Chuvash Republic (Cheboksary)
TOTAL: 52 Subject Russian Federation Located in the territory of the European part of the country. Of these, 32 - areas, 15 republics, 2nd edges, 1 - Autonomous Okrug, and 2 cities federal significance.
Note: Sometimes the European part of Russia includes a Kaliningrad region, which actually represents a special region, part of the Baltic States.