Father Kalita. Board Ivan Kalita

(1288?-1340) grand Duke Moscow

He was born when old men were still alive, who experienced the horror of the first Tatar raids on Russia. The main mood, that difficult time was fear, and Ivan shared him and its contemporaries. IN early childhoodHe saw the Tatars captured Moscow, and along with her and his father, Prince Daniel Alexandrovich. Perhaps, therefore, already becoming a great prince, he strongly sought to avoid an open collision with them.

As she liked the Princely Son, Ivan became early for the world of adults. Father, and sometimes boyars told him about history and what's going on in Russia. Already three years old, Ivan passed the rite of Posaga - was first planted at the horse. After that day, the child passed from nannies and moms to the care of male caregivers. He was laid little by little to teach to the complex princely craft. Apparently, the father - Prince Daniel Moscow - saw in Ivan's successor, although his eldest son Yuri was the main heir.

Daniel Moscow believed that cautious Ivan is more suitable for the princely throne than a sharp and non-tech Yuri. Nevertheless, after the death of Daniel in 1303, the power went into the hands of Yuri. He was at the time twenty-two years, and Ivan was not fifteen.

First time, Ivan acted at the same time with his brother. He helped Yuri to subjugate the Vladimir Principality and put a lot of strength to select a grandeur in Tverskaya princes.

But the sharp character of Yuri and his inability to keep diplomatic negotiations, restored Tatar Khanov against him, and in 1325, Yuri died during a trip to Golden Horde. They deliberately staged a meeting of two hostile princes, and the Tver Prince during a fight, killed Moscow Prince.

After the death of his brother, Ivan sat for the princely throne. He immediately changed the policy against the horde, realizing that the aggravation of relations with many times superior to his enemy would lead only to meaningless victims. Helping Horde, in the suppression of the uprising in Tver, Ivan received the label from Khan Uzbek to the reign in Novgorod and a significant part of the Vladimir principality. Ivan strengthened Moscow and at the same time attached to her nearby land.

No less important was the right to collect taxes, also received from the Horde. Ivan perfectly understood that only timely settlements with the Horde would help to maintain the location of its rulers. The money collected in this way was enough to strengthen Moscow. Ivan not only expanded and equipped the Kremlin, surrounding it with new oak walls, but also helped the construction of white-named churches and cathedrals. The nickname "Kalita" (wallet for money) Prince received because the money collected was spent very thoughtful, seeking to make Moscow by the real center of Russia.

The chronicler mentions that Ivan Kalita constantly wore a leather wallet on the belt, full of silver coins, and generously distributed them to beggars. Often he bought land, villages and even the city in impoverished princes. So gradually expanded the boundaries of the Moscow principality. He officially translated the capital from Vladimir to Moscow and the first of the princes in 1328 was called "Grand Prince of All Russia."

The thrift of Ivan Kalita became the key to the fact that he was hardly the richest prince in Russia. In his testament, a list of the most valuable home utensils is preserved: twelve gold chains, nine gold belts, fourteen female gold hoars, six gold cups and dishes, seventeen pieces of other dishes gold and silver, one golden hat and one golden casket.

As for his relationship with the Golden Horde, he showed himself as smart and cautious politician. He did not interfere with Khan Baskets and severely suppressed any resistance. In the same lands that were subordinate to the authorities of Ivan Kalita, he demanded not only to maintain order, but also to "deal with Tham", that is, with those who would like to be engaged by improving tattres.

In area internal politicians, Ivan Kalita was also a fairly far-sighted ruler. He perfectly understood that Moscow should become not only an administrative, but also the spiritual center of Russia. Therefore, in 1325, he achieved moving to Moscow Metropolitan Peter Volyntz.

Just a year later, the older priest died and was buried in the Kremlin's Assumption Cathedral just built. A few years later, his coffin began to occur miracles, after which Metropolitan was canonized as a newly new to the Holy Land of Russian. Thus, Moscow, in which the relics of St. Peter were located, and became the spiritual center of Russia. It was the Metropolitan Department.

As soon as Ivan Kalita managed to stabilize relations with the Horde, large boyars surnames began to move to Moscow. Many of them invited Ivan himself. So gradually around the princely courtyard there was a circle of a new Moscow aristocracy.

But a much more important thing Ivan Kalita, there was another: in the forty years of his rule, Tatars never came to Russia with devastating raids. In the chronicles, this time of calm in Russia is usually compared with a period of calm, no disturbed sleep. As I wrote later V. Klyuchevsky, "during these calm years they managed to be born and growing as many as two generations of Russian people who are not experiencing accidental horror in front of the Tatars. Later they went to the Kulikovo field. "

Family life Kalitis developed quite traditionally. In 1319, Ivan married. It is known that his wife was called Elena. But to this day, the mention of the kind, to which she belonged. They had three sons - Simeon, Ivan and Andrei. In 1332, Elena died from an unknown illness, and in a year Ivan Kalita again married some Ulyana, who soon gave birth to a daughter.

When the term came, Ivan Danilovich Kalita "died in Chernechi": He knead the monks before his death. He was buried in the Arkhangelsk Blown Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. From this time until the beginning of the XVIII century, Moscow Princes and Kings were buried there.

Before his death, Ivan Kalita wrote a testament in which he divided his lands between the sons. In Moscow, he gave them to the general ownership, specifically, it should always be the capital.

Ivan I Danilovich Kalita

Ivan I Danilovich Kalita

Ivan Danilovich Kalita (approx. 1283 - March 31, 1340 or 1341) - the second son of the Moscow prince Daniel Alexandrovich.
The nickname "Kalita" received for his wealth and generosity (Kalita (from the Turkic word "Calta") - ancient russian name Small waist monetary Sumy).

In 1296 - 1297. His governor of his father Daniel Alexandrovich in Novgorod.
In 1304, in the absence of his older brother, Ivan went to Pereslavl to defend him from Tver princes. Soon, the Tversky shelves appeared under the city under the beginning of Boyharin Akinf. Three days he lasted Ivan in the siege, the boyar Rodion Nestorovich came from Moscow for the fourth day, I went to Tver in the rear, and Ivan at the same time made a bitter from the city, and the enemy suffered a complete defeat.

Prince Moscow: 1322/1325 - 1340.

In 1320, Ivan Danilovich first traveled to the Orda to Uzbek Khan, to be approved as the heir to the Moscow principality. Yuri Danilovich received a label from Khan on a great reign and left for Novgorod, Moscow was left in full management of Ivan.
In 1321, Dmitry Tverskova recognized the power of Yuri Danilovich and handed him the Horde tribute to him from everything. But Yuri, instead of taking the Tver tribute to the Horde, dismissed it in Novgorod and through intermediary merchants let it in turnover, wanting to get percentages. Yuri's actions with the Ordane tribute to the Uzbek Khan accepted, and he handed the label to the Grand Dmitry Dmitry. At this time in Saraj-Berke, Ivan Danilovich defiantly did not intervene in anything, completely removed from his brother's affairs. When I try to return the label, he was cut by Dmitry in Saraj-Berke on November 21, 1325, on the eve of the death of Mikhail Tver, and Ivan became the Moscow Prince. Another year later (1326), Dmitry himself was killed in Horde, and the label was transferred to his brother Alexander.

In the first year of Ivan's board, Metropolitan residence (1325) was transferred to Moscow from Vladimir.

Prince Novgorod: 1328 - 1337.

Alexander Mikhailovich Tver in 1327 entered into an agreement with Novgorod, and in the same year a popular uprising occurred in Tver, in which Tverchi killed the Orda Ambassador Chol-Khan (Shevkal) and his whole retinue. Having learned about this, Uzbek sent for Moscow Prince, but, according to other information, Kalita went to the Horde himself. Uzbek Khan gave him a label to a great reign and 50,000 troops. I united with the Suzdasians, Kalita went to where the Ordans fought the city and villages, people were captured and, as the chronicle reports, "put Russian Earth." Tver Prince Alexander fled to Novgorod, then in Pskov. Novgorod looked down, giving the Ordans 2000 hryvnia silver and many gifts. Ivan and his allies demanded the issuance of Alexander, Metropolitan rejected Alexander and Pskovichi from the Church. Distinguishing from Pskov's threat to the invasion, Alexander went to Lithuania in 1329 (for a year and a half).
In 1328, Khan shared a great reign between Ivan, who received Veliky Novgorod and Kostroma, and who received Vladimir himself and the Volga region (presumably Nizhny Novgorod and town). After his death in 1331 or 1332, His brother became Prince of Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod, and Nizhny Novgorod and Gorodets returned to the greatest reign in about a decade.
In 1328 - 1330. Ivan gave two of his daughters to marry Vasily Davydovich Yaroslavsky and Konstantin Vasilyevich Rostovsky in order to dispose of their lots.

In 1331, the appearance (1331-1492), the capital of Zvenigorod.

Grand Prince

Grand Duke Vladimirsky: 1331 - 1340.

In 1331, there was a conflict between Moscow and Novgorod. I refused to put the Novgorod Arsenia in the Archbishops chosen by the Cathedral of the Galico-Volyn bishops, and put his candidate Vasily Kalik. And Ivan Kalita, having bought a label in the Horde and planning to arrive the Metropolitan construction of a new stone temple in Moscow, demanded from the Novgorod residents of Dani payments in an increased amount (in particular, "Zakamskoye Silver"). After receiving the refusal, Ivan joined his troops to Novgorod Earth and took Torzhok, then Bezhetsky top. Novgorod Archbishop Vasily began the construction of a new stone kids in Novgorod, fearing the troops of Ivan and Swedes. But the troops did not join the battle. Negotiations were conducted, which ended with the fact that Archbishop Vasily went to Pskov and concluded the world between Pskov and Novgorod.
Ivan, after these events, he concluded a separate world with Hedimine with the help of Metropolitan Feoganost, who had just arrived in Moscow. The world was bonded by the marriage of the heir of Ivan Kalita - Simeon Ivanovich with the daughter of Gedimina Aigous. Ivan Kalita bought out of the captivity of Narimunt Gediminovich in Horde, he wondered his location, baptized him in Orthodoxy and sent to Lithuania, to the father of Gedimine. Novgorod residents, fearing like Kalita (at that time, only the title Novgorod prince) with the orders and the Swedes, invited Narimunta (on the northern parliament), giving him the father of Ladoga, the fortress of nuts, Korelers (Korela), the Korel land and half of Corgana, But he handed over to his son to his son Alexander (Orekhovsky Prince Alexander Narimuntovich), and he lived more in Lithuania, and in 1338, when he not only did not appear at the call of Novgorod to defend him against the Swedes, he also recalled his son Alexander.

In 1336, with the mediation of Metropolitan Feoganost Ivan, he concluded peace with Novgorod, became the Novgorod Prince and received a tribute to be treated. Ivan also wanted to send troops to Pskov, but Novgorod responded to this. At this time, Gedimine made a raid to Novgorod Earth, messedy for peace with Moscow. Ivan in retirement sent his troops to Lithuania, where they pound the painted lands near the border. Gedimine, occupied by straightening with the Livonian Order, did not start wars.
In 1337, Alexander Tver conquered Hanu, thereby he returned the Tver proncess. In 1339, Ivan went to the Horde with a denunciation on Alexander, after which he received an order to appear to Khan. Alexander, who came to Hanu, and his son Fedor were executed. Kalita returned to Moscow and ordered a bell from the Tver Church of Saint and bring him to Moscow. Alexander Mikhailovich's brother, Konstantin, was again forced to obey.
In 1340, Ivan organized a campaign against Smolensk against Prince Ivan Alexandrovich, who entered into an alliance with Gedimine and the refused to pay tribute to Horde. In addition to the orders in the hikes, Kalita, as a rule, did the princes of Ryazan with their Reli participated. In the same year, a new conflict between Moscow and Novgorod, who was permitted already in the reign of the son of Ivan, Semyon is proud.

Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin

Savior Cathedral on Bor. Reconservation.

Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin

The bell tower "Ivan Great" (Church of John the Distrownger).

When Ivan Kalita in the Moscow Kremlin were built by white Assumption Cathedral Savior Cathedral on Bor (demolished in 1933), Cathedral of the Archangel (the initial temple is not preserved), church of John Malician (The initial temple has not been preserved). Was built new oak Moscow Kremlinwho defended not only the center of the previous city, but also posance beyond. Around the Kremlin, one after another arose villages. The boyars willingly moved to the Moscow prince and received land from him with the duty of the service; Behind the boyars followed free people suitable for weapons. Ivan cared for internal security, strictly persecuted and, executed the robbers and thieves and thus gave the opportunity to travel to commercial people on the roads.

In 1339/1340 in Moscow, the Siya Gospel was written, stored in the library Russian Academy science

A. Vasnetsov Moscow Kremlin at Ivan Kalita

The problem of dating death

The chronicles reproduce such a sequence of events (their traditional dating in historiography is placed in brackets):
Murder in Horde with the Son (October 29, 1339);
The campaign of Tovlubia's troops, Ivan Kalita and their allies to Smolensk (winter 1340);
Death of Ivan Kalita (March 31);
Trip Semenna Ivanovich and other princes in the Horde, the attacks of Novgorod to Ustyug and Beloozero;
News of fires in Novgorod (June 7) and Smolensk (Savior, August);
Return of Semyon proud of Horde and learning;
Murder in Bryansk Prince Gleb Svyatoslavich (December 6, 1340);
The campaign of Semyon is proud against Novgorod and the conclusion of the world (winter);
The death of Uzbek and Gedimin (Winter 1341).

Results of the Board

One of the main features of Ivan's character is flexibility in relations with people and perseverance. He often drove to Khan in the Horde and soon earned the location and confidence of Uzbek Khan. While other Russian lands suffered from the Ordia invasions, the ownership of the prince of Moscow remained calm, their population and well-being were growing steadily: they ceased to fight Russian land, - ceased to kill Christians; rested and overtake Christians from the Great East and much of the violence of Tatar; and since then silence has come throughout the Earth

He played a big role in strengthening the economic and political union of the Moscow Principality and the Golden Horde, for which he collected a tribute from the Russian lands. The people's discontent, caused by heavy charges, was mercilessly punished, disappeared with political opponents - other Russian princes.

Ivan I strengthened the Moscow-Ordi influence on a number of land of the North Russia (Tver, Pskov, Novgorod, etc.). He has accumulated great wealth (hence his nickname "Kalita" - "Wallet", "Monetary bag"), which used land for the purchase of land in foreign principles and possessions, another version from habits to carry with me constantly wallet ("Kalitu") with money for Distribution of mercy. His grandson in his spiritual literacy reported that Ivan Kalita bought Uglich, and Belosero. In addition, he bought and updated the village in different places: near Kostroma, Vladimir, Rostov, along the rivers of Msta and Kirzhach and even in Novgorod land, contrary to the Novgorod laws, forbidden the princes to buy land there. He started the settler in the Novgorod land, inhabited them with his people, thus spreading his power.

Ivan Ivan I Calita died on March 31, 1340, buried in Moscow - in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral. In the Moscow throne, Sameon Ivanovich Proud Son was ascended.

Children

Semen proud (1318-1353).
Daniel, genus 1320
Ivan II red (March 30, 1326. 113, 1359).
Andrei, (July 1327 - April 27, 1353).

Maria (mind. 1365), married from 1328 for Konstantin Vasilyevich (Prince Rostov-Borisoglebsky).
Evdokia (mind. 1342), married to Prince Yaroslavl Vasily Davydovich Groznyy eyes.
Feodosia, issued married Belozerski Prince - Fedor Romanovich.

Holy source of ArchReart Mikhail in the city of Protasovo, Moscow region.

Holy Source of Archors Mikhail Monument Ivan Kalita

Kolomna

The ancient Kolomenskoye unique place is high above the steep banks of the Moscow River, where cultural monuments were created during many centuries.
The first mentions about Kolomensky are contained in the spiritual directions of Ivan Kalita 1336 and 1339.

Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomensky

In 1341 - the appearance Serpukhovsky Prince (1341 - 1472). - 1246 - 1248. - Prince of Moscow.
Prince Boris Mikhailovich. 1248 - 1263. - Prince of Moscow.
Muscovy
. 1263/1276 - 1303. - Prince of Moscow.
. 1303 - 1325. - Prince of Moscow.
State of Moscow

Ivan I Calita. 1322/1325 - 1340. - Prince of Moscow.
1340 - 1353
1353-1359.

Historians are not known exact date The birth of Ivan Kalita, however, many researchers argue that he was born no later than 1283. Since 1325, he reigned Moscow, and from 1328 he was Vladimir Prince. It is his period of government that is considered the foundation at which the political and economic power of Moscow was erected. From the ancient chronicles, we know that although Ivan Danilovich and owned great wealth, but was very generous. Maybe, so he received in the people such a nickname ("Kalita" denotes "Wallet").

The youth of the future prince Ivan Kalita took place in the shadow of his older brother Yuri. In 1319, Yuri leaves for Novgorod in connection with the receipt of a label to the Grand Prince, in fact giving Moscow to the full order of Ivan. But Kalita inherited this city only in Yuri's will after his death in 1325.

Prince Ivan Kalita showed himself to be a calculating, cruel and cunning ruler. He was not once sent to the Horde, thereby won the location and confidence of Khan Uzbek to himself, which allowed the Moscow principality to live relatively prosperous and quiet life. This and other positive factors led to an increase in the population, which moved from other territories.

At the same time, Ivan Kalita could very cruelly straighten with his enemies and rivals. As a chance to destroy Ivan Tverskow, he used the Tver Murder of Cholhana (the Orda rule). Kalita went to the Horde and expressed his regret and the desire of help in shaking over the guilty. That is how he received a label to the reign, as well as fifty thousand warriors and the right to collect Dani. The two combined rates (Kalita and Alexander Vasilyevich) turned out to be enough for the total defeat of Tver. A fully plundered city was handed over to Konstantin Mikhailovich, and Ivan Tver had to run away to Lithuania through Novgorod and Pskov.

Married Ivan Kalita was twice. His first wife was Elena, and the second Ulyana. He favorably issued both his daughters to marry, having received the right in return to dispose of land feces of son-in-law.

The period of the reign of Ivan Kalita was marked by the subordination of the coal and Ryazan. And the richest prince Kalita just bought Uglich. The enterprise that the purpose of the joining of Novgorod was not successful and Ivan concluded the world with Novgorod (1340).

Ivan Kalita died in 1340, after which Simeon Ivanovich was taken by Simeon (the elder son), which was called proud.

The main results of the Board of Prince Ivan I Calita:

Son of Moscow Prince Daniel Alexandrovich. He received a nickname, he received, on one of the versions, for collecting tribute for the horde, and on the other - that he always wore a bag with small money for beggars.

There is no accurate data about the date of his birth. It is believed that he was born about 1283 or even on November 1, 1288.

The first information appear about him as a governor of his father in Veliky Novgorod in 1296-1297. In 1304, he defended Pereyaslavl from the Tver Prince. In the 1320th first went to the Horde. Here, Uzbek Khan approved him as the heir to the Moscow principality. In 1325, Ivan Kalita becomes the Moscow Prince.

Prince of Moscow

Becoming at the head of the Principality, he first of all translated from Vladimir the residence of Metropolitan. Moscow became the spiritual capital of Russia, and Peter became the first Moscow Metropolitan.

All the actions of Ivan Kalita were aimed at the elevation of Moscow over the rest of the principalities. Successful were actions in the fight against the Tver Principality. In 1327, the Tver occurred against the Ordia rule. The punitive action of Uzbek Khan was so weakened by the Tver forces that the principality no longer competed with Moscow.

Prince Ivan's policy Kalita led to the location of Uzbek Khan to him. If all the principalities in full felt the oppression of Ordan Baskakov, the Moscow lands lived relatively calmly.

The resettlement began in the Moscow principality of people from other lands.

Ivan Kalita contributed to the development of crafts and trade, which made it possible to spread the impact on many lands of Northeast Rus.

The yard was invited to boyars, which created a powerful support of power. Agricultural law was introduced, based on the Byzantine law, as well as a new order of inheritance.

Results of the Board

Contemporaries and chroniclers believed that Ivan Kalita delivered Russian land from Tatars and robbers. Always reincarnated the "right court", helped the poor, defended the widows from the rapists. For this, Ivan Kalita received another nickname - kind.

With Ivan Kalita, the Moscow Kremlin acquired a oak wall, Arkhangelsky and Assumption Cathedrals were built (the original temples were not preserved), the Church of John the Distrownger.

In early 1340, the prince touched the monks with the name of Anania, after he accepted Schima and passed away after a few weeks. It was buried in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral at the Cathedral Square in Moscow. He left the testament, according to which his successor became the eldest son Simeon.

he left the testament, according to which his successor became the eldest son - Simeon.

- Grand Duke Vladimirsky (1328-41), Prince of Moscow, the first collector of Northeast Rus. In the fight against other princes, Ivan Kalita was often used by the Tatars. Latest of his brother, Yuri Danilovich Ivan participated in the management of the Moscow principality. In 1304 Ivan defeated the recently attached Moscow Pereyaslavl from Tver princes. Three days Pereyaslavl held in the siege of Tver shelves Boyharin Akinf. On the fourth day, the boyar Rodion Nestorovich, who came from Moscow, hit Tver in the rear, and Ivan made a bitter from the city. Tverchi were broken. When, in 1319, Yuri Danilovich received a label from Khan to a great reign and left for Novgorod, Moscow was left to the management of Ivan.

In 1322, the Ordans took the label from Moscow to the Grand Diction and returned it to Tver. After the murder of Yuri Danilovich in the Horde Tver Prince, Dmitry Grozny Visi (1325), the Moscow renovation passed to Kalita. Dmitry was executed in Horde by Tatars, but the Grand Diction of Vladimir Khan Uzbek gave him to his brother, Tver Prince Alexander. However, soon the position has changed dramatically. In Tver, arrived with a big retinue of the Ordinian Welcome Khitan (Cholhan), the son of that governor, who in 1293 ruined the North Rus with such cruelty that his campaign was compared with Batiow invasion. The click kept himself in Tver with the Great Pride; His Tatars created violence by residents. The people went rumors about the intention of Cholhana himself to sit on the Tver Dinch and exterminate the Orthodox faith. August 15, 1327, on a feast of Assumption, Tatars tried to take a mare from the Tver Dyakon Dudko. He began to call for the help of fellow countrymen. Tverichs hit the bell; The people began to beat the Tatar. The rest of them locked with Cholhan on the princess yard, but the townspeople lit it. All Tatar embassy died; Horde were beaten and were in Tver Ordivan merchants.

Ivan Kalita was delighted by such a case to destroy Tver rivals, hurried in the Horde, returned with the 50,000th Tatar army and devastated fire and sword all the Tver Earth. Next year, Ivan received a label from Hana to a great reign. Uzbek was informed that the Knyak Alexander himself was known for the Tver uprising. Khan gave Tver Brother Alexander, Konstantin. Alexander himself fled to Novgorod, and then in Pskov. Kalita and other princes demanded that Alexander rode to Khan in the Horde, but Pskovichi did not let him down. Kalita, other princes and Novgorod people went to Pskov; But, having learned about the preparations of Pskovichi to defense, they decided not to act with weapons, but by another measure: Metropolitan Feogunost sent excommunication from the Church Alexander and the entire Pskov, if the requirement of princes is not fulfilled.

The threats of feogaloste to overcome Pskov from the church forced Alexander for a while to go to Lithuania (1329). Princes left Pskovi alone. Soon Alexander grogied in Pskov under the auspices lithuanian prince Gedimin and ruled this city for several years. But he missed Tver; He was tormented by the idea that his children would be deprived of the reign in Tver Earth. Alexander sent to Khan Uzbiek Son Fyodor, and then he himself went to the Horde with Mean. Uzbek forgave him and returned to him the Tver Prince (1337). Rivalry Ivan Kalita with Tver threatened to resume. Some Tver boyars were unhappy with the return of Alexander. They left Tver and moved to the service to a stronger prince Kalita.

Kalita went to Tatars. By his suggestion, Khan sent Alexander an order to appear in the Horde. Alexander sent the son of Fedor's son, and then drove himself. He has already received from Son and Chulflowed; But, like his father, she preferred to kill himself better than to bring the Tatar mission to his subjects. When the prince accompanied by Tiberias in Ladus, a strong wind rose; The rowers could not cope with him, referred back. It was designed by thin sign, but it did not prompted Alexander to postpone the trip.

In Hard, Alexander learned that his execution was appointed the day - October 29, 1339. On this day, Alexander and his son Fedor studied and themselves came to meet the murdes headed by Murz Tovlubim. Tatars pierced Alexander and Fedor and cut off their heads. Their bodies of the boyar were taken to Tver, where they sat down to pronounce cautious Konstantin Mikhailovich. Ivan Kalita returned to Moscow from the Horde with great suggestion and, triumphant victory over Tver, ordered to remove the large bell of the Tver Spare Cathedral and transport him to Moscow.

Ivan Kalita, and in other principalities, originally ordered. In Rostov, his governors revealed all sorts of violence over the inhabitants and hung over the legs of the older Rostov boyar Averkia (1330). Prince Suzdalsky, Alexander Vasilyevich, was a submissive girlfriend of Moscow. One of his daughters Ivan Kalita gave for Prince Vasily Davydovich Yaroslavsky, and the other - for Konstantin Vasilyevich Rostovsky and originally ordered the lots of his son-in-law. In 1332 Kalita began the war with Novgorod, who refused to pay the ancient tribute ("Zakamskoye Silver"), but soon concluded the world. At the end of the reign, he again demanded a large amount from Novgorod and, when they refused to pay her, recalled their governors. This rusting ended in his son. Ryazan's princes, due to the Tatar threat, should also obey Ivan I. in 1340 Kalita, by order of Khan, sent an army at the naughty Horde of Smolensky Prince Ivan Alexandrovich and together with Tatars devastated by the Smolensk region.

Ivan Kalita, on the one hand, is with unsightly features of a person of a cruel and prudillars, which was partitioned in Horde. But, on the other hand, the approval that he "selling Russia Tatars", unfair and lightweight. If it were so, then tatar Igo Over Northeast Russia, at Kalita, it would have to strengthen. But in fact we see the opposite: after the final victory of Ivan I in the fight against Tver, Mongolian dominion did not strengthen over Rus, but significantly weakened. The devastating Tatar raids after 1327 stopped for four decades. The ownership of Ivan Kalita and the whole Russian northeast began to use calm and well-being: "Peeling the silence of Christians and Pretasha Tatarov to fight Russian land," say the chroniclers, of course this case under Russian land Vladimir and Moscow Princess. This "silence" lasted until the mid-1360s. With Ivan Kalita Rus gained much more independence in relations with Khan. Ordi tribute earlier here were collected by Muslim and Jewish financiers. They took this fee for the deposit from Khan and then with cruel violence charged from the Russian population a much longer amount. Thanks to smart politics, Kalita Tatars stopped allowing these extortioners on Russia. The Ordinian "exit" was now collected and rosged Russian princes themselves, and this very much easier for the people. Russia has long remained under the supreme power of the Horde, but received much higher than before, the vassal status. In those conditions it was a major achievement.

Ivan Kalita was a lean owner to increase his principality and wealth. In his will, he carefully recalculates all the villages bought and gold vessels bought. On this line it indicates the nickname of Kalita - a bag of money, Skopid (Karamzin explains this nickname otherwise - the fact that Ivan always wore a bag with money - "Kalitu" - for distribution to the poor). Ivan Kalita took care of the internal structure of his possessions. He built a new oak Kremlin in Moscow, who defended not only the city center, but also part of the pose. Moscow began to grow rapidly. To the strong prince of Moscow flocked the boyars from Tver, Chernigov, Kiev, and even from Horde (Murza Chet). Ivan cared for the internal security of his possessions, strictly persecuted robbers and thieves.

An important event of the reign of Ivan Kalita was the resettlement of Metropolitan Peter from Vladimir to Moscow for permanent residence. Kalita acquired a special location of Metropolitan and, at his request, the Stone Assumption Cathedral was erected in Moscow. Peter died in Moscow and was buried in her. The new Metropolitan Feoganost, following the example of his predecessor, also settled in Moscow. In addition to the named cathedral, Ivan built another three stone temples in Moscow. Stone churches in the ruined Tatars of Vladimir Rus were rare.

About land connections to the Moscow principality in the era of Ivan Kalitis there is no accurate information. Acquisition of the cities of Galich, Uglich and Belozersk, which indicates the spiritual Dmitry Donskoy, doubtful, since Ivan himself does not speak about them in his spiritual gram. By explaining Solovyov, Kalita bought these cities, but left for the sellers some rights of the provincial princes. Before his death, Ivan Kalita took a break. He divided all his property between the three sons and the wife: Moscow left in total ownership of heirs, Son Symeon gave the cities of Mozhaisk, Kolomna and 16 volosts, Ivano - Zvenigorod, Silicovna, Ruzi and 10 volosts, Andrei - Breath, Serpukhov, and 9 more volosts, Wife Elena with daughters - 14 volosts.