Biology 

What is the name of a large industrial center. Economy: Novosibirsk is a large industrial center

Moscow, September 18 - “Vesti. Economy". There are 15 most polluted areas in Russia, which, according to ecologists, are the most unfavorable from the point of view, first of all, atmospheric air and the accumulation of waste, said “ Russian newspaper»Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Sergei Donskoy.

Below are the 15 most polluted cities in Russia.

Norilsk

Norilsk is a city of regional subordination Krasnoyarsk Territory... One of the most environmentally polluted cities in the world. The environmental hazard to the population of the city and the surrounding areas is due to the fact that the city is a "derivative" of one of the world's largest mining and, at the same time, metal production plant. There are no analogues of the Norilsk industrial region (including the city) anywhere else in the world.

Lipetsk is a city in Russia, the administrative center of the Lipetsk region. It is the core of the largest Russian agglomeration specializing in full cycle ferrous metallurgy, an industrial, agro-technological and aviation center. An important road transport hub of agglomeration and regional significance, located between the federal highways "Don" and "Caspian", has a developed network of industrial railways, the largest transshipment deadlock. The center of a special economic zone of industrial and production type. One of the youngest regional centers in Russia.

Cherepovets

Cherepovets is the largest city in terms of population in the Vologda region of Russia, the administrative center of the Cherepovets district, which is not included, having the status of a city of regional significance and forming an urban district. The basis of the economic potential of Cherepovets is formed by the enterprises of ferrous metallurgy and the chemical complex.

Novokuznetsk

Novokuznetsk is a city in the Kemerovo region of Russia. Novokuznetsk - the thirtieth in Russia in terms of population; important economic, transport and Cultural Center Siberia. The ecological situation in the city is unfavorable. Air pollution is especially serious. The basis of the industrial potential of the city of Novokuznetsk is metallurgical production, mining, production of finished metal products. These dominant activities account for 81% of the volume of goods and services shipped.

Nizhny Tagil

Nizhny Tagil is a city in the Sverdlovsk region of Russia, the administrative center of the urban district is the city of Nizhny Tagil. The most important industrial and cultural center of the Urals. The city ranks second in terms of population in the Sverdlovsk region after Yekaterinburg. Nizhny Tagil is a large and important industrial center not only of the Sverdlovsk region, but of the whole of Russia.

Magnitogorsk

Magnitogorsk is the second largest city in Chelyabinsk region, one of the world's largest centers of ferrous metallurgy, as well as a large cultural and business center of the South Urals. The unfavorable state of the atmospheric air in the city is determined by the emissions of pollutants. The city of Magnitogorsk is constantly included in the priority list of cities of the Russian Federation with the highest level air pollution by benzo (a) pyrene, nitrogen dioxide, carbon disulfide, phenol.

Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk is one of the largest cities in Russia, a cultural, economic, industrial and educational center of Central and Eastern Siberia. Large transport and logistics center. The main sectors of the economy are non-ferrous metallurgy, hydropower, the space industry and other mechanical engineering, the chemical, woodworking industry, and education. Krasnoyarsk is subject to negative impact on the ecological situation. Its deterioration is facilitated by the fact that the city is the largest transport hub in Eastern Siberia, as well as the presence of a number of large enterprises in the metallurgical, machine-building and chemical industries. A significant share in the total volume of gross emissions and a high level of air pollution is made by road transport, the number of which is growing every year.

Omsk is one of the largest cities in Russia, the administrative center of the Omsk region. Omsk is a large industrial center with enterprises of various industries, including defense and aerospace. The ecological situation in Omsk is associated with the size of the million-plus city and the presence in it a large number large industries. While industrial effluents are becoming more environmentally friendly, urban storm sewers are releasing waste products, including diesel fuel and petroleum products, into rivers. Other sources of pollution are the numerous landfills in the water protection zone and landfills without water treatment facilities.

Chelyabinsk

Chelyabinsk is the seventh city in terms of population, the fourteenth city in the Russian Federation in terms of area, and the administrative center of the Chelyabinsk region. Due to the fact that Chelyabinsk is an industrial city with a large number of factories, the ecological situation in the city is especially acute. Chelyabinsk is one of the largest industrial cities in Russia, occupying one of the leading places in terms of industrial production.

Bratsk is a city in the Irkutsk region of Russia. One of the major problems of the city is its unfavorable state environment... One of the most important reasons for unfavorable ecological situation In the central area of ​​the city there is a wind rose dominated by western, southern and south-western winds: it is in these directions from the city that the production facilities are located.

Novocherkassk

Novocherkassk - a city in the Rostov region, the capital Don Cossacks... Novocherkassk is one of the largest industrial centers Rostov region. The city ranks first in the region in terms of production per capita. Most of the large enterprises are located in the Industrial District of the city, separated from the historical center by the Tuzlov River floodplain.

Chita is the administrative center of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Chita Region. The leading industries are energy and food production. Transport hub on the Trans-Siberian Railway and federal highways "Baikal" and "Amur", and the Chita - Zabaikalsk branch; international Airport... The environmental situation is generally unfavorable. In addition, there is the problem of urban water pollution.

Dzerzhinsk

Dzerzhinsk - in Nizhny Novgorod region Russia, the administrative center of the urban district is the city of Dzerzhinsk. Since Soviet times, it has been the largest center of the chemical industry, and therefore the ecological situation in the region is in an unsatisfactory state. The city is listed in the list of the most polluted cities in the world according to the Blacksmith Institute.

Mednogorsk

Mednogorsk is a city in Russia, in Orenburg region, one of the industrial centers of the Orenburg region. Mednogorsk is an industrial city. The level of soil pollution in Mednogorsk is assessed as dangerous. Control over the environmental situation in the city is carried out by the State Inspectorate for Environmental Protection of the Orenburg Region and the Orsk Specialized Inspectorate of State Environmental Control and Analysis.

Asbestos is a city of regional subordination in the Sverdlovsk region of Russia, the administrative center of the Asbest city district. The city's industry is associated with the Bazhenov asbestos deposit. The field was discovered in 1884. The Bazhenovskoye chrysotile-asbestos deposit is the largest in the world in terms of reserves. In addition to chrysotile asbestos, over 120 minerals are found at the Bazhenov deposit. There are blue brucite, grossular from light pink to orange-red colors, chromium grossular of intense green color, vesuvian, chlorites, calcite, aragonite, diopside of different colors, baddeleyite, pectolite, dialagite, wehrlite, websterite, microdiorite, diorite, macrodiorite, macrodiorite diabase, diabase porphyry, plagioaplite, albitite, tatarinovite, nephrite, molybdenite, maucherite, titanite, kasatkinite, szaibelyite, clinochlore, pyrite and others.

"Novosibirsk Region" - Krasnozersky District. Barabinsky district. Located in the southeast of the West Siberian Plain. Bagan region. Geography of NSO. Administrative divisions. Cherepanovsky district. Industry. Chistoozerny region. Maslyaninsky district. Land resources. Kuibyshevsky district. Kochkovsky district.

"Reservoirs of Novosibirsk" - Ocean. Inya. Ob Sea. Lake Baikal. Reservoirs of our region. Berd. Water. Pond. Yenisei. "What's superfluous?" Don't leave trash on the shore. Ohm. Lena. Not my bike and others vehicles in reservoirs. Vats. Volga. Baikal. Black. Pacific Atlantic Arctic Indian. Ob. Factories and factories take water for work.

Novosibirsk Technologies - Erica Cornell from the University of Colorado / NIST (USA), World Health Organization, etc. Our suggestions: DNA - synthesizers for biotechnology - BIOSSET company. Since the summer of 2008, banks' rates on short-term loans have sharply increased (up to 22-25%). Instruments for measuring laser spectra - Angstrem company.

"Attractions of the village of Kozikha" - The place was chosen in the village of Maloirmenka. In the neighboring village of Kozikha, a garage was allocated for storing agricultural machinery. Svetlana Aleksandrovna Tarskikh is a general practitioner, head of an outpatient clinic. In 1980, a new, two-storey building for a kindergarten was rebuilt. The kindergarten has more than 50 years of history. District nurse.

"City of Novosibirsk" - Opera and Ballet Theater. Entrance to the Novosibirsk Zoo. The bottom right margin of the flag is white. View of Novosibirsk from above. Flag of Novosibirsk. The top left margin of the flag is green. Chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. Novosibirsk. Cathedral of Alexander Nevsky. The blue sling with white waves is the Ob River, on which the city stands.

"Emerald City of Novosibirsk" - Complex engineering and technical objects. The building of the Siberian Bank of Sberbank of Russia. Club of Soviet Trade Officers. Conditions of occurrence. Akademgorodok. Chapel of St. Nicholas. Memorial of Glory. Attempts to solve the housing problem. Akademgorodok from a bird's eye view. Development problems. Museums of Novosibirsk. Coat of arms of Novosibirsk.

There are 9 presentations in total

Russia is the most big country in the world. Its expanses can be called endless, since they stretch for more than 17 million square meters. km, and this is almost 12% of the entire surface of the Earth.

Russia is an industrialized state with rich deposits of gas, oil and other minerals. This is what helped it to take a leading position among other countries, which are almost 100% dependent on the extracted fuel. Industrial (the list will be given below) form the basis of the economic development of the state. There are about 300 such centers. They are located in the Far East, the Urals, in the northern part of the Caucasus. Some of the cities are located in the center of Russia.

Classification

So, what is the peculiarity of industrial centers and what are the best of them? Industrial cities Russia can be divided into several groups, focusing on certain characteristics:

  • The first group unites centers that were built back in the days Soviet Union... After the restructuring, factories and plants were privatized and transferred to new standards. Of course, the modernization required a lot of time and money, but now these production facilities meet European standards. There are about 150 cities in this group, these are Surgut, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk, etc.
  • The second group includes a part of the centers that are the so-called industrial consumers. It is headed by the Moscow Region.
  • The third group is the industrial centers of Russia. Cities have profitable geographical position, however, for some reason, they have not yet been upgraded. In order to fully restore their potential, an infusion of big money is needed. In the meantime, these cities are developing at the expense of other areas, such as large ports, transport hubs, tourism.
  • The fourth group is innovative. The industry in these cities works with the latest technologies. They can be called the basis of the state, which allows it to fully develop.
  • The fifth group includes the two most important cities in Russia. Moscow and St. Petersburg have a great influence on the entire industrial sector of the country.

Let's take a closer look at the industrial cities of Russia. A list of the largest of them is presented below.

First place - Moscow

The capital of the Russian Federation has an annual turnover of 1900 billion rubles. The most developed industries here are mechanical engineering, gas and oil refining. The pharmaceutical and food industries are also growing quite rapidly. Large factories and factories operate on the territory of Moscow, there are many garages, warehouses and various bases, engineering and scientific centers. It should be noted that the capital is the largest one which fully influences the development of the railway, automobile and aviation industries.

St. Petersburg - the second position in the list

Its annual turnover is about 1,300 billion rubles. The main contribution is made by the following industries: ferrous metallurgy, food processing, mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, etc. St. Petersburg rightfully occupies a leading position in the list of “Large industrial cities of Russia”. World corporations such as Nissan, Intel, Toyota are successfully operating here. All of them manufacture products that meet European standards. The chemical industry deserves special attention. Achievements in this area have brought Russia to the world level.

Third place - Surgut

Located in the north of the country, Surgut is one of the largest industrial centers in Russia. Its turnover is over 800 billion rubles. Thanks to both oil and its subsequent processing, the economic well-being of the city is growing rapidly. In comparison with similar centers, Surgut is an impeccable leader. Almost all enterprises are on the balance sheet of OJSC “Surgutneftegas”. The electric power industry is also well developed here.

Nizhnevartovsk in the top five

The city is located in the Urals. The region's wealth is mainly due to the largest oil field. It also produces and processes gas, which is then exported to many European countries. In the north, Russia is located, thanks to which the well-being of the entire country improves. For example, Nizhnevartovsk contributes almost 500 billion rubles to the general treasury, which allows it to take 4th place in the ranking. The oil and gas complex is headed by Rosneft, which includes such large enterprises as NNP, Samotlorneftegaz and others. It is also worth noting the RussNeft company, which was created thanks to the financial support of the large Swiss concern Glencore.

Fifth place - Omsk

The millionth city of Omsk is administrative center... First of all, it is the largest transport hub. Its turnover reaches 400 billion rubles. The food and light industries, aerospace and chemical industries, as well as oil refining are well developed here. are owned by Gazprom. Even during the Great Patriotic War, the largest factories and plants were evacuated here, the main specializations of which are mechanical engineering and the petrochemical industry.

Sixth place - Perm

The diversified industry of Perm plays an important role in the economic development of the country. The annual income is 350 billion rubles. Mainly, heavy engineering, gas and oil refining is developed here. A significant contribution is also made by such industries as the chemical, electric power, as well as food and printing. The average salary in 2013 was almost 25 thousand rubles. Thanks to this, Perm entered the list of "Large industrial cities of Russia", having rather high indicators.

The capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan - Ufa

Ufa ranks seventh in the rating of industrial cities in Russia. On its territory, there is a large concentration of various industries. The most important industries are wood and metalworking, oil refining and mechanical engineering. Thermal power plants also play an important role in economic development. The construction of a nuclear power plant began here, but after the Chernobyl accident, all work was suspended. At present, according to the federal program, the construction of a nuclear power plant is still planned.

Eighth place - Norilsk

The northernmost city of Norilsk is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Its population is about 150 thousand people. Living conditions here are quite difficult, mainly due to climatic conditions... The most developed are the mining and metallurgical industry and the industry of non-ferrous metals. Being in eighth place in the rating "Large industrial cities of Russia", Norilsk has a turnover of 300 billion rubles. The bulk of income comes from palladium, platinum and other precious metals.

Ninth place - Chelyabinsk

The only city in Russia with a new self-government scheme. Chelyabinsk is located on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains. This is a fairly large center with a turnover of 300 billion rubles. Ferrous metallurgy accounts for almost 50% of all manufactured products. It is also worth noting such industries as instrumentation, metal processing, mechanical engineering. The light industry is also well developed here. The industrial cities of Russia, in particular Chelyabinsk, are famous for their high quality alloys. It is here that most of the ore is processed, rails, pipes, as well as tractors, cranes, loaders are manufactured.

Novokuznetsk closes the top ten

Novokuznetsk is located in Western Siberia. The volume of industrial income is 260 billion rubles. It has a well-developed coal mining industry, which is one of the largest in the country. Metallurgy and metalworking also play an important role in the economy. There are quite significant energy enterprises located here. More than 50 factories and factories operate on the territory of the city, which allows it to take tenth place in the top 10 "Largest industrial cities in Russia". Unfortunately, since 2013 there have been massive cuts in some industries.

Administrative composition of the district

The Central Economic Region includes the Bryansk, Vladimir, Ivanovsk, Kaluga, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tverskaya, Tula, Yaroslavl, Moscow regions and the city of Moscow.

The area of ​​the district is 485.1 thousand sq. Km. or about 2.8% of the territory of the Russian Federation. It occupies a leading place among the regions of Russia in terms of the total volume of industrial production, in terms of the level of development of industrial production and the share of manufacturing industries.

Features of the economic and geographical location

The location of the district is central, advantageous in transport and other respects at a long stage of historical development. This is the ancient core of the Russian state, the main center of culture and formation of the Russian people. The advantages of the EGP of this region lie in the convenience of attracting resources as needed from all regions, in the possibility of being included in interregional (and international) economic relations and fulfilling the diverse duties of a leader in relation to the entire territory of the country and especially its European part. The region has a convenient economic and geographical position, as it is located in the center of the European part of Russia, has an advantageous transport and geographical position. 11 railway lines approach Moscow, 15 highways, numerous pipelines, airways, channels and electronic lines.

Place of the district in the economic complex of the country

The Central Economic Region is the historical, political and economic center of the country. On its territory is the capital of Russia - the city of Moscow. The Center plays a leading role among all economic regions.

Assessment of natural resources and conditions of the area

The area has a flat-hilly relief (Valdai and Smolensk-Moscow Uplands, Meshcherskaya Lowland). The climate is moderately continental. The soils are forest, sod-podzolic. Famous rivers originate within Central Russia - Volga, Western Dvina (Daugava), Dnieper, etc. Natural resources the region is not rich, therefore the industry works mainly on imported raw materials. There are reserves of brown coal (near Moscow basin), phosphorites, peat, limestone, sand, forests (in the north and north-west of the region).

Characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region

The central region is the most densely populated part of the Russian Federation. Population - 29.9 million people (1996), which is about 20% of the population of the Russian Federation (first place among economic regions); population density - over 60 people per sq. km. (the most densely populated is the Moscow region).

The district is characterized by a high concentration of qualified personnel. The city of Moscow, the capital of Russia, is the largest administrative - political, industrial, transport, scientific and cultural center of the country (Moscow agglomeration - about 12 million people). There are more than 250 cities on the territory of the central region. The scale of industrial development determines a significant predominance of the urban population - 83%.

Development and placement of the main branches of industrial specialization of the district

It is a highly developed industrial region of the country. The industry of the region specializes in the production of complex and non-material-intensive products that require skilled labor and scientific research.

The main branches of specialization are diversified mechanical engineering, chemical, light (textile), printing industry.

The machine-building complex is represented by machine-tool building, instrument-making, power and transport machine building. The production of robots and automatic machine tools has a significant scale, electronic systems management and computer technology, devices and communications (this is due to the availability of qualified personnel and a powerful scientific and technical base).

Transport engineering is represented by the production of cars, diesel locomotives, wagons and river vessels. Automotive industry: Moscow - trucks and cars, bus assembly; Likino-Dulyovo - buses. A new bus plant is being built near Moscow with the participation of German firms.

Locomotive building is represented in Kolomna (Moscow region); Lyudinovo (Kaluga region), Murome (Vladimir region). Car building - Tver (cars); Mytishchi (passenger cars and subway cars); Vyshny - Volochok (electric train cars), Bryansk (insulated cars). River shipbuilding and ship repair - Moscow, Rybinsk, Kostroma. Agricultural engineering is represented in Lyubertsy (Moscow region), Bezhetsk (Tver region), Ryazan, Tula. The tractor plant is located in Vladimir.

The chemical industry is also the most important branch of the region's specialization. It is represented by the production of phosphate fertilizers (based on local raw materials) - Voskresensk (Moscow region), nitrogen fertilizers Novomoskovsk and Shchekino (Tula region); Soda and sulfuric acid production is developed (Shchelkovo, Novomoskovsk, Voskresensk). In Yaroslavl and Efremov (Tula region), factories for the production of synthetic rubber are located, whose products operate tire factories in Moscow and Ryazan. Chemical fibers are produced in Tver, Klin, Serpukhov, Ryazan. The production of photochemical goods, varnishes, dyes, medicines, and perfumery is widely developed.

The textile industry is the oldest branch of industry that worked on imported raw materials, which was previously one of the specialization branches of the region. last years the most acute crisis.

The strongest decline in production is noted. Cotton industry enterprises are located in the cities of Ivanovo, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Tver, Yaroslavl, Moscow, Noginsk, Kostroma, etc. Linen, woolen and silk fabrics are also produced in the region.

Industries that complement the industrial specialization of the region, a range of services

The central region has a leading position in the country for the production of instruments, automation equipment, and control systems. The main centers of instrumentation are Moscow, Vladimir, Ryazan, Smolensk.

Electrical industry - Moscow, Kaluga, Yaroslavl. The major centers of machine tool building are Moscow, Ryazan, Kolomna.

Despite the presence of its own metallurgical plants in Moscow, Elektrostal and Tula, there is an acute problem of supplying machine-building plants of this economic region with rolled ferrous metals, which are brought from other regions.

The Central District is characterized by the presence of a very powerful printing industry (Moscow, Tver, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Chekhov). The district retains the first place in the development of science, higher and secondary specialized education, in the training and retraining of personnel.

The fuel and energy complex of the Central District is oriented mainly towards imported fuel. The local fuel is brown coal and peat. Brown coal is mined mainly in the Tula and Ryazan regions, although it has dropped significantly in recent years due to the supply of more efficient energy carriers (oil and gas).

The Central Economic Region ranks first in the Russian Federation in terms of electricity production (18%). Most of it is generated by large thermal power plants. Some of them work on coal and peat near Moscow (Cherepetskaya, Shchekinskaya, Ryazanskaya). Kostromskaya, Konakovskaya GRES and Moscow CHPPs operate on gas and fuel oil.

Ivankovskaya, Uglichskaya and Rybinskaya HPPs operate on the Upper Volga. However, all these stations do not fully meet the needs of the region for electricity. Therefore, part of the electricity is transmitted here from the Volga region. Energy is also provided by the Smolensk and Tverskaya nuclear power plants, as well as, located in the city of Obninsk, the world's first nuclear power plant, built in 1954.

Specialization, level of development of agriculture of the region

The agro-industrial complex of the Central District is one of the largest in the Russian Federation for the production of milk, meat, potatoes, vegetables, flax and sugar beets, as well as food products. However, their own agricultural production does not meet the needs of the region, food products have to be imported. This is a region of potato growing and animal husbandry. In the north, there are significant flax crops. In industrial areas, suburban specialization of agriculture predominates.

Territorial structure of the economy district (largest industrial centers, sub-districts, TPK)

The territorial structure of the transport network of the Central Economic Region is radially circular. The core is the Moscow agglomeration. All types of transport are well developed. Communication with all other areas is provided by a dense network of railways and highways. There are four airports in the capital. Moscow is also a river port with (through the Volga and the system of shipping canals) access to five seas.

Development of external relations of the district

The advantages of the EGP of this region create conveniences for attracting resources as needed from all regions, for the possibility of being included in interregional (and international) economic relations and fulfilling the diverse duties of a leader in relation to the entire territory of the country and especially its European part.

District development problems in the transition to a market economy

This area reflects all the diversity environmental issues Russia. Starting from environmental pollution that degrades the living environment of people and ending with man-made disasters that affect all nearby areas.

The Moscow agglomeration is one of the most polluted. Air pollution pollution of land waters loss of productive land soil pollution degradation of forest areas reduction of natural and recreational qualities of the landscape.

Moscow and the surrounding ring of small and medium-sized cities of the Volga-Oka interfluve with a high density of urban population, powerful industry and developed transport have formed a zone of extremely strong anthropogenic pressure on the human environment on a global scale.

Only within Moscow there are more than 1200 industrial enterprises, more than 10 thermal power plants, several thousand boiler houses. To maintain the city's life in the cold season, about 60 million cubic meters are used daily. m. of gas, 400 wagons of coal, 500 wagons of fuel oil, etc.

As a result, more than 1 mln. tons of oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, many thousands of tons of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, etc.

The most unfavorable situation has developed in the districts located in the central and southeastern parts of the city. At the same time, the main indicators of the disaster are the continuing pollution of air, water, noise regime and oversaturation of soil with chemicals.

By the end of the 90s. the main environmental pollutants in Moscow and

Transport and energy are becoming the suburbs. The share of motor transport (which has a fleet of about 1 million vehicles) accounts for 2/3 of the volume of atmospheric pollution.

Industrial and domestic waste is a major source of contamination of the territory and soils of the Central District and the Moscow Region. Almost all types of waste are suitable for use on the farm as secondary raw materials, however, industrial waste processing is a vulnerable place for the entire Russian economy.

The generally accepted indicator of ecological well-being is the provision of its inhabitants with drinking water.

However, it is not only, and sometimes not so much, the quantitative volume of water consumption that is important here - more than 750 liters per day per person. According to available estimates, the total overconsumption of water only in the housing and communal sector reaches at least 50% due to malfunctions and poor quality of sanitary equipment in residential buildings and, most importantly, ineffective use of it.

The scale of radiation pollution Russian territory associated with the consequences of the Chernobyl accident are enormous. According to official data, soil pollution with a density of more than 1 Ci / sq. Km.

Registered throughout the Central Economic Region. The Bryansk region suffered the most, especially in terms of pollution concentration. In some of the most severely affected administrative districts (Gordeevsky, Zlynkovsky, Klintsvsky, Klimovsky, Krasnogorsky, Novozybkovsky, Starodubsky) levels of 20, 30, 40 Ci / km were noted. sq. and more. The main critical radionuclide is cesium 137 (over 90% of the contaminated area).

Much more serious figures are hidden behind the averaged indicators: at some points, a maximum pollution density of 100 CI / km is recorded. sq. and more. Another hazardous pollutant, strontium 90, occurs in small “spots”.

Industrial centers of Russia

Industry is an important component of the economic complex of the Russian Federation, the leading role of which is determined by the fact that it provides all sectors of the economy with tools and new materials, serves as the most active factor in scientific and technological progress and expanded reproduction in general. Among other sectors of the economy, industry is distinguished by its complex and district-forming functions.

In 2008, 456 thousand industrial enterprises operated in Russia, employing 14.3 million people, providing production in the amount of 20613 billion rubles.
The industry of Russia has a complex, diversified and diversified structure, reflecting changes in the development of productive forces, in the improvement of the territorial division of social labor, associated with scientific and technological progress.

Modern industry is characterized by high level specialization. As a result of the deepening of the social division of labor, many branches, sub-branches and types of production have arisen, which together form the sectoral structure of industry. In the current industrial classification, 11 complex sectors and 134 sub-sectors are identified.

The industry is subdivided into:
mining, which includes industries associated with the extraction and processing of ore and non-metallic raw materials, as well as with the production of sea animals, fishing and other sea products;
processing, which includes enterprises for the processing of products of the extractive industry, semi-finished products, as well as for the processing of agricultural products, forestry and other raw materials. Manufacturing industries form the backbone of heavy industry. For factors of location of various industries, see here: food processing, agriculture, fuel.

According to the economic purpose of products, the entire industry is divided into two large groups: group "A" - production of means of production and group "B" - production of consumer goods. However, it should be noted that the division of industry into these groups does not coincide with the sectoral structure of industrial production, since the natural form of the manufactured product does not yet determine its economic purpose. Since the products of many enterprises can be intended for both production and non-production consumption, they are classified as belonging to one or another group, depending on their actual use.

Sectoral structure of industry modern Russia characterized by:

The predominance of industries for the extraction and primary processing of fuel and raw materials;
a low share of the top, most technically complex industries;
low proportion light industry and other industries focused on the immediate needs of the population;
high specific weight of branches of the military-industrial complex.

There are two large economic zones on the territory of the Russian Federation:

Western, including European part countries together with the Urals, which is characterized by a shortage of fuel, energy and water resources, a high concentration of industrial production and the prevailing development of manufacturing industries;
Eastern, including the territory of Siberia and Of the Far East, which is distinguished by the presence large stocks fuel and energy and mineral resources, poor development of the territory and the predominance of extractive industries.

This division into large economic zones is used in the analysis and determination of the promising territorial proportions of the country's economic complex.

Industrial regions are large territories with relatively homogeneous natural conditions, with a characteristic direction of development of productive forces, with a corresponding existing material and technical base, production and social infrastructure.
On the territory of Russia, there are about 30 industrial regions, of which 2/3 are located in the Western zone of the country.

Most industrial centers do not have technological links with each other, therefore, such location reduces the possibilities for the development of cooperation, and therefore, their growth efficiency. Regional centers are an example.
An industrial center is understood as a territory within which one or more enterprises of the same industry are located (small towns and workers' settlements).

Today in Russia there are more than 250 largest industrial centers that make up the industrial framework of the country.
On the territory of Russia, there are five groups of industrial centers that affect the economy in different ways, have different development prospects and differ in their size.

The first group includes "old" industrial centers that were built back in Soviet times and who were able to independently modernize their production facilities. It includes the oil and gas and metallurgical sectors, which are owned by large Russian companies. This group includes one hundred and forty cities, including Tomsk, Surgut, Krasnoyarsk, Baku and many others.
The second group of industrial centers includes the industrial centers of the "consumer industry". They are linked to eight large urban agglomerations in Russia. The first place in this group is occupied by the Moscow agglomeration.

The third group of industrial centers includes old industrial cities that were unable to fully modernize and restore the Soviet industrial potential. This so-called "industrial stagnation" group has gained its popularity and has achieved a good standard of living thanks to the trade sector and logistics and due to its advantageous geographical location.

In the cities that belong to this industrial group, there are large ports, railway stations and road junctions, agricultural and tourist areas.

The fourth industrial group includes cities and centers of "industrial innovation", which are partially or fully owned by the state. These cities and centers have assembled Russia's own technological and industrial potential, the most needed and demanded innovative technologies.
The fifth industrial group is Moscow and St. Petersburg - the largest industrial centers in Russia, which have a great influence on the entire industry of the state.

The rating of the 250 largest Russian industrial centers after joint research was published by two authoritative organizations: the Urbanika Institute of Spatial Planning and the Union of Architects of Russia. Previously, the specialists carried out a comparative analysis of statistical data on the volume of industrial production, studied the indicators of financial statements.
The top lines of the rating are occupied by Moscow and St. Petersburg. During the post-Soviet period, many factories were closed in capitals, but cities quickly took a leadership position thanks to the creation of multinational corporations and enterprises belonging to the medium-sized business sector. The first place in terms of the number of cities included in the rating table was taken by the Moscow region, which unites 30 large settlements.

It should be noted that priority industrial centers and “growth points” are adjacent to the largest megacities - this pattern was revealed by analytical studies. Khanty-Mansiysk became the leader in terms of total industrial production autonomous region... The most significant in the ranking are oil and gas and metallurgical centers. The first ten rows of the table (except for two capitals) were occupied by Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Omsk, Perm, Ufa, Norilsk, Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk.

Centers for progressive industries and innovative technologies, with the exception of Moscow and St. Petersburg, were awarded more modest positions. In 17 constituent entities of the federation, there are no cities at all that are among the 250 largest industrial centers.

Uralvagonzavod. Altai region, Rubtsovsk

Types of industry in Russia: Nuclear, Military, Gas, Aviation, Machine-building complex, Metallurgical complex, Oil, Fuel, USA, Rocket and space, Fish, fuel and energy complex, Heavy production, Coal industry of Russia, Khimprom, Machine-building centers, Environmental problems, Mining diamonds

Industry, Economy of Russia

About Russian industry

Currently, the Russian industry includes the following competitive industries: oil and gas, mining, processing of precious stones and metals, aircraft construction, rocket and space production, nuclear industry, weapons production and military equipment, electrical engineering, pulp and paper industry, automotive industry, transport, road and agricultural. mechanical engineering, light and food industries.

Machine-building complex

Mechanical engineering is the leading industry in Russia and is concentrated in large centers - Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Urals, the Volga region, and Western Siberia. It provides all sectors of the economy with various equipment and machines. Further…

Chemical and petrochemical industry

The chemical industry in Russia plays an important role in the development of the entire national economy. As part of the chemical industry, the extraction of mining and chemical raw materials (apatites and phosphorites, sodium chloride and potassium salts, sulfur and a number of other products), basic chemistry and chemistry of organic synthesis are distinguished. Further…

Fuel and energy complex

The fuel and energy complex supplies fuel and electricity to all sectors and ensures the development of the economy. Fuel and energy complex products are currently the main export item in Russia. Further…

Metallurgical complex

The metallurgical complex of Russia includes the extraction of metal ores, their beneficiation, metal smelting, and the production of rolled products. This industry includes ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Agro-industrial complex

The agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation includes industries specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing Agriculture and the processing industry by means of production. Further…

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ECONOMIC AREAS OF RUSSIA. \ typical features of EGP, resources, specialization industries \

WESTERN ECONOMIC ZONE.

1. NORTH-WESTERN DISTRICT.

- relatively small in area, "compact" area with a very convenient EGP \ proximity to the western border, access to the Baltic, etc. \,

- relatively poor in resources \ bauxite \ Boksitogorsk \, shale \ Shale \, phosphorite \ Kingisepp \, peat \,

- a pronounced economic center of the region yavl. agglomeration of St. Petersburg,

- one of the most important machine-building bases of the CIS and Russia with a particularly high level of development of the "upper floors",

- presented: shipbuilding \ nuclear icebreakers, passenger ships, tankers, timber carriers, trawlers, etc. \, power and electrical engineering \ more than 50% of all hydraulic and steam turbines produced in the country \, machine tool construction, instrument engineering, tractor engineering \ PO "Kirovsky plant "\, car building; St. Petersburg is one of the country's largest R&D centers, an "elite" region in terms of personnel training for industry and especially for mechanical engineering,

- from other industries are: chemical \ "upper floors" based on oil refining \ Kirishi \, microbiology, pharmaceuticals, household chemicals \, nonferrous metallurgy \ alumina production \ Boksitogorsk \, aluminum smelting \ Volkhov, Tikhvin \; North-West is one of the traditional regions of light industry \ linen \ Velikiye Luki, Pskov \, sewing, etc. \,

- St. Petersburg is one of the most important foreign trade ports of the CIS and Russia, the largest cultural and scientific center,

- agriculture has an intra-district orientation \ dairy and milk-and-meat animal husbandry, flax growing, potatoes, suburban farming \.

2. NORTHERN DISTRICT.

- the largest area of ​​the Western economic zone, with rather difficult, and in some places - extreme natural conditions;

- the contrast of the EGL of different parts of the region is characteristic: the western and southwestern regions have the most advantageous position / proximity to the state. border, Center \, relatively favorable EGP near the Arkhangelsk and Murmansk regions \ access to important sea ​​routes, Murmansk is an ice-free port \, at the same time, the northern and eastern parts of the region are much less favorable for development,

- resource region, one of the richest regions of the European part of the CIS, both in volume and in the "range" of resources \ hard coal \ Pechora \, oil, gas \ Timan-Pechora region \, iron ores \ Kovdor, Olenegorsk, Kostomuksha \, nickel , copper, aluminum \ nepheline \ ore, apatite \ Khibiny, Monchegorsk, Pechenga \; the area is very rich in forest and provided water resources,

- the region is relatively sparsely populated with a pronounced concentration of the population and the entire "economic life" in industrial centers, especially Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Vologda,

- the most important fuel and "ore" base of the European part of the CIS and Russia, especially the Non-Black Earth Zone \ North-West, Central, Volgo-Vyatka regions \, represented: coal, oil and gas industries, mining of metallurgical and chemical raw materials,

- ferrous metallurgy \ Cherepovets \ - the base of mechanical engineering of the Central and North-Western regions,

- nonferrous metallurgy \ "Severonickel" in Monchegorsk \ copper, nickel, cobalt, etc. \, aluminum smelting \ Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy \,

- timber industry \ the whole complex of subsectors is represented, one of the largest "forest", timber processing and "paper" \ Kondopoga and others \ regions of the CIS,

- mechanical engineering as a whole is represented relatively little, but individual subsectors have a "union" meaning:

- tractors for the forestry industry, paper machines \ Petrozavodsk \, shipbuilding and ship repair \ Murmansk \,

- fish industry. \ Murmansk \,

- agriculture: the most developed is only the south of the region \ Vologda region. \ - one of the regions of "union significance" for breeding dairy cattle, production of butter, cheese; also - one of the largest regions of flax growing.

- the modern stage is characterized by an increase in the economic role of the region, primarily as a "foreign trade outpost" of Russia \ Murmansk, Arkhangelsk \.

3. CENTRAL REGION.

— historical Center Russia, the region of the origin of the Russian state and the Russian economy, the "old" industrial region

- already in the 19th century. stood out as an area of ​​developed textile industry,

- the leading region of Russia in terms of population, industrial, cultural, scientific and "university" potential; on the territory of the district, the Moscow metropolitan region stands out with its inherent administrative functions of "union" significance,

- a characteristic feature of EGP yavl. the "centrality" of the region, its proximity to all the most important economic regions of Russia and the CIS,

- the area is poor in mineral resources \ phosphorites \ Voskresensk \, peat, etc., but it is provided with personnel at a very high level of their training,

- stands out for its diversity and a very high level of industrial development, with the dominance of the "upper" floors, \ especially in mechanical engineering, which "serves" almost all sectors of the economy \,

- presented: radio electronics, machine tool building and instrumental industry., Instrument making \ incl. - optical \ Krasnogorsk \, electrical engineering, production of ACS and computer technology \ mainly - Moscow \, automotive \ Moscow, Yaroslavl \ tires, motors \, with \ economic machine. \ Lyubertsy \ including potato harvesters \, Tula, Bezhetsk \ flax harvesters \ and tractor construction \ Vladimir \, car building \ Mytishchi \, equipment for the textile industry \ Ivanovo \, diesel locomotive construction \ Kolomna \, aircraft construction \ Moscow, Smolensk \,

- chemical industry. - oil refining \ Ryazan, Yaroslavl \, production of SK \ Yaroslavl \ and chemical fibers \ Ryazan, Mytishchi, Tver, Serpukhov, Klin \, phosphorus fertilizers \ Voskresensk \, household chemicals \ Moscow \,

- a traditional region of light industry with a full range of subsectors \ especially developed cotton, linen and clothing industries \,

- printing industry \ Moscow, Tver \,

- Moscow is the largest transport hub in the CIS,

- s \ x has mainly intra-district orientation \ excl.

flax growing \, with a special development of the "suburban" type.

4. CENTRAL BLACK EARTH REGION

- "compact" forest-steppe and steppe region, very homogeneous in natural conditions,

- the main feature of the EGP is its proximity to the Center, as well as to the Donbass and the Dnieper region \ transit position on the "Center-South" axis \, now it is one of the "western" regions of Russia,

- the region is resource, but its "wealth" is one type of mineral raw materials - iron ore KMA \ one of the largest iron ore basins in the world \, as well as - agroclimatic resources,

- a typical example of an industrial and agricultural region,

- leading industries: the extraction and processing of iron ores \ part of the concentrates the region "exports" to Cherepovets and even to the Urals \, ferrous metallurgy of the full cycle \ Lipetsk, also - Russia's largest electrometallurgical plant in Stary Oskol \, mechanical engineering \ relatively "new" for the Central Black Earth Region, an industry that is, as it were, in the "shadow" of the machine-building industry of the Center and is largely focused on the mining industry of the region and its agriculture; at the same time, individual subsectors have a "union" meaning \: mining \ incl. excavators \, lifting and forging equipment \ Voronezh \, agricultural machinery \ Voronezh \ and tractor construction \ Lipetsk \, equipment for the chemical industry \ Tambov \, machine tool construction \ Voronezh \, aircraft construction \ Voronezh \, power engineering \ Belgorod \, precision mechanical engineering and instrument making \ Kursk \;

- chemical industry \ production of mineral fertilizers \ Lipetsk \, SK \ plus tire production \ Voronezh \, varnishes, paints, etc. \ Tambov \, chemical fiber \ Kursk \,

- food \ incl. sugar \ industry,

- CCR is one of the largest producers of various agricultural products in Russia \ wheat, sugar beets, sunflowers, corn, cattle breeding \ mainly dairy and meat production \, pig breeding.

5. VOLGO-VYATSKY DISTRICT.

- the main feature of the EGP is "transition" from the Center to the Volga region and the Urals,

- on the territory of the district there is the third city in terms of industrial potential in Russia - Nizhny Novgorod,

— feature region - the contrast of natural conditions, settlement and economy of the northern \ "forest" \ part of the region \ Trans-Volga \ and the southern; especially noticeable is the "shift" of the economic potential of the region to the Nizhny Novgorod agglomeration,

- the region is rich in forest and water resources, but practically devoid of mineral raw materials and fuel; at the same time, the resource situation is "softened" by the proximity of the Volga-Ural fuel base,

- an industrial region, the specialization of industry is influenced by: "raw material" Volga-Ural region, "machine-building and scientific" Center, as well as "own" forest resources,

- leading industries:

- mechanical engineering, especially developed automotive complex \ trucks and cars \ Nizhny Novgorod \, buses \ Pavlovo \, diesel engines \ Zavolzhye \, tires \ Vyatka \, auto glass production \ Bor \, shipbuilding and machine-tool industry \ Nizhny Novgorod \ in t .h. production of woodworking machines \ Vyatka \, production of electrical equipment \ in the main. - lighting technicians \ Saransk \

- chemical industry \ incl. oil refining on the "transit" of Volga-Ural oil \ Kstovo \ and orgsintez \ Dzerzhinsk \, as well as - wood chemistry \ Vetluzhsky \,

- timber industry \ one of the leading "timber" and "timber processing" regions of Russia, which stands out precisely for the "density" of production; on the territory of the VVR, a "forest subdistrict" was formed in the northern \ Trans-Volga \ part and along the Volga, with a full complex - from timber harvesting to paper production \ Volzhsk, Balakhna, Pravdinsk \,

The largest industrial centers of the Ural federal district are:

1. Ekaterinburg

Leading industries: mechanical engineering (mainly heavy) and metalworking.

* "Uralmash"

* machine-building plant named after M.I. Kalinin

* "Uralkhimmash" (equipment for the chemical industry

* Turbo engine plant

The chemical industry is developing - factories of rubber products, tire, plastics and medical supplies, for the production of antibiotics.

2. Chelyabinsk

Chelyabinsk is a large industrial center.

Most developed;

ferrous metallurgy (pipe rolling plant)

l non-ferrous metallurgy (plants: electrolytic zinc, ferroalloys)

ь mechanical engineering and metalworking (plants "Stankomash", "Teplopribor", etc.)

b chemical industry (paint and varnish plant)

Light enterprises (tannery, spinning and weaving, shoe, knitwear factories), food industry. Large-scale production of building materials. Woodworking plants.

Near Chelyabinsk - coal mining (Chelyabinsk brown coal basin).

3. Magnitogorsk

Magnitogorsk is one of the largest centers of the metallurgical industry in Russia.

Plants: calibration, crane, stamping, sulfuric acid, etc.

Production of building materials, musical instruments.

Enterprises of the light (garment factory, etc.) and food (dairy) industries.

4. Nizhny Tagil

This is one of the largest centers of ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering in the Middle Urals.

Leading enterprises:

  • · "Nizhniy Tagil Metallurgical Plant"
  • Ural carriage building plant
  • · "Uralchimplast"
  • 5. Tyumen

The main specialization of the urban industry is oilfield services. The leaders of this segment are ZAO Tyumen Steel Structures Plant.

The technopark, the West Siberian Oil and Gas Innovation Center, is also focused on the development of oilfield services.

  • · "Zapsibgazprom" (concern Gazprom)
  • · "Lukoil - Western Siberia" (concern Lukoil) OJSC
  • · "TNK-BP Siberia" (TNK-BP concern)
  • · Sibnefteprovod (Transneft concern).

Among the enterprises of other industries not related to oil and gas, the furniture factory "Zarechye", DOK "Krasny Oktyabr", etc. can be noted.

6. Kamensk-Uralsky

Kamensk-Uralsky is a large industrial center with a predominance of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering and the food industry.

Leading enterprises: factories - Sinarsky pipe, Ural aluminum, metallurgical, foundry, processing non-ferrous metals.

Garment, shoe factories. Radio engineering and electrical engineering enterprises, production of building materials.

Krasnogorsk CHP.

Potatoes and vegetables are grown in the Kamensk region. Dairy farming.

7. Mound

The city has the most developed mechanical engineering and chemical industries.

Mechanical engineering enterprises: "Kurganselmash", "Kurganmashzavod"

Plants: bus, chemical engineering, woodworking machines, instrument making, etc.

Chemical industry - Sintez.

8. Surgut

It is a major center of the oil industry. The enterprises are mainly associated with oil production and associated gas processing.

JSC "Surgutneftegas".

Plants: gas processing, condensate stabilization, motor fuel. Food (fish cannery) industry enterprises. Building materials production.

Surgutskaya GRES-1 and GRES-2.

9. Nizhnevartovsk

Nizhnevartovsk is the organizational and economic center of a large oil and gas producing region.

Main factories: gas processing, car repair. Sibneftegazpererabotka, Chernogorneft JSC.

Potatoes, vegetables, oats are grown in the Nizhnevartovsk region. Poultry, cattle, pigs, rabbits are raised.

10. Krasnouralsk

This is a large industrial center, the significant enterprises of which include OJSC Svyatogor (Krasnouralsk Copper Smelting Plant), Federal State Unitary Enterprise Krasnouralsk Chemical Plant, State Unitary Enterprise Poultry Farm Krasnouralskaya, OJSC Krasnouralskmezhraigaz, OJSC Energozapchast.

11. Miass

The main branch of industry here is mechanical engineering, and especially automobile. One of the largest and most famous factories in the city is the Ural Automobile Plant (UralAZ), since 1941 - the production of trucks and shift buses of the Ural brand.

12. Tobolsk

The industry of Tobolsk is represented by the city-forming enterprise - the Tobolsk petrochemical plant, a fish processing plant and some other enterprises.

13. Serov

It is the largest industrial center of the Sverdlovsk region. Here are located such industrial giants as the Metallurgical Plant. A.K.Serova and the Serov Mechanical Plant. Serov's industry is based on ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering.

In addition to ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering, the city has a well-developed logging and woodworking industry. The Serovles and Uralsky Les enterprises supply their products to many countries: the UAE, Egypt, China. Enterprises of the food industry are widely represented (JSC Serovskiy Gormolzavod).

14. Chrysostom

Here, for the first time in Russia, the production of ball bearing, stainless and heat-resistant steel was mastered.

The city is distinguished by a very high quality metallurgy.

Machine building is well developed, incl. production of press-forging equipment, tools (PA "Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant").