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Environmental pollution by batteries. Little battery and its great environmental damage

Ecological problemscaused by the decomposition of the batteries and batteries and accumulates, cause serious concerns from modern scientists. What is the harm of the batteries for ambient and man?


With the right use of batteries, they are relatively safe batteries, without which it is difficult to imagine life modern manHowever, after the life of their operation expires and we ship them into the garbage bucket, hazardous substances along with the rest of the garbage turn out to be in a landfill, where, as a result of adverse battery storage factors, air, land and groundwater, and soil water are damaged.

As you know, all modern batteries produce electricity due to chemical reactionsoccurring in the process of interaction of heavy metals with alkaline and acid electrolytes. Substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, magnesium, nickel, acids and alkali Remote impact on all living things.

According to scientists, the damage to the used batteries is much worse than we can imagine: one battery, for example, is able to make poison more 400 liters of water and pollute near 20 square meters of soil, Kills 1 hedgehog, 2 moles and several thousand rainworms. This can lead to the death of plants and animals.

Of course, damage bataree It also applies to people in the body of which toxic waste can cause irreversible damage and diseases such as cancer, brain, kidney and liver disease.

Looking at the usual finger battery, you can always see a sign in the form crushed garbage tank.

It means: " Do not throw out, you must pass to special items for disposal" And this sign on it is not good! Each such battery is contained from 10 to 20 chemical elementsMany of them are toxic poisonous substances.

It - mercury, nickel, cadmium, leadwho have the properties of accumulating in living organisms, including in the human body, and apply significant harm to health.


For example, mercury - One of the most dangerous poisonous substances for a person.

It affects the liver and kidneys, nervous system Both the brain, causing diseases of the respiratory system, nervous disorders, impaired motor apparatus, worsening hearing and vision.

Lead It is mainly accumulated in the kidneys, it causes nerve disorders and diseases of the brain, articular and muscular pain, can damage the fetus in the womb, brake the growth of the child.

Cadmium - Carcinogen, provoking cancer. It accumulates in the thyroid gland, bones, kidneys and liver, negatively affects the work of all organs.

Many of you can say that the batteries thrown into the dumpster along with the rest of the garbage are taken to special landfills, where there are so many different waste and nothing grows.

However, under the influence of sunlight or in the fires contained in batteries, toxic poisonous substances are able to hit the human body at a distance of several tens of kilometers, falling into the soil and groundwater, and from there in rivers and lakes and other natural reservoirs.

Hypothesis: residents P. Sunny and Students MBOU "Sunny Sosh№1" are little aware of the items of receiving recycled batteries and the basic principle of battery recycling is their release to the trash can.

purpose research work: inform more inhabitants of my village about the right ways to dispose of spent batteries; develop the habit of the villagers of the village properly dispose of spent batteries.

Research tasks:

  • to conduct a survey of schoolchildren and their parents to identify the methods of disposal of batteries, their awareness of special places for collecting batteries and their relationship to the problem of pollution by the batteries of the environment;
  • indicate and prove that the wrong utilization of spent batteries brings irreparable harm to the environment of the village, district;
  • inform as many people as possible of my village about special points for collecting spent batteries by distributing printed products, demonstrating a learning video, participation in the training game;
  • to organize in its class the battery collection point and their further correct disposal with the help of parents.

The degree of study: the battery is an autonomous source of electricity to power devices. Elements of power can be of different sizes and types. At the same time, they can also be disposable and rechargeable.

According to scientists from the US Environmental Protection Agency, it became clear that there are more than 50% of toxic emissions from all household waste to the share of batteries. In this case, the batteries make up 0.25% of all emissions. As part of the used batteries, it is contained mercury, cadmium, magnesium, lead, tin, nickel, zinc.

For example, in Europe, the question where the batteries must be disposed of is not rising. Battery containers placed in all stores and institutions. The cost of new batteries initially laid a certain percentage, taking into account disposal, and acquiring new products, the buyer can count on a discount if you pass the old one. In Europe, a total of at least 40 processing enterprises, which utilize up to 45% of all chemical power sources.


IN USA Point of reception where you can throw out the used batteries, there are every store that sells them.


The collection and processing of elements is assigned to sellers and distributors of relevant products, and manufacturers are required to finance all necessary measures. The number of annually processed nutrition elements in the United States is up to 60%.

IN Japan Developed by the most effective method Processing, so the batteries are still left for storage in warehouses in compliance with security requirements. In Australia, the highest recycling rate of batteries - the number of recycled batteries reaches 80%. Products that local businesses are not able to dispose of themselves, go to Europe.

The relevance of research: being the biggest industrial district Russia, in the territory of which there are strategic enterprises in oil and gas production, Surgutsky district, like no other district of Russia suffers from environmental problems, despite the geographical location in Taiga and huge investments that the government and refineries are spent on the disposal of hazardous waste and petroleum products.


Numerous reception items In Surgut, non-ferrous metals and household waste do not solve problems. Therefore, it is here that the personal responsibility of each resident for the ecological situation is particularly important.

Yes, we will not be able to solve global problems pollution of the environment of our territory by household waste, oil and gas emissions, water-pollution by sewage runoff, prevent mass cutting of forest, etc.

But together and each of us will be able to make a small contribution to the beginning of liberation. natural resources from unnecessary garbage and birth new era - The era of a clean environment, starting with themselves and their family, starting with the proper use of unnecessary, who has already spent its resource, a small battery.

But, as a rule, the wrong behavior of people in relation to the environment is associated with the lack of proper and reliable information or small information awareness.

Therefore, the purpose of my research work will be divided into two parts:
Information about the dangers and methods of proper disposal of batteries and develop the habit of the inhabitants of my village properly dispose of spent batteries.

I assume that few people thought over this problem, because no one comes to mind that a small brilliant battery is source of colossal dangerboth for humans and the environment as a whole.

Place and timing of the study:

  • location of the questionnaire: Surgut district, solar p.
  • venue of the action, distribution of demonstration material and printed products: Surgut district, solar, MBOU "Solar Sosh№1";
  • studying battery reception sites: Surgut,
  • dates: September - October 2017.

Research methods:

  • analysis of literary sources and Internet sources;
  • survey residents of the village of school and adult age;
  • qualitative analysis of the results obtained;
  • data presentation: Presentation "Slide", Video Demonstration, Educational Game Development;
  • development and distribution of printed products.

Methods for implementing the goal and tasks:

  • distribution of the questionnaire "Battery in my life";
  • organization and holding in the class of shares "The second life of a small battery";
  • creation and demonstration of students of the school video clip "History of a small battery";
  • development and distribution among teachers and parents of memos "Batteries is not a toy!";
  • development for classmates of the learning game "Traveling a small battery."

Ecologist Fania Usmanova tells why the used batteries can be dangerous to life, health and the environment.

Why are worked, that is, used batteries and batteries are dangerous? Do you know the answer to this question?

And we know and tell you ...

Batteries contain many different chemicals: these are different metals - iron, manganese, zinc, lithium, sodium, aluminum, including those dangerous and poisonous as mercury, nickel, cadmium; Alkali or acids, salt solutions playing the role of electrolytes and consisting of those coolers.

What is alkali and acid, probably know everything. If you do not know what kind of "chemistry", then it is worth saying that these are chemically active, caustic substances, contact with which leads to the destruction, corrosion of materials and items, and for a person they are dangerous in that they are caused by skin burns.

The composition of the batteries can be different, depending on their type. For example, alkaline contain alkaline electrolyte, mercury power elements - mercury oxide and alkali (cathode is made of a zinc and mercury powder mixture, anode and cathode separated by a separator and a diaphragm, impregnated with 40% alkali solution), lithium batteries - lithium cathode, organic electrolyte and anode from various materials.

From the type and composition of the batteries, of course, the area of \u200b\u200btheir application depends. Thus, lithium batteries have a very long storage period, high energy density and retain performance in a large temperature range, since they do not contain water. The main scope of their application is batteries for cell phones, laptops, bicycles and cars operating on electricity and other mobile devices. If we talk about other types of batteries, then salt and alkaline are mostly those batteries that we used to call "finger" and "mizinechik". And it is them most often used. Flat batteries ("Tablets") are quite widely used, for example, for hours, in computers, devices and children's toys.

Why are batteries dangerous?

When we use batteries, they do not pose a danger to us or for the environment. But as soon as they exhausted their resource, then enter the environment where they become hazardous waste. And that is why they are inflicted on them, which you see in the picture, meaning "not throwing out, must be passed to a special recycling point" (if there is no such sign on the battery, this indicates its low quality and absence of a certificate, and not about its safety) .

This is due to the fact that the battery outdoors, with an increased humidity or other conditions in the environment, will certainly be destroyed, its tightness is disturbed, and with decomposition all contained in it chemical substances fall into the soil, air, water and transmitted on food chains into living organisms.

We already know that the batteries contain many different metals - mercury, nickel, cadmium, lead, lithium, manganese and zinc. All these metals have the property of accumulating in living organisms, including in the human body, and apply significant harm to health. For example, lead accumulates in the kidneys and causes brain diseases, nervous disorders, cadmium accumulates in the liver, kidneys, bones and thyroid gland, leads to violations of calcium metabolism in the body and is a carcinogen, that is, provokes cancer. Mercury affects the brain, the nervous system, kidney and the liver, accumulates in the kidneys. Causes nerve disorders, impairment of vision, hearing, impaired motor apparatus, diseases of the respiratory system.

By the way, it is worth noting that, according to the results of environmental monitoring, held in the long-standing time in the USSR, it was found that in the cities there was a high level of mercury content, in rural areas, this type of pollution was practically absent. So a person living in the city is exposed to much greater environmental risks. The most vulnerable to the action of heavy metals children. According to the degree of impact on the human body, all three metal belongs to the 1st hazard class - "extremely hazardous substances."

It is estimated that one finger battery, thrown into the garbage bin, contams heavy metals of about 20 square meters of the Earth, and two woods in the forest on this square are growing and growing, two croutons, one hedgehog and several thousand rainworms!

Dear citizens, let's take care of your health and cleanliness of our beloved city!

Bring used batteries to Darmarka (Fair Free Gifts), which will take place on April 19 in the Plaza TRK. Perhaps there will be a permanent point of receiving spent batteries, negotiations are being underway with the administration of this complex.

Only one finger battery, thrown into the urn, can pollute about 20 square meters of soil or 400 liters of water with heavy metals - it is mercury, lead, cadmium, nickel, zinc, manganese, lithium. They are able to accumulate in human and animal organism, making serious harm to health.

So, for example, mercury is one of the most dangerous poisonous substances for a person. It affects the liver and kidneys, the nervous system and the brain, causing diseases of the respiratory system, nervous disorders, impaired motor apparatus, worsening hearing and vision.

Lead mainly accumulates in the kidneys, it causes nerve disorders and brain diseases, articular and muscle pain, can damage the fetus in the womb, slow down the child's growth.

Cadmium - carcinogen, provoking cancer. It accumulates the thyroid gland, bones, kidneys and liver, negatively affects all organs.

How do harmful substances from batteries apply

According to statistics, in Moscow alone, more than 15 million batteries are in the dump. On the incinerator plants, they are burning, releasing dioxins into the atmosphere - poisonous compounds that cause oncology and disruption of the reproductive system, weakens the health of children and slow down their development.

Dioxins also fall into the ground and into the water, then in plants that people use. They spread over long distances, affecting the entire population, so it does not matter whether a person lives in close proximity to the incinerator or not. They penetrate into the soil, in groundwater and reservoirs. Boiling water from heavy metals, unlike bacteria, does not save.

Even if the batteries are not burned, their hulls in water or soil are gradually rotated corrosion and are destroyed, after which harmful substances are allocated to the environment.

How to minimize damage

In various stores and organizations, the reception of the batteries can be organized, from where they will pass into recycling points. You can also find out the addresses of such items in your city and attribute batteries there.

When buying a battery, it is better to take those on which "without mercury" is written, "without cadmium". You can also buy rechargeable batteries that are used repeatedly, one battery can replace a thousand and more conventional batteries, which will eventually fall into the urn.

Batteries, firmly entered our lives. The benefits of them are indisputable. But Malm I. damage bataree For human health and the environment.

The cause of the batteries is the presence of heavy metals in their composition.

Batteries. Types and classification. Sizes.

Read the battery size sizes. It is clearly represented in the fragment of the table given and cover the most common types.

(Fully the table is given)

In the first column, the battery table are presented by type electrochemical system. We will consider it in detail below.

In the second column, the batteries are classified in size and form. Chemical composition Not specified.

The third column is the classification of the International Electrochemical Commission (IEC). English abbreviation - IEC.

According to it, the first digit indicates the number of batteries in the battery (if it is not put one digit).

The letter next for it refers to the type of battery in the composition of the cathode, anode and electrolyte - C - lithium, s-s-cylinder-zinc, L is alkaline. If there is no such letter, it means salt.

The letters R and F indicate the form of the battery, and the last figures in the designation indicate its size in the conventional units from 0.3 to 600.

Type electrochemical system Batteries are divided into:

Salt - manganese-zinc and coal-zinc. As an anode, they use zinc case, cathode - manganese dioxide, electrolyte - ammonium chloride. These include chloride-zinc with an electrolyte of zinc chloride.

Alkaline (alkaline). In them, the cathode of manganese dioxide, an anode from zinc. Alkaline electrolyte - potassium hydroxide. To protect against corrosion, mercury was previously used in them. Now additives containing lead, bismuth, indium or aluminum are used.

Lithium . As a cathode, various lithium compounds are used in the composition of which are copper, iodine, lead, sulfur, manganese.

Zinc nickel . Anode - zinc, cathode - nickel oxide, electrolyte - potassium hydroxide.

Metal-hydride nickel . Anode - hydrogen-metal hydride. Most often it is hydride nickel-lantane or hydride nickel lithium. Cathode - Nickel Oxide. Electrolite - potassium hydroxide.

Mercut-zinc . Anode - zinc, cathode - mercury oxide, electrolyte - potassium hydroxide. Additives against the restoration of metallic mercury. Harm batteries containing mercury is obvious.

Nickel Cadmium . Anode - Cadmium Zakisi hydrate, cathode - nickel hydraulic hydrate, electrolyte - potassium hydroxide with Lioh additive. It is also obvious the harm of batteries containing cadmium.

Harm batteries.

The harm of the batteries is due to the presence of heavy toxic metals in them and their compounds.

The most significant harm of the batteries containing cadmiums.

The use of them in lately It is limited, but because of good performance, they continue to be produced. In everyday life, these are batteries, including for power tools (drills, screwdrivers), batteries for watches, etc.

Cadmium It belongs to a row of toxic (immunotoxic, neurotoxic) metals. Its compounds refer to the 1st group of unconditional carcinogens.

Its toxic effect is manifested even at low concentrations. It has the ability to accumulate in the body.

Cadmium poisoning causes:

Cardiopathy - Defeat myocardium.

Emphyms lungs - stretching alveoli and violation of the exchanging of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Osteoporosis - Reducing bone strength.

Anemia - Reducing the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood.

Calcium deficiency, zinc, iron, copper, selenium in the body.

First of all, the bodies are defeated gOOD SYSTEM In the form of prostatopathy (adenoma, premonthic and oncological diseases of the prostate gland) and nephropathy - the defeat of the parenchyma and the glomerular apparatus of the kidneys.

Occurs, also reduced activity digestive enzymes, defeat liver Reducing the formation of glycogen in it, decline testosterone levelbut. With high blood cadmium amazed ear.

The poisoning occurs when entering the body through the gastrointestinal tract and the respiratory tract.

Of course, all these horrors are unlikely in everyday life and are characteristic of productions in which people are engaged in the manufacture of batteries or dyes.

But the fact is that the enormous amount of cadmium enters the environment, for example, through wastewater (Finding, later, in tap water), mineral fertilizers (accumulated in plants), exhaust gases (air polluting), industrial and domestic waste (including non-utilized batteries).

Every year about 1000 tons of cadmium produced in the world, it is utilized from which only about 10%.

A significant part of the cadmium enters the body with tobacco smoke as the tobacco is inclined to accumulate cadmium from the soil.

If you consider the listed factors, add cadmium from a depressurized battery in the house that poisoning is quite likely.

Mercury - Centricular. Harm of batteries containing mercury today has decreased significantly since in most countries they are no longer produced. But the arrival of them to us from countries where they are made to exclude can not. Because of its effectiveness, they are used to power clocks and other devices. Such a source of nutrition, left depressurized in the house can be a source of pollution.

The manufacturer sometimes indicates that the mercury does not apply during production. This may indicate the inscription - "Mercury - 0%."

But in the production of batteries, not only mercury and cadmium are used.

The damage of the batteries is also in the fact that other heavy metals and their compounds are also used as additives in them, in minor quantities. These additives are used to slow down the electrode oxidation, increasing the conductivity of the electrolyte or to slow down the deposits of pure reduced metal on the electrodes.

Such additives are present in the secure lithium and nickel-metal-hydride batteries.

Supplements include such metals and their connections:

Chromium . Toxic in pure form. Chromium compounds cause dermatitis, can cause cancer.

Bismuth . Under normal conditions, little toxic. But in the presence of some substances (lactic acid or glycerin), bismuth compounds can cause severe poisoning.

Vanadium . When exposed to toxic doses of vanadium, local skin reactions, mucous membranes of the eyes, respiratory tract are possible. Allergic reactions, leukopenia, anemia can be called. Toxic dose 0.25 mg, lethal - 4 mg.

Indium . India's soluble compounds affect internal organs cause irritation of eyes and skin. The maximum permissible concentrations of India in the air is 0.1 g / mkub.

Lead. Lead toxicity is well known.

In addition to heavy toxic metals and their connections in batteries, as an electrolyte, use hydroxide active metals — alkali. These are caustic, aggressive chemical compounds cause damage to living fabrics (and not only alive) when they hit them from the flowing batteries.

What about all this?

We cannot visually determine the harm of the batteries, their danger, as we do not know that, from the one listed, is invested by the manufacturer in our battery.

Batteries can not be stored in an open form, and after use they must be disposed of. It is disposed of. Do not burn, because when burning, toxic substances are not destroyed, but they are disturbed or remain in the ash, adding pollution to the environment around us and exacerbating damage bataree.

And pollution will return to us with water, food and inhaled air.

You probably have heard a warning from your friends, that you can not throw out spent batteries where it fell.

Is it true or fiction of ecologists? Let's look at two points of view on this problem.

Hurt from battery

What a regular battery can harm both the person and the environment, the more having developed its resource. Why do people sort garbage and how to deal with such household waste?

In the consoles from televisions or in old electronic alarms, all known fingers or maiden batteries are located. Many of them are an icon of a crossed garbage container.

It means that throwing out this battery to the usual trash can not be. This is the official warning of the manufacturer.

To understand why, it is necessary to figure out how these devices work.

How the battery works

Each such product has two electrodes:

  • cathode
  • anode

Electrodes are immersed in conductive electricity liquid - electrolyte. This electrolyte can be dry, but the essence does not change.

Anode material is oxidized when interacting with electrolyte. Electrons are distinguished, which accumulate on the cathode.

The chemical reaction of reduction oxidation creates a directed flow of electrons from one electrode to another. This is an electric current that is needed for the work of the console, alarm clock or even Tesla cars.

Dangerous and poisonous substances

At the same time, under the battery case, depending on its type, a plurality of elements are sampled: lithium, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, zinc, manganese.

Lithium, zinc and manganese are relatively safe. As for zinc, its maintenance in small power sources is even more than in ore from which it is mined.

But mercury refers to extremely hazardous substanceswhich cause poisoning.

Cadmium - carcinogen, deposited in the kidneys, liver and thyroid gland. He is striking the work of each organ in the body.

Lead directly affects reproductive health.

True B. modern models There is no such amount of toxic components. In phones, smartphones, etc. Now used mostly lithium-ion batteries. The danger is not the same, but nickel-cadmium.

Where to throw away

It turns out that every battery contains a bit of poison. What happens to this poison after the power supply turned out to be in the garbage bucket?

There are two ways:

  • dump
  • Gorgeous Factory

If the battery burn, all toxic substances, dioxides will immediately be in the atmosphere. I need to burn through the mind, at a temperature of 1200 degrees, using special cleansing equipment.

Building such a plant costs about 800 million euros. Therefore, rarely where they are.

At the landfill for full decomposition of the battery needs about 100 years. In fact, not a single power source released in the world has not been subjected to a hundred percent decomposition. But to collapse from corrosion to the upper layer, sometimes only 6-7 weeks are required.

After that, the metals begin to poison the soil, groundwater, water bodies that we use for fishing and drinking water supply.

As environmentalists assure, one single finger battery can contaminate about 20m2 soil or 400l drinking water.

And on this soil can be grown in the future fruits and vegetables. Moreover, contact even a strongly discharged battery and foil from chocolate can cause warming up.

Therefore, big dumps and burn one after another. It is not necessary to install them specifically.

Disposal of energy-saving lamps

The same pollution occurs if you throw a battery from a smartphone, an energy-saving or luminescent light bulb.

Money such light bulbs are certainly saved, but not the environment is accurate.

By the way, disposal of mercury containing lamps, direct responsibility of management companies and HOA.

Require that they place containers within walking distance from your home.

They must do this by law.

In many european countries The principle works: "Who pollutes - that and pays."

Therefore, they, recycle and dispose of old batteries, is the headache of manufacturers and importers.

The cost of collecting and disposal they are initially laid in the price.

Our legislators will also soon want to come to such rules of the game in this market.

Of course, all of the above does not mean that from one finger battery, immediately die all living in a radius of 20m.

But more than 7 billion people live on Earth. Most of them use a lot of diverse food sources every day.

Only in one dozens of millions of such products every year, only in one Moscow on landfill each year. Toxins from them will accumulate in living organisms, increasing the risk of developing oncological diseases and other severe diseases, not only with us, but also from our descendants.

Where can I throw out

What then to do with batteries and other hazardous waste? To recycle!

Why produce something to re-if you can use old things and save raw materials. This is quite reasonable.

Of course, really new batteries from old, do not create at the factory.

But at the exit you can get ingots from zinc, lead, cadmium, copper, iron. And then these materials will be launched on new production.

In Russia, there is one widely known similar plant in Chelyabinsk.

But it cannot work with miserable hundred or even thousands of batteries. He needs tons, tens, hundreds of tons. And they are not.

Therefore, so far the plant is on the verge of payback. Recycling technology is very expensive.

Battery elements are sorted and sent to the crusher.

Almost immediately from them retrieves the first important element - iron.

It settles on a magnetic tape, after which it is collected and sold to enterprises of ferrous metallurgy.

The remaining parts are not possible to single out the mechanical way. Chemistry comes to revenue. Acid dissolves the mixture, and in the crystallizer graphite, manganese and zinc are separated from each other.

They are packaged and sent on production.

Recycling 1kg batteries costs more than 100 rubles. At the same time, to sell a revenue is difficult.

For example, recycled zinc costs 1.5 times more expensive than primary. Because of what is not in demand.

It is much better to pass the battery spent your time, you can also find out on the website RecycleMap.ru also old instances of nutrition elements are taken in IKEA stores.

By passing the batteries to the reception points, many are confident that they personally save air, soil and water, not only for themselves, but also for future generations.

Why can you throw a battery in trash

And now, a couple of words about opponents, such categorical measures regarding the batteries outlined above.

Many are inclined to consider them for the most part myths and inflated ecologists in delusion, with the aim of obtaining add. Financing for their projects and production related to them.

First, it is necessary to clearly understand that current sources are:



The primary includes salt and alkaline. Their charge is enough at once, after which they are mercilessly thrown.

Secondary can be recharged hundreds of times. This is nickel-cadmium, lithium-ionic, nickel-manganese batteries.

They are thrown after a long period of operation. The icon of the crossed out garbage tank is almost always printed on battery.

But on ordinary batteries, it is often possible and not found. It is the rechargeable models that are rich in heavy metals that environmentalism - lead and cadmium scare.

Disposable batteries in a large account, hazardous metals are not used. All environmentalists scare terrible cadmium and its consequences, and there is no cadmium there!

Moreover, a significant part of its compounds is almost insoluble, which means they will slowly turn into sedimentary rocks.

Mercury, so that in general since the 60s of the last century stopped putting inside these products. But the horror stories remained.

What is there? Coal, slight zinc, saline, alkali.

Alkali although it is harmful to our mucous membranes, but for the ecology of special impact do not have. Moreover, in the acidic environment of common waste.

By the way, alkaline batteries are the same alkaline, do not confuse.


Therefore, then people are massively and thrown into the trashring such finger and mismatch batteries of the AA, AAA and them like. Not at all surviving, about killing as a result of their actions of innocent hedgehogs and trees in the forest.

Read on ru.wikihow.com which batteries can be thrown away, and which is not.

Yes, and not quite clear the digit of pollution 20m2 from one battery. From the article in the article they are reprinted, but where did it come from? "British scientists" counted her?

And why not 15m2 or 25m2? And how does the composition of the soil and the type of soil affect this area? Some questions, but even the ecologists have no specific answers on them, alone agitous.