Zoology

Write the basic information about the surface of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Nizhny Novgorod region Business, industrial and tourist center of Russia

To enjoy previewing presentations, create yourself an account (account) Google and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com

Signatures for slides:

Nizhny Novgorod region native edge

Map Nizhny Novgorod region Subject Russian Federation In the center of the European part of Russia. It is part of the Volga Federal District. Administrative center - Nizhny Novgorod. One of major regions Central Russia. Square - 76 900 km², the length of the southwest to the northeast is more than 400 km. Population - 3340.7 thousand people (2009). Population density: 43.44 people / km² (2009), the proportion of urban population: 78.9% (2009). Borders: in the north-west with the Kostroma region, in the northeast - with Kirov, in the East - with the republics of Mari El and Chuvashia, in the south - with the Republic of Mordovia, in the south-west - with Ryazan region., in the West - with Vladimir and Ivanovo regions

Formation of the surface of the Nizhny Novgorod region The entire extensive territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region is part of the Eastern European, or Russian, plain, which in places of Schobmlen. Area is located on a solid area earth crust, on an oldest massive foundation, the so-called Russian platform, the crystalline base of which consists of granites, gneisses, quartzites hidden under powerful stratified, more or less loose sedimentary rocks. In remote times, in Paleozoic era, the entire surface of the region was covered with seas several times. At the bottom of these ancient seas, as well as huge prehistoric lakes, those simplications were postponed, which we now see in the bare breaks of the Oksky and Volga coast, as well as in the outcrops on the shores of Sura, Alatyra, drunk and other rivers. Many tens of millions of years have passed since the surface of our region rose again and became land. The raising occurred undisigned and unevenly. Its part of it rose more and formed the north-western tip of the Volga Hills, a steep ledge, along which the Oka and Volga flow. Here, on the Volga, the contrast between the two main parts of the Nizhny Novgorod region of the right banking elevated and the Zavolzhskaya (left-bank) lowlands are especially striking. Left Bank - "Meadow, all the sunken by the sun, steles up to the edge of heaven, like a magnificent green carpet," and the right one - "Mountain, waved to the sky to steal his own, and froze in the harsh rest"

The structure is particularly clearly visible by the sediment sedimentary rocks, consisting of clay, multi-colored Mergels (clay-lime rocks), sandstone, in Nizhny Novgorod on the steep Kosoyrats of the right bank of the Oka. In different parts of the southern part of the region at the bottom and in the outcrops of deep ravines there are fossil remnants of marine animals - the inhabitants of the ancient seas. These are a variety of fossil sinks, lime shellfish, animal pansies, coral skeletons and microscopic skeletons of the simplest animals, of which lime-based layers belonging to the coal and beginning of the Perm Paleozoic era, when on the territory modern area The warm seas stretched.

Boxes and ravines Volga hill takes almost the entire right-bank foreigner of the region, with the exception of the south-western outskirts - the Occask-Tesh Nizna. The elevation as a whole has a grocery-dummy relief. Nizhegorodets writer P. I. Melnikov-Pechersky in his novel "On the mountains" wrote about the right bank that here "places neither to give either fossil waves of the stormy sea: slides, hillocks, hills, hills, rails and ridges stretch in all directions between bits, logs, ravines and sudokov. " This part of the region received an immortalized name "on the mountains", or Nagornaya, although the real mountains here, of course, are not. Absolute heights of no more than 150-250 meters above sea level, and skaters along the banks of the Volga and Oki rise only a few tens of meters (up to 80-90 m) ravines bring great harm: They reduce areas suitable for agriculture Lands lowering groundwater levels and thereby reduce moisture reserves in the soil. Development Here, rags are favored by loose breeds -pro-level loams and mergels, easily cleaned erosion. Oragov especially a lot in the Prioksky, Volga and neighboring areas with them: Pavlovsky, Bogorodsky, Kstovsky, Lyskovsky.

The reservoirs of the Nizhny Novgorod region are two largest reservoirs of our region - the Gorky Sea and Cheboksary reservoir. The Gorky Sea formed by the Dam Nizhny Novgorod hydroelectric station, filled in 1955-1957. The area is 1590 km², the volume is 8.71 km³, the middle depth is 3.65 m, the maximum depth is 22 m, the length is 427 km, the width is up to 16 km. Cheboksary reservoir is one of the reservoirs of the Volga-Kamsky Cascade, located on the Volga River, in the territories of the Chuvash Republic, the Republic of Mari El and the Nizhny Novgorod region. Formed by the dam of Cheboksary HPP, located in Novocheboksarsk (Chuvash Republic). Filled in 1980-1982. Area 2190 km², length 341 km, the largest width is 16 km, depth up to 35 m.

The reservoirs of the Nizhny Novgorod region of the Oka - the river in the European part of Russia, the largest of the right tributaries of the Volga. Length 1498.6 km. Pool area 245 thousand km². The river originates from the spring in the village of Aleksandrovka Glazunovsky district of the Oryol region, passes through the Central Russian hill, first flows in the northern direction and in Eagle merges with the Eagle, in the Tula region merges with Uppo, near Kaluga with the colection of Kolomna merges with Moscow River, it shares Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod Region, where it also flows through Murom. At the end of his flow, Oka comes to Nizhny Novgorod.

Volga Volga - River in the European part of Russia, one of the largest rivers on Earth and the largest length in Europe - 3530 km (before the construction of reservoirs - 3690 km). Pool area - 1360 thousand km². Antique authors of the first centuries n. e. Volga was called RA). In the Middle Ages known as ITIL.

River Kergenets Kergenets, River in the Gorky region of the RSFSR, the left tributary of the Volga. Length 290 km, Pool area 6140 km2. Better mainly in a wide valley on Volzhsko-Vetluzhskaya Nisina. The channel is winding, in the mouth is divided into sleeves. The average annual water consumption in the mouth is 19.6 m3 / s. Freezes in November, revealed in April. Alloy. In 17-19 centuries. In the deaf puson-fir \u200b\u200bforests by K. there were settlements of the Old Believers (Kerzhensky Skits).

The Wetciluga River, the River in the Kirov, Kostroma, Gorky region of the RSFSR and the Mari ASSR, the left tributary of the Volga. Length is 889 km, the pool area of \u200b\u200b39400 km2 The Wind River is an ancient waterway that combined the Volga with the north.

Minerals of the Nizhny Novgorod region main fossil natural resources They are deposits of mineral raw materials suitable for the production of building materials and use in the metallurgical, fuel industry, agriculture. Fuel and energy resources are represented by peat reserves that make up a total of more than 400 million tons (46.6% of them are balance sheets). A total of 533 deposits are explored. Rock salt. In the Nizhny Novgorod region, the Belbazhsky deposit of the stone salt (Khrewninsky district) was revealed on the square of 28.7 km2. The reservoir of 8-16 m occurs at a depth of 440-465 m inside the 150-meter anhydrite stratum of the Sakmar tier. Provocated balance reserves amount to more than 1.5 billion tons. The Belbazhskoye deposit is listed in the state reserve. Mineral-building raw materials are submitted by deposits: plaster and anhydrite (the balance sheets of explored 6 deposits are about 850 million tons); construction sands (more than 250 million cubic meters; distributed everywhere, 25 deposits are explored, among which the largest Volzhsky deposit of sandy-gravel material, a whole group of dry medium-heated sand fields); Brick-tiled raw materials (90 million cubic meters on 41 fields).

Minerals of the Nizhny Novgorod region

Ecological problems of the Nizhny Novgorod region

The edge of the native !!! Motherland! She is always beautiful. And in the autumn flame of forests, and in the snowy January raznat, and in the first spring colors, and in the gold spilling of bread fields! Most people have a feeling of their homeland in the vast sense of a native country, fragile - complemented by the feeling of the birthplace of small, initial, homeland in the sense of native places, schi edge, district, cities or villages. This small homeland with his special appearance, with his very modest and unassuming - beauty appears to a person in childhood, at the time of memorabilia for the whole life of the childish soul, and with her, this individual and personal homeland, he comes over the years to that big Motherland, which hugs all small - and in the great whole - for all alone.

Federal District: Volga
Region: Nizhny Novgorod Region
Administrative center: Nizhny Novgorod
Difference with Moscow: not

General information about the Nizhny Novgorod region

The Nizhny Novgorod region was formed in 1929, and from 1936 to 1991 was called Gorkovskaya. Modern boundaries of the region have established himself since 1994. The region is part of the Volga Federal District.

The Nizhny Novgorod region takes about 0.45% of Russia's territory, its area is 76.9 thousand sq.km

The Nizhny Novgorod region includes 52 municipalities, including 9 urban districts and 43 districts. The total population of all regional cities, villages and villages - 3 million 291 thousand people.

The administrative center of the region is Nizhny Novgorod, the population of which reaches 1 million 260 thousand people.

The prevailing language is Russian, however, in some areas (Krasnoktyabrsky, Sergach), Tatar and Mari Languages \u200b\u200balso received great distribution.

The legislative government is presented in the Region Legislative Assembly of the Nizhny Novgorod Region, and the executive - the Government led by the governor of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Geography and climate

Nizhny Novgorod region is located in the center of the European part of the country. Her borders from the northeast to the southwest on the Russian plain extended 400 km.

The area is located on the shores of the largest river in Europe - Volga. The land borders of the region are adjacent to such areas as Ivanovskaya, Vladimir, Kirovskaya, Ryazan and Kostroma, as well as with the republics of Mordovia, Chuvashia and Mari El.

Territorial region is located immediately in several geographic zones - From meadow steppes to South Taiga. Naturally, it was reflected in the flora, the fauna of the region and the climate prevailing here.

A moderately continental climate with pronounced times of the year prevails in the region. The difference in temperatures in the north and south of the region average is 1-2 degrees. Traditionally, they allocate the Zavolzhskaya, wooded zone, and the right-bank, where the plains are dominated, and the climate is warm here more warm.

The optimal time to visit the Nizhny Novgorod region - from July to mid-August, when warm summer weather is installed in the region, and from the second half of December until the end of January - during this period, moderately frosty, comfortable winter weather reigns.

The relief in the Nizhny Novgorod region is plain, however, on the right bank of the Volga, there are hills - a perceivers, dyatlov, Fadeev Mountains. In general, one of the main rich areas is water resources. There are about 9 thousand rivers, river and streams. The largest water artery - Volga.

On the arrow of the Volga and her right tributary Oki settled "Capital" Nizhny Novgorod province - City of Nizhny Novgorod. Among the rivers and lakes of the region, many are monuments of nature, for example, Lake Svetloyar or Sundovik River.

Gorky reservoir, in the people of proudly nassed by the Gorky Sea, is a favorite place of recreation of residents of Nizhny Novgorod and neighboring regions. Here come with children or cheerful noisy companies to rest on the weekend or spend a whole vacation here. The mass of holiday homes, sanatoriums, camps, campgrounds on the shores of the Gorky Sea makes rest in the picturesque town of the Nizhny Novgorod region as comfortable as possible.

The history of the appearance of the Gorky reservoir is as follows. Back in the 50s of the 20th century, the Volga was blocked by the Gorky Hydroelectric Power Plant. Thus, there was a peculiar "creek" of about 160 hectares.

If the upper part of the Gorky Sea, located on the territory of the Ivanovo region, with its endless water expanses and deserted islands is most suitable for sailing regat and walks on the boat, then the lower part of the reservoir in the Nizhny Novgorod region is a paradise for fishermen. Without catch, almost no one remains. The most common "maritime" inhabitants are perch, pike perch, clay, Sports.

The main beaches and recreation centers are located on the left bank of the Gorky Sea, the right shore is relatively suitable for recreation, as it is very cool and frown. Options for recreation Mass - from elite "VIP" pensions to democratic student camps and recreation bases. Some beaches were loved by the "hot-sea" regulars as a place for wild rest.

From traditional marine entertainment here you can find riding on catamarans and boats along the coast. Immediately behind the sandstone beaches - thick forests with berries and mushrooms. So coming to the Gorky Sea in July-August, you can just be stocking positive emotions, but also a portion of vitamins.

Sights of the Nizhny Novgorod region

In the Nizhny Novgorod region there are both monuments of nature, and architectural monuments, and the famous estates, and the incarnation of higher engineering thought - everything that can be in the world treasury.

Naturally, the leader in the number of objects cultural heritage And just interesting monuments of culture of different times are Nizhny Novgorod. His main attractions - the Kremlin, Volzhsky Sunshit, the manor of the gunniknikov and many others, however, and the area from its center is not lagging behind.

Gorodetsky and Lyskovsky districts of the Nizhny Novgorod region are famous for the preserved original culture, wooden architecture and museums of customs and traditions of the peoples of the Volga region. The Tarboldsky District is a fault of the Family of Pushkin, sneaking by the famous Russian writer Alexander Segeyevich Pushkin in his works.

Nature monuments are almost in all areas of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The most famous is the Körzhensky Reserve, the Ichakovsky reserve, Lake Svetloyar and Vadskoye, the Sundovik River and others. The virgin nature, the abundance of animals, birds and fish shake imagination.

Special pride of the Nizhny Novgorod region - monasteries, temples and holy places. There is no such person in the Orthodox world, who would not hear about the village of Diveevo - Votchin of St. Seraphim of Sarov - or Makarevsky, Blagoveshchensky or Pechersk monasteries. These places in the number of pilgrims are not inferior to the Israeli Christian shrines.

There are in the Nizhny Novgorod region and quite rare industrial and engineering structures that have become architectural monuments. So, in the area of \u200b\u200bDzerzhinsk there is a hyperboloid openwork tower - a steel work of art engineer Shukhov. They are also built in Vyksa, and also represent a certain architectural value for the world community. This is a workshop with sailing steel floors and another first hyperbolotan tower in the world.

Dozens of sightseeing routes are laid in the Nizhny Novgorod region, and here are the most popular of them:

Top 10 excursions in the Nizhny Novgorod region

Video about the Nizhny Novgorod region

Question Basic information about the surface of the Nizhny Novgorod region asked by the author Vyacheslav Tarasov The best answer is The entire extensive territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region is part of the Eastern European, or Russian, plain, which in places of Svobmlen. The region is located on a solid part of the earth's crust, on an oldest massive foundation, the so-called Russian platform, the crystalline base of which consists of granites, gneisses, quartzites hidden under powerful stratic, more or less loose sedimentary rocks. Crystal rocks here lie at great depth - on average from 1000 to 3000 meters from the earth's surface. In remote times, in Paleozoic era, the entire surface of the region was covered with seas several times. At the bottom of these ancient seas, as well as huge prehistoric lakes, those simplications were postponed, which we now see in the bare breaks of the Oksky and Volga coast, as well as in the outcrops on the shores of Sura, Alatyra, drunk and other rivers.
Especially clearly visible layers of sedimentary rocks consisting of clay, multi-colored mergels (clay-lime rocks), sandstone, in Nizhny Novgorod on the steep Kosoyrats of the right bank of the Oka, in particular in Yarilsky ravine. There, the layers belonging to the Permian period of the Paleozoic era are located one over other smooth total tapes of various thicknesses - the correct sign that they were formed at the bottom of large ancient reservoirs from various precipitation.
In different parts of the southern part of the region at the bottom and in the outcrops of deep ravines there are fossil remnants of marine animals - the inhabitants of the ancient seas. These are a variety of petrified shells, lime shellfish pansi, animal lamps, coral skeletons and microscopic skeletons of simple animals, of which lime-based layers belonging to the coal and beginning of the Permian periods of the Paleozoic era, when warm seas stretched on the territory of the modern area.
Many tens of millions of years have passed since the surface of our region rose again and became land. The raising occurred undisigned and unevenly. Its part of it rose more and formed the north-western tip of the Volga Hills, a steep ledge, along which the Oka and Volga flow. Here, on the Volga, the contrast between the two main parts of the Nizhny Novgorod region of the right banking elevated and the Zavolzhskaya (left-bank) lowlands are especially striking. Left Bank - "Meadow, all bewitched by the sun, steles up to the edge of heaven, like a magnificent green carpet," and the right - "Mountain, waved to the sky, swung on the forest, and froze in the harsh rest" (M. Gorky "Thomas Gordeev ").

Introduction

The work was performed by Fedyakina Marina in Yurieval on May 9, 2011. The purpose of the work is to conduct physical and geographical zoning of the Nizhny Novgorod region.

Square of the Nizhny Novgorod region 74.8 thousand kV. km, length from north to south 400 km and from west to east 200 - 280 km. It is located in the central part of the Eastern European Plain. In the West borders with the Vladimir and Ivanovo regions, in the northwest with Kostroma, in the north Kirov regions, in the East with the republics of Mari El and Chuvashia, in the south with Mordovia and Ryazan regions.

The Nizhny Novgorod region is one of the largest central regions of Russia. Oka and Volga shared the territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region into two, almost equal in the magnitude of the physico-geographical area: to the right to the shores of these rivers, the North-West Edge of the Volga Hills is descended, low-lying sandy plains stretch on the left. The territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region, being at the junction of different natural zones, in general has transitional features, featuring a significant variety of natural conditions. They differ in the landscape, geological and climatic conditions, soils, vegetable intercess, animal world.

Orography and relief

The overall relief of the Nizhny Novgorod region is a wavy, in some places a shattered plain, which valleys of the Volga rivers and Okey are divided into two parts - the southern sublime and northern lowland. The fundamental plateau of the Volga region in character is a slightly wavy plain with smoothed soft form of relief, hollow-tested south towards r. Volga.

The zones of the active karst are confined to the right bank of the Volga and Oka rivers and the left bank of the Oka River. The most significant areas of the active career are located in the south and in the central part of the region. In very difficult conditions, there are territories of the largest chemical center of the country - the city of Dzerzhinsk and the territories adjacent to it. On the Left Bank of the Volga River Active Karst processes are absent.

Developed karst forms Relief (caves, failures, etc.). It is divided by the Volga on the lowland left bank (Zavalzhye) and an elevated right-handed right bank - continuation of the Volga Hills (Mordovskaya hill, height up to 247 m; Chuvash hill, permanemic, Faddeev Mountains, elevation of interfaciane). Field of building materials, peat, phosphorites, iron ores ..

nizhny Novgorod Relief Climate Landscape

Map 1. Pysical map. Scale 1: 2 000 000.

Geological structure and minerals

The entire extensive territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region is part of the Eastern European, or Russian, plain, which in places of Svobmlen. The region is located on a solid part of the earth's crust, on an oldest massive foundation, the so-called Russian platform, the crystalline base of which consists of granites, gneisses, quartzites hidden under powerful stratic, more or less loose sedimentary rocks. Crystal rocks here lie at great depth - on average from 1000 to 3000 meters from the earth's surface.

In remote times, in Paleozoic era, the entire surface of the region was covered with seas several times. At the bottom of these ancient seas, as well as huge prehistoric lakes, those simplications were postponed, which we now see in the bare breaks of the Oksky and Volga coast, as well as in the outcrops on the shores of Sura, Alatyra, drunk and other rivers.

Especially clearly visible layers of sedimentary rocks consisting of clay, multi-colored mergels (clay-lime rocks), sandstone, in Nizhny Novgorod on the steep Kosoyrats of the right bank of the Oka, in particular in Yarilsky ravine. There, the layers belonging to the Permian period of the Paleozoic era are located one over other smooth total tapes of various thicknesses - the correct sign that they were formed at the bottom of large ancient reservoirs from various precipitation.

In different areas of the southern part of the region at the bottom and in the outcrops of deep ravines there are fossil remains of marine animals - the inhabitants of the ancient seas. These are a variety of petrified shells, lime shellfish pansi, animal lamps, coral skeletons and microscopic skeletons of simple animals, of which lime-based layers belonging to the coal and beginning of the Permian periods of the Paleozoic era, when warm seas stretched on the territory of the modern area.

Many tens of millions of years have passed since the surface of the Nizhny Novgorod region rose again and became land. Raising happened not at the same time and unevenly. Its part of it rose more and formed the north-western tip of the Volga Hills, a steep ledge, along which the Oka and Volga flow.

Here, on the Volga, the contrast between the two main parts of the Nizhny Novgorod region of the Right Bank elevated and the Zavolzhskaya (left-bank) lowlands are especially expressive.

Right Bank. The Volga hill occupies almost the entire right-bank Volga part of the Nizhny Novgorod region, with the exception of the south-western outskirts - the Occo-Czech lowland. The elevation as a whole has a grocery-dummy relief. The road from Nizhny Novgorod to Arzamas is running as a giant waves, then going down, in wide valleys, then rising upwards, on the wicker fields.

Absolute heights of no more than 150--250 meters above sea level, and Kosobora along the banks of the Volga and Oki rise only a few tens of meters (up to 80--90 m). They are especially high in the area of \u200b\u200bVasilsursk on the Volga and Gorbatov on the Oka, where the river makes a great emitting, the rich protrusion of the steep shore, which is opposite the klyazma sign. The perceivers of the mountains in the area of \u200b\u200bPavlov on Oka, the Fadeev Mountains on the Volga between the works and Lyskov, are strongly cut off by deep branching ravines and frightened the forest, which gives the coastal altitudes a picturesque view. However, these ravines are at the same time bring great harm: they reduce land suitable for agriculture, lower groundwater levels and thereby reduce moisture reserves in the soil. Development Here, rags are favorable rocky breeds - coating loams and mergels, easily cleaners. Oragov especially a lot in the Prioksky, Volga and neighboring areas with them: Pavlovsky, Bogorodsky, Kstovsky, Lyskovsky and others.

In more than distant from the Volga and Oak areas of the right bank, many beams, on the slopes of which in places where the springs go and where the soil waters are short-lived, the villages and villages spread out.

In general, the territory of the Volga Hills, located within the Nizhny Novgorod region, is called the Mordovian elevation. Its highest raising corresponds to the interfolds of Sundovik and drunk, interfacia (formed, drunken), drunk and tehli (here is the highest point of the region - 245 m), Tehi and Alatyra. Indeed, these interfluids form several huge shafts dismembered by the wide valleys of the tributaries of these rivers. These shafts are generally associated with the lifting of the earth's crust here (with the northern slope of the tectonic Tokmovsky archway - part of the Volga-Ural antechylic), as a result of which the colleges of sedimentary rocks were formed.

In some places of the right bank, there are significant thickness of limestones and plaster among these breeds. Where they occur close to the surface and are subject to solventing groundwater, karst (failed) phenomena are common. As a result of dissolving (leaching) of lime-gypsum rocks, bizarre caves and other voids are formed in them, dips occur and deep funnels occur.

Karst phenomena, characteristic of the nature of the right bank, are particularly widespread on drunk, its average flow, forming the most significant and interesting karst plot in the central part of the European territory. Here in the cliff of the coast there is a famous Bornukovskaya cave (near the village of Bornukova, Buturinn district). It was formed in the thickness of the gypsum and was first described in the XVIII century by the famous academician P.S. Pallas, who, visiting her, called "pretable hlybye".

In one of the radiating drunk, near the villages of Kameliki, is also well known for his karst formations Ichalkovsky Bor. Almost all of the gaping gaping, both abyss, funnels, dips, bizarre underground grots and caves. In some of them, even in the summer there is ice.

Carswi is also widespread on Teshe and her influx of Seryazh, and it goes from it to Kishmu (Worshma) and then on the left bank of Oka - to the district of Dzerzhinsk.

Karst phenomena, like ravines, deliver a lot of trouble. Arising in the fields, they reduce their square and create inconvenience for plowing, in settlements They damage the buildings, on the roads are detained separate sections. In addition to ravines and karst formations, there are often harnesses and landslides in the right bank, especially on the steep slopes of the Volga and the Okoe coast. The development of landslides contributes to the alternation of various loose rocks with waterproof slippery plates of clays and clay shale, according to which they can crawl under the action of gravity. Most often, such landslides occur in spring as a result of the melting of snow and the shores of the coast with hollow waters and autumn after long rain.

Volga. A completely different picture compared to the right bank in the Volga. From the Volga itself far to the north, up to the wind, extensive lowland plain extends, which is called the Volga-Vetluzhskaya lowland.

In the northern part of the Volga region, where in the limits of the Nizhny Novgorod (Gorky) region, the spies of Vyatskiy Uvarov, the area rises. If the Volga is a height of it above the sea level of only 70--80 meters (10--20 m above the level of the river), then in the north it is two more times more - to 160-- 180 meters.

With the Volga-Vollazhskaya lowline, the Volga and Oci - Balakhninskaya Nizin, as well as the Oskskaya Nizin mentioned above. All of them are parts of a more extensive strip of block-Volga sandy (random) deposits, which ran along the edge of the tectonic decrease in the Russian platform, called the Moscow cavity (syneclide).

In the field adjacent to the Volga and the oxyment, the part of the Share-Volga Liner, having a generally grievous relief, two wide yields are traced in places (up to 10 m and width up to 10--20 km high), which stretch mainly in parallel with modern river beds. This is the Volga and window inapproving terraces pointing to the ancient position of the beds of these rivers.

In the lane, low-sedrate breeds, which in the sublime right-bank part of the Nizhny Novgorod region are close to the surface of the Earth, are hidden under a powerful case of applied deposits, first of all sand (in places up to 30 m). These are glacial sediments, and in the coastal part and river (alluvial). The territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region is several tens of thousands of years ago during the great glaciation were covered with glaciers, coming from the mountains of Scandinavian and Kola Peninsulas, as well as from the Northern Urals. In the period of the greatest offensive - in the era of the Dneprovsky glaciation - the glacier left its traces on the territory of the region - moraine sediments in the form of loams with the inclusion of boulders, those most cobblestones that were previously brought by road.

The next glacier - Moscow, which covered the northwestern part of the Russian plain, was no longer reached up to the limits of our region. Only water flows penetrated here, arising from his melting and rushed into lowlands. These flows significantly influenced the formation of the valleys of modern Volzhya River.

The flow of melt waters of the Moscow glacier blocked the moraine sediments of earlier glaciers and brought a lot of sand. Only places, for example, on the shores of the river, the Uzas are preserved by moraine ridges. They are chains of the hills overgrown with the forest stretched from the North-West to the south-east. The water of the Gorky reservoir blurred the sandy hills of their new shore and expose the ice moraine boulders in places. These boulders are found on the ground surface

The ledger of the Volga Hills delayed the flowing glacier flows, forming giant waste lakes. At the bottom of these lakes, the stratum of sand, which fill the Occo-Volga lowlands. If in the Ice Time to get up on the Volzhsky Dust, then the eyes of the observer would have opened a sea of \u200b\u200bwater on the space from the city of Nizhny Novgorod and the village of Vasilsursk to the Vetloga River. Ancient Oka climbed the widest stream from Gorky to Balahna. After the decline of glacial flows, the dry sands were moved by the wind and form a dune, which we see, for example, on the moss mountains, in the area of \u200b\u200bDzerzhinsk and Balahns. Sandy hills in a wet climate of coniferous forests. So the extensive forest side of our Volga region was formed - "in the forests", as P.I called it. Melnikov - Pechurch, where "place is even, marshy, for agriculture less suitable than in the right bank, but it is large for various forestry.

The Nizhny Novgorod region is poor in ore minerals, but is rich in certain types of non-metallic minerals. This is due to the deep location of crystalline rocks, with which the formation of most ore fossils is associated.

No in the area also coal, not yet found oil. One of the most important minerals in the Nizhny Novgorod region is peat, the deposits of which are revealed on an area of \u200b\u200babout 330 thousand hectares.

Very rich area raw materials necessary for the production of building materials. Among this raw materials, first of all, plaster should be noted (with an anhydrite associated with it) used to develop construction gypsum - alabastra. Large deposits are drunk (near Bornukov and Kholyok) and Tesh (Bebavsky and Novoselkovskoye deposits in Arzamas district).

In some places of the right bank - in Vadsky, transport, Bogorodsky and other areas of the region - there are deposits of limestone and dolomites. Among these deposits, Annenkovskoe in the Vadskiy district, Kotornistansky in Buturlin and Gremyachevskoe in Kulebak districts

In the valleys of the region, there are large sand deposits, which is used and as directly construction material, and as raw materials for the production of silicate brick and dark bottle glass.

In the Nizhny Novgorod region, many deposits of ordinary brick and clay clay, which are especially rich in the neighborhood of the city of Nizhny Novgorod.

In the Volga part of the region there are swamp iron ores (aqueous compounds of iron oxide), which lie down in small sections in the wetlands of the Rivers of the Veszlov, Uzls and other places.

In the south of the region in different places there are small fields of combustible shale, but they are practically not used. Both in the southern and in the northern regions, in particular the wind, there are deposits of phosphorites. In the north-western region (in Semenovsky and Kourninsky districts) at the depths of about 500 meters, layers of rock salts were found.

Map 2.Geological structure. Scale 1: 2 500 000

Map 3. Foles minerals. Scale 1: 2 500 000

Nizhny Novgorod region - sub-ECTA of the Russian Federation.

Ras-in-lo-on in the price-tre Ev-Ropai hour-tai. Empty in co-becoming at the Volga-Ski FE-de-Ral-but-go Ok-Ru-ha. Area 76.6 thousand km2. The population is 3296.9 thousand people (2012; 3650.2 thousand people in 1959; 3739.4 thousand people in 1989). Administrative Center - G. Niyi New-Rod. Administrative-territorial de leu: 44 Paradise - She, 28 go-Ro-Dov, 59 in villages of the city Ti-Pa.

Government departments

The SIS-Te-Ma-Ma-Ga-New State Vocations of the Op-La Op-re-de-la-Sia Contest-Tou-Qi-her of the Russian Federation and the Us-Ta-V Rhine region (2005). State power in the OB-LAS-TSA-STI-P-La-Et-Sia-Co-No-B-Ra-Ni-EM, GU-Ber-on-Rum, Vi-Tel-St-Vom, Mi-Ni-St-Va-Va and Inna, OR-GA-MI-Paul-Mu-Poi, Obra-Zuye-Mi in Co -OV-VET-ST-Vius with Us-Ta-Nom Oba-Las. In-co-new SO-B-RA-NIE - in a hundred-yan-actions, the T-St-Vihhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh, Nu-Las-Las. Co-hundred-IT from 50 de Pu-Tom, from Bi-Raeh for 5 years (25 de Pu-ta-Tov from Bi-Ru-Sia on one-na-man Divided from bi-war OK-RU-GAM, 25 de-Pu-ta-Tov from Bi-Ras-Xia for Sing-No-Mu-La-Nost-MU OK-RU-GU-POR-POR-CIO-Nal-Nal-Lu-Lo-owls, given by the Ski Ca and Di-Tov, you can bi-warning volume-e-di-no-mi). The highest IS-POL-LAS-GAN OF THE STATE MUCH OB-LAS-LAS-TEL-VI-TEL-WHO, WHO GOOD-LAE-ME GU-BERS-ON-ROM. GU-BER-B-NA from Bi-Roma Circus-Da-Fitters of the Russian Federation, the priest-vyu-silence on the terr-Ri-Rii of OB-LA. The rally-dock of the pro-ve-de-bouquet and the Tre-Bo-Via to Kan di-yes-there is a must-na-ly Ral-noma-Ko-Nom (2012) and Us-Ta-Nom OB-LA. GU-Ber-on-Master Yav-Laa-Siem SchiM Slady-stubble Li-La-La, Pre-Sea-Da-Lem Pra-Vi-Tel va. He form-Mi-Ru-Vi-Tel-St-in, at NI-MAKE a re-neck about it-becoming.

Nature. Relief

The Nizhny Novgorod region is rapidly-on in the Central Hour-Ti-Nu-Ev-Ev-Rav-Skoy. Re-ka Volle-hectare, PE-RE-CE-Kayu-Last Oh-Pala-Da-Da-current, de Lit It for two hours: mostly WHO-Shen-na -Be-re-lies and bottom-based les-bibes (per-will). Pra-in-refrain of the North-Western part of the Lo-Whale-Was-Shen-N., on Wae-May Mi-Dov-Schie-Shen-No-Stew (height of up to 246 m is the most painful in the Nizhny Novgorod region). It includes whether the WHO-SHEN-CHAIR-ST-CI along Oki and Vol-Gi (PE-Mi-Lov-Ski-Ry, Dyat-Lo-Lo-Ry, Sta-Ro - BBI, Fa-Gee-you), as well as WHO-SHEN-POC-PI-NEA in the southeastern hour of the Nizhny Novgorod region. MOST-RUN-LENZH OV-RA-GI; Mes-Ta-Mi (for example, by r. Pi-for) Once, Vit Carst. In the south-western hourly, the Pra-in-Rey Ras-in-Lo-at OK-Ski-Tesh-Sky-Skye. LE-BE-RE-SE-NA-MAKE Volga-Ski-Vet Ludu-Sky Nife-on With Non-Pain-Shi Mi Ko-Le-Bashe ; Once-of-time-de-Poda-Vi-Vi-La-Mu-Ba-la-Chi-Va. For the se-ve-ru, it is under-pen - but in the one-step, it is up to 185 m. At the per-pa-de Me-do ox-goy and the Okoy of Obu-La Oh-Shir-nai Little Low-Mennost - Ba Lah-Ning-Skye Ni-Za-on.

GEO-Lo-Lo-Chest Stroy-Nie and Les-Nim-Co-Pai.

The Nizhny Novgorod region of Ras-located-beds on the Break-Ke Rus-ral-you is a trend-to-no-Ev-Pey-Skoy Plat-for-we, in the Eastern hour OV-GO-Ural An-Tech-Li. Large, southern part of the OB-LAS-TI-NAD-LE-LOW Northern Scho-well-well-mov-go-go-yes; On the CE-PO-Wow, on-Ho-dit-Xia Territory, part of Ko-Tel-ni-che-go-go. The depth-on-l lem-gay is at the top of the Ran-Neu-Barry Ski-Kri-became-Lich. FUN-DAY-ME-TA is 1 km away on the edge of South-Pa de over 2 km - on Sea-ve-Po-de . OSA-DODY CHALL SLU-WHOLES CAR-BO-NAT-NAT-MI AND THE TER-ROM-GEN-ROMS IN RO-DE-MI-NA, KAR-BO-NA AND PER - (from West-Nya-ki, pre-Lo Mi-you, Mer-Ge-Li, Gli-us, Alev-Ro-Li-you, Dog-ki, Kong-Lo-Ra -You) with lin-in-sau and en-guidelines, terr-gene-gene (at the top of it, with Tufi-Fi-Mi) from -E-tria-sa, terr-gene-gene-mi phos-pho-rom-nos-ours from the Lo-Lo-Nia, Jura and Mea-la, Dog-ka - and gli-na-neo-ge-on. Rye even-ver-tichered ozias pre-les-les water-no-ice-ni-ko-mi-lo-and-medii non-playing Tse-no-in-bent-de-non-nia (OSO-Ben-But-Ro-Ko-Pro-Stroy-Nos in North. In Lo-Vi-Las) , River, Lakes, EL-Vi-Ali, de Lou-Vi-Al-Mi-Ko-P-les.

The priests of the Nizhny Novgorod region of the pre-belt-les ch. arr. Thor-Fom (several me-ten metro station) and the rod-native Ma-Th-Ria-La Mi. Have-smtt-a hundred-people of the T-Ta-No-Cirma-Ko-Nie Pie-Cove (Lu-Koya-Nov-Skoe), hypothe and en-hydra- Ri-Ta (Be-Bia-Evheh et al.), Pes-cov - for-mi-ours (Bur-Tsev, Ku-le-Tak-Sovet, Per-Ma-May-skoe) , ste -phic (Pi-sa-root, su-ho-without water-nin-skoe), building-tel; Ka-Men Sino-Lee (Bel-Bazhoy), car-nate input for the production of the chip-nia and up-lo-Mi-Mo-ki; Kir-pic-but-re-pic, ke-raz-zo-out, Tu-Floa-Kih clay, Kir-Pic and Ke-Rossi-Vih Lin-Cove, Die-Chaso-Gra-Viy-na-Ma-Te-Ria-La, under-earth-old and Mi-non-rally waters. Terr-Riya-Ria Nizhny Novgorod Obalvae per spectral-but-n-nos-n nose-on.

On the terr-riy-Rii of the Nizhny Novgorod Region Kli-Mad Ume-Ren-But Kon-Ta-Nen-Talny with the mind of Ren-but-Lima Zi-My and Te-Lyoma Le Tom . The average temperatures of Jan-va-ry from -11 to -13 ° C, July 18-19 ° C. Go-up-to-one Co-Les-Che-SEP-SID-SID-SE-SE-SIA with SE-V-PO-PA-YES on the South-Breed Current of Oblast from 600 mm up to 450 mm; Up to 30-40% of the year-du, Nor-we, you, and the lesp, in Vi de short-time-time Liv. Pro-doubliness of the in-le-gay of the Snow-No-go-kro-va on the CO-RE co-becoming 165 days, in the south - 150 days, its power SO-'S 50-30 cm. Pro-Doubt PE-RIO-yes Ak-Noy Be-Ge-Total with a temperature of Vasch 10 ° C from 122 up to 138 days. For the OB-Las Ha-Cancer, the wound, and the same, as well as the Sous-Hee.

Inland waters.

All the re-ki Nizhny Novgorod Obalannya (about the pro-ka-wing 32 thousand km) from-no-Syat-Xia to the Bas-Sea-Well, Wolshi: the right of it for something-ki - (with Tyu-Shey), Su-Ra (with Pi-Noi and Ala-You-Rem), Le-Way - Uzo-la, Ker-Same-Nez, Wheat Lu-ha. The main source of the Pi-Tasch of the River Rivers of the Sail-Di-dy (60-80% of the year-to-one hundred-ka). On the terr-Rii-Rii of OB-Las-Ti-Vas-Yet-Xia 2.5 thousand lakes with a row of 97.5 km2. The most memorande-numerals understand-of-mail-ra (82.7% of the Low-Di Lakes). Meet-tea-smiling kar-one and the ice-no-coast of Lie-ra. 85% bo-lot at uro-che - to terr-ri-riy-oxa, ster-di pre-o-la-dawn-rye-ziny, which-ry There is an hour about the same time (before de Syat-Cup Ki-Lo-Mark) Mas-Si-you. On the terr-ri-Rii of the Nizhny Novgorod Obalva, the Gor-Kovoy and Che-Sar-Sar-Saro-Du-to-Tea-Ni-Lie (on Wol-Ge).

So-you, Ras-Tel-Tel and Life World. Nizhny Novgorod Walnity of Ras-Lo-on-in in South Tai-Guy Zoo, Shan-Nykh, Shi-Ro-Co-Li-Stochal LEV and in Le, -He-noy zo-not. In the so-ven-nom-kro-ve, the PR-La-La-du-zo-levels, the der-but-sub-zo-if, seed forest and black -The factory so-you. Maid-more Ras-Under-Under-Zo-Lee and Der-but-Pod-Dos-Li-Poy-Waiter, SFOR-Mi-Ro-Wave-Shea-Sia under the yet-needles and the mixtures of the needle-but-sh --co-co-e-vessels, Chiy-Ovia and Ba Lah-Nin-Nyn-Men-Noi. Sea Forest Union You are once-vi under the Shi-Ro-Co-Li-St-Versu-Mi Le C-Mi on the Broad-Volga WHO-Shen-No . Cher-No-Zy - we (Odd-Zo-Lena and Vosh-Lo -nae) are not about rapidly, they have a meeting on the donkey-ry-du-speech, in the on-standing time of Ras-Pa-Khan, in the pre-de la-Volzh-Scho-Shen - But.

In the zo-not tai-gi pre-circuit, elo-in-sort-lot les. In the zo-non-shan-shan-nym, the pro-from-ray - the SO-SO-VO-ELA-SA, the State-sub-Pom-Pom of Java Sia fir-ni-ki-cel-nich-ni-ki. Shi-Co-Co-Li-St-Vsey Le-Ca Pre-Stae-les in Osn. Oak Ra-Va-Mi. All les si-chi-tel-but-of-methows, the pain of the root-di raz-chi under Pash-Nor. In the les-step-step zo-non-"Ost-Ki-Ki" of the step-by-eco-sipes (Shal-Fay, Koz-Lo-Rod-nickname, etc.), co-storage Niv-Shih-Sre-di Pa-Shen on the mea-dd-speech, and the forest Mas-Si-you, at-uro-chen-cable.

Liberty world of times-no-o'clock. The T-Pic-Pic-Pic-Wi-Te-Lee Tajo-Noy Zo-O-Ta-Yuzhek, Elk, Mesh, Bel-ka. According to the de-Him forest River-Kami, the chalk kiye-ni-ki - vyat and nor-ka. In the pains of the forest Mas-Si-Wah Ras-Pro-Stroy-non-Ku-Naic. Watch-ti-ti-tsya from Si-Bir-Tai Gui: Co-Lo-Nok, Forest Lem Ming, Bu-Run-Duk, Ro-Co-Maha. In the oak-ray-whale and shih-pool, Schi-Ras-pro-Stroy-Neu-Re-Va, Dyat-lies, Yas-T- Re-Bi-Naya So-Va, Ural-Sky, not-yasse. In the les-step-step zo-not on from-walled rafa-khan-mesh-tach and trashy step-thieves Obi-ta-Mi-Mi-ki and Crap-Charo Sus-Li; From the birds of the participation of the Choy-Sia Mo Gil-Nick, the snake poison, the Step-noye Lun, to my owl.

Co-standing and Oh-Ra-on Ok-Roshai Sre-dy. The main Eco-Lo-Great Pro-Ble-We are the Nizhny Novgorod region - the dirt-non-AT-Mo-Northwa of WHO Du-HA in industrial prices-fuckers (in Oba-Las 13% on -Ex-les are about-roma with you-co-kim and a very youth-co-kim level for-mud-nonsense), for-mud-non- water-ek-compends (the first-mi-rogue of the re-ka-ma and an eye in the paradise of the ni-ni-rod and dzer- Zhinsk), China-Bow-Wa-Va (pain-neck influenced on the so-venno-eyed "non-scientists Ni-ki "- Prom. Dummy-ki per-pre-piano to a me-non-Naudo-Chi-Mi-Ka-Tov). Youth-bro-sym-dirt-nyasy substances in AT-Mo-Sofa-Ru SO-becoming 522 thousand tons (2009), including 161 thousand tons - from A hundred-of-nic-nos-niche-novels, 361 thousand tons - from Av-Mo-Bill-But-th trans-pore.

On the terr-ri-riy of the Nizhny Novgorod region - Ker-Women-Sky-in-Ved-Nick, as well as 18 per Case-Ni-cov and bo-more 300 pa-mint-ni-cov ro-dy.

Population

The pain-tire-st-in-section of the Nizhny Novgorod region SO-becoming Rus-Sky (95.1%). The same ta-tha-ry (1.4%), Mord-Va (0.6%), UK-RA-IN-CSI (0.5%), Chu-Va- Shi (0.3%), Ma-Riy-Tsy (0.2%), AR-MI-Ned, Azer-Bay-Jan-Tsy, Be-Lo-Rou-Sy, etc. (2010, Re-writing).

Since the beginning of the 1990s, the de-M-Gra-Fine Si-Tua Nizhny Novgorod Walust Ha-Rak-Te-Ri-UT-Xia Us-Tyu-Say-Say-Ni-Len -To-e-les (for 1990-2012 more than 440 thousand people), ch. arr. Because of you-co-com, EU-precision (7.0 per 1000 inhabitants under the Russian Federation, 1.7 per 1000 inhabitants, 2010, per-writing). RO-DEE-DEE-MOST (10.9 per 1000 inhabitants) in medium-it is 1.6 times for any death - no (17.9 per 1000 inhabitants; one of the you-co-kih in the Russian Federation in ka-in-te-leu); in the village of me-st-no-be - more than 2 times; MLA-DEN-CAYA SOUND 7.9 per 1000 live-roeger. Su-sch-vocationally influence on the de-M-gra-forming Si-Tua-Zya-Vasy Mi-graceful at-current on-ce lesions (11 per 10 thousand . inhabitants - one of the sau-co-ki-ku-te-lei in a vol-oh-du-du with sa-mar-district and Ta-Tar-Stomn) that-ry com-foal-si-ultrasound is 10%. Da-la Women's 55%. In the WHO-RUB-TU-REA-CE -E-lesion of the Du-of-Li-Lo-Lo-Du-Sobo-But-Lo-Ta-Ta-Ta (up to 16 years) - 14 , 5%, STAR-TRO-DO-SPO-SO-NO WHO RAS-TA - 24.4% (2009). Average Vesi-Dae-May is a long-term life of a 67.1 go-yes (husband-60.4, wives - 73.9 goa). The average population is 43.2 people / km2. The first raft is the O-le, on the southern part of the OB-LAS (GRA-BE-RE-WA). Du-la city population 79.0% (2012; 52.2% in 1959; 77.0% in 1989). Major's first largest year (thousand people, 2012): Niyi New-Rod (1254.6), Dzer-Zhinsk (239.0), Ar wt (105.7), sa-migra (93.0), boron (78.0), crop-in (66.8), Pav-Lo-in (60.0), you-ksa (55,5 ), Ba Lah-per (50,8). In the Western Cha-Soo-La-La-Row-yes Niyi New-Rod (with at-th-Ro-Mi), Dzer-Zhinsk, Bor, Balakhna and Kstovo Obra-Ras - T.N. Now, the birth of the city Ag-Lo-rayan with a population of about 2.0 million people.