Presentation on the topic Environmental problems of South America. Modern environmental problems of South America

In South America, there are many environmental problems caused by technical progress and the development of the economy. Forests are destroyed and reservoirs are contaminated, the biodiversity is reduced and the soil is depleted, the atmosphere is contaminated and the ranges of wildlife are reduced. All this can later lead to an ecological catastrophe.
The cities of South American countries have formed the following characteristics:

• the problem of antisanitarian;
• water pollution;
• the problem of debris of garbage and solid household waste;
• air pollution;
• the problem of energy resources, etc.

The problem of deforestation of forests

A significant part of the mainland is covered with tropical forests that are light planets. Trees are constantly born not only for the sale of wood, but also to create agricultural land and pastures. All this leads to a change in the forest ecosystem, the destruction of certain types of flora and fauna migrations. To preserve the forest, many countries at the legislative level regulate lumberjournal activities. There are whole zones, where it is prohibited, forest arrays are restored and new trees are landing.

Problems of hydrosphere

In the coastal areas of the seas and oceans there are many problems:

• excessive catch of fish;
• water pollution with garbage, petroleum products and chemicals;
• housing and communal and industrial effluents.

All these waste negatively affect the condition of water bodies, on flora and fauna.

In addition, many rivers flow under the mainland, including the world's largest river - Amazon. The rivers of South America also suffer from human activity. Many species of fish and animals disappear in the waters. Also greatly complicated the life of local tribes, which lived on the banks of the Millenniums Rivers, they are forced to look for new habitats. Dams and various structures led to changes in river modes and water pollution.

The source of air pollution is greenhouse gases that highlight vehicles and industrial enterprises:

• mines and deposits;
• enterprises of the chemical industry;
• oil refineries;
• energy objects;
• metallurgical plants.

Soil pollution promotes agriculture, which uses pesticides, chemical and mineral fertilizers. It also depletes the soil, which leads to the degradation of the soil. There is a destruction of land resources.

South America are at a higher level of development compared to other developing countries. IN lately Economy countries Latin America It has growth rates, advanced medium. One of the main reasons is that South American countries have passed a longer way of sovereign development. Economic management, reforms, high prices for raw materials, which contribute to the flowering of the region played a certain role. Currently, South American countries are not able to fully independently develop a multi-sectoral economy and are largely in economic dependence on developed states of the world. Significant differences are preserved between individual countries. The economy of Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela more corresponds to the level of developed countries. In Bolivia, Paraguay and a number of other countries economic Development below.

Industry South America

Hydropower resources contribute to the construction of the world's largest hydropower plants: ITAYPA on the Paran River, Guri in Venezuela, Tukuurui in Brazil. Part of the electricity is produced on thermal and nuclear power plants. Colored metallurgy is the leading industry in Chile, Peru
And Bolivia.

Brazil has more than 2 thousand power plants. These are mainly hydroelectric power plants that produce 75% of electricity. On the proportion of thermal, sun, wind and nuclear power plants accounts for 25% of the generated electricity.

In South America, the manufacturing industry is developing most dynamically. Modern enterprises of new industries appeared here. But the relatively versatile industry was created only in two South American countries - Brazil and Argentina.

In Brazil and Argentina, the automotive and aviation industry is developed, there are nuclear power plants, large plants of ferrous metallurgy, computers are produced and military equipment. The manufacturing industry is oriented primarily to meet the needs of the domestic market, which grow due to the rapid increase in population. Production is placed in cities with a favorable geographical position, the presence of a qualified workforce (São Paulo, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro) and in places where there is fuel or raw materials (for example, Karazhas in Brazil).

The machine-building complex is developing not only in Argentina and Brazil, but also in Venezuela, Chile, Colombia, Peru. Buenos Aires, Cordoba (Argentina), São Paulo, Belo Horizonte (Brazil) were the most important centers.

The main branch of mechanical engineering - transport engineering. Cars are produced in Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela. Shipbuilding and aircraft construction (Brazil), agricultural engineering (Brazil and Argentina) develops. Aerospace industry develops, microelectronics - in Brazil, robotics, nuclear industry - in Argentina. Received the development of the chemical and petrochemical industry in Brazil and Argentina. In the global economy, the role of exporters of mineral raw materials and agricultural products is enshrined in the global economy. Each country specializes in the export of raw materials and products, on which its well-being depends. The mining industry highlights oil production in Venezuela, Argentina, Ecuador, Colombia. The mining of iron, copper, nickel ore is the basis of the Mining industry of Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, Peru. Brazil is also rich in reserves of manganese ore, bauxite. The huge stocks of copper ore are concentrated in Chile and Peru. Bolivia is famous for the prey of tin. In Colombia, Brazil, Peru mined ores of precious metals.

Of particular importance are the areas of new development in the depths of some countries.

The largest of them is created in Venezuelan Guayane. The basis of its electric power industry and metallurgy. Iron ore is mined in an open method, and its considerable part is exported.

Agriculture occupies an important place in the economy of South America. The structure of agriculture prevails crop production. The largest square occupy areas in which traditional food cultures are grown: corn, rice, millet, legumes, butt.

"Face" of South America in the world agriculture Determine the tropical cultures grown on large plantations. The most important sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, bananas and cotton. Especially high quality is characterized by coffee "Arabica" produced in Colombia. Most of the wheat crop give Argentina and Brazil. Some countries and areas are mainly produced by only one culture (country of monocultural economy). Livestock has a meat direction, but at the same time increases the production of milk and dairy products. Argentina ranks second in the world to export beef. Poultry farming develops in Brazil, and its products are exported. (Explore the themed map of the Agricultural Development areas.) About 70% of the population are employed in the service sector of Brazil.

Transport South America

Automobile transport takes a leading role in transportation. The most important highways are the Pan American and Transaman Highway. Great importance It has air and railway transport. One of the most high-mountainous in the world railways From Lima in Oraio crosses Andes at an altitude of 4818 m.

External economic ties are carried out mainly by sea transport. In exports of South America, raw materials, fuel, agricultural products prevail.

South America countries supply coffee, cocoa, cotton, meat, wheat, sugar, citrus fruit on the global market. Chile takes Copper, Peru - Lead and Copper, Bolivia - Tin, Jamaica - Boxites. Projects of assembly enterprises of modern Belarusian equipment in Latin America are being created.

Environmental problems of South America

The growth of large industrial centers in South America is the cause of serious environmental problems characteristic of urbanized territories around the world. This is low quality drinking waterPollution atmospheric air, accumulation of solid waste.

By area of \u200b\u200bterritories with undisturbed nature, South America ranks second after Antarctica. But under the influence of economic activities, forest area is reduced.

Amazonia in the southern hemisphere is considered one of the main areas of deforestation. Oil production in the thick of the tropical forests of Amazonia, iron ores in Gwianky and Brazilian plateaus demanded the construction of transport routes in inaccessible areas. This led to the growth of the population, extermination of forests, expanding arable and pasture lands. Destruction of forests leads to the destruction of the soil, reducing the number of animals. Large problem create forest fires. About 40% of rainforest disappeared in South America.

IN last years In the countries of South America, the struggle for the preservation of environmental equilibrium in nature increased. One of the directions of nature conservation is the creation of national parks and reserves. More than 700 protected areas have been created on the mainland. Greater square occupies national Park San Zhuakin in Brazil, where the most valuable forests are protected from Brazilian Araucaria. Here is also guarded by a shaggy spider monkey, spectacular bear, places of reproduction of sea turtles. The National Parks of Iguazu in Brazil, Manu in Peru are known.

The growth rate of the economic development of countries of South America is ahead of the average level. For the countries of South America, a reduction in the share of agriculture in GDP and the increase in the share of industry is characterized. The development of the economy contributes huge stocks natural resources, provision of labor resources, expansion of integration.

The environmental problem is deterioration associated with the negative impact of natural nature, and in our time there is a big role played human factor. Destruction of the ozone layer, environmental pollution or its destruction - all this, one way or another, entails adverse consequences now or in the near future.

North America, which is rather significant, and is extremely acute, is one of the most progressive regions of the world. For the sake of prosperity of the United States and Canada, you have to sacrifice our nature. So what difficulties in ensuring environmental safety are the inhabitants of the North American continent, and how do they threaten in the future?

Technological progress

First of all, it should be noted that over time the vital conditions of the population of cities deteriorate, especially for industrial centers. The reason for this is the active exploitation of natural resources - soil, surface waters, and the environment, the destruction of vegetation. However, the most important links of the natural environment - the soil, the hydrosphere and the atmosphere are interrelated among themselves, and the impact of a person for each of them is reflected on the rest, therefore the destructive processes are gaining global.

While North America develops, the environmental problems of the continent are becoming more acute. Uniformly with progress takes place and displacement of natural natural landscape With the subsequent replacement for an artificial environment, which can be harmful and even unsuitable for people's lives. Already in the second half of the 20th century, the mass of waste in the North American continent was 5-6 billion tons per year, of which at least 20% were chemically active.

Traffic fumes

The problem of exhaust gases is relevant throughout the world today, however, on the West Coast of the United States in California, the situation is especially heavy. In these places along the mainland, there is a coupler, in which large volumes of car exhaust gases are concentrated over coastal waters. In addition, during the summer half of the year there is an anticyclone weather that promotes strengthening the influx of solar radiation, as a result of which complex chemical transformations occur in the atmosphere. The consequence of this is a dense fog in which the mass of poisonous substances concentrates.

Experts who study the environmental problems of the North American continent are called excessive exhaust emissions with a serious challenge to society, because they not only adversely affect nature, but are the cause of many human diseases.

Exhaustion of water resources

What environmental problems exist in North America? On the mainland today, things are very bad with water resources - they simply are depleted. On the continent, the level of water consumption is rapidly growing, and today it is already exceeding the permissible one. Even in the last century, the American specialist A. Wall was published research results, according to which more than half of the United States population consumes water used at least once and passed through the sewage system.

With such circumstances, it is difficult to fulfill two very important conditions: along with the restoration of water quality, it is necessary to increase the presence of its natural volume in rivers and other reservoirs. In 2015, the water level has greatly lowered in the largest reservoir of the country, and scientists warn that it may be the beginning of a longer drought.

Water pollution

Not limited to the exhaustion of ecological problems with the list of negative factors in this area is quite long, but it is mainly pollution of water bodies. They are thrown into them, in which what is not contained, significant damage also causes navigation.

Also, today quite a lot of harm causes about a third of the water made annually from the rivers, falls on atomic and thermal power plants in which it heats up and returned to the reservoir. The temperature of this water is higher by 10-12%, and the oxygen content is noticeably lower, which plays a significant role and is often the cause of the death of many living organisms.

Already in the second half of the 20th century, 10-17 million individuals of fish died every year from pollution of water bodies, and Mississippi, which is big River North America, today is among the top ten most polluted in the world.

The rest of Nature

The unique landscape and very rich floral and animal world has in almost all latitudes of the hemisphere North America. Ecological problems We got to the virgin nature of the mainland. There are several dozen national parks in its territory, which have become almost the only corners in today's conditions, in which many millions of cities can relax from the noise and dirt of megalopolises. The influx of visitors and tourists, increasing with incredible speed, affects them because of which today some unique species of animals and plants are on the verge of extinction.

Peacon is the fact that not only a person is a source of pollution - washed out with rainwater and blew up, and then moving into rivers different toxic substances contained in the dumps of rocks. Such dumps often can stretch along the river bed for long distances, constantly contaminating with water.

Even in the north of Canada, where natural resources are not mastered so intensively, today you can see significant changes in nature. The ecological problems of the taiga in North America are studied by Wood Buffalo staff, one of the largest national parks in the world.

Operation of natural resources

As already mentioned, the environmental problems of the continent by and large are associated with the high technological level of the US and Canada. North America's natural resources are diverse and numerous: the mainland is rich in oil, natural gas, most important minerals. Huge stocks of wood in the north and favorable agriculture of the Earth south for many years have been used too hard, which has become the result of many problems of ecology.

Shale gas

Recently, a large hype arose around shale gas - it is increasingly intensively produced by North America. Environmental problems that may occur when using certain technologies, apparently, few worried companies engaged in exploration and extraction of hydrocarbons from shale formations. Unfortunately, political intrigues play their role in promoting this type of energy resources production, and the possible consequences for ecology are sometimes not taken into account. So, the US government has taken a course for the acquisition of independence from energy supplies from foreign markets, and if the country has acquired gas from neighboring Canada, today it is already positioning itself as a state exporter of hydrocarbons today. And all this is done to the detriment of the environment.

Conclusions for the future

In this small article, the environmental problems of North America were briefly considered. All the information we, of course, did not consider, but, based on the existing material, it can be concluded that in pursuit of profit and in the desire for material benefits, people were practically applied and continue to make serious damage to ecology, while rarely thinking about the subsistence of their actions.

Trying to achieve the maximum effect in the operation of natural resources, we have paid little attention to preventive measures, and now we have what we have. A clear example is the North American Continent, perhaps the most highly developed region of the world, the environmental problems of which are also very significant.

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Signatures for slides:

South America summarizing the repetition on the topic "Nature of South America"

The purpose of the lesson: repeat and summarize the topic of Mainland "South America"; consolidate knowledge on the topic

Tasks: 1. Continue the formation of the idea of \u200b\u200bthe integrity of the nature of the mainland. 2. Develop a figurative thinking, speech, the ability to allocate the main thing, the ability to work with the card, summarize the material. 3. Develop skills to listen and analyze comrade responses. 4. Formation of logical thinking of students. 5. Development of computer skills, Internet resources.

Geographical location of the mainland. Extreme points: Northern South Western East Ophpassess.

From the history of the opening and research of the mainland Task number 2

Christopher Columbus - 1492, opened America

Amerigo Vespuccic - took part in 2 expeditions. The first described open lands.

Alexander Humboldt - German geographer -18-19 V.V. He studied the nature of the mainland.

Vavilov N.I.- The Russian botany established the centers of the ancient foci of agriculture. (1923-1933)

Task number 3 Why in the west mainland of the mountain, and in the east plain?

Snow Avalanche (May 1970) died 25 thousand people

Earthquakes in Peruvian Andes

Brazilian plateau.

South America Relief Quest №4 Denote to / to large-scale relief

Climate Task number 5 Write climatic areas: a) Tropical belt b) subtropical c) moderate

INLAND WATERS

Task number 6 Label to / to the largest rivers

Waterfalls Task №7 Name the waterfalls of the mainland. What river systems are they located on?

Task number 8? Lakes the mainland as they are called, where are located?

Lake Titicaca

Nature of South America

Natural zones Task number 9 What does the Peruvian current in the formation of the coastal desert? What is this desert called? Where is?

Natural zones Quests №10 in which natural zone you will fall, moving from point A to point in

Task №11 What is the name of the presented natural zone? Where is it located?

Task number 12 What are representatives of the plant world, which are found on the mainland of Africa and Australia?

In which natural zones are the presented birds inhabited?

Dicks of South America. Selva

Representatives of Pamppa

PATAGONIA

The student crosses the desert

Their homeland south america

Countries of South America. BRAZIL

On the topic: Methodical development, presentations and abstracts

The material is useful for geography teachers. Represents the development of a lesson on the topic " Geographical position South America "...

South America is the fourth largest continent of the Earth. This is the southern part of the sushi, which is called new light, Western hemisphere or simply America. The mainland has a triangle shape, it is wide in the north and gradually narrows to the southern point - Moz Horn.

It is assumed that the continent originated when Supercontinent Pangaya split several hundred million years ago. This theory says that throughout and South America and Africa were a single land. For this reason, both modern continents have similar mineral resources and types of rocks.

Main geographical information

South America along with the islands occupies 17.3 million km². Most of its territories are in the southern hemisphere. Through the continent passes. The coastline is sufficiently cut. The quiet and Atlantic oceans that form the bays in the mouths of the rivers. The southern coast with the archipelago fiery ground is rapidly stronger. :

• north - Cape Galinas;
• south - Cape Froard;
• west - Cape Parnas;
• east - Cape Kabu Branka.

The largest islands are fiery land, Galapagos, Chiloe, Wellington Island and a group of Falkland Islands. Big Peninsula include Valdez, Parakas, Titao and Brunswick.

South America is divided into 7 Natural Regions: Brazilian Plateau, Plain Orinoco, Pampa, Patagonia, Nordic Andes, Central and South Andes. The continent includes 12 independent countries and 3 territories without sovereignty. Most states relate to developing. The largest in the square is Brazil, is portugal. Other countries speak Spanish. In total, about 300 million people live on the mainland, and the population continues to grow. Ethnic composition Complex due to the special settlement of the mainland. Most people live on the Atlantic Coast.

Relief

Andes

The base of the continent consists of two elements: the rhinestone of the Andes and the South American platform. She rose and descended during its existence several times. In the raised places in the east, a plateau was formed. Lowest plains were formed in the deflection.

Brazilian Highlands settled in the southeastern part of Brazil. It stretched 1300 km. The composition of Serra de Mantikair, Serra-Doo parapiatab, Serra Herall and Serra do-Mar include mountain ranges. The Brazilian shield is located south of Amazon. Gwiank plateore, 1600 km long, extends from Venezuela to Brazil. It is famous for gorges and tropical forests. Here is the highest waterfall of Angel, a height of 979 m.

Amazon lowland was formed due to the rapid water of the same river. The surface is filled with continental and marine sediments. In the west, the height barely reach 150 meters above sea level. Gwiank plateore arose in the north of the continent. The longest mountain range on Earth, Andes, make up 9 thousand km. The highest vertex is Mount Akonkagua, 6960 m. Gorical formation continues until now. This is evidenced by the eruption of numerous volcanoes. Kotopakh volcano is most active. Mountain chain seismically active. The last major earthquake occurred in the Chile area, in 2010.

Desert

In the southern part of the continent, zone and semi-deserts were formed. This is a unique territory for moderate belt: The deserts go on the ocean coast. The intimacy of the ocean creates high air humidity. However, Andes affected the formation of dry terrain. They block the way with wet winds with their mountain slopes. Another factor is the Cold Peruvian current.

Atakama

Desert Atakama

The territory of the desert is located on the west coast of the continent, its total area is 105 thousand km². This region is considered the most arid on the planet. In some areas of attackama, the precipitation did not fall out several centuries. Peruvian quiet ocean cools the bottom. Because of this, this desert is the lowest moisture on Earth - 0%.

The average daily temperature is cooled for desert regions. It is 25 ° C. In some zones, the fogs can be observed in winter. Millions of years ago, the region was under water. After a while, the plain was drunk, as a result of which salted pools were formed. In the desert, a sufficient number of existing volcanoes. Red stony soils prevail.

The landscape of Atakama is often compared with the lunar: sandy breeds and rocks alternate with dunes and hills. Evergreen forests stretch from north to south. On the western border, the desert strip is replaced by thickets of shrubs. In total, there are 160 species of small cacti in the desert, as well as lichens and blue-green algae. Acacia, Mesquite trees and cacti are growing in oases. Among under climatic conditions Lama, foxes, chinchillas and alpaca adjusted. On the coast, 120 varieties of birds live.

The small population is engaged in mining. Tourists come to the desert to visit the lunar valley, see the sculpture of the "Desert Hand" and enjoy the sandy snowboard.

Siechura

Desert of the Siechura

This desert area is located in the north-west of the continent. On the one hand, it is washed by the quiet ocean, and on the other, it borders with Andami. The total length is 150 km. Siechwra refers to the number of cold deserts with an average annual temperature of 22 ° C. This is due to the southwestern winds and the ocean flow off the coast. It also contributes to the formation of fogs in the winter. Fog preserves moisture and gives coolness. Due to subtropical anticyclones in the region there are few precipitation.

Sands form moving vegans. In the central part, they form a dune with a height of 1.5 m. Strong winds move sand and expose indigenous rocks. Animal I. vegetable world Focus along watercourses. There are two major cities in the Siechi.

Monte

Desert Monte

The desert is located in the north of Argentina. Here is a hot and dry climate. The precipitate may not fall around 9 months a year. Weather change are explained by the lack of mountains: the territory is open to the Northern and South winds. In the valleys, clay soils, and in the mountains - stony. Little rivers have rain nutrition.

On the territory the semi-desert steppes predominate. Water has a parel. The animal world is represented by predatory birds, small mammals, including Lamami. People live in oases and near water bodies. Part of the land is treated in agricultural land.

Inland waters

Amazon river

The continent drops a record amount of precipitation. Thanks to this phenomenon, many rivers have been formed. Since Andes act as the main watershed, most of the mainland belongs to the Atlantic basin. Ponds, mainly rain nutrition.

Amazon, a length of 6.4 thousand km, originates in Peru. She has 500 tributaries. The rainy season increases the level of the river by 15 m. Its tributaries form waterfalls, the largest of which is called San Antonio. Used weakly. The length of the Parana River is 4380 km. Her mouth is located on the Brazilian plateau. The amount of precipitation comes unevenly, because it crosses several climatic belts. In the upper course, due to the damage to Paran, the waterfalls forms. The largest, IGAUS, has a height of 72 meters. The river becomes flat.

The third largest inner reservoir of the continent, orinoco, is a length of 2730 km. He originates on the Gwianky Plateau. In the upwards there are small waterfalls. At the bottom of the river branches, forming lagoon and ducts. During floods, the depth can be 100 m. Due to frequent tides and sings, shipping turns into a risky lesson.

The largest lake that is located in Venezuela is Maracaibo. It was formed as a result of the deflection of the tectonic plate. In the north, this reservoir is less than in the southern part. Lake is rich in algae, thanks to which it lives here different kinds birds and fish. The southern coast is represented. Tourists attract a rare phenomenon called "Catatum Lighthouse". As a result of mixing the cold air of the Andes, the warm air of the Caribbean and methane with the swamps appear lightning. They beat 160 days a year, and silently.

Titicaca, the second largest Lake of South America, is located between the Andes' Rats. It has 41 inhabited island. This is the biggest shipping lake. Titicaca and surroundings are a national park. Rare in its territory live. Due to the rarefied air there is a minor species diversity. Most of the continent possesses big reserves freshwater.

Climate

Sub-screen climatic belt

Continent is located in five climatic belts. It occupies the Pacific Coast and Amazon Lowland. During the year there are 2 thousand mm precipitation. The temperature over the year is low, about 24 ° C. It is in this belt that the equatorial forests grow, which are the largest array of wet forests on Earth.

The struggle for the environment is the creation of national parks and reserves. Countries need to introduce environmentally friendly technologies and re-plant cutting areas.

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Somewhere in the 60s of the last century on our planet, the fact that today everyone knows under the gloomy name "global problems". These are the problems of generallylanet, vital, from which the fate of humanity in general depends on the solution. They are interrelated, cover different parties to people's lives and concern all countries and peoples. modern Mira Regardless of the level of their social, economic and cultural development. These are problems of sushi and air, water and food, cities and rural areas, health of physical and spiritual, world war, etc. In the end, these are issues of survival of people and living beings at all, in whatever part of the world they are.

South American Continent is one of the most amazing and beautiful corners of the world. This land can not be not loving and the more painful to see and realize those of its troubles, which are simultaneously the source and manifestation of a number of global problems. The obvious and vivid example of this is the incessant and catastrophic cutting of the rainforest of Amazonia, which are figuratively, but rightly called the green light of our planet. The thick evergreen forests growing on the shores of the Great Amazon, produce colossal volumes of oxygen scattered throughout the ground. At the same time, the Forest biomass of the Amazon basin absorbs about a hundred million tons of carbon dioxide. The uniqueness and value of these forests are also in the fact that they differ in the world's largest biodiversity: there is every tenth view of an animal or plant described in science. Jungle South America is the largest rain forest area in the world. It occupies 5.5 million square kilometers, which is half the total area of \u200b\u200bthe rainforest remaining on the planet. However, this state of things is rapidly changing.

Millennium Until the middle of the last century, tropical forests in the equator zone remained in a virgin state. And only in the thirty years - from 1960 to 1990 - was, on various expert estimates, 1/5 part of the forest cover of Amazonia was destroyed. In general, I must say that the rate of deforestation in the US region is one of the highest in the world and on average is 0.48% per year. Of the 418 million hectares of forests reduced in the world over the past 30 years, Latin America accounts for 190 million hectares. Only from 1990 to 2000, the total area of \u200b\u200bforests in the region decreased by 46.7 million hectares. Every year about 130 thousand square meters. km. Green arrays (this country area with a size with Bulgaria) is burned, cut down, flooded or destroyed by other ways. Considering that the Amazon's rainforest plays a key role of the hydrological and climate system of the Earth and has a significant impact on the global climate, the deforestation of this forest is a truly global problem.

For each of the South American countries, where the cutting down of forests is characterized by its own profile of reasons. Thus, in Brazil, it is primarily the need for the development of agricultural production, in particular, the expansion of SOI crops and grain crops, as well as an increase in the production of export beef. It turns out that 60-70% of the former forest land are used for large cattle breeding, mainly farmers containing small farms. In Colombia, the production of cocaine has a huge influence on the process of forest disappearance. Cocaine bushes, which in tropical forests Recently, it became too much, significantly accelerate their destruction.

The overall and sufficiently reasonable causes of the cutting of the equatorial forest include the fact that it is widely used as a means of heating, and its valuable rocks go to export. In addition, the growth of the population requires new accommodations, and the needs of the economy - the development of transport infrastructure. Therefore, annually through the endless expanses of the rainforests, all new and new roads are laid, along which new settlements instantly arise. Every year at the end of the rainy season, migrants begin to cut down the forest, regardless of his age and quality - new areas for crops are cleared. From year to year, giant fires continuously flashed in the rule. The ash goes to the fertilizer of the fields on which maize, beans, manioc, rice, sugar cane are grown. In addition, the decrease in the area of \u200b\u200bSelvia is also associated with the extraction of minerals, especially oil, as well as with the expansion of the territory under the plantation of cotton, sugar cane, coffee, etc.

What are the consequences of a further substantial reduction in equatorial forests than it threatens?

It is reliably known that, in principle, deforestation leads to a sharp temperature difference, changes in the amount of precipitation and wind speeds. The reduction in wet tropical forests inevitably leads to a reduction in oxygen flow into the atmosphere, to an increase in carbon dioxide content in it. This, in turn, strengthens the "greenhouse effect", leads to the disappearance of many species of animals that will lose their natural habitat. Where there are thoroughly crushed areas of forests to change solid arrays, there are gradually arid and almost flavored plains. Now this is the most characteristic landscape for Brazil. In connection with all this, the sad fate of the ancient cultures of Mesopotamia, Mediterranean, Central America is remembered. These civilizations, as you know, died or left from the historical scene because of the fact that people mercilessly cut down the forests, and behind this, the erosion of soils came, the casing of rivers, the rational of fertile lands and the decline of agriculture.

Such concerns are confirmed by the articles of Miguel Angel Criado journalist (Miguel Criado) "Foresting in the Amazon Basin will lead to a reduction in yields" published in the Spanish newspaper Materia 15.05.2013. The author relied on the research of specialists from several Universities of Brazil and the United States, which designed a model of interaction between climate and land use and developed a number of forecasts to understand what awaits us in the future. According to the conclusions of scientists, the deforestation of the tropical forests will not be stopped, the changes in land use will inevitably entail negative climatic consequences:

• due to the abbreviation of the Selvic ability to absorb carbon dioxide;
• increase the temperature in the Amazon basin;
• reducing the amount of moisture in the atmosphere and violation of precipitation regimens.

And this, in turn, will lead to a decrease in the production of feed crops. Brazilian researchers predict that by 2050, with an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bcrops, the crop will be reduced by 30%.

Nevertheless, Miguel Cryatho writes, the Brazilian government and the agro-industrial complex advocate for further cutting down of forests. Everything indicates that forests will continue to cut down. This is evidenced by not only the relevant changes in the Forest Code of Brazil, but also the plans of private businesses, intending already by 2020 to double the volume of agricultural production. And the forests clearly interfere. Alas, the protective function that the Amazon Selva performs on a planetary scale, they are little interested, but they are very interested in their own financial interests.

Another simultaneously global and continental problem, both aspects of which are inextricably linked and interact, is the problem of drugs in its entire range - drug addiction, drug production, drug trafficking, drug leaving. Drugs are not just a new global threat, and the tragic factor of death from 200,000 to 300,000 people annually. This is an annual drug concern, which brings more than $ 320 billion, protruding the financial base of terrorism, piracy, organized crime and corruption. This is a conglomerate of criminal drug addiction in the shadow sector of the global banking system, which formed a system of money transactions by the volume of almost 1 trillion dollars. These are illegal cartally industrial formations that have become extremely powerful social Institutenon-controlled by legitimate authorities, weakening the sovereign Latin American states and impeding their development.

South American continent (mainly Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and Venezuela) together with Afghanistan are now two planetary drug centers, in which the production of cocaine and heroin has acquired an industrial nature and unprecedented volumes. So, if in the 50s of the XX century in the countries of the continent, only 10 tons of cocaine were produced, then in the late 80s - 500 tons, and in 2006 - 1030 tons. Thus, the level of production of cocaine for 50 years increased here 100 times, which had global negative consequences. Naturally, the first blow came in North America and first of all - in the United States. Here, in the early 1980s, every 10th resident admitted that drugs use.

After in the United States tightened the control over the import of cocaine there was splitting of the basic drug flow. In addition to the countries of North America, he went back to West Africa and the countries of the European Union. And in terms of volume, the new drug trafficking and basic are practically identical. According to experts, it is the massive grinding of cocaine from South America and, of course, the flow of heroin from Afghanistan was planted "on the needle" of the European Union. Currently, drugs have 10% of the adult population. For the countries of West Africa and the Sahel, South American smuggling and drug trafficking caused a destabilizing tsunami in political and socio-economic areas. Speaking in December 2009 in the UN Security Council Director of the United Nations Anti-Drug Bureau and Organized Crime / OnUDC / Antonio Maria Kat stated that the income from narcotraphics are increasingly used by terrorist and anti-government organizations in the Sachel countries to finance the combat and subversive shares conducted by them. At its disposal, the Bureau has convincing evidence that two illegal drug flows intersect in Sugar. One - heroin - uses Eastern Africa as a transit point, the second - cocaine - West Africa. Further, both streams merge together and use new routes across Chad, Niger and Mali, - Kat said. These drug trafficking enrich not only organized crime. Terrorist and anti-government organizations operating in African countries also replenish their resources at the expense of income from participation in drug trafficking. These funds are spent on financing their operations, the acquisition of weapons and payment of militants.

In the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, drug production and generated solid transit in Central America remains a key driver of creepy violence. In the period from 2000 to 2010, 1 million forecasters were registered there, which allowed these countries to become an absolute champion in this sad indicator. In 2014, the number of preemptive killings in these countries four times exceeded the global level. Now in these countries there are more than 30% of all foreigners of murders in the world, despite the fact that only 9% of the population live there globe. Of the 50 cities in the world, the most dangerous for living, - 40 are located in the Western Hemisphere, and the Latin American cities occupy the first ten places in this list. First of all, it is the Honduras City of San Pedro-Sula, then Venezuelan Caracas, then Mexican Acapulco, Columbian Cali and Brazilian Maceio.

The names of the powerful Latin American transnational drug carriers have become known to the world, for example, "Medellinsky cartel" and "Kalt Cartel" in Colombia, "Los Setas" in Mexico and Guatemala, "Primate the Team of Yes Capital" in Brazil, "Mara Salvatruche" in El Salvador and Honduras other. Nowadays, experts with anxietary note the tendency of the transformation of family type drug carriers in a syndicative-industrial-industrial drug carriers, which include not only separate production and distribution, but also their power structures (intelligence, counterintelligence, paralimilitarian formations), etc.

Thus, on its scale and consequences, the problem of drugs acquired such status, which can be put in one row with the problems of terrorism, piracy and nuclear non-proliferation. Not by chance, many states, politicians, public figures And experts consider it necessary to urgently form a fundamentally new global agenda of the fight against drugs, expand and strengthen international cooperation in the field of anti-drug policy.

The acute global problems with pronounced South American specifics also include the problem of anthropogenic environmental pollution. It is the result of many factors: population growth, industrialization, urbanization, transport development, etc. Already due to the fact that the level of urbanization in the region is about 80%, and in the cities of Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela and Chile, it is even higher - from 88 Up to 93%, the problem of pollution of the lithosphere (soil cover), the atmosphere and hydrosphere arises inevitably. After all, daily giant city agglomerations - São Paulo, Lima, Bogota, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Buenos Aires and others - are made tens of thousands of tons of solid waste. They require disposal, but, unfortunately, their most is rotting in the open-air landfills, which creates an extreme danger of an environmental and epidemiological nature.

As is known, as a result of decomposition of organic waste, gas, having in its composition methane and carbon dioxide, is distinguished. It not only exudes the foul odor, but also destroys all the vegetation on the surface, as well as enhances the greenhouse effect. Quite often, gas and fire fires happen on landfills. Poisonous smoke enters the atmosphere and poisoning everything alive within a radius of several kilometers. In addition, due to landfills there is deep soil infection and groundwater poisoning. The nearest reservoirs become toxic and dangerous for a person, and the soil is unsuitable for use within a few hundred years after the closure of the landfill. But that's not all. Being a repository of various toxins and the most dangerous bacteria and also a power source for thousands of birds, animals and even people living and working in landfills, the latter are caused by epidemics and even a kind of biological weapon.

The bright example of such a landfill was Brazilian "Jardim Gramacho" (Jardim Gramacho) located on the territory of Rio de Janeiro agglomeration. She was considered one of the world's largest. Every day there was two thousand tons of garbage and for 34 years of EE there was more than 70 million tons of waste there. Environmentalists believe that it was because of this polygon that was polluted by the beach in the Gulf of Guanabara, who was once one of the purest Rio de Janeiro. The closure "Jardim Gramacho" was postponed several times. However, in the summer of 2012, literally on the eve of the start of work in the Rio de Janeiro United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio + 20), the Brazilian authorities considered the case of honor to close "Jardim Gremacho". This is definitely a great achievement, especially if you consider that a powerful garbage processing plant was built from the six-million capital of the most colorful carnival in the world. However, stories with a similar positive final. They are rather an exception to the rules.

So, for example, in 2011, the famous "Bordeaux Poniente" landfill (El Bordo Poniente) was closed near Mexico City. She was called the largest dump of solid household waste in Latin America. Here for a quarter of a century accumulated from 50 to 60 million tons of garbage. The closure of this landfill, according to the Mexican Environmental Protection Minister, is equivalent to a reduction in harmful emissions of 500 thousand cars. The Government of Mexico planned to be built on the site of a closed landfill plant for generating electricity. However, while these plans remain unrealized, and millions of tons of garbage and rot under Mexico City. As for 15 thousand tons of garbage, which daily produces a multi-million dollar metropolis, then they are delivered on other dumps.

Despite the concerns of the public and the authorities of South America countries, the problem of disposal of household and industrial waste, its decision in the near future is unlikely possible due to economic reasons. Therefore, such huge landfills as "mine" on the outskirts of Guatemala City, and hundreds of small garbage sites throughout the region will exist.

Modern agglomerations are also a powerful source of atmospheric pollution, which occurs as a result of public and personal transport, household and industrial equipment, various systems Life support and manufacturing enterprises. In the aggregate, all this annually creates billions of tons of solid and gaseous particles. The main air pollutants are carbon monoxide and sulfuric gas, primarily due to mineral fuel, as well as sulfur oxides, nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, mercury, aluminum and other metals. In turn, the sulfur gas serves as the main source of so-called acid rains, which reduce the yield, root and vegetation, and life in river reservoirs, destroy the buildings, adversely affect people's health.

A special problem creates an increase in emissions into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide (CO2). Such emissions are known to threaten humanity so-called greenhouse effect and global warming climate. If in the middle of the 20th century all over the world, the CO2 emission was approximately 6 billion tons, then at the end of the century it exceeded 25 billion tons. The main responsibility for these emissions is the economically developed countries of the world. But in recent decades, in connection with the development of industry and energy, carbon emissions also increased significantly in a number of Latin America and the Caribbean.

In general, in South America, industry has received significant development with high levels Pollution medium. This is due, on the one hand, the transfer of "dirty" industries from developed countries here, on the other - the strategy of industrialization with the predominant development of materials, energy and labor-intensive industries. To date, 80% of industrial pollution is associated with the use of fuel and energy resources. Oil refining and petrochemistry in environmental terms are the most dangerous industries. In Brazil, the Kamazari region became the most dirty, where a large petrochemical complex was built. Such areas where the concentration of dangerous production occurs, the name "Death Valley".

Industrial environmental pollution in Brazil is connected with the expansion of the production of ethanol from sugar cane. Due to the limitations of its own oil resources and the desire to reduce the dependence on the import of oil Brazil has become the only country producing technical alcohol from sugar cane. The overwhelming part of the car here works on alcohol engines. However, now the attitude towards such an actively conducted program "Proalkol" began to change, since its environmental consequences are already clear: a large ejection of pollutants, pollution natural environment wastewater distillation plants. The industry turned out to be an overly water branch.

The condition of the water basins of South America is a special and very sharp problem. On the one hand, pure water in many extensive areas is missing, from the other - high level of its pollution. For example, in Buenos Aires about 3.5 million people quenched thirst with water, which contains a mass of polluting substances. In Costa Rica, half of the locals take water from underground wells using submersible pumps running without water purification equipment. In Venezuela, the situation with clean drinking water is still dramatic: the infrastructure in the country is practically absent, and most of the inhabitants of this state receive the drinking water is normalized. Against this, corruption flourishes in the country, and state officials responsible for the distribution water resources, you make yourself a huge states, trite selling drinking water quotas began to be valued for gold weight.

In Bolivia in 2016, a real water crisis broke out, which continues until now. Water lacks five of the nine Bolivian departments. Agriculture suffer and residents of large cities such as La Paz. Water from cranes here flows once a couple of days a week and - just a few hours. The immediate reason is the strongest for a quarter of a century drought in the country. But, according to experts, it's not just in it. This is the result of many factors. This is the crisis of water resources management, and a serious climate change, including the rapid melting of glaciers. Since 1970, due to Bolivian glaciers decreased by 30 - 50%. They are a vital source of water for the country. The 2008 World Bank report noted that the majority of glaciers in the Andes will disappear by 2028 and will affect 100 million people.

No less difficult situation with drinking water in Uruguay and Chile. According to experts, in the period between 2040 and 2100, intensive melting of glaciers in Andes will be observed in these countries, which will cause villages and floods. Not only have to evacuate tens of thousands of local residents from sedentary places, it will also be necessary to provide them with drinking water, to take just not from where. In Peru a little different situation: sources of clean drinking water in the country seems to be enough for everyone, but the uncontrolled application of pesticides in agriculture led to the fact that many of them have become simply unsuitable for use. And this is only part of the problem, since local authorities have officially recognized that the main source of pollution of water resources in the country is the crude discharges of industrial enterprises, most of which work on the technologies of the last century and does not have treatment facilities at all. Who visited the Peru, this picture was familiar - on the shore of a small river, from which another 20 - 30 years ago, the locals took water to drink, there is a huge enterprise, dropping into the river not just untreated drains, and liquid waste in which are located Almost all elements from periodic table Mendeleeva.

Some scientists are confident that in the future, humanity is waiting for war for possession of water resources. And this scenario is already visible today in South America, where among such countries as Argentina and Uruguay, friction has become frequent on the basis of access to sources of clean drinking water. Governments of these countries occasionally exchange rather sharp statements against each other, accusing opponents in a too large fence of water from the rivers flowing simultaneously in the territories of Argentina and Uruguay.

Fortunately, most countries in the region have already understood what problems with water are expected in the future, if you do not correct the situation now. Thus, a number of states created specialized ministries responsible for the use of water resources. At the same time, special attention is paid to the development of glaciers in Andes, which, according to experts, contain up to 85% of stocks fresh water in the region. Especially Ryano took up this problem of the Chilean authorities, at the disposal of the Glacier largest in the southern hemisphere, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 20 thousand square kilometers. Also, Argentina feels good in this plan, where the Valley of the La Plata River, the pool of which occupies a third of the country's territory. However, the river is already making a big damage to the river, which is already applied on its shores and tributaries by industrial enterprises. So, in most cases, environmentalists are right, considering that the root cause of the worsening state of the water basins of the region is not climatic factors, but anthropogenic, in particular - discharges in rivers, lakes and seas of industrial, agricultural and household waste.

Also a vivid example of global problems in South America countries are a sharp and growing social inequality, a lack of food, growing poverty and crime. The reasons for such a concentration of global problems in the region, many specialists see that historically external shocks entered the resonance with internal problems. Main them? Material and moral wear of the model of socio-economic development, which functioned with greater or less successful in Latin American states in 2003? 2013 and provided them with a relatively dynamic increase in the main macroeconomic indicators. As a result, according to the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (Comisión Economica Para América Latina Y El Caribe, Cepal), the cumulative GDP of the region in 2015 decreased by 0.7%, and the export fell by 14%. If we consider that in 2013 - 2014 the export of goods decreased, respectively, by 3 and 0.4%, it is not possible to speak not about an isolated case, but about the current negative trend. It also strengthens international competition.

Fortunately, in recent years, in recent years, the struggle for the preservation of environmental equilibrium has increased in South America. It goes in two directions: the first is the development of environmental protection legislation; The second is the creation of national parks and reserves. Currently there are already more than 300. Only in Amazonia, six national parks and eight reserved scientific stations. In the conditions of growing technogenic and anthropogenic pressure on the Earth's biosphere priority projects The development of a post-industrial "green economy", environmentally friendly energy and transport, waste-free industries, deep processing of natural resources and waste of public and households.

Also among ways to solve global problems, including environmental, see:

• legislative identification of environmental issues;
• application of centralized environmental protection measures, such as uniform international norms and rules for the protection of the world ocean, the protection of the atmosphere, climate, forests, etc.;
• expansion of international cooperation in solving global problems.

It remains to hope that the peoples of South America, relatively recently defined with their own civilizational development, will be able to find the will and clear intentions to divide generallylanet solidarity and take part in the overall joint struggle against threats for all mankind and its natural habitat.

Global problems call the tasks of the universal scale, with which the state cannot cope alone. In the modern world, they are integrated, systematic, one, sometimes dangerous for humanity. You can solve these questions only with the help of a significant strengthening of global interrelations that can be achieved by the unity of the whole world. Unofficially global problems have a division into: socio-political, socio-humanitarian, socio-environmental and socio-economic. The prefix "Socially" here is not accidental, because they all interact with society.

Socio-political problems are aimed at providing peace and security at the international level. Previously, the guarantor of security was states with nuclear weapons. However, over time, it became clear that this way of peace would not achieve and foreign policy goals will not be achieved. At the moment, a large source of instability, which shake confidence in a safe world is international terrorism. His growth led to a large cluster of the most diverse weapons focused around the world. If a this question It will be completely out of control, with the help of such weapons you can destroy the planet and repeatedly. Some countries have reached apogee on this issue, their problem is that military expenditures significantly exceed the country's economic development. To achieve the "world around the world" you need to disarmament in each state and make it competent. The success of the process depends on the compliance with the following principles:

• Equality of peoples, maintaining the same security.
• Strict disarmament observation system.
• Unquestioning compliance with all paragraphs of contractual obligations.
• The disarmament process should be integrated, continuous, and most importantly effective.

Socio-economic problems are associated with the economic retardation of states, their demographic and food issues. Every day these problems become increasingly visible. They are associated with the fact that some countries are developing rapidly, while others cannot reduce the gap on socio-economic indicators. One of the most important tasks of the state separately and the whole world as a whole - to establish effective production, which will ensure the people of food. The main impetus for world social tension serves as a split of the modern world on the rich and poor.

Of the economic backwardness, there are some more problems - food and demographic. The population of the planet exceeds the required number of inhabitants and is more than 7 billion people. The "demographic explosion" occurs mainly in poor countries, which leads to uneven distribution of people regarding vital resources. The demographic problem destructively affects the environment, leads to an increase in poverty and significant deterioration in the standard of living. From this problem, the increasing of social and environmental problems.

Signs of the environmental crisis are:

• Excess the permissible level of air and water pollution;
• Sharp or consistent climate change;
• Deforestation;
• Soil erosion;
• Extinction of species of flora and fauna;
• An increase in the amount of ozone holes in the atmosphere;
• Reducing the area of \u200b\u200bfertile lands;
• The predominance of acid rains and others.

Environmental problems will not solve themselves, their number can be reduced or eradicated only by joint efforts, uniting with other states. Each country should solve environmental issues not only at the national level, but also to comply with the rules adopted by international organizations. The prevailing direction of the internal and foreign Policy There should be a solution to environmental problems. Environmental policy involves the creation of environmental legislation, in accordance with which the responsibility for its non-compliance will be provided. UN, UNESCO and other international organizations make issues of ecology to the fore. They developed internationally environmental protection programs, international control systems have been created for their implementation, an environmental education has been developed. Many countries also pay environmental attention to close attention, the state level creates environmental societies and movements whose activities are aimed at protecting the environment.

Socio-humanitarian problems are associated with:

• material and spiritual underdevelopment of the life of the population;
• mental disorder and physical ailment of man;
• violation of legitimate human rights and freedoms;
• suffering that brought wars, cataclysms;
• others.

Humanitarian catastrophes that arise as a result of interethnic conflicts, natural disasters and other incidents can be eradicated by uniting global efforts. For all countries of the modern world is a huge problem of the rapidly increasing flow of refugees.

All global problems are interrelated and affect both a person individually and the world community. The threat to the disappearance of the human civilization gave impetus to scientists from around the world to unite in order to find ways to solve global problems. This goal is pursued by the Roman Club, created by the Italian economist and public figure of A. Pechesti in 1968. This international organization is non-governmental and unites outstanding scientists, public and political figures from all over the world.

Ecological problems of Latin America

The environmental catastrophe in many Latin America has led to intensive environmental management of the country's rich resource potential. Other reasons of an ecologically disadvantageous provision serve: the peripheral position in the global economy, a high level of dependence on foreign investment. Protect the national interests of Latin America with the help of rational environmental management.

The use of fuel and energy resources is 80% of industrial pollution in the region. The most dangerous in terms of environmental pollution is the oil refining and petrochemical industry. The most polluted area of \u200b\u200bBrazil is called Kamazari, in which a large petrochemical complex is located. Areas with high concentration of dangerous production are called "Death Valley". The risk of radioactive pollution is directly proportional to the development of nuclear energy.

One of the most acute problems of Latin America is burial on its territory toxic waste. Delivered from developed countries of the world. Such burials are already applied to the territory of Brazil, Peru, Argentina. The large concentration of harmful chemical compounds in the atmosphere, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen, sulfur, is negatively affecting human health. The share of air pollution by excess vehicles exceeds the norm several times, in Buenos Aires, Santiago, Mexico City coefficient reaches 70%. Contamine the environment and forest fires that are not rare for Latin America. Very acute in the region there is a matter of water use by the population. Water pools are not suitable for domestic use due to the large volume of industrial waste discharges. Only in Buenos Aires, 90% of enterprises are not equipped with sewage treatment plants, La fees are catastrophically contaminated with industrial waste.

Causes of water problems in Latin America:

• Rapid growth of the population, development large citiesWhat leads to a reduction in water availability per person.
• World climate change, illegal cutting of forests.
• Low water quality due to a constant reset of untreated waste.
• Outdated legislative structure.
• Despite the huge reserves of arable land, the region ranks 3rd in the world in their degradation, to which erosion led.

The main problems of soil degradation in Latin America are:

• Erosion, which entails a reduction in the number of agricultural land.
• Lack of legal rights to the order of land.
• Frequent change of land use types.
• Uneven distribution of business land.
• Soil contamination by waste, its seal.

The rapid development of agriculture leads to the loss of biogenic substances in the soil. Over time, it loses its former productivity. The use of new technologies, fertilizers, pesticides only worsens the already poor environment. Frequent use of fertilizers entails an increase in the number of nitrogen compounds in soil and water.

The soil degradation gives salinization, which over time can achieve the level of desertification. This process is exposed to 18.4 million hectares of land in Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and Peru. Forest cutting, the creation of livestock farms leads to dangerous environmental consequences.

Forest functions for Caribbean countries:

• goods for export;
• preserving the traditional lifeguard of indigenous people;
• protection against natural disasters, a supplier of natural resources;
• absorption of carbon dioxide, preservation of the properties of water pools and soils.

Forest area on the territory of the Caribbean is 160 billion cubic meters. m. Woods, which is 1/4 of the area of \u200b\u200ball forests of the globe. In this region, the reduction of forests is especially high and is 0.48% annually. The most dangerous for the forest arrays of fires that can cover more than 2.5 million hectares.

Solving environmental problems at the state level

For Latin America, the solution of environmental problems was not displayed on the fore. Such indifference led to the cutting of the huge areas of forests, erosion of fertile soils, the disappearance of many types of flora and fauna and other negative consequences. Based on the above problems, which it is impossible to close the eyes, the Latin American authorities began to take measures to stabilize the environmental situation.

A legislative framework has been developed in Brazil, which regulates the management of the forest and environmental economy of the country.

Regional and international forums began to endure issues relating to soil degradation.

The Regional Coordination Council for the Latin American countries and the Caribbean countries, established with the support of the UN, helps to prepare and implement national environmental protection programs.

New provisions on forest management were adopted.

Adopted by the Amazonian pact, which is aimed at preventing soil degradation.

Created by the Central American Council, the purpose of which preserves biodiversity of forests and adjacent territories.

8 countries belonging to Latin America signed a cooperation agreement. This document regulates environmental protection issues internationally.

The development of environmental legislation in Latin America is increasingly significant. Organizations on the problems of ecology, operating at the state level, are expanding the functions of the public movement of green, legislative acts are signed.

Global problems of modernity

Note 1.

A number of generallylanet problems that cannot be solved by the forces of only one country were called global. Their feature is complexity, systemicity, universality, which is ensured by the unity of the modern world and the enhancement of global interrelations. Conditionally global problems are divided by $ 4 $ groups - socio-political, socio-economic, socio-ecological, socio-humanitarian.

Socio-political problems related to the provision of peace and international security. If for a long time, the basis of international security was nuclear deterrence, then in modern conditions it became clear that nuclear war There will never be a means of achieving foreign policy goals. Together with the hope of nation on a safe world, new sources of instability appeared - the growth of international terrorism. In the countries of the world, the huge stocks of weapons are accumulated, which can destroy the planet several times, so the problem of disarmament is sharp. The solution of social problems in developing countries inhibit the rates of military expenditures exceeding the pace of economic development. To start disarmament, which in itself is a long process, all parties must comply with certain principles.

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The essence of them in the following:

1. Equality and equality;
2. Fulfillment of all contractual obligations and agreements;
3. Disarmament control system;
4. Comprehensive, continuity and efficiency of disarmament activities.

IN Socio-economic Problems are the main issues of economic retardation, a demographic problem, a food problem. To date, there is a huge gap in all socio-economic indicators between developing and developed countries. The problem of retardation is related to the fact that they cannot establish effective production and provide themselves with food. These countries are not able to independently eliminate poverty and solve social problems. The split of the world on rich and poor deepens and creates tensions between countries.

Economic backwardness is the reason for two more problems - demographic and food. The "demographic explosion" led to an increase in the number of planet to $ 7 $ billion. The demographic situation leads to negative consequences - uneven distribution of people in relation to life resources, negative impact on the environment, overpopulation of a number of countries, a rise in poverty and deterioration of the quality of life. The danger of the nature of the natural environment today has led to socio-environmental issues.

1. Air and water pool pollution;
2. Climate change in the planet as a whole;
3. Deforestation;
4. Disappearance of many types of flora and fauna;
5. Soil erosion;
6. Reducing the area of \u200b\u200bfertile lands;
7. Ozone holes;
8. Acid rain, etc.

Environmental problems themselves will not disappear, their decision implies the development and implementation of environmental protection programs not only at the national, but also regional and international levels. Environmental policy should be part of Internal and foreign policy of all countries of the world. Environmental policy will be effective subject to the creation of environmental legislation, which provides for the responsibility for violation and the mechanism of punishment for non-compliance with the legislation. Ecology issues are the focus of such international organizations as the UN, UNESCO and others. The field of their activities is the development of environmental protection programs at the international level, the conduct of environmental protection measures across the world. They create systems of international control over the state of the natural environment, environmental education. In many countries of the world, environmental organizations and movements arise, which also contribute to environmental protection. Their activities acquire a significant scope on the scale of the whole world. A wide range of issues cover and socio-humanitarian problems directly related to person.

This is primarily:

1. Material and spiritual insecurity of life;
2. Violation of human rights and freedoms;
3. Mental and physical unhealthy man;
4. Suffering and grief from wars and violence, etc.

All interethnic conflicts, local wars, natural disasters have one result - humanitarian catastrophes, the consequences of which can eliminate only the combined efforts of the world community. Each annually increasing refugee flows create tremendous difficulties for all countries.

Note 2.

All global problems among themselves are closely connected and leaving for a person. The very existence of human civilization is under threat and this prompted the scientists of the world to unite their efforts in search of ways to solve global problems. For this purpose, a Roman Club was created at $ 1968. It is an international non-governmental organization, united by scientists, political and public figures of a number of countries in the world. It was founded by this organization an Italian economist, a businessman and a public figure A. Pechesti.

Ecological problems of Latin America

The diverse natural resource potential of Latin America and intensive environmental management turned into many countries in the region with environmental situations. The causes of environmental troubles became the peripheral position in the global economy and a high dependence on foreign capital. Rational environmental management associated with the protection of national interests of Latin America.

To date, $ 80 $% of industrial pollution is associated with the use of fuel and energy resources. Oil refining and petrochemistry in environmental terms are the most dangerous industries. In Brazil, the Kamazari region became the most dirty, where a large petrochemical complex was built. Such areas where the concentration of dangerous production occurs, the name "Death Valley". The development of atomic energy increases the risk of radioactive contamination.

Another problem is coming to the surface - the disposal of toxic waste developed countries in Latin America. More than that burial already go to Brazil, Argentina, Peru. The negative impact on the health of people has air pollution by harmful compounds - carbon oxides, sulfur, nitrogen. Great Share Pollution Atmosphere vehicles And his share, for example, in Buenos Aires, Mexico City, Santiago, is $ 70 $%. Forest fires contribute to the contamination of the atmosphere. The poor state of water pools contribute to the discharges of industrial waste. Very acute the problem of water is, for example, in Buenos Aires, where $ 90 $% of industrial enterprises do not have sewage treatment plants. There is a catastrophic contamination of the tributaries of La fees, on the shores of which the industrial enterprises are located, but the water of the river is used for household needs of citizens. Latin America's water problem is very acute.

The factors of her underlishes:

1. With the growth of the population and cities, water supply per capita is reduced;
2. Forest cutting, climate change;
3. Reset of untreated waste, reduces water quality;
4. Outdated institutional and legislative structure.

The region has large reserves of arable land and ranks third in the world for their degradation, which is associated with erosion.

Major problems in this area:

1. Erosion leads to a reduction in agricultural land;
2. Changing land use types;
3. Seal, pollution, biogenesis, leading to degradation;
4. Unequal and unfair land distribution;
5. Lack of rights to land.

The loss of biogenous substances leads excessive intensification of agriculture. The soil as a result loses its productivity, even more aggravating the problem of poverty. Making fertilizers, pesticides, the application of new technologies, of course, increase the volume of products, but significantly worsen the state of the environment. The use of fertilizers leads to an increase in the soil and in the water of nitrogen compounds.

Note 3.

The special form of soil degradation is its salinization, and since the fight against this phenomenon is very complex, the saline process can lead to desertification. In Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, the chili saline is exposed to $ 18.4 million hectares of land. Dangerous environmental consequences, more soil erosion, are associated with the cutting of forests for pastures and creating livestock farms. Forests, for example, for the Caribbean countries, perform an important socio-economic function.

Forest function is as follows:

1. Forest in the Caribbean is a source not only internal consumption, but also exports. Indigenous peoples due to the forest retain their traditional life line;
2. The forest is a supplier of natural products, it performs the function of preserving the environment, protects against natural disasters;
3. The forest retains river pools, protects against erosion and absorbs carbon dioxide.

Forest Squares in the Caribbean are $ 1/4 $ Planet Forest Square and contain more than $ 160 $ \u200b\u200bbillion cubic meters. m wood. This is $ 1/3 $ part of world stocks. The disappearance of forests in the region is the highest in the world and every year is $ 0.48 $%, and over the past $ 30 $ 30 years from $ 418 million hectares of Latin America accounts for $ 190 $ million hectares. Forests are especially vulnerable during fires. This natural disaster can destroy up to $ 50 $% on the surface of the forest biomass. Especially strong fires were celebrated in Central America at $ 1988. The flames of fires covered the square of more than $ 2.5 million hectares. They were the most catastrophic in Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua. Only in Mexico was registered $ 14,445,000 fires.

Activities of states in solving environmental problems

Relatively recently, environmental problems arising in the region, Latin American states practically did not pay them to solve due attention. Such ratio led to uncontrolled consequences - cutting down forests on huge areas, a decrease in the gene pool of the fauna, soil erosion, the fallout of acid rain, etc. The huge urban agglomerations of the region especially suffer especially strongly. It must be said that recently more attention has been paid to environmental issues.

Example 1.

1. In Brazil, a legislative framework and forest management was improved;
2. The issues of land degradation over the past decades are discussed at regional and international forums;
3. By the UN decision, the Regional Coordination Council was created for the Latin American countries and the Caribbean countries. His task was to coordinate the work on the preparation and implementation national programs further actions;
4. A number of Latin American countries adopted new rules for forestry. For example, at $ 1996 G. Bolivia adopted a new forest law (law $ 1,500 $). Based on this law, state forests can enact private companies only when local and indigenous population will be involved in this process;
5. The Amazon Pact is an example of subregional mechanisms, with which ways are preparing to new agreements and the creation of monitoring. All events are aimed at preventing the degradation of soil resources in the region;
6. In the field of forests and protected areas, the Central American Council is valid. He performs the function of the Advisory Authority in the Policy and Strategy Strategy for Sustainable Use of Forest Resources, Biodiversity Conservation;
7. Eight States have concluded an agreement on cooperation in Amazonia for the development of joint activities in this area.

Note 4.

The struggle to protect nature is gaining its strength - environmental legislation develops, the public movement of green is expanding. Especially widely, this movement is presented in Brazil, Mexico, Argentina. The region creates state organizations on environmental issues.

Somewhere in the 60s of the last century on our planet, the fact that today everyone knows under the gloomy name "global problems". These are the problems of generallylanet, vital, from which the fate of humanity in general depends on the solution. They are interrelated, cover different parties to the lives of people and concern all countries and peoples of the modern world, regardless of the level of their social, economic and cultural development. These are problems of sushi and air, water and food, cities and rural areas, health of physical and spiritual, world war, etc. In the end, these are issues of survival of people and living beings at all, in whatever part of the world they are.

South American Continent is one of the most amazing and beautiful corners of the world. This land can not be not loving and the more painful to see and realize those of its troubles, which are simultaneously the source and manifestation of a number of global problems. The obvious and vivid example of this is the incessant and catastrophic cutting of the rainforest of Amazonia, which are figuratively, but rightly called the green light of our planet. The thick evergreen forests growing on the shores of the Great Amazon, produce colossal volumes of oxygen scattered throughout the ground. At the same time, the Forest biomass of the Amazon basin absorbs about a hundred million tons of carbon dioxide. The uniqueness and value of these forests are also in the fact that they differ in the world's largest biodiversity: there is every tenth view of an animal or plant described in science. Jungle South America is the largest rain forest area in the world. It occupies 5.5 million square kilometers, which is half the total area of \u200b\u200bthe rainforest remaining on the planet. However, this state of things is rapidly changing.

Millennium Until the middle of the last century, tropical forests in the equator zone remained in a virgin state. And only in the thirty years - from 1960 to 1990 - was, on various expert estimates, 1/5 part of the forest cover of Amazonia was destroyed. In general, I must say that the rate of deforestation in the US region is one of the highest in the world and on average is 0.48% per year. Of the 418 million hectares of forests reduced in the world over the past 30 years, Latin America accounts for 190 million hectares. Only from 1990 to 2000, the total area of \u200b\u200bforests in the region decreased by 46.7 million hectares. Every year about 130 thousand square meters. km. Green arrays (this country area with a size with Bulgaria) is burned, cut down, flooded or destroyed by other ways. Considering that the Amazon's rainforest plays a key role of the hydrological and climate system of the Earth and has a significant impact on the global climate, the deforestation of this forest is a truly global problem.

For each of the South American countries, where the cutting down of forests is characterized by its own profile of reasons. Thus, in Brazil, it is primarily the need for the development of agricultural production, in particular, the expansion of SOI crops and grain crops, as well as an increase in the production of export beef. It turns out that 60-70% of the former forest land are used for large cattle breeding, mainly farmers containing small farms. In Colombia, the production of cocaine has a huge influence on the process of forest disappearance. Cocaine bushes, which in the rainforests have recently become too much, significantly accelerate their destruction.

The overall and sufficiently reasonable causes of the cutting of the equatorial forest include the fact that it is widely used as a means of heating, and its valuable rocks go to export. In addition, the growth of the population requires new accommodations, and the needs of the economy - the development of transport infrastructure. Therefore, annually through the endless expanses of the rainforests, all new and new roads are laid, along which new settlements instantly arise. Every year at the end of the rainy season, migrants begin to cut down the forest, regardless of his age and quality - new areas for crops are cleared. From year to year, giant fires continuously flashed in the rule. The ash goes to the fertilizer of the fields on which maize, beans, manioc, rice, sugar cane are grown. In addition, the decrease in the area of \u200b\u200bSelvia is also associated with the extraction of minerals, especially oil, as well as with the expansion of the territory under the plantation of cotton, sugar cane, coffee, etc.

What are the consequences of a further substantial reduction in equatorial forests than it threatens?

It is reliably known that, in principle, deforestation leads to a sharp temperature difference, changes in the amount of precipitation and wind speeds. The reduction in wet tropical forests inevitably leads to a reduction in oxygen flow into the atmosphere, to an increase in carbon dioxide content in it. This, in turn, strengthens the "greenhouse effect", leads to the disappearance of many species of animals that will lose their natural habitat. Where there are thoroughly crushed areas of forests to change solid arrays, there are gradually arid and almost flavored plains. Now this is the most characteristic landscape for Brazil. In connection with all this, the sad fate of the ancient cultures of Mesopotamia, Mediterranean, Central America is remembered. These civilizations, as you know, died or left from the historical scene because of the fact that people mercilessly cut down the forests, and behind this, the erosion of soils came, the casing of rivers, the rational of fertile lands and the decline of agriculture.

Such concerns are confirmed by the articles of Miguel Angel Criado journalist (Miguel Criado) "Foresting in the Amazon Basin will lead to a reduction in yields" published in the Spanish newspaper Materia 15.05.2013. The author relied on the research of specialists from several Universities of Brazil and the United States, which designed a model of interaction between climate and land use and developed a number of forecasts to understand what awaits us in the future. According to the conclusions of scientists, the deforestation of the tropical forests will not be stopped, the changes in land use will inevitably entail negative climatic consequences:

• due to the abbreviation of the Selvic ability to absorb carbon dioxide;
• increase the temperature in the Amazon basin;
• reducing the amount of moisture in the atmosphere and violation of precipitation regimens.

And this, in turn, will lead to a decrease in the production of feed crops. Brazilian researchers predict that by 2050, with an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bcrops, the crop will be reduced by 30%.

Nevertheless, Miguel Cryatho writes, the Brazilian government and the agro-industrial complex advocate for further cutting down of forests. Everything indicates that forests will continue to cut down. This is evidenced by not only the relevant changes in the Forest Code of Brazil, but also the plans of private businesses, intending already by 2020 to double the volume of agricultural production. And the forests clearly interfere. Alas, the protective function that the Amazon Selva performs on a planetary scale, they are little interested, but they are very interested in their own financial interests.

Another simultaneously global and continental problem, both aspects of which are inextricably linked and interact, is the problem of drugs in its entire range - drug addiction, drug production, drug trafficking, drug leaving. Drugs are not just a new global threat, and the tragic factor of death from 200,000 to 300,000 people annually. This is an annual drug concern, which brings more than $ 320 billion, protruding the financial base of terrorism, piracy, organized crime and corruption. This is a conglomerate of criminal drug addiction in the shadow sector of the global banking system, which formed a system of money transactions by the volume of almost 1 trillion dollars. These are illegal cartally industrial formations, which have become an exceptionally powerful social institution, which cannot be controlled by the legitimate authorities, weakening the sovereign Latin American states and impeding their development.

South American continent (mainly Colombia, Peru, Bolivia and Venezuela) together with Afghanistan are now two planetary drug centers, in which the production of cocaine and heroin has acquired an industrial nature and unprecedented volumes. So, if in the 50s of the XX century in the countries of the continent, only 10 tons of cocaine were produced, then in the late 80s - 500 tons, and in 2006 - 1030 tons. Thus, the level of production of cocaine for 50 years increased here 100 times, which had global negative consequences. Naturally, the first blow came in North America and first of all - in the United States. Here, in the early 1980s, every 10th resident admitted that drugs use.

After in the United States tightened the control over the import of cocaine there was splitting of the basic drug flow. In addition to the countries of North America, he went back to West Africa and the countries of the European Union. And in terms of volume, the new drug trafficking and basic are practically identical. According to experts, it is the massive grinding of cocaine from South America and, of course, the flow of heroin from Afghanistan was planted "on the needle" of the European Union. Currently, drugs have 10% of the adult population. For the countries of West Africa and the Sahel, South American smuggling and drug trafficking caused a destabilizing tsunami in political and socio-economic areas. Speaking in December 2009 in the UN Security Council Director of the United Nations Anti-Drug Bureau and Organized Crime / OnUDC / Antonio Maria Kat stated that the income from narcotraphics are increasingly used by terrorist and anti-government organizations in the Sachel countries to finance the combat and subversive shares conducted by them. At its disposal, the Bureau has convincing evidence that two illegal drug flows intersect in Sugar. One - heroin - uses Eastern Africa as a transit point, the second - cocaine - West Africa. Further, both streams merge together and use new routes across Chad, Niger and Mali, - Kat said. These drug trafficking enrich not only organized crime. Terrorist and anti-government organizations operating in African countries also replenish their resources at the expense of income from participation in drug trafficking. These funds are spent on financing their operations, the acquisition of weapons and payment of militants.

In the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, drug production and generated solid transit in Central America remains a key driver of creepy violence. In the period from 2000 to 2010, 1 million forecasters were registered there, which allowed these countries to become an absolute champion in this sad indicator. In 2014, the number of preemptive killings in these countries four times exceeded the global level. Now in these countries there are more than 30% of all foreigners of murders in the world, while only 9% of the world's population live there. Of the 50 cities in the world, the most dangerous for living, - 40 are located in the Western Hemisphere, and the Latin American cities occupy the first ten places in this list. First of all, it is the Honduras City of San Pedro-Sula, then Venezuelan Caracas, then Mexican Acapulco, Columbian Cali and Brazilian Maceio.

The names of the powerful Latin American transnational drug carriers have become known to the world, for example, "Medellinsky cartel" and "Kalt Cartel" in Colombia, "Los Setas" in Mexico and Guatemala, "Primate the Team of Yes Capital" in Brazil, "Mara Salvatruche" in El Salvador and Honduras other. Nowadays, experts with anxietary note the tendency of the transformation of family type drug carriers in a syndicative-industrial-industrial drug carriers, which include not only separate production and distribution, but also their power structures (intelligence, counterintelligence, paralimilitarian formations), etc.

Thus, on its scale and consequences, the problem of drugs acquired such status, which can be put in one row with the problems of terrorism, piracy and nuclear non-proliferation. It is not by chance that many states, policies, public figures and specialists consider it necessary to urgently form a fundamentally new global agenda for the fight against drugs, expand and strengthen international cooperation in the field of anti-drug policy.

The acute global problems with pronounced South American specifics also include the problem of anthropogenic environmental pollution. It is the result of many factors: population growth, industrialization, urbanization, transport development, etc. Already due to the fact that the level of urbanization in the region is about 80%, and in the cities of Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela and Chile, it is even higher - from 88 Up to 93%, the problem of pollution of the lithosphere (soil cover), the atmosphere and hydrosphere arises inevitably. After all, daily giant city agglomerations - São Paulo, Lima, Bogota, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Buenos Aires and others - are made tens of thousands of tons of solid waste. They require disposal, but, unfortunately, their most is rotting in the open-air landfills, which creates an extreme danger of an environmental and epidemiological nature.

As is known, as a result of decomposition of organic waste, gas, having in its composition methane and carbon dioxide, is distinguished. It not only exudes the foul odor, but also destroys all the vegetation on the surface, as well as enhances the greenhouse effect. Quite often, gas and fire fires happen on landfills. Poisonous smoke enters the atmosphere and poisoning everything alive within a radius of several kilometers. In addition, due to landfills there is deep soil infection and groundwater poisoning. The nearest reservoirs become toxic and dangerous for a person, and the soil is unsuitable for use within a few hundred years after the closure of the landfill. But that's not all. Being a repository of various toxins and the most dangerous bacteria and also a power source for thousands of birds, animals and even people living and working in landfills, the latter are caused by epidemics and even a kind of biological weapon.

The bright example of such a landfill was Brazilian "Jardim Gramacho" (Jardim Gramacho) located on the territory of Rio de Janeiro agglomeration. She was considered one of the world's largest. Every day there was two thousand tons of garbage and for 34 years of EE there was more than 70 million tons of waste there. Environmentalists believe that it was because of this polygon that was polluted by the beach in the Gulf of Guanabara, who was once one of the purest Rio de Janeiro. The closure "Jardim Gramacho" was postponed several times. However, in the summer of 2012, literally on the eve of the start of work in the Rio de Janeiro United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio + 20), the Brazilian authorities considered the case of honor to close "Jardim Gremacho". This is definitely a great achievement, especially if you consider that a powerful garbage processing plant was built from the six-million capital of the most colorful carnival in the world. However, stories with a similar positive final. They are rather an exception to the rules.

So, for example, in 2011, the famous "Bordeaux Poniente" landfill (El Bordo Poniente) was closed near Mexico City. She was called the largest dump of solid household waste in Latin America. Here for a quarter of a century accumulated from 50 to 60 million tons of garbage. The closure of this landfill, according to the Mexican Environmental Protection Minister, is equivalent to a reduction in harmful emissions of 500 thousand cars. The Government of Mexico planned to be built on the site of a closed landfill plant for generating electricity. However, while these plans remain unrealized, and millions of tons of garbage and rot under Mexico City. As for 15 thousand tons of garbage, which daily produces a multi-million dollar metropolis, then they are delivered on other dumps.

Despite the concerns of the public and the authorities of South America countries, the problem of disposal of household and industrial waste, its decision in the near future is unlikely possible due to economic reasons. Therefore, such huge landfills as "mine" on the outskirts of Guatemala City, and hundreds of small garbage sites throughout the region will exist.

Modern agglomerations are also a powerful source of atmospheric pollution, which occurs as a result of the work of public and personal transport, household and industrial equipment, various systems of life support and manufacturing enterprises. In the aggregate, all this annually creates billions of tons of solid and gaseous particles. The main air pollutants are carbon monoxide and sulfuric gas, primarily due to mineral fuel, as well as sulfur oxides, nitrogen, phosphorus, lead, mercury, aluminum and other metals. In turn, the sulfur gas serves as the main source of so-called acid rains, which reduce the yield, root and vegetation, and life in river reservoirs, destroy the buildings, adversely affect people's health.

A special problem creates an increase in emissions into the atmosphere of carbon dioxide (CO2). Such emissions are known to threaten humanity so-called greenhouse effect and global climate warming. If in the middle of the 20th century all over the world, the CO2 emission was approximately 6 billion tons, then at the end of the century it exceeded 25 billion tons. The main responsibility for these emissions is the economically developed countries of the world. But in recent decades, in connection with the development of industry and energy, carbon emissions also increased significantly in a number of Latin America and the Caribbean.

In general, industries with a high level of pollution of the medium received considerable development in South America. This is due, on the one hand, the transfer of "dirty" industries from developed countries here, on the other - the strategy of industrialization with the predominant development of materials, energy and labor-intensive industries. To date, 80% of industrial pollution is associated with the use of fuel and energy resources. Oil refining and petrochemistry in environmental terms are the most dangerous industries. In Brazil, the Kamazari region became the most dirty, where a large petrochemical complex was built. Such areas where the concentration of dangerous production occurs, the name "Death Valley".

Industrial environmental pollution in Brazil is connected with the expansion of the production of ethanol from sugar cane. Due to the limitations of its own oil resources and the desire to reduce the dependence on the import of oil Brazil has become the only country producing technical alcohol from sugar cane. The overwhelming part of the car here works on alcohol engines. However, now the attitude to such an actively conducted program "Proalkol" began to change, since its environmental consequences are already clear: a large ejection of pollutants, pollution with natural waters of distillation plants. The industry turned out to be an overly water branch.

The condition of the water basins of South America is a special and very sharp problem. On the one hand, pure water in many extensive areas is missing, from the other - high level of its pollution. For example, in Buenos Aires about 3.5 million people quenched thirst with water, which contains a mass of polluting substances. In Costa Rica, half of the locals take water from underground wells using submersible pumps running without water purification equipment. In Venezuela, the situation with clean drinking water is still dramatic: the infrastructure in the country is practically absent, and most of the inhabitants of this state receive the drinking water is normalized. Against this, corruption flourishes in the country, and the state officials responsible for the distribution of water resources make themselves enormous states, trite selling drinking water quotas began to be appreciated by the weight of gold.

In Bolivia in 2016, a real water crisis broke out, which continues until now. Water lacks five of the nine Bolivian departments. Agriculture suffer and residents of large cities such as La Paz. Water from cranes here flows once a couple of days a week and - just a few hours. The immediate reason is the strongest for a quarter of a century drought in the country. But, according to experts, it's not just in it. This is the result of many factors. This is the crisis of water resources management, and a serious climate change, including the rapid melting of glaciers. Since 1970, due to Bolivian glaciers decreased by 30 - 50%. They are a vital source of water for the country. The 2008 World Bank report noted that the majority of glaciers in the Andes will disappear by 2028 and will affect 100 million people.

No less difficult situation with drinking water in Uruguay and Chile. According to experts, in the period between 2040 and 2100, intensive melting of glaciers in Andes will be observed in these countries, which will cause villages and floods. Not only have to evacuate tens of thousands of local residents from sedentary places, it will also be necessary to provide them with drinking water, to take just not from where. In Peru a little different situation: sources of clean drinking water in the country seems to be enough for everyone, but the uncontrolled application of pesticides in agriculture led to the fact that many of them have become simply unsuitable for use. And this is only part of the problem, since local authorities have officially recognized that the main source of pollution of water resources in the country is the crude discharges of industrial enterprises, most of which work on the technologies of the last century and does not have treatment facilities at all. Who visited the Peru, this picture was familiar - on the shore of a small river, from which another 20 - 30 years ago, the locals took water to drink, there is a huge enterprise, dropping into the river not just untreated drains, and liquid waste in which are located Almost all elements from the periodic table of Mendeleev.

Some scientists are confident that in the future, humanity is waiting for war for possession of water resources. And this scenario is already visible today in South America, where among such countries as Argentina and Uruguay, friction has become frequent on the basis of access to sources of clean drinking water. Governments of these countries occasionally exchange rather sharp statements against each other, accusing opponents in a too large fence of water from the rivers flowing simultaneously in the territories of Argentina and Uruguay.

Fortunately, most countries in the region have already understood what problems with water are expected in the future, if you do not correct the situation now. Thus, a number of states created specialized ministries responsible for the use of water resources. At the same time, special attention is paid to the development of glaciers in the Andes, which, according to experts, contain up to 85% of fresh water in the region. Especially Ryano took up this problem of the Chilean authorities, at the disposal of the Glacier largest in the southern hemisphere, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is 20 thousand square kilometers. Also, Argentina feels good in this plan, where the Valley of the La Plata River, the pool of which occupies a third of the country's territory. However, the river is already making a big damage to the river, which is already applied on its shores and tributaries by industrial enterprises. So, in most cases, environmentalists are right, considering that the root cause of the worsening state of the water basins of the region is not climatic factors, but anthropogenic, in particular - discharges in rivers, lakes and seas of industrial, agricultural and household waste.

Also a vivid example of global problems in South America countries are a sharp and growing social inequality, a lack of food, growing poverty and crime. The reasons for such a concentration of global problems in the region, many specialists see that historically external shocks entered the resonance with internal problems. Main them? Material and moral wear of the model of socio-economic development, which functioned with greater or less successful in Latin American states in 2003? 2013 and provided them with a relatively dynamic increase in the main macroeconomic indicators. As a result, according to the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (Comisión Economica Para América Latina Y El Caribe, Cepal), the cumulative GDP of the region in 2015 decreased by 0.7%, and the export fell by 14%. If we consider that in 2013 - 2014 the export of goods decreased, respectively, by 3 and 0.4%, it is not possible to speak not about an isolated case, but about the current negative trend. It also strengthens international competition.

Fortunately, in recent years, in recent years, the struggle for the preservation of environmental equilibrium has increased in South America. It goes in two directions: the first is the development of environmental protection legislation; The second is the creation of national parks and reserves. Currently there are already more than 300. Only in Amazonia, six national parks and eight reserved scientific stations. In the face of growing technogenic and anthropogenic pressure on the biosphere of the Earth, the development of a post-industrial "green economy", environmentally friendly energy and transport, waste-free industries, deep processing of natural resources and waste of public and households are becoming the development of the Earth's biosphere.

Also among ways to solve global problems, including environmental, see:

• legislative identification of environmental issues;
• application of centralized environmental protection measures, such as uniform international norms and rules for the protection of the world ocean, the protection of the atmosphere, climate, forests, etc.;
• expansion of international cooperation in solving global problems.

It remains to hope that the peoples of South America, relatively recently defined with their own civilizational development, will be able to find the will and clear intentions to divide generallylanet solidarity and take part in the overall joint struggle against threats for all mankind and its natural habitat.