Tests 

Non-synchronous parallel operation of the UPS of Siberia and the East. Short-term joint operation of the combined energy systems of Siberia and the East is possible United Energy System of the East

JSC "System Operator of the Unified Energy System" has successfully carried out tests for switching on the parallel synchronous operation of the United Energy Systems (IPS) of the East and Siberia. The test results confirmed the possibility of a stable short-term joint work power interconnections, which will allow transferring the dividing point between them without interrupting the power supply to consumers.

The purpose of the tests is to determine the main characteristics, indicators and regime conditions for the parallel operation of the combined power systems of the East and Siberia, as well as to verify models for calculating steady-state conditions and static stability, transient conditions and dynamic stability. Parallel operation was organized by synchronizing the combined power systems of Siberia and the East at the sectional switch of the 220 kV substation Mogocha.

To conduct tests at the 220 kV Mogocha substation and the 220 kV Skovorodino substation, transient monitoring system recorders (TMRS) were installed to collect real-time information about the parameters of the electric power regime of the power system. Also during the tests, SMPR registrars installed on.

During the tests, three experiments were carried out in the mode of parallel synchronous operation of the UES of the East and the UES of Siberia with regulation of the active power flow in the controlled section "Skovorodino - Erofei Pavlovich traction" from 20 to 100 MW in the direction of the UES of Siberia. The parameters of the electric power regime during the experiments were recorded by the SMPR recorders and the means of the operational information complex (OIC), designed to receive, process, store and transmit telemetric information about the operation mode of energy facilities in real time.

The control of the electric power regime during the parallel operation of the IPS of the East with the IPS of Siberia was carried out by regulating the flow of active power using Central system automatic control of frequency and power flows (CS ARCHM) of the IPS of the East, to which the Zeya HPP and Bureyskaya HPP are connected, as well as by the dispatching personnel of the ODS of the East.

As part of the tests, short-term parallel synchronous operation of the IPS of Siberia and the IPS of the East was ensured. At the same time, the tuning parameters of the CA ARCHM of the IPS of the East were experimentally determined, which operated in the mode of automatic control of power flow with frequency correction along the section "Skovorodino - Erofei Pavlovich / t", ensuring stable parallel operation of the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia.

“The results obtained confirmed the possibility of short-term parallel operation of the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia when the separation point between power interconnections is transferred from the 220 kV Mogocha substation. When all 220 kV transit substations Erofey Pavlovich - Mogocha - Kholbon are equipped with synchronization means, it will be possible to transfer the dividing point between the IPS of Siberia and the IPS of the East without a short interruption in the power supply of consumers from any transit substation, which will significantly increase the reliability of the power supply of the Trans-Baikal section of the Trans-Siberian Railway, - noted Natalya Kuznetsova, the chief dispatcher of the ODU of the East.

Based on the results of the tests, an analysis of the data obtained will be carried out and measures will be developed to improve the reliability of the power system in the conditions of transition to short-term parallel synchronous operation of the IPS of Siberia and the IPS of the East.

2.1. Characteristics of the structure of the Unified Energy System of Russia

What is the UES of Russia?

The Unified Energy System of Russia is a highly automated complex of power plants, electric grids and power grid facilities that is developing throughout the country, united by a single technological regime and centralized operational dispatch control.

UES of Russia is the world's largest synchronously operating electric power association, covering about 7 thousand km from west to east and more than 3 thousand km from north to south.

UES of Russia provides reliable, economical and high-quality power supply to industries and the population Russian Federation, as well as the supply of electricity to the energy systems of foreign countries.

Development of the UES of Russia and its modern structure

The development of the UES of Russia took place through a phased unification and organization of parallel operation of regional energy systems, the formation of interregional unified energy systems (IPS) and their subsequent unification as part of the Unified Energy System.

The transition to this form of organization of the electric power industry was due to the need for more rational use energy resources, increasing the efficiency and reliability of the country's power supply.

At the end of 2005, as part of the UES of Russia, six unified energy systems operated in parallel (see Fig. 2.1) - the North-West, the Center, the Middle Volga, the Urals, the South, and Siberia. IPS of the East, including 4 regional energy systems Far East, operates separately from the IPS of Siberia. The dividing points between these united energy systems are located on the transit high-voltage line (HVL) 220 kV Chitaenergo - Amurenergo and are established promptly depending on the emerging balance of both energy associations.

The experience of more than 40 years of work of the UES of Russia has shown that the creation of an integral unified system, despite the relative weakness of network connections European part Russia - Siberia and Siberia - the Far East, provides tangible cost savings for electricity generation due to effective flow control electrical energy and contributes to the reliable energy supply of the country.

IPS North-West

As part of the IPS of the North-West, there are power facilities located in the territories of St. Petersburg, Murmansk, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Arkhangelsk regions, the Republics of Karelia and Komi. The UES provides synchronous parallel operation of the UES of Russia with the power systems of the Baltic countries and Belarus, as well as non-synchronous parallel operation (through a converter) with the power system of Finland and the export of electricity to the countries that are members of the Scandinavian power system association NORDEL (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden).

Distinctive features of the IPS of the North-West are:

  • extended (up to 1000 km) single-circuit transit overhead lines 220 kV (Vologda - Arkhangelsk - Vorkuta) and 330 kV (St. Petersburg - Karelia - Murmansk);
  • a large proportion of power plants operating in the base mode (large nuclear power plants and thermal power plants), providing about 90% of the total electricity generation in the UES. In this connection, the regulation of the unevenness of the daily and seasonal total power consumption schedules of the UES occurs mainly due to intersystem power flows. This leads to reverse loading of intra- and intersystem transit lines of 220-750 kV almost to the maximum allowable values.

ECO Center

The IPS of the Center is the largest (in terms of the production potential concentrated in it) unified energy system in the UES of Russia. As part of the IPS Center, there are power facilities located in the territories of Moscow, Yaroslavl, Tver, Smolensk, Moscow, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Vologda, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Tambov, Bryansk, Kaluga, Tula, Oryol, Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Lipetsk region, and the generating capacity of the association's power plants is about 25% of the total generating capacity of the UES of Russia.

Distinctive features of the IES Center are:

  • its location at the junction of several UES (North-West, Middle Volga, Urals and South), as well as energy systems of Ukraine and Belarus;
  • the highest share of nuclear power plants in the structure of generating capacity in the UES;
  • a large number of large power consumption nodes associated with ferrous metallurgy enterprises, as well as large industrial urban centers (Vologda-Cherepovets, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Nizhny Novgorod);
  • the presence of the Moscow energy system, the largest in Russia, which imposes increased requirements on ensuring the reliability of power supply regimes and is currently characterized by high rates and a large increase in power consumption;
  • the need for a wide involvement of power units of thermal power plants in the process of regulating the frequency and power flows to increase the flexibility of mode control and the reliability of the UES.

IPS of the Middle Volga

As part of the IES of the Middle Volga, power facilities operate located in the territories of the Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions, the Mordovian, Tatar, Chuvash and Mari republics.

The IPS is located in the Central part of the UES of Russia and borders on the IPS of the Center and the Urals, as well as on the energy system of Kazakhstan. The UES provides transit transmission of power - up to 4300 MW from east to west and up to 3800 MW from west to east, which allows the most efficient use of the generating capacities of both the association itself and the UES of the Center, the Urals and Siberia during the day.

A distinctive feature of the UES of the Middle Volga is a significant share of hydro-generating capacities (HPPs of the Volga-Kama cascade), which allows you to quickly change generation in a wide range up to 4880 MW, ensuring both frequency regulation in the UES of Russia and maintaining the value of transit flows from the UES of the Center, the Urals and Siberia within the given limits.

IPS Urals

The IPS of the Urals is formed from power facilities located in the territories of the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Orenburg, Tyumen, Kirov, Kurgan regions, the Udmurt and Bashkir republics. They are united by more than 106 thousand kilometers of power transmission lines (a quarter of the total length of the overhead lines of the UES of Russia) with a voltage of 500-110 kilovolts, located on an area of ​​almost 2.4 million square kilometers. There are 106 power plants operating as part of the UES of the Urals, the total installed capacity of which is over 42 thousand MW, or 21.4% of the total installed capacity of the power plants of the UES of Russia. The IPS is located in the center of the country, at the junction of the IPS of Siberia, the Center of the Middle Volga and Kazakhstan.

The distinctive features of the UES of the Urals are:

  • a complex 500 kV multi-ring network, in which from two to eight 500 kV overhead lines are disconnected daily for scheduled or emergency repairs, as well as a voltage reserve;
  • significant daily fluctuations in power consumption with an evening decline (speed up to 1200 MWh) and morning growth (speed up to 1400 MWh) caused by a high share of industry in the consumption of the Urals;
  • a large share of highly maneuverable block equipment of thermal power plants (58% of the installed capacity), which allows you to change the total load of the power plants of the UES of the Urals daily in the range from 5000 to 7000 MW and turn off the reserve on weekends and holidays from two to ten power units with a total capacity of 500 to 2000 MW. This makes it possible to regulate intersystem flows from the IPS of the Center, the Middle Volga, Siberia and Kazakhstan and ensure reliable power supply to consumers in the Urals.

IPS South

As part of the IPS of the South, power facilities operate located on the territory of the Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories, Volgograd, Astrakhan, Rostov Regions, the Chechen, Ingush, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkarian, Kalmyk, North Ossetian and Karachay-Cherkess Republics. The UES ensures the parallel operation of the UES of Russia with the energy systems of Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Georgia.

The distinctive features of the IPS of the South are:

    the historically established scheme of the electrical network based on 330-500 kV overhead lines, stretching from the northwest to the southeast along the Caucasus Range in areas with intense icing, especially in the foothills;

    uneven flow of the rivers of the North Caucasus (Don, Kuban, Terek, Sulak), which has a significant impact on the balance of electricity, leading to a shortage of electricity in winter, with a corresponding load of the electrical network in the west-east direction, and a surplus in summer, with loading in the opposite direction direction;

    the largest (compared to other IPS) share of household load in the structure of electricity consumption, which leads to sharp jumps in electricity consumption with temperature changes.

IPS of Siberia

The IPS of Siberia is the most geographically extended association in the UES of Russia, covering the territory from the Omsk region in Western Siberia to the Chita region in Eastern Siberia. The IPS includes power facilities located in the territories of the Altai and Krasnoyarsk Territories, Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Irkutsk, Chita Regions, the Republics of Khakassia, Buryatia and Tyva. Taimyrenergo operates in isolation. About 87 thousand kilometers of overhead lines with a voltage of 1150–110 kilovolts and more than 46 GW of generating capacities of power plants are combined in the UES, more than 50% of which are hydropower plants.

The IPS of Siberia was formed from scratch in a short historical period. Simultaneously with the construction of powerful and efficient HPP cascades and the construction of large SDPPs, large territorial industrial complexes (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Sayansk, Kansk-Achinsk fuel and energy complex - KATEK) were created on the basis of cheap brown coal from open mining. The next step was the construction of high-voltage power lines, the creation of regional energy systems by combining powerful power plants with electric networks, and then the formation of the IPS of Siberia.

Distinctive features of the IPS of Siberia are:

    a unique structure of generating capacity, more than 50% of which are hydroelectric power plants with reservoirs of long-term regulation and reserves of about 30 billion kWh for a period of prolonged low water. At the same time, hydroelectric power plants in Siberia produce almost 10% of the electricity generated by all power plants of the UES of Russia;

    significant natural fluctuations in the annual runoff of the rivers of the Angara-Yenisei basin, the energy potential of which is from 70 to 120 billion kWh, with poor predictability of river water content even in the short term;

    the use of the peak capacity of HPPs in Siberia in regulating the load of the European part of the IPS and the regulation of the annual uneven power output of HPPs along the watercourse by the reserves of TPPs in the Urals and the Center. For this purpose, the construction of 500 kV and 1150 kV overhead lines was carried out for the transit Siberia - Kazakhstan - Urals - Middle Volga Center with a planned power reversal of up to 3–6 million kW.

IPS of the Far East

On the territory of the Far East and the Far North, there are power facilities located in the Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territories, Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan, Sakhalin regions and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Of these, power facilities located on

territories Amur region, Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories and the South Yakut Energy District of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are united by intersystem power lines of 500 and 220 kV, have a single mode of operation and form the IPS of the East.

The IPS of the East operates in isolation from the UES of Russia, and its distinctive features are:

    the predominance in the structure of generating capacities of thermal power plants (more than 70% of the installed capacity), which have a limited range of regulation;

    limited opportunities use of the control ranges of the Zeya and Bureyskaya HPPs due to the need to ensure navigation on the Zeya and Amur rivers;

    placement of the main generating sources in the northwestern part, and the main consumption areas - in the southeast of the IPS;

    one of the highest in the UES of Russia (almost 21%) the share of household load in electricity consumption;

    extended power lines.

Connections of the UES of Russia with the energy systems of foreign countries

At the end of 2005, the energy systems of Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Moldova and Mongolia operated in parallel with the UES of Russia. Through the energy system of Kazakhstan, in parallel with the UES of Russia, the energy systems of Central Asia - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan worked.

The structure of internal and external relations of the UES of Russia is shown in fig. 2.2.

The parallel operation of the UES of Russia with the energy systems of neighboring countries provides real advantages associated with the combination of electric load schedules and power reserves, and allows for the mutual exchange (export/import) of electricity between these energy systems (see Section 3.4).

In addition, together with the UES of Russia, the energy system of Finland, which is part of the union of Scandinavian energy systems, operated through the devices of the Vyborg Converter Complex. From the electrical networks of Russia, electricity was also supplied to selected areas of Norway and China.

2.2. Operational dispatch control in the UES of Russia

JSC "SO-CDU UES" - the highest body of operational dispatch

The management of such a large synchronously operating association as the UES of Russia is a complex engineering task that has no analogues in the world.

To solve it, Russia has created a multilevel hierarchical system operational dispatch control (see section 1.1), including: System operator - Central dispatch control (hereinafter also SO-CDU UES); seven territorial united dispatching offices (ODU or SO-ODU) - in each of the seven IESs; regional dispatching offices (RDU or SO-RDU); control points of power plants and electric grid enterprises; operational teams.

Tasks and functions of JSC "SO-CDU UES"

JSC "SO-CDU UES" carries out centralized operational and technological management of the Unified Energy System of Russia.

The main tasks of JSC "SO-CDU UES" are:

  • ensuring system reliability in the conditions of developing competitive relations in the electric power industry;
  • ensuring compliance with the established technological parameters for the functioning of the electric power industry and standard indicators of the quality of electric energy;
  • creation of conditions for the effective functioning of the electricity (capacity) market and ensuring the fulfillment of obligations of electric power industry entities under contracts concluded on the wholesale electricity market and retail markets. JSC SO-CDU UES performs the following functions within the UES of Russia:
  • forecasting and balancing the production and consumption of electricity;
  • planning and taking measures to ensure the necessary power reserve for loading and unloading power plants;
  • operational management of current modes, carried out by dispatching personnel;
  • use of automatic control of normal and emergency modes;
  • implementation of safe functioning, prevention of development and liquidation of emergency situations in power systems and UES of Russia as a whole.

Strategic tasks for optimizing the operating modes of the UES of Russia

In addition, the supervisory authorities with the participation of other infrastructure organizations of the electric power industry solve strategic tasks to optimize the operating modes of the UES of Russia in the medium and long term, including:

    forecasting of power and electricity consumption and development of power and electricity balances;

    determination of the capacity of the sections of the electrical network of the UES;

    optimization of the use of energy resources and overhaul of generating equipment;

    ensuring the implementation of calculations of electrical modes, static and dynamic stability;

    centralized control of technological modes of operation of devices and systems of relay protection, automation and emergency automation of intersystem and main system-forming power lines, buses, transformers and autotransformers of communication of the main voltage classes (calculation of short-circuit currents, selection of settings for relay protection and automation devices (RPA) and emergency automatics (PA));

    distribution of functions of operational dispatch control of equipment and power lines, preparation of operational and technical documentation;

    development of schemes and regimes for characteristic periods of the year (autumn-winter maximum, flood period, etc.), as well as in connection with the commissioning of new facilities and the expansion of the composition of parallel operating power systems;

    coordination of repair schedules for the main equipment of power plants, power lines, substation equipment, relay protection and PA devices;

    solution of the whole range of issues of ensuring the reliability of power supply and quality of electricity, the introduction and improvement of dispatch control tools and automatic mode control systems.

Automated supervisory control system

To solve the problems of planning, operational and automatic control, an advanced computer automated dispatch control system (ASCS) is used, which represents a hierarchical network of dispatching data processing centers SO-CDU, SO-ODU and SO-RDU, interconnected and with power facilities (power plants, substations) telemechanics and communication channels. Each dispatch center is equipped with a powerful computer system that provides real-time automatic collection, processing and display of operational information about the parameters of the operating mode of the UES of Russia, the state of the electrical network and the main power equipment, which allows dispatch personnel of the appropriate level of management to exercise operational control and management of the operation of the UES of Russia, and also solving problems of planning and analysis of regimes, monitoring the participation of power plants in the primary and secondary regulation of the frequency of electric current.

The emergency automation system is the most important means of maintaining the reliability and survivability of the UES of Russia

The most important means of maintaining the reliability and survivability of the UES of Russia is a multi-level system of emergency automatics, which has no analogues in foreign electrical interconnections. This system prevents and localizes the development of systemic accidents by:

  • automatic prevention of stability violation;
  • automatic elimination of asynchronous mode;
  • automatic limitation of decrease and increase in frequency;
  • automatic limitation of voltage decrease and increase;
  • automatic unloading equipment.

Emergency and regime automation devices are located at power facilities (local complexes) and at dispatch centers of SO-CDU UES JSC ( centralized systems emergency automation, ensuring the coordination of the work of local complexes).


Steps to further optimize the system of operational dispatch control in the UES of Russia in the context of reforming the Russian electric power industry

In the context of reforming and reorganizing AOenergo, the most important task of SO-CDU UES is to maintain the functions of operational dispatch control, which requires the establishment of new technological relationships with newly formed companies in the industry.

For this purpose, in 2005, an Agreement was concluded between the System Operator and JSC FGC UES (Federal Grid Company, see section 1) on the temporary preservation of the existing scheme of operational dispatch control of the facilities of the Unified National Electric Grid (UNEG) and the procedure for organizing safe performance of work in the event of separation from the regional power grid companies and transfer of UNEG facilities to FGC for repair and maintenance.

Also in 2005, in the process of redistributing the functions of dispatching networks of the UES of Russia, together with JSC FGC UES, the main criteria for classifying 110 kV and higher overhead lines as dispatching objects were developed and agreed upon.

The Program of organizational and technical measures for the acceptance into dispatch control or dispatch control of the dispatcher of the RDU of 220 kV overhead lines, equipment, devices for automatic control, relay protection and automation and dispatch and technological control systems (SDTU) of networks related to UNEG has been prepared and is being implemented. In 2005, the System Operator accepted 70 220 kV overhead lines into dispatch control.

As part of the optimization of the operational dispatch control system, a target organizational and functional model for the operational dispatch control of the UES of Russia was developed and put into operation. In accordance with this model, a pilot project has been developed to enlarge the operating area of ​​the Branch of SO-CDU UES - Smolensk RDU, which provides for a complex of organizational

onno-technical measures to transfer the functions of operational dispatch control of dispatching facilities in the territory of the Bryansk and Kaluga regions to the Branch of JSC "SO - CDU UES" - Smolensk RDU.

In 2005, work was carried out to optimize the scheme for transmitting dispatcher commands to power facilities during operational switching. Intermediate links are excluded from the scheme of passing dispatcher commands, which is a factor in increasing the reliability of controlling the UES modes. As of December 31, 2005, out of 1514 overhead lines 220 kV and above, which are in the dispatch control of the dispatch centers of SO-CDU UES, a direct scheme for transmitting commands "dispatcher - power facility" was implemented to control 756 lines (49.9% of their total number).

2.3. Main performance indicators of the UES of Russia in 2005

Maximum load of power plants and maximum power consumption in the UES of Russia and the Russian Federation

The annual maximum load of power plants of the UES of Russia was recorded at 18:00 on December 27, 2005 and amounted to 137.4 thousand MW at an electric current frequency of 50.002 Hz. The annual maximum load of power plants in the Russian Federation reached 143.5 thousand MW.


Participation of generating capacities various types in the coverage of the load graph during the period of maximum loads is shown in fig. 2.3 for the December days of 2004 and 2005

The maximum power consumption in the Russian Federation in 2005 amounted to 141.6 mln. – 36.2 mln. kW (+0.7%), for the IPS of the Middle Volga – 12.9 mln. ), for the IPS of the North-West - 13.3 million kW (+1.2%), for the IPS of the South - 11.9 million kW (-0.6%), for the IPS of Siberia - 29.5 million kW (+0.7%), for the IPS of the East - 4.8 million kW (-0.3%).

Indicators of the actual frequency of electric current in the UES of Russia

The Unified Energy System of Russia in 2005 worked 100% of the calendar time at the standard frequency of electric current, determined by GOST (see Fig. 2.4). In addition, in 2005, 100% of the time, the frequency of electric current in the energy interconnection of the UES of Russia, the CIS countries and the Baltic States was maintained within the limits established by the order of OAO RAO UES of Russia dated September 18, 2002 No. 524 “On improving the quality of regulation of the frequency of electric current in the UES of Russia” and the Standard of JSC RAO “UES of Russia” “Rules for preventing the development and elimination of violations of the normal regime of the electrical part of power systems”.

The aggravation of the conditions for regulating the variable part of the daily load schedules in the European part of the UES of Russia is a trend of recent years

During 2005, the trend of recent years continued

Decompression of daily load curves of consumers in the European part of Russia. This is especially true for the daily power consumption curves of the UES of the Center, the Middle Volga and the North-West. The conditions for covering the daily load schedules of the listed UES and the European part of the UES of Russia depend to a greater extent on the structure of generating capacities. At the same time, the overall control range of the load of UES power plants is decreasing due to the continued decline in the share of cross-linked IES in recent years due to the aging and dismantling of this type of equipment, an increase in the installed capacity of nuclear power plants, as well as a relatively small share of hydroelectric power plants and the presence of only one pumped storage power plant. in the structure of generating capacities of the UES of the European part of the UES of Russia. In almost all UES, this has led to aggravation of the conditions for regulating the variable part of the daily load schedules, especially on weekends and holidays. Regulation of daily schedules is ensured by deeper night unloading of TPP power units, as well as their shutdown in reserve for weekends and holidays. On some days in 2005, due to the insufficiency of the control range, it became necessary to partially unload NPP power units up to their transfer to the reserve.

The great potential of HPPs of the IPS of Siberia in regulating the variable part of the load schedule of the UES of Russia still cannot be used due to significant distances and weak electrical connections with adjacent IPSs.

Sustainability of the UES of Russia and the main major technological disruptions

In 2005, the Unified Energy System worked steadily.

The system reliability of the UES of Russia was ensured despite the presence of technological disruptions in the operation of industry enterprises and power systems.

Among the most significant violations are the following:

1) On May 25, 2005, as a result of a combination of a number of factors, an accident occurred, the development of which led to the disconnection of a large number of consumers in Moscow, Moscow, Tula, Kaluga regions and the disconnection of a number of consumers in Ryazan, Smolensk and Oryol regions total load 3500 MW;

2) 07/27/2005, under the conditions of the repair scheme as a result of the shutdown of two 110 kV overhead lines and subsequent shutdown due to power surge and stability violation by the action of the ALAR of two 220 kV overhead lines, the Permsko-Zakamsk power center was allocated for isolated operation with a power shortage, a short-term decrease in frequency to 46.5 Hz and de-energization of consumers by the action of the AChR with a total load of 400 MW;

3) 08/07/2005, under the conditions of the repair scheme in the 220 kV network of the Kuban energy system, the 220 kV and 110 kV overhead lines were disconnected. The double-circuit 220 kV overhead line was switched off by the action of the PA and the remaining 110 kV transit lines along the Black Sea coast were protected from overload. At the same time, the Sochi energy district was de-energized with a load of 280 MW;

4) In the period from 16 to 17 September 2005 in the western regions of the Chita region due to adverse weather conditions with a sharp drop in outdoor temperature, wind speed up to 30 m/s, heavy precipitation in the form of rain and sleet with sticking and icing on the wires and structures of the poles of overhead lines, there were numerous breaks in the wires with damage to the poles. As a result, four 220 kV overhead lines were switched off, which led to the allocation of the Chita energy system for non-synchronous operation and the shutdown of three 220 kV substations with a blackout in settlements, traction transit substations and a failure in the movement of trains of the Zabaikalskaya railway;

5) From November 18 to November 20, 2005, under adverse weather conditions (strong wind, sleet) in JSC "Lenenergo" there were massive outages of 6-220 kV overhead lines. As a result, the power supply to 218 settlements was interrupted, including the district centers of Mga (with a population of 9 thousand people), Vsevolozhsk (with a population of 43 thousand people), Kirovsk (with a population of 50 thousand people), Nikolskoye ( with a population of 17 thousand people), Shlisselburg (with a population of 10 thousand people) with a load of 140 MW.

2.4. The main problems and disproportions in the functioning of the UES of Russia

The main problems of the UES of Russia

The presence in the European part of the UES of a large proportion of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants with low maneuverability, the concentration of flexible thermal power plants and hydropower plants in the UES of the Urals, the Middle Volga and Siberia causes a significant range of changes in power flows on the links Center - Middle Volga - Urals when covering consumption schedules. Increasing the transit capacity of the Center - Middle Volga - Urals through the construction of a number of lines of the backbone network of 500 kV will reduce restrictions on power transmission through the main controlled sections, increase the reliability of parallel operation of the European and Ural parts of the UES of Russia.

The task of increasing the reliability of the operation of the Saratov-Balakovo energy center and strengthening the power distribution scheme of the Balakovo NPP by strengthening the transit of the IPS of the Middle Volga - the IPS of the South is topical.

The construction of new Ural-Middle Volga transit lines will make it possible to improve the reliability of power supply to the Southern Urals and the power output of the Balakovo NPP. It is also necessary to strengthen transits in the North-Western region of the UES of Russia and its connection with the IPS of the Center at a voltage of 750 kV. Network solutions will increase the throughput capacity of the North-West - Center section and eliminate the locked power in the Kola energy system.

The main problems of the regions

Territory of Moscow and Moscow region

The growth of power consumption in the region, the maximum load in the 110 kV distribution network, the limitation of power transfer from the 500 kV network to the lower voltage network due to the lack of autotransformer connections necessitate strengthening the 220-110 kV network, building new and reconstructing existing substations with an increase in their transformer capacity, as well as the introduction of additional maneuvering capacities.

Territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region

Reinforcement of the 220 kV network of the Nizhny Novgorod energy system, construction of flexible capacities will improve the reliability of power supply to consumers during emergency shutdowns in the 500 kV network.

Territory of the Kaluga and Bryansk regions

The Kaluga and Bryansk energy systems are in short supply. The commissioning of a new generating capacity linked to a 220 kV network will ensure a reliable power supply to consumers.

Territory of the Saratov region

The power output of power unit No. 1 of the Balakovo NPP has been limited in repair schemes. Strengthening the 500-220 kV network of the Balakovo-Saratov hub will increase the capacity of communications between the Saratov energy system and the IPS of the Middle Volga by 500-600 MW.

Territory of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region

It is urgent to increase the reliability of power supply in the north Leningrad region, St. Petersburg and electricity supplies to Finland due to the high load of intra-system networks 220-330 kV. There are also restrictions on the power output of the Leningrad NPP in the repair schemes. Reconstruction of existing and construction of new power grid facilities is required.

IPS South

To ensure reliable power output of the second power unit of the Volgodonsk NPP, it is necessary to increase the throughput capacity of the network of the Rostov and Stavropol energy systems, due to the construction of new lines of the backbone network. The active growth of consumption in the Kuban energy system, the transfer of power to the scarce Astrakhan energy system cause the appearance of restrictions in the intra-system networks, which can be eliminated by the commissioning of generating capacities in the energy systems.

It is required to increase the reliability of the operation of the interstate transit of the UES of the South - the Azerbaijan energy system, the power supply to consumers of the Dagestan energy system and the Chechen Republic.

IPS Urals

It is necessary to increase the capacity of communications with the UES of Russia in the Bereznikovsko-Solikamsky and Permsko-Zakamsky energy districts of the Perm energy system, the Western and Northern energy districts of the Orenburg energy system, the Northern, Noyabrsky, Kogalymsky, Neftyugansky, Nizhnevartovsky energy regions of the Tyumen energy system, Kropachevo

Zlatoustovsky district of the Chelyabinsk energy system, Serovo-Bogoslovsky district of the Sverdlovsk energy system, Kirov energy system.

High consumption growth rates (development of metallurgical and aluminum production, development of the Subpolar Urals) necessitate an increase in the network throughput and commissioning of new capacities.

To eliminate deficits in certain regions and form a promising reserve of power, it is necessary to commission generating capacity at a number of sites in the Tyumen, Sverdlovsk, and Chelyabinsk energy systems. Electric grid construction, installation of reactive power compensation means is necessary.

IPS of Siberia

The active development of consumption in the presence of network restrictions characterize the mode of operation of the Tomsk energy system and the Southern region of the Kuzbass energy system. In these areas, it is necessary to commission generating capacities and power grid construction.

IPS East

The power output of the Zeya hydroelectric power station was limited and the reliability of power supply to consumers of the Trans-Siberian Railway in the Amur energy system was reduced. Insufficient reliability of power supply to consumers in Vladivostok and Nakhodka in Dalenergo. The presence of power transmission restrictions on the connections of the Khabarovsk energy system and Dalenergo, power output of the Khabarovsk CHPP-3 leads to a decrease in the reliability of power supply in Khabarovsk. There is a problem of ensuring reliable power supply to consumers of the Sovgavansky energy center. It is necessary to carry out the construction of a number of lines of the system-forming network, to reconstruct the existing substations and to build new substations.

1 Under normal conditions, the dividing point is located in Amurenergo, and in the event of a power shortage in Chitaenergo, the dividing point is transferred to Chitaenergo.

2 26% of the total installed capacity in the UES of the Middle Volga and about 15% of the total installed capacity of hydroelectric power plants of the UES of Russia.

3 Northern synchronous zone (NORDEL) - power interconnection of the Nordic countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland). The western (continental) part of the Danish power system operates in parallel with the Western UCTE synchronous zone, and the eastern part with NORDEL, while the Icelandic power system operates autonomously.

4 Order of JSC RAO "UES of Russia" dated 30.01.2006 No. 68 "On Approval of the Target Organizational and Functional Model of Operational and Dispatching Management of the UES of Russia".

5 Measures to optimize the functions of operational dispatch control in the operating area of ​​the ODU Center are carried out on the basis of Order No. 258/1 dated December 26, 2005 of SO-CDU UES.

6 Indicated for parallel operating power systems of the interconnected power system.

7 Power plants in which all boilers operate on a common live steam header from which all steam turbines are fed.

8 ALAR - automatic elimination of asynchronous mode.

9 AChR - automatic frequency unloading.

Rostekhnadzor issued an Investigation Act on the causes of a systemic accident that occurred on August 1, 2017 in the United Energy System of the East (IPS of the East), an accident that left over 1.7 million people without electricity in several regions of the Far Eastern Federal District at once.

The Act lists all the main participants in the events, dozens of signs of an accident, technical circumstances, organizational shortcomings, cases of non-fulfillment of the dispatcher’s command and facts of improper operation of equipment, design errors and violations of the requirements of regulatory legal acts, shows that the main and, in fact, the only reason for what happened was inconsistent functioning elements of the power system. The same reason underlies most system crashes.

The 500 kV line near Khabarovsk was under repair, on August 1 at 22 local time there was an outage to an oversize (short circuit when an oversized load passed under the wires) of the 220 kV line of the Federal Grid Company (FGC). Then the second 220 kV transmission line was switched off. The reason is the incorrect setting of relay protection and automation (RPA), it did not take into account the possibility of operating power lines with such a load. The shutdown of the second 220 kV transmission line led to the division of the IPS of the East into two parts. After that, automatic power control at the RusHydro power plant did not work correctly, which provoked further development accidents and their scale. The result is the shutdown of several power lines, including those that lead to China.

- Protection, emergency automatics worked, a number of power facilities failed. The operation parameters of six stations have changed. Distribution networks have suffered, - Olga Amelchenko, a representative of Far East Distribution Grid Company JSC, told RG.

As a result, the unified energy system of the south of the Far East was divided into two isolated parts: excess and deficit. Outages occurred in both. In excess, the protection of generating and power grid equipment worked, and in deficit, automatic frequency unloading.

The official cause of the incident was "uncoordinated functioning of the elements of the power system."

According to the investigation report of Rostekhnadzor, the main causes of the accident are “excessive operation of relay protection devices, incorrect operation of automatic control systems for generating equipment, shortcomings in the algorithm used by the developer for the functioning of emergency automation in a 220 kV network, shortcomings in the operation of electric grid equipment.”

What happened on August 1 was not even an accident, but a series of accidents. In 2012, there were 78 systemic accidents, in eight months of 2017 - only 29. Major accidents have decreased, but, unfortunately, they have become larger. In 2017, there were five such accidents with large-scale consequences - the division of the power system into isolated parts, the shutdown of a large amount of generation and a massive power outage.

The main problem is that the industry does not have mandatory requirements for equipment parameters and their coordinated operation as part of the Unified National Energy System. Some critical mass, which led to the latest large-scale accidents.

Minor bug that could be fixed in as soon as possible, escalated into a major incident with system-wide repercussions. At each stage, the situation was aggravated by incorrect actions of automation designed and configured by people. She reacted incorrectly.

One of the main causes of accidents in the energy system of Russia, Deputy Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation Andrey Cherezov, called inconsistent operation of equipment, the activity was not actually based on any regulatory framework, as a result, it turned out that different equipment in the energy system often works inconsistently.

A new "code" of operation of the electric power industry was never created after the completion of the industry reform. With the departure of RAO "UES of Russia" from the arena and the transfer of interaction between subjects of the electric power industry to market relations, most of the regulatory acts of a technological nature lost their legitimacy, since they were formalized by orders of RAO.

Mandatory requirements for equipment, prescribed in the documents of the Soviet era, have long lost their legal status, moreover, many of them are morally outdated and do not comply modern development technologies.

Meanwhile, “energy entities have been massively introducing new devices since 2002 - new equipment was actively installed under the CSA, large-scale investment programs were implemented, a large number of energy facilities were built. As a result, it turned out that different equipment in the power system often works inconsistently,” said Andrey Cherezov.

“We have a lot of electric power entities, and the interaction between them should be regulated, but it turns out that they act independently,” said Andrei Cherezov, Deputy Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation, immediately after the accident.

Only normative regulation of technological activity is capable of ensuring the coordinated operation of the elements of the energy system. And for this it is necessary to create a transparent and technically correct system of generally binding requirements for the elements of the energy system and the actions of industry entities.

“There should not be autonomous functioning, because we work in a single energy system, respectively, the Russian Ministry of Energy intends to regulate everything through regulatory legal acts,” Andrey Cherezov emphasized.

- It is necessary to create clear, understandable conditions - who is responsible for the system, emergency automation, for its functionality, installations.

The Ministry has begun work on improving the rules for investigating accidents in terms of a comprehensive systematization of the causes, creating mechanisms for determining and implementing measures to prevent them. “These rules define only the technical requirements for the equipment, without limiting the freedom to choose a manufacturer. Also, this document does not specify the terms for reconfiguration or replacement of equipment,” Andrey Cherezov said.

The Ministry of Energy of Russia organized work to restore the system of mandatory requirements in the industry, which was not properly developed in the course of reforming the energy sector. Federal Law No. 196-FZ of June 23, 2016 was adopted, which establishes the powers of the Government of the Russian Federation or the federal executive body authorized by it to establish mandatory requirements for ensuring the reliability and safety of electric power systems and electric power facilities.

Currently, dozens of normative legal acts and industry-wide regulatory and technical documents are being developed and are being prepared for adoption in accordance with the plans approved at the level of the Government of Russia.

In August, the President of the country instructed the Ministry of Energy to submit proposals to prevent massive power outages. One of the priority steps should be the adoption of the most important systemic document - the Rules for the Functioning of Electric Power Systems. His project has already been submitted to the government of the Russian Federation for consideration. These mandatory rules will set the framework for normative and technical regulation - they will establish key technological requirements for the operation of the power system and its constituent facilities. In addition, it requires the adoption of many specifying regulatory and technical documents already at the level of the Ministry of Energy.

Many of them have been drafted and have been publicly discussed. A series of emergency events in recent years in the UES of Russia makes power engineers hurry.

"One of key tasks today — to direct investments into optimizing the existing energy system, and not into building up the energy system as an asset that is not yet possible to operate optimally,” said Evgeny Grabchak, Director of the Department for Operational Control and Management in the Electricity Industry of the Russian Ministry of Energy, at the International Forum on Energy Efficiency and Energy Development “Russian energy week" (Moscow, St. Petersburg, 5 - 7.10.2017)

— Taking as a basis a single coordinate system, unambiguously defining all subjects and objects, describing their interaction, and learning to communicate in one language, we will be able to provide not only horizontal and vertical integration of all information flows that revolve in the electric power industry, but also link decentralized centers management with a single logic for the regulator to make the necessary corrective decisions. Thus, in an evolutionary way, tools will be created for modeling the achievement of the main state of the electric power industry of the future, and we see it in the optimal cost of a unit of electricity - a kilowatt at a given level of safety and reliability, - Evgeny Grabchak explained.

In his opinion, in parallel, it will be possible to achieve additional benefits not only for the regulator and individual facilities, but also for related companies and the state as a whole.

- Among these advantages, I would like to note, first of all, the creation of new markets for services, these are: predictive modeling of the state of the energy system and its individual elements; life cycle assessment; analytics of optimal control of technological processes; analytics on the operation of the system and its individual elements; analytics for developing new technologies and testing existing ones; formation of an industry order for industry and assessment of the profitability of creating production facilities for electrical and related products; development of logistics services, asset management optimization services, and much more. However, in order to implement these changes, in addition to defining a single coordinate system, it is necessary to reverse the trend of introducing advanced, but unique and non-integrable technologies.

P. S.

On October 2, Vitaly Sungurov, who previously held the post of Advisor to the Director for Development Management of the UES of SO UES JSC, and before that headed a number of regional dispatch departments system operator.

From 2014 to 2017, Vitaly Leonidovich Sungurov was the director of the Udmurt RDU and Perm RDU branches. During this period, Vitaly Sungurov took an active part in the process of structural optimization of the System Operator. Under his leadership, a project was successfully implemented to enlarge the operating zone of the Perm Regional Dispatch Office, which assumed the functions of operational dispatch control of the electric power regime of the UES of Russia in the Udmurt Republic and the Kirov Region.

Based on the results of the annual inspection, which took place from October 24 to October 26, the Branch of JSC "SO UES" "Joint Dispatching Office of the Energy System of the East" (ODU of the East) received a certificate of readiness for work in the autumn-winter period (OZP) 2017/2018.

The results of the emergency training confirmed the readiness of the System Operator's dispatching personnel to effectively interact with the operational personnel of the electric power industry entities in the event of accidents, as well as to ensure the reliable functioning of the Unified Energy System of the East in the autumn-winter period of 2017/2018.

One of the main conditions for obtaining a readiness passport for work in the OZP is the receipt of readiness passports by all regional dispatching offices (RDO) of the operating zone of the branch of SO UES JSC ODU. During October, all RDOs of the operating zone of the ODU of the East successfully passed inspections and received passports of readiness for work in the 2017/2018 open air period. Obtaining readiness passports by the branches of SO UES JSC ODU and RDU is prerequisite issuance to the System Operator of the passport of readiness for work in the upcoming AWP

The creation of a controlled connection of power systems to improve the reliability and efficiency of their work is expedient, first of all, in those places where there are difficulties in ensuring reliable parallel operation. These are interstate transmission lines, where, as a rule, there is a need to separate power systems by frequency, as well as “weak” intersystem power transmissions, which significantly limit the possibility of power exchanges between parallel operating power systems, for example, 220 kV power lines for connecting the power systems of Siberia and the Far East, passing along the Baikal-Amur (northern transit) and Trans-Siberian (southern transit) railway lines up to 2000 km long each. However, without special measures, the parallel operation of power systems along the northern and southern transits is impossible. Therefore, a merger is considered, which is a variant of parallel non-synchronous operation of power systems along the southern double-circuit transit (at subsequent stages of the merger, a non-synchronous closure of the northern transit is also possible). The urgency of the problem lies in the fact that it is necessary to find technical solutions to ensure the operation of the 220 kV power transmission Chita-Skovorodino, which feeds the traction substations of the Trans-Baikal Railway and at the same time is the only electrical connection between the IPS of Siberia and the East. To date, this extended connection does not have the required bandwidth, and also does not meet the requirements in terms of maintaining within the ranges of acceptable values. It operates in open mode and has a dividing point on the section VL-220 Holbon-Erofey Pavlovich. All this leads to insufficient reliability of the 220 kV network, which is the cause of repeated disruptions in the power supply of traction substations and failures in the operation of signaling devices, blocking and train schedules. One of options non-synchronous combination is the use of the so-called asynchronized electromechanical frequency converter (AS EMFC), which is a unit of two AC machines of the same power with rigidly connected shafts, one of which is made as an asynchronous synchronous machine (ASM), and the other - as ASM (AS EMFC type ASM+ASM) or as a synchronous machine (AS EMFC type ASM+SM). The latter option is structurally simpler, but the synchronous machine is connected to the power system with more stringent requirements for. The first machine in the direction of power transmission through AS EMFC operates in engine mode, the second in generator mode. The excitation system of each ACM contains a direct-coupled frequency converter that feeds a three-phase excitation winding on a laminated rotor.
Earlier, in VNIIElectromash and Electrotyazhmash (Kharkov) for AS EMFC, draft and technical designs of vertical (hydro-generator) and horizontal (turbo-generator) ASMs with a capacity of 100 to 500 MW were completed. In addition, the Research Institute and the Electrotyazhmash plant developed and created a series of three pilot samples of AS EMFC-1 from two AFMs with a power of 1 MW (that is, for a throughput power of 1 MW), comprehensively tested at the LVVISU test site (St. Petersburg). The transducer of two AFMs has four degrees of freedom, that is, four parameters of the unit mode can be adjusted simultaneously and independently. However, as shown by theoretical and experimental studies, all the modes possible on AS EMFC of the ASM+ASM type are implemented on AS EMFC of the ASM + SM type, including the modes of consumption of reactive power from both machines. The permissible frequency difference of the combined power systems, as well as the controllability of the AS EMFC, are determined by the "ceiling" value of the excitation of the machines. The choice of the installation site for AS EMFC on the route under consideration is due to the following factors. 1. According to JSC "Institute Energosetproekt", in the winter maximum mode of 2005, the power flow through Mogocha will be approximately 200 MW in the direction from the Kholbon substation to the east towards the Skovorodino substation. It is the value of this flow that determines the installed capacity of the AS EMFC-200 unit (or units).
2. The complex with AS EMCH-200 is designed for turnkey delivery with fully automatic control. But from the control room of the Mogocha substation and from the ODU of Amurenergo, the settings for the magnitude and direction of active power flows can be changed.
3. The installation site (Mogocha substation) is approximately in the middle between the Kholbon substation and the powerful Skovorodino substation, especially since the Kharanorskaya GRES can provide the required voltage levels at the Kholbon substation by the specified time (that is, by 2005). At the same time, the inclusion of AS EMFC-200 in the cut of the power line at the Mogocha substation will practically divide the connection into two independent sections with approximately two times reduced resistance and independent EMF of the machines of the unit on each side, which will increase the throughput of the entire double-circuit system by about one and a half to two times. Power transmission line-220 kV. In the future, if there is a regime need to increase the exchange power, it is possible to consider the installation of the second AS EMFC-200 unit in parallel with the first one.

This will significantly postpone the construction of -500 kV and the timeframe for the possible expansion of the Kharanorskaya GRES. According to a preliminary estimate, with the parallel operation of the power systems of Siberia and the Far East only along the southern transit, the limiting static stability exchange power flows in the Mogocha-Ayachi section are without AS EMFC: in the eastern direction - up to 160 MW, in the western direction - up to 230 MW.

After the installation of AS EMFC, the problem of static stability is automatically removed and the flows, respectively, can be 200-250 MW and 300-400 MW, while controlling the limiting flows by thermal limitation of individual, for example, head sections of power transmission lines. The issue of increasing exchange flows becomes especially relevant with the commissioning of Bureyskaya.

It is assumed, as indicated, the installation of AS EMCH-200 in the cut of the 220 kV overhead line at the Mogocha substation of the main double-circuit intersystem communication with numerous intermediate power take-offs.

On such an intersystem connection, accidents are possible with the loss of electrical communication with a powerful power system and the formation of an energy district powered by AS EMFC-200, that is, with the operation of AS EMFC-200 on a console load. In such modes, the AS EMFC-200 cannot and should not generally maintain the pre-emergency value of the transmitted power set by the master.

At the same time, it must retain the ability to regulate on its own tires and the speed of the shaft of the unit. The adaptive control system developed for AS EMFC requires teleinformation about switching off and on switches of adjacent sections of power lines. Based on this teleinformation, it transfers the ACM of the unit from the side of the non-emergency section of the route to control by the shaft speed and from the side of the ACM console takes over the load of the power district.

If this load is greater than the installed power of the AFM, then the AS EMFC is shunted with the transfer of machines to the compensatory mode. It is also important that the transmission of teleinformation about the vector behind the open switch allows, without catching synchronism, to immediately turn on the EMFC-200 into normal operation without shock after turning on the disconnected switch.

Long-term theoretical and experimental studies carried out for the complex of controlled connection of the power systems of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia on the 220 kV Sochi-Bzybi Krasnodarenergo power transmission on the basis of the AS EMFC-200 project confirmed the expected and known capabilities of the AS EMFC to regulate the active and , voltages of machines and the rotor speed unit.

In fact, within the limits of its structural capabilities, the AS EMFC is an absolutely controllable element for combining power systems, which also has damping capabilities due to the kinetic energy of the flywheel masses of the rotors of the machines of the unit, which static converters lack. The control system, together with the ARV of machines with self-excitation systems and starting after the “Start” command is given, provides automatic testing of the state of the elements of the entire complex, followed by automatic inclusion in the network in the required sequence without the participation of personnel or stopping the unit after the “Stop” command is given. Manual connection to the network and manual adjustment of settings, emergency shutdown and automatic reclosure are also provided. When the AS EMFC-200 is put into operation, it is enough for a quiet start to provide slip in the prescribed range and settings that ensure the mode along the power line until the shunt switches open. In general, the control of AS EMFC-200 on intersystem communication should be approached from the position that the control structure should carry out the required control of the operation of the unit in steady and non-steady modes and ensure the performance of the following basic functions in electrical systems.

1. Maintenance of voltage values ​​(reactive powers) in accordance with the settings in normal modes. So, for example, each of the AS EMFC machines is capable, within the limits limited by rated currents, to generate the required value of reactive power or to ensure its consumption without loss of stability. 2. Control in normal and emergency modes of the magnitude and direction of the flow of active power in accordance with the setting for synchronous and non-synchronous operation of parts of power systems, which, in turn, contributes to an increase in the throughput of intersystem communications. 2.1. Regulation of the flow using AS EMCH-200 according to a schedule agreed in advance between the combined energy systems, taking into account daily and seasonal changes in loads. 2.2. Operational regulation of intersystem flow up to reverse with simultaneous damping of irregular oscillations. If it is required to quickly change the direction of active power transmission through the unit, then by changing the settings for active power on the first and second machines in a coordinated manner, it is possible to change the flow of active power practically at a constant speed, overcoming only the electromagnetic inertia of the machine winding circuits. With the corresponding "ceilings" of excitation, the power reverse will take place quite quickly. So, for AS EMFC, consisting of two ASM-200, the full reverse time, from +200 MW to -200 MW, as calculations show, is 0.24 s (in principle, it is limited only by the value T "(f). 2.3 The use of AS EMFC-200 as an operational source for maintaining the frequency, as well as for suppressing electromechanical oscillations after large disturbances in one of the power systems or in the console energy district 3. Work for a dedicated (console) energy district of consumers with the required level of frequency and voltage. Vibration damping in emergency operating modes of electrical systems, a significant reduction in disturbances transmitted from one part of electrical systems to another.In transient modes, due to the ability of the AS EMFC to change the rotational speed within the specified limits, that is, the kinetic energy of the unit, intensive damping is possible
fluctuations and for a certain time, a disturbance that has arisen in one part of the power system will not be transmitted to another. So, at short circuit or automatic reclosure in one of the power systems, the unit will accelerate or decelerate, however, the value of the active power of the ACM connected to another power system will remain unchanged with the appropriate control. 5. Transfer, if necessary, of both machines of the unit to the mode of operation of the synchronous compensator. The cost of building a converting substation with AS EMFC-200 is determined by the composition of the equipment and, in fact, does not differ from the usually constructed substations with synchronous compensators. The site for the construction of the device should provide convenience for the transportation of equipment, compactness of installation and communication with existing power equipment at the Mogocha substation. To simplify the entire system of the substation, a variant is needed without separating AS EMFC-200 into a separate substation. To connect to the power systems of a unit whose machines are designed for full power = 200 / 0.95 = 210.5 MVA (according to JSC Elektrosila, St. Petersburg and), two 220 / 15.75 kV transformers are required. A technical and economic comparison of AS EMFC with static converters was carried out for a transmitted power of 200 MW. Compared parameters are given in the table. The DC insert (VPT) is a classic option. The table shows the power transmitted through the VPT is 355 MW, which corresponds to one unit of the Vyborg substation. B indicates the unit cost of the HCV (including substation equipment), which is given in the table. The efficiency factor of the VPT substation (taking into account synchronous compensators, power transformers and filters) is at the level of 0.96.
VPT on lockable (two-operation) keys with PWM and parallel-connected reverse diodes. It is known that the internal losses of lockable switches are 1.5-2 times greater than those of ordinary thyristors, therefore the efficiency of such a VCT with special power transformers, taking into account high-frequency switching filters, is 0.95. The issue of cost is not clearly defined. However, the specific cost of HCV based on STATCOM is 165 USD/kW and more.
For Directlink HCVs with two-level output curve generation, the unit cost is higher at $190/kW. The table shows data for both the STATCOM variant and the Directlink based variant.

According to Elektrosila OJSC, out of two ASMs, the AS EMFC-200 has 98.3% (98.42% each) the unit cost of installed capacity is $40/kW. Then the cost of the converter unit itself will be $16 million. In accordance with the basic cost of a 220 kV AC substation with two transformers is $4 million, and the unit cost of the converter with the substation will be =(16+4) 10 6 /400 10 3 = 50 dollars/kW. Taking into account transformers, the overall efficiency will be = 0.983 2 0.997 2 = 0.96.
Along with the above options, it is also necessary to consider the option of a converter using synchronous compensators of the KSVBM type operated in power systems with hydrogen cooling of an outdoor installation. It should be noted that the synchronous compensator KSVBM 160-15U1 can be used as a synchronous machine in AS EMFC type ASM + SM in all modes, subject to the condition for the stator current. For example, at = 1 power P = ±160 MW; at = 0.95 (as in the project of OAO Elektrosila) P = 152 MW, Q = ±50 MV A, and EMF E = 2.5<Еном =3 отн.ед.

According to the developer JSC "Uralelektrotyazhmash", the synchronous compensator KSVBM 160-15U1 costs 3.64 10 6 dollars. ,46 10 6 dollars and then the total cost of the ASM + SM type converter (that is, from serial and re-equipped synchronous compensators) will be 9 10 6 dollars (see table). It should be noted here that
GOST 13109-97 on the quality of electrical energy (Resolution of the State Committee for Standardization and Certification of the Russian Federation, 1998) allows the following frequency deviations: normal ±0.2 Hz during 95% of the time, limit ±0.4 Hz during 5% of the time of day . Considering that the AFC will continue to operate, it can be argued that the ceiling value of the excitation voltage for slip with a frequency of ±2 Hz, which is embedded in the AFM, will ensure reliable operation of the AS EMFC under other large system disturbances. At the rated current of the stator, the losses in the SC are 1800 kW, and then the efficiency is = 0.988. Taking the efficiency of the ASM converted from the SC to the same as in the project of Electrosila OJSC, taking into account the transformers, we get: = 0.988 0.983 0.997 2 = 0.966.
The table shows the data for two ASM+SM units in parallel, which makes it possible to cover the expected increase in transit throughput when installing the converter at the Mogocha substation. At the same time, the unit cost is less, and the efficiency is greater than that of all other options. The obvious advantage should also be emphasized - KSVBM compensators are designed for outdoor installation at ambient temperatures from -45 to +45 o C (that is, the entire technology has already been worked out), so there is no need to build a machine room for AS EMFC units, but only a housing for auxiliary devices with an area, as required by building codes, two six-meter spans in width by six six-meter spans in length, that is, 432 m 2. Thermal calculations of compensators
available for both hydrogen cooling and air cooling. Therefore, the mentioned two-unit AS EMFC can operate for a long time on air cooling at a load of 70% of the nominal, providing the required flow of 200 MW.
In addition, the Energosetproekt institute has developed an original standard design for a 160 MVA SC installation with reversible brushless excitation, which can significantly reduce the amount of construction work, speed up the installation and commissioning of SCs, and significantly reduce the cost of their installation.

FINDINGS
1. Non-synchronous parallel interconnection of the IPS of Siberia and the Far East along the southern double-circuit transit 220 kV using an asynchronized electromechanical frequency converter (AS EMFC) is preferable in terms of technical and economic indicators compared to the known VPT based on STATKOM and DIRECTLINK.
2. Long-term theoretical and experimental studies and completed projects have shown the capabilities of AS EMFC to control active and reactive power, machine voltages and the rotor speed of the unit. By installing a converter at the Mogocha substation, the Holbon-Skovorodino transit is practically divided in half, so the throughput of this transit will increase by 1.5-2 times, which will make it possible to postpone the construction of a 500 kV transmission line and the expansion of the Kharanorskaya GRES.
3. Preliminary feasibility comparison of converters showed that the construction of a substation with VCT on lockable keys with PWM for a transmitted power of 200 MW based on the Directlink project costs $ 76 million, and on the basis of the STATKOM project - $ 66 million. At the same time, the AU EMFC-200 type ASM + ASM according to JSC "Elektrosila" and Research Institute "Elektrotyazhmash" (Kharkov) costs 20 million dollars.
4. For AS EMFC type ASM + SM based on serially produced JSC "Uralelektrotyazhmash" and operated in power systems synchronous compensators with hydrogen and air cooling for outdoor installation KSVBM 160 MV A, the unit cost of the installed capacity of AS EMFC with complete substation equipment is $ 40 / kW and at the same time the efficiency is not lower than other types of converters. Taking into account the small volume of construction and installation works, low unit cost and high efficiency, just such a substation with AS EMFC completely on domestic equipment can be recommended for non-synchronous interconnection of the IPS of Siberia and the Far East.

A new version of the centralized emergency control system (CSPA) of the United Energy System of the East was put into commercial operation at the Branch of JSC SO UES "Unified Dispatch Control of Energy Systems of the East" (ODU of the East) with the connection to it of the emergency control automation of the Bureyskaya HPP.

Modernization of the TsSPA and the connection of local automatic stability violation prevention (LAPNU) of the Bureyskaya HPP as its downstream device will allow minimizing the amount of control actions in the power system to turn off consumers in the event of emergencies at electric power facilities.

CSPA of the IPS of the East was put into commercial operation in 2014. Initially, the LAPNU of the Zeya HPP and the LAPNU of the Primorskaya GRES were used as downstream devices. After the modernization of the hardware and software base of LAPNU carried out by the branch of PJSC RusHydro - Bureyskaya HPP, its connection to the TsSPA also became possible.

“Successful commissioning of the LAPNU of the Bureyskaya HPP as part of the TsSPA of the UES of the East made it possible to bring automatic emergency control in the power interconnection to a qualitatively new level. The number of triggers has increased from 16 to 81, the TsSPA has covered two thirds of the controlled sections in the UES of the East, the volume of control actions for disconnecting consumers in the event of accidents in the power system has been significantly minimized,” said Natalya Kuznetsova, Director for Mode Control - Chief Dispatcher of the ODS of the East.

In order to connect the emergency automation complex of the Bureyskaya HPP, in 2017–2018, specialists from the ODU of the East carried out a set of measures, which included the preparation and setting up of the test site of the TsSPA, setting up its network interaction with the LAPNU of the Bureyskaya HPP. According to the program developed by ODU Vostok and coordinated with Bureyskaya HPP, a branch of PJSC RusHydro, tests were carried out for the operation of the LAPNU as a grassroots device of the CSPA, as well as monitoring and analysis of computational models, monitoring of communication channels and information exchange between the CSPA and the LAPNU, setting up network interaction and software.

TsSPA UES of the East belongs to the family of third-generation centralized emergency automation systems. Compared to previous generations, they have extended functionality, including a more advanced algorithm for calculating the static stability of the power system and an algorithm for selecting control actions according to the conditions for ensuring not only static, but also dynamic stability - the stability of the power system in the process of emergency disturbances. Also, new DSPs operate on the basis of a new algorithm for assessing the state of the electric power regime of the power system. Each TsSPA has a two-level structure: the top-level software and hardware systems are installed in the control centers of the ODU, and the lower devices are installed at the dispatching facilities.

In addition to the IPS of the East, third-generation DSPAs are successfully operating in the IPS of the North-West and the IPS of the South. Systems in the UES of the Middle Volga, the Urals and in the Tyumen energy system are in trial operation.