Experiments in optics experiments and experiments in physics on the topic. Experiments in physics

It moved, but the wheels did not rotate,” Watson confirmed.

Russian lightIn 1876 in London at an exhibition of precision physical instruments ditch Russian inventor Pavel Nikolaevich Ya blockkov demonstrated to visitors an extraordinary electrically a candle. Similar in shape to regular stearic, uh that candle burned with a blindingly bright light. In the same year, “Yablochkov candles” appeared on the streets of Paris. Placed in white matte balls, they gave a bright, pleasant light.INfor a short time the wonderful candle of the Russian inventors fought to universal acclaim. "Yablochkov's candles" illuminated the best hotels, streets and parks largest cities Europe, Accustomed to the dim light of candles and kerosene lamps, people of the last century admired the “Yablochkov candles.” Newthe light was called “Russian light”, “northern light”. Newspapers for Western European countries wrote: “The light comes to us from the north -

from Russia”, “Russia is the birthplace of light”.

Didactic material

As we know, one type of heat transfer is radiation. With radiation, the transfer of energy from one body to another can occur even in a vacuum. There are several types of radiation, one of them is visible light.

Illuminated bodies gradually heat up. This means that light really is radiation.

Light phenomena are studied by a branch of physics called optics. The word "optics" in Greek means "visible", because light is a visible form of radiation.

The study of light phenomena is extremely important for humans. After all, we receive more than ninety percent of information through vision, that is, the ability to perceive light sensations.

Bodies that emit light are called light sources - natural or artificial.

Examples of natural light sources are the Sun and other stars, lightning, luminous insects and plants. Artificial light sources are a candle, lamp, burner and many others.

In any light source, energy is consumed during radiation.

The sun emits light thanks to energy from nuclear reactions occurring in its depths.

A kerosene lamp converts the energy released when kerosene is burned into light.

Reflection of light

A person sees a light source when a ray emanating from this source enters the eye. If the body is not a source, then the eye can perceive rays from some source reflected by this body, that is, falling on the surface of this body and thereby changing the direction of further propagation. The body that reflects the rays becomes the source of reflected light.

The rays falling on the surface of the body change the direction of further propagation. When reflected, light returns to the same medium from which it fell on the surface of the body. The body that reflects the rays becomes the source of reflected light.

When we hear this word "reflection", first of all, we are reminded of a mirror. Flat mirrors are most often used in everyday life. Using a flat mirror, you can conduct a simple experiment to establish the law by which light is reflected. Let's place the illuminator on a sheet of paper lying on the table so that a thin beam of light lies in the plane of the table. In this case, the light beam will slide over the surface of the sheet of paper, and we will be able to see it.

Let us install a flat mirror vertically in the path of a thin light beam. A beam of light will be reflected from it. You can make sure that the reflected beam, like the beam incident on the mirror, slides along the paper in the plane of the table. Mark with a pencil on a piece of paper mutual arrangement both light beams and the mirror. As a result, we obtain a diagram of the experiment. The angle between the incident beam and the perpendicular restored to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence is usually called the angle of incidence in optics. The angle between the same perpendicular and the reflected ray is the angle of reflection. The results of the experiment are as follows:

1. The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the perpendicular to the reflecting surface reconstructed at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
2. Angle of incidence equal to angle reflections. These two conclusions represent the law of reflection.

Looking at a flat mirror, we see images of objects that are located in front of it. These images exactly repeat appearance items. It seems that these duplicate objects are located behind the surface of the mirror.

Consider the image of a point source in a plane mirror. To do this, we will arbitrarily draw several rays from the source, construct the corresponding reflected rays, and then construct extensions of the reflected rays beyond the plane of the mirror. All continuations of the rays will intersect behind the mirror plane at one point: this point is the image of the source.

Since it is not the rays themselves that converge in the image, but only their continuations, in reality there is no image at this point: it only seems to us that the rays are emanating from this point. Such an image is usually called imaginary.

Light refraction

When light reaches the interface between two media, part of it is reflected, while the other part passes through the boundary, being refracted, that is, changing the direction of further propagation.

A coin immersed in water appears larger to us than when it just lies on the table. A pencil or spoon placed in a glass of water appears to us to be broken: the part in the water appears raised and slightly enlarged. These and many other optical phenomena are explained by the refraction of light.

Refraction of light is due to the fact that light travels at different speeds in different media.

The speed of light propagation in a particular medium characterizes the optical density of this medium: the higher the speed of light in a given medium, the lower its optical density.

How does the angle of refraction change when light passes from air to water and when light passes from water to air? Experiments show that when moving from air to water, the angle of refraction turns out to be smaller than the angle of incidence. And vice versa: when passing from water to air, the angle of refraction turns out to be greater than the angle of incidence.

From experiments on the refraction of light, two facts became obvious: 1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the perpendicular to the interface of the two media, restored at the point of incidence, lie in the same plane.

1. When moving from an optically denser medium to an optically less dense medium, the angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence.When moving from an optically less dense medium to an optically denser one, the angle of refraction is less than the angle of incidence.

An interesting phenomenon can be observed if the angle of incidence is gradually increased as light passes into an optically less dense medium. The angle of refraction in this case, as is known, is greater than the angle of incidence, and, with an increase in the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction will also increase. At a certain value of the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction will become equal to 90°.

We will gradually increase the angle of incidence as light passes into an optically less dense medium. As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of refraction will also increase. When the angle of refraction becomes equal to ninety degrees, the refracted ray does not pass into the second medium from the first, but slides in the plane of the interface between these two media.

This phenomenon is called total internal reflection, and the angle of incidence at which it occurs is called the limiting angle of total internal reflection.

The phenomenon of total internal reflection is widely used in technology. This phenomenon is the basis for the use of flexible optical fibers through which light rays pass and are repeatedly reflected from the walls.

Light does not leave the fiber due to total internal reflection. A simpler optical device that uses total internal reflection is a reversible prism: it reverses the image, reversing the places of the rays entering it.

Lens image

A lens whose thickness is small compared to the radii of the spheres forming the surface of this lens is called thin. In what follows, we will only consider thin lenses. On optical diagrams, thin lenses are depicted as segments with arrows at the ends. Depending on the direction of the arrows, the diagrams distinguish between converging and diverging lenses.

Let's consider how a beam of rays parallel to the main optical axis passes through the lenses. Passing through

converging lens, the rays are concentrated at one point. Having passed through a diverging lens, the rays diverge in different directions in such a way that all their extensions converge at one point lying in front of the lens.

The point at which rays parallel to the main optical axis are collected after refraction in a collecting lens is called the main focus of the lens-F.

In a diverging lens, rays parallel to its main optical axis are scattered. The point at which the continuations of the refracted rays are collected lies in front of the lens and is called the main focus of the diverging lens.

The focus of a diverging lens is obtained at the intersection not of the rays themselves, but of their continuations, therefore it is imaginary, in contrast to a converging lens, which has a real focus.

The lens has two main focuses. Both of them lie at equal distances from the optical center of the lens on its main optical axis.

The distance from the optical center of the lens to the focus is usually called the focal length of the lens. The more the lens changes the direction of the rays, the shorter its focal length is. Therefore, the optical power of a lens is inversely proportional to its focal length.

Optical power is usually denoted by the letter "DE" and is measured in diopters. For example, when writing a prescription for glasses, they indicate how many diopters the optical power of the right and left lenses should be.

diopter (dopter) is the optical power of a lens whose focal length is 1 m. Since converging lenses have real foci, and diverging lenses have imaginary foci, we agreed to consider the optical power of converging lenses to be a positive value, and the optical power of diverging lenses to be negative.

Who established the law of light reflection?

For the 16th century, optics was an ultra-modern science. From a glass ball filled with water, which was used as a focusing lens, a magnifying glass emerged, and from it a microscope and a telescope. The largest maritime power at that time, the Netherlands, needed good telescopes in order to examine the dangerous coast in advance or to escape from the enemy in time. Optics ensured the success and reliability of navigation. Therefore, it was in the Netherlands that many scientists studied it. The Dutchman Willebrord, Snel van Rooyen, who called himself Snellius (1580 - 1626), observed (as, however, many before him had seen) how a thin ray of light was reflected in a mirror. He simply measured the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection of the beam (which no one had done before) and established the law: the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.

Source. Mirror world. Gilde V. - M.: Mir, 1982. p. 24.

Why are diamonds so highly valued?

Obviously, a person especially highly values ​​everything that cannot be changed or is difficult to change. Including precious metals and stones. The ancient Greeks called the diamond “adamas” - irresistible, which expressed their special attitude towards this stone. Of course, for uncut stones (diamonds were not cut either) the most obvious properties were hardness and brilliance.

Diamonds have a high refractive index; 2.41 for red and 2.47 for violet (for comparison, suffice it to say that the refractive index of water is 1.33, and glass, depending on the type, is from 1.5 to 1.75).

White light is made up of the colors of the spectrum. And when its ray is refracted, each of the component colored rays is deflected differently, as if it were split into the colors of the rainbow. This is why there is a “play of colors” in a diamond.

The ancient Greeks undoubtedly admired this too. Not only is the stone exceptional in brilliance and hardness, it is also shaped like one of Plato's "perfect" solids!

Experiments

Optics EXPERIENCE #1

Explain the darkening of a block of wood after it is wetted.

Equipment: vessel with water, wooden block.

Explain the vibration of the shadow of a stationary object when light passes through the air above a burning candle. Equipment: tripod, ball on a string, candle, screen, projector.

Glue colored pieces of paper onto the fan blades and observe how the colors add up under different rotation modes. Explain the observed phenomenon.

EXPERIENCE No. 2

By interference of light.

Simple demonstration of light absorption aqueous solution dye

For its preparation it requires only a school illuminator, a glass of water and a white screen. Dyes can be very diverse, including fluorescent.

Students observe with great interest the color change of a beam of white light as it propagates through the dye. What is unexpected for them is the color of the beam emerging from the solution. Since the light is focused by the illuminator lens, the color of the spot on the screen is determined by the distance between the glass of liquid and the screen.

Simple experiments with lenses. (EXPERIMENT No. 3)

What happens to the image of an object obtained using a lens if part of the lens breaks and the image is obtained using the remaining part?

Answer . The image will be in the same place where it was obtained using the whole lens, but its illumination will be less, because a minority of the rays leaving the object will reach its image.

Place a small shiny object, for example, a ball from a bearing, or a bolt from a computer, on a table illuminated by the Sun (or a powerful lamp) and look at it through a tiny hole in a piece of foil. Multi-colored rings or ovals will be clearly visible. What kind of phenomenon will be observed? Answer. Diffraction.

Simple experiments with colored glasses. (EXPERIMENT No. 4)

On a white sheet of paper, write “excellent” with a red felt-tip pen or pencil and “good” with a green felt-tip pen. Take two bottle glass fragments - green and red.

(Warning! Be careful, you can get hurt on the edges of the fragments!)

What kind of glass do you have to look through to see an “excellent” rating?

Answer . You must look through green glass. In this case, the inscription will be visible in black on the green background of the paper, since the red light of the inscription “excellent” is not transmitted by the green glass. When viewed through red glass, the red inscription will not be visible on the red background of the paper.

EXPERIMENT No. 5: Observation of the dispersion phenomenon

It is known that when a narrow beam of white light is passed through a glass prism, a rainbow stripe called the dispersive (or prismatic) spectrum can be observed on a screen installed behind the prism. This spectrum is also observed when the light source, prism and screen are placed in a closed vessel from which the air has been evacuated.

The results of the latest experiment show that there is a dependence of the absolute refractive index of glass on the frequency of light waves. This phenomenon is observed in many substances and is called light dispersion. There are various experiments to illustrate the phenomenon of light dispersion. The figure shows one of the options for carrying it out.

The phenomenon of light dispersion was discovered by Newton and is considered one of his most important discoveries. The tombstone, erected in 1731, depicts figures of young men holding in their hands the emblems of Newton's most important discoveries. In the hands of one of the young men is a prism, and in the inscription on the monument there are the following words: “He investigated the difference in light rays and the various properties of colors that appeared at the same time, which no one had previously suspected.”

EXPERIENCE #6: Does the mirror have a memory?

How to place a flat mirror on a drawn rectangle to get an image: a triangle, a quadrangle, a pentagon. Equipment: a flat mirror, a sheet of paper with a square drawn on it.

QUESTIONS

Transparent plexiglass becomes matte if its surface is rubbed with sandpaper. The same glass becomes transparent again if you rub it....How?

The numbers on the lens aperture scale are equal to the ratio focal length to hole diameter: 2; 2.8; 4.5; 5; 5.8, etc. How will the shooting shutter time change if the aperture is moved to larger division scales?

Answer. The larger the aperture number indicated on the scale, the lower the illumination of the image, and the longer the shutter speed required when photographing.

Most often, camera lenses consist of several lenses. Light passing through the lens is partially reflected from the surfaces of the lenses. What defects does this lead to when shooting?Answer

When shooting snowy plains and water surfaces in sunny days It is recommended to use a solar hood, which is a cylindrical or conical tube blackened inside and placed on the
lens. What is the purpose of the hood?Answer

To prevent light from being reflected inside the lens, a thin transparent film of the order of ten-thousandths of a millimeter is applied to the surface of the lenses. Such lenses are called coated lenses. Which physical phenomenon Is it based on lens coating? Explain why lenses do not reflect light.Answer.

Question for forum

Why does black velvet appear so much darker than black silk?

Why does white light, passing through a window glass, not decompose into its components?Answer.

Blitz

1. What are glasses without arms called? (Pince-nez)

2. What gives away an eagle during a hunt? (Shadow.)

3. What is the artist Kuinzhi famous for? (The ability to depict the transparency of air and moonlight)

4. What are the lamps that illuminate the stage called? (Soffits)

5. Is the gemstone blue or greenish in color?(Turquoise)

6. Indicate at what point the fish is in the water if the fisherman sees it at point A.

Blitz

1. What can't you hide in a chest? (A ray of light)

2. What color is white light? (White light consists of a number of multi-colored rays: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet)

3. What's bigger: the cloud or its shadow? (The cloud casts a cone of full shadow tapering towards the ground, the height of which is large due to the significant size of the cloud. Therefore, the shadow of the cloud differs little in size from the cloud itself)

4. You are behind her, she is from you, you are from her, she is behind you. What it is? (Shadow)

5. You can see the edge, but you can’t reach it. What is this? (horizon)

Optical illusions.

Don't you think the black and white stripes are moving in opposite directions? If you tilt your head - now to the right, now to the left - the direction of rotation also changes.

An endless staircase leading up.

Sun and eye

Don't be like the sun's eyes,

He wouldn't be able to see the Sun... W. Goethe

The comparison between the eye and the Sun is as old as the human race itself. The source of this comparison is not science. And in our time, next to science, simultaneously with the picture of phenomena revealed and explained by the new natural science, the world of ideas of a child and primitive man and, intentionally or unintentionally, the world of poets imitating them. It is sometimes worth looking into this world as one of the possible sources of scientific hypotheses. He is amazing and fabulous; in this world, bridges-connections are boldly thrown between natural phenomena, which sometimes science is not yet aware of. In some cases, these connections are guessed correctly, sometimes they are fundamentally erroneous and simply absurd, but they always deserve attention, since these errors often help to understand the truth. Therefore, it is instructive to approach the question of the connection between the eye and the Sun first from the point of view of children's, primitive and poetic ideas.

When playing “hide and seek”, a child very often decides to hide in the most unexpected way: he closes his eyes or covers them with his hands, being sure that now no one will see him; for him, vision is identified with light.

Even more surprising, however, is the preservation of the same instinctive mixture of vision and light in adults. Photographers, that is, people somewhat experienced in practical optics, often catch themselves closing their eyes when, when loading or developing plates, they need to carefully monitor that light does not penetrate into a dark room.

If you listen carefully to the way we speak, to our in my own words, then here too traces of the same fantastic optics are immediately revealed.

Without noticing this, people say: “the eyes sparkled,” “the sun came out,” “the stars are looking.”

For poets, transferring visual ideas to the luminary and, conversely, attributing to the eyes the properties of light sources is the most common, one might say, obligatory technique:

Stars of the night

Like accusing eyes

They look at him mockingly.

His eyes are shining.

A.S. Pushkin.

We looked at the stars with you,

They're on us. Fet.

How does the fish see you?

Due to the refraction of light, the fisherman sees the fish not where it actually is.

Folk signs

LIGHT SCATTERING

Particles of matter that transmit light behave like tiny antennas. These "antennas" receive light electromagnetic waves, and transmit them in new directions. This process is called Rayleigh scattering after the English physicist Lord Rayleigh (John William Strett, 1842-1919).

Experience 1

Place a sheet of white paper on the table and a flashlight next to it so that the light source is located in the middle of the long side of the sheet of paper.
Fill two clear, clear plastic glasses with water. Using a marker, label the glasses with the letters A and B.
Add a drop of milk to glass B and stir
Place a 15x30cm sheet of white cardboard with the short ends together and fold it in half to form a hut. It will serve as your screen. Place the screen opposite the flashlight, on the opposite side of the sheet of paper.

Darken the room, turn on the flashlight and notice the color of the light spot formed by the flashlight on the screen.
Place glass A in the center of a sheet of paper, in front of the flashlight, and do the following: notice the color of the light spot on the screen, which was formed as a result of the light from the flashlight passing through the water; Look closely at the water and notice how the color of the water has changed.
Repeat the steps, replacing glass A with glass B.

As a result, the color of the light spot formed on the screen by a beam of light from a flashlight, in the path of which there is nothing but air, may be white or slightly yellowish. When a beam of light passes through clean water, the color of the spot on the screen does not change. The color of the water does not change either.
But after passing the beam through water to which milk has been added, the light spot on the screen appears yellow or even orange, and the water becomes bluish.

Why?
Light, like electromagnetic radiation In general, it has both wave and corpuscular properties. The propagation of light has a wave-like character, and its interaction with matter occurs as if the light radiation consists of individual particles. Light particles - quanta (aka photons) are clusters of energy with different frequencies.

Photons have the properties of both particles and waves. Since photons undergo wave vibrations, the size of the photon is taken to be the wavelength of light of the corresponding frequency.
The flashlight is a source of white light. This is visible light, consisting of all possible shades of colors, i.e. radiation of different wavelengths - from red, to longest length waves, to blue and violet, with the shortest wavelengths in the visible range. When light vibrations of different wavelengths are mixed, the eye perceives them and the brain interprets this combination as White color, i.e. lack of color. Light passes through pure water without acquiring any color.

But when light passes through water tinted with milk, we notice that the water has become bluish, and the light spot on the screen has turned yellow-orange. This occurred as a result of scattering (deviation) of part of the light waves. Scattering can be elastic (reflection), in which photons collide with particles and bounce off them, just like two billiard balls bounce off each other. A photon undergoes the greatest scattering when it collides with a particle approximately the same size as itself.

Small particles of milk in water best scatter radiation of short wavelengths - blue and violet. Thus, when white light passes through water tinted with milk, the sensation of a pale blue color arises due to the scattering of short wavelengths. After short wavelengths from the light beam are scattered on milk particles, mainly yellow and yellow wavelengths remain in it. orange color. They move on to the screen.

If the particle size is larger than the maximum wavelength of visible light, the scattered light will consist of all wavelengths; such light will be white.

Experience 2

How does scattering depend on particle concentration?
Repeat the experiment using different concentrations of milk in water, from 0 to 10 drops. Observe the changes in the colors of the water and the light transmitted by the water.

Experience 3

Does the scattering of light in a medium depend on the speed of light in this medium?
The speed of light depends on the density of the substance in which the light travels. The higher the density of the medium, the slower light propagates through it

Remember that the scattering of light in different substances can be compared by observing the brightness of those substances. Knowing that the speed of light in air is 3 x 108 m/s, and the speed of light in water is 2.23 x 108 m/s, we can compare, for example, the brightness of wet river sand with the brightness of dry sand. In this case, one must keep in mind the fact that light falling on dry sand passes through air, and light falling on wet sand passes through water.

Place sand in a disposable paper plate. Pour some water from the edge of the plate. Having noted the brightness of different parts of the sand in the plate, draw a conclusion in which sand the scattering is greater: dry (in which the sand grains are surrounded by air) or wet (the sand grains are surrounded by water). You can try other liquids, for example, vegetable oil.