Why a gas giant. gas giants

Astronomy assignments in grade 10

Compiled by: physics teacher Shemonaeva S.N.

Part 1

When completing tasks 1-19 of part 1, you must choose the correct answer from the four offered.

1. A scientist who proved the movement of planets around the Sun.

a) Nicolaus Copernicus b) Giordano Bruno c) Galileo Galilei

2. What is the largest planet in the solar system?

a) Saturn b) Earth c) Jupiter

3. Which planet makes its revolution around the Sun faster than the others?

a) Mercury b) Venus c) Earth

4. Which planet has a day equal to a year?

a) Pluto b) Venus c) Jupiter

5. Which planet has the most satellites?

a) Uranus b) Jupiter c) Saturn

6. Relative to the Sun, the planets are located as follows:

a) Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Uranus, Jupiter

b) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus;

7. The following planets consist mainly of gases:

a) Mercury and Mars b) Pluto and Jupiter

c) Venus and Earth d) Mars and Saturn

8. The largest difference in day and night surface temperatures on the planet ...

a) Mercury b) Venus c) Saturn d) Pluto

9. Planet terrestrial group, the average surface temperature of which is below 0 0С ...

10. The composition of the clouds includes droplets of sulfuric acid near the planet ...

a) Mercury b) Venus c) Mars d) Earth

11. All planets have satellites, except ..

A) Mercury B) Venus C) Earth D) Mars E) Jupiter F) Saturn G) Uranus C) Neptune

12. Find the location of the giant planets in order of distance from the Sun:

A) Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune

B) Neptune, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus

B) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

D) there is no correct answer

13. In what orbits do the planets move?

A) circular B) hyperbolic C) elliptical

D) parabolic

14. Below are the bodies that make up the solar system. Choose an exception.

A) Sun B) major planets and their satellites C) asteroids D) comets E) meteors E) meteorites

15. Small bodies of the solar system include:

A) stars B) comets C) asteroids D) planets

16. It is known that the orbit of any planet is an ellipse, in one of the focuses of which is the Sun. The point in the orbit closest to the Sun is called:

A) apogee B) perigee C) apogee D) perihelion

17. Relative to the Sun, the planets are located as follows:

a) Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Uranus, Jupiter.

b) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus.

c) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.

18. The composition of the solar system includes:

a) Sun, stars, planets, satellites, asteroids, comets, meteor particles, space dust and gas;

b) the Sun and 9 major planets;

c) the Sun, 9 major planets and their satellites, asteroids, comets, meteor particles, cosmic dust and gas;

d) the Earth and other planets, the Moon and other satellites, asteroids and comets.

19. Nine major planets of the solar system in order of distance from the Sun:

a) Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune;

b) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto;

c) Venus, Mercury, Earth, Mars, Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune, Uranus, Pluto.

Part 2

Give short answers to the questions - tasks of the second part.

What planets can be observed at opposition? Which ones can't?

How can the outer planets be identified? What about the inner planets?

Why doesn't the planets move exactly according to Kepler's laws?

How does the value of the planet's velocity change as it moves from perhelion to aphelion?

Part 3

For the tasks of the third part, give a detailed solution.

1. The sidereal period of Jupiter's revolution around the Sun is 12 years. What is the average distance from Jupiter to the Sun?

2. What is the angular radius of Mars at opposition if its linear radius is 3400 km and the horizontal parallax is 18”? take the radius of the earth equal to 6400 km.

3. How many times the mass of Saturn is greater than the mass of the Earth, if the following data about their satellites are known: Diana (Saturn's satellite) - distance from the planet hell \u003d 3.78 * 10 5 km, orbital period T d = 2.75 days; Moon - distance a l = 3,8 * 10 5 km, period T l = 27.3 days? The masses of the satellites can be neglected.

1910

Gas giants are called planets, the majority of which consists of gases various kinds. These gases are predominantly hydrogen and helium. To a lesser extent, the presence of ammonia and methane, and sometimes nitrogen, is possible. Such planets are usually characterized by low temperatures and high pressure in the atmosphere.

The main features of the gas giants:

They have a low density. Thus, they do not have a solid surface in the usual sense for us.
They have an extremely short period of daily rotation. It is approximately from 9 to 17 hours, which is very small by earthly standards.
Due to the rapid rotation, as a rule, they are compressed or flattened in the region of the poles.
They scatter the sun's rays well.

The structure of gas giants

Structure gas planets consists of several layers:

gaseous (represented in the form of clouds);
liquid gas arising due to high pressure;
metallic gas (an electromagnetic field arises here);
a small core, which can be metal or stone.

Gas planets are characterized by the presence of strong winds in their atmospheres, reaching thousands of kilometers. As well as stable giant whirlwinds that have existed for more than one hundred years.

According to modern data, most of the planets outside our solar system, that is, exoplanets, are gas. There are about a hundred billion of them in our galaxy now.

Gas giants of the solar system

All the planets of our solar system are usually divided into two parts: external and internal. The gas giants are represented by a group known in science as the "outer planets". It includes Neptune, Uranus, Saturn and Jupiter. They are further from the Sun than the rest - the inner planets and are separated from them by a belt of asteroids.

Outer planets have a set of common distinguishing features:

Considerable distance from the Sun.
The presence of strong magnetic fields.
Large size and weight.
The presence of many satellites around the planet.
Low temperatures.
The presence of ring systems encircling the planet.

The largest of the outer planets is Jupiter. It is the fifth in distance from the Sun. It has an atmosphere composed primarily of hydrogen and eleven percent helium. The presence of sulfur and phosphorus in it gives a beautiful Orange color appearance planets. In the lower layers is an ocean filled with liquid hydrogen.

There are classic signs of gas planets here: strong winds and long (up to three hundred years of existence) whirlwinds. The most gigantic of the latter is the Great Red Spot. Its dimensions are several times larger than the earth.

The planet has the most powerful magnetic field 650 million kilometers. Twenty-eight satellites rotate in its zone.

The next gas giant of the outer system is Saturn. The planet is the second largest in our solar system. Its rotation time is very short - just over 10 hours. In size, it is slightly inferior to Jupiter. But by weight - three times.

The composition of Saturn includes mainly hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane and the remains of water are present to a small extent.

The famous ring of Saturn, surrounding it at the equator, is not a single whole. Its outer layers revolve around the planet at a much slower speed than the inner ones. In their structure, they consist of the smallest particles of ice with the addition of silicate dust. In width, they can reach eighty thousand kilometers. The thickness of the rings is much less - no more than one kilometer.

The length of the year on Saturn is 29.5 times longer than the earth. During the annual cycle, the appearance of the rings of a celestial body from the Earth varies greatly.

The equinox period is characterized by the termination of the possibility of their observation. That is, they practically cease to be visible from our planet, with the exception of a small line. Thereafter, over a period of seven years, the rings become larger and larger in width and reach their maximum visual size when the solstice occurs. Then the cycle repeats.

Saturn has sixty-two moons. Their composition is represented by rocks and ice, and their sizes are usually small. One of its satellites, Titan, which received its name for its maximum dimensions compared to others, has a dense atmosphere, consisting mainly of nitrogen with the addition of methane. Scientists suggest that such conditions could exist on Earth during the period of the appearance of life on it.

The planet next to Saturn is Uranus. Discovered in the 17th century, it is the fourth largest in the solar system.

A year on Uranus is 84 times longer than an Earth year, and it rotates around its axis in just seventeen hours. In the composition of Uranus, unlike most other planets except Neptune, scientists have not found metallic hydrogen. However, a large percentage of ice was found there. Therefore, the planet, like Neptune, was classified as an ice giant.

In its hydrogen-helium atmosphere, impurities of methane, ammonia and hydrogen were found.

Uranus is the most cold planet solar system. With a temperature of 224 degrees Celsius, it is completely uninhabitable.

The presence of weakly expressed rings on Uranus is undoubted. At the same time, the outer ring formations have a brighter color.

A feature of Uranus is its property of rotation in a horizontal position, as if lying on its "side". Twenty-seven satellites of the planet are named after the heroes of the works of W. Shakespeare and A. Pope.

The last, and smallest, of the outer gas giants is Neptune. Not visible from Earth, it has a unique history of discovery, as it was first discovered not visually, but with the help of mathematical calculations. The reason for this was changes in the orbit of Uranus and the assumption that they are caused by the influence of the gravity of an unknown planet.

Neptune is similar in composition to Uranus. This led scientists to attribute it to the ice giants. The surface of the planet is an ocean of water and liquefied gases. One year on the planet corresponds to approximately 165 Earth years. A day lasts about 16 hours.

Due to the internal energy source of Neptune, the strongest winds in the solar system arise on it. They can reach 2100 kilometers per hour. The atmosphere of the planet is characterized by persistent storms that last for several months.

On Neptune, faintly expressed rings with a reddish tint were discovered. It is assumed that it is given by the presence in their composition, people with ice and silicate, carbon.

Neptune has the strongest magnetic field, with a length of 650 thousand kilometers. But, unlike the Earth, its orbit is deviated from the axis of rotation of the planet itself by 47 degrees.

Of the fourteen moons of Neptune, Triton is the largest.

Currently, there is also a theory among scientists that in our solar system there was another planet that was a gas giant. But under the influence of Jupiter's gravity, she had to be out of the region of attraction of the Sun.

largest gas giant

AT early XXI century, the most big planet Universe, which is also a gas giant. She was given the name TrES-4. It is located in the constellation Hercules, at a distance of 1600 light years from our planet. Heavenly body twenty times more earth. It is 1.7 times larger than Jupiter in diameter, but only three times as massive. A day on TrES-4 is equal to three and a half Earth days.

Due to the proximity to the mother star, the temperature on the planet is extremely high and reaches approximately 1260 degrees. Therefore, and also because of the small mass, it is constantly expanding. TrES-4 cannot contain the atmosphere. Part of it is constantly evaporating, transforming into a tail, like those that accompany a comet.

1911

Gas giants are called planets, the bulk of which consists of gases of various types. These gases are predominantly hydrogen and helium. To a lesser extent, the presence of ammonia and methane, and sometimes nitrogen, is possible. Such planets are usually characterized by low temperatures and high pressure in the atmosphere.

The main features of the gas giants:

They have a low density. Thus, they do not have a solid surface in the usual sense for us.
They have an extremely short period of daily rotation. It is approximately from 9 to 17 hours, which is very small by earthly standards.
Due to the rapid rotation, as a rule, they are compressed or flattened in the region of the poles.
They scatter the sun's rays well.

The structure of gas giants

The structure of gas planets consists of several layers:

gaseous (represented in the form of clouds);
liquid gas arising due to high pressure;
metallic gas (an electromagnetic field arises here);
a small core, which can be metal or stone.

According to modern data, most of the planets outside our solar system, that is, exoplanets, are gas. There are about a hundred billion of them in our galaxy now.

Gas giants of the solar system

Outer planets have a set of common distinguishing features:

Considerable distance from the Sun.
The presence of strong magnetic fields.
Large size and weight.
The presence of many satellites around the planet.
Low temperatures.
The presence of ring systems encircling the planet.

The largest of the outer planets is Jupiter. It is the fifth in distance from the Sun. It has an atmosphere composed primarily of hydrogen and eleven percent helium. The presence of sulfur and phosphorus in it gives a beautiful orange color to the appearance of the planet. In the lower layers is an ocean filled with liquid hydrogen.

The planet has a powerful magnetic field of 650 million kilometers. Twenty-eight satellites rotate in its zone.

The composition of Saturn includes mainly hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane and the remains of water are present to a small extent.

The length of the year on Saturn is 29.5 times longer than the earth. During the annual cycle, the appearance of the rings of a celestial body from the Earth varies greatly.

The planet next to Saturn is Uranus. Discovered in the 17th century, it is the fourth largest in the solar system.

In its hydrogen-helium atmosphere, impurities of methane, ammonia and hydrogen were found.

Uranus is the coldest planet in the solar system. With a temperature of 224 degrees Celsius, it is completely uninhabitable.

The presence of weakly expressed rings on Uranus is undoubted. At the same time, the outer ring formations have a brighter color.

On Neptune, faintly expressed rings with a reddish tint were discovered. It is assumed that it is given by the presence in their composition, people with ice and silicate, carbon.

Neptune has the strongest magnetic field, with a length of 650 thousand kilometers. But, unlike the Earth, its orbit is deviated from the axis of rotation of the planet itself by 47 degrees.

Of the fourteen moons of Neptune, Triton is the largest.

largest gas giant

At the beginning of the 21st century, the largest planet in the Universe was discovered, which is also a gas giant. She was given the name TrES-4. It is located in the constellation Hercules, at a distance of 1600 light years from our planet. The celestial body is twenty times larger than the Earth. It is 1.7 times larger than Jupiter in diameter, but only three times as massive. A day on TrES-4 is equal to three and a half Earth days.

In the solar system, the gas giants include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. According to the hypothesis of the origin of the solar system, the giant planets formed later than the terrestrial planets. By this time, most of the refractory substances (oxides, silicates, metals) had already fallen out of the gas phase, and the inner planets (from Mercury to Mars) were formed from them. There is a hypothesis about the fifth gas giant, which was pushed out during the formation of the modern image of the solar system to its distant outskirts (which became the hypothetical planet Tyukhe or another "Planet X") or beyond it (which became an orphan planet). The last such hypothesis is the hypothesis of the ninth planet of Brown and Batygin.

Gas giants are planets made up largely of hydrogen, helium, ammonia, methane, and other gases. Planets of this type have a low density, short period diurnal rotation and, consequently, significant compression at the poles; their visible surfaces reflect well, or, in other words, scatter the sun's rays.

The period of very fast rotation of gas giants around its axis is 9-17 hours.

Models internal structure gas planets suggest the presence of several layers. At a certain depth, the pressure in the atmospheres of gaseous planets reaches high values, sufficient for the transition of hydrogen to liquid state. If the planet is large enough, then a layer of metallic hydrogen (resembling liquid metal, where protons and electrons exist separately) can be placed even lower, electric currents in which generate a powerful magnetic field of the planet. It is assumed that gas planets also have a relatively small stone or metal core.

As the measurements of the Galileo descent vehicle showed, pressure and temperature increase rapidly already in upper layers gas planets. At a depth of 130 km in the atmosphere of Jupiter, the temperature was about 420 kelvins (145 degrees Celsius), pressure - 24 atmospheres. All gaseous planets in the solar system radiate noticeably more heat than they receive from the sun, due to the release of gravitational energy during compression. Models have been proposed that allow the release of extremely small amounts of heat inside Jupiter during reactions thermonuclear fusion, but these models do not have observational confirmation.

In the atmospheres of gas planets, powerful winds blow at speeds of up to several thousand kilometers per hour (the wind speed at Saturn's equator is 1800 km/h). There are permanent atmospheric formations, which are giant whirlwinds. For example, the Great Red Spot (several times the size of the Earth) has been observed on Jupiter for more than 300 years. There is a Great Dark Spot on Neptune, smaller spots on Saturn.

For all the gaseous planets of the solar system, the ratio of the total mass of their satellites to the mass of the planet is about 0.01% (1 in 10,000). To explain this fact, models have been developed for the formation of satellites from gas-dust disks with a large amount of gas (in this case, a mechanism is in place that limits the growth of satellites).

1.Scientist who proved the movement of planets around the Sun.

a) Nicolaus Copernicus

b) Giordano Bruno

c) Galileo Galilei

2. What is the largest planet in the solar system?

a) Saturn b) Earth c) Jupiter

3. Which planet revolves around the sun the fastest?

a) Mercury b) Venus c) Earth

4. Which planet has a day equal to a year?

a) Pluto b) Venus c) Jupiter

5. A planet that has two satellites - Phobos and Deimos

a) Mars b) Pluto c) Jupiter

6. Planets of the terrestrial group.

a) Venus, Earth, Mars, Neptune

b) Venus, Earth, Mars, Pluto.

c) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

7. Which planet has the most satellites?

a) Uranus b) Jupiter c) Saturn

8. The star around which the earth revolves... a) Sun b) Moon c) Venus d) Mercury

9. The planet farthest from the Sun...

a) Neptune b) Venus

c) Saturn d) Pluto

10. natural satellite revolving around the earth?

a) Mars b) Jupiter

c) Moon d) Pluto

11. Which planet is named after the god of commerce?

a) Mars b) Mercury

c) Pluto d) Saturn

12. Which planet is named after the Roman god of war? a) Pluto b) Neptune c) Mars

d) Saturn

13. The planets are located relative to the Sun: a) Venus, Earth, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Uranus, Jupiter b) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Neptune, Pluto, Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus;
c) Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.

14. Pluto is... a) the largest planet in the solar system; b) the smallest planet in the solar system;
c) a planet equal in size to the planet Earth.

15. The closest star to Earth is
a) Venus, in ancient times called the “morning star” b) the Sun c) Alpha Centauri

d) Polaris
16. What are the two gases that make up the Sun?
a) oxygen b) helium c) nitrogen d) argon e) hydrogen
17. What is the temperature of the surface of the Sun?
a) 2,800 degrees Celsius b) 5,800 degrees Celsius c) 10,000 degrees Celsius
d) 15 million degrees Celsius

18. The outer radiating surface of the Sun is called
a) photosphere b) atmosphere c) chromosphere
19. Which gas layer protects the Earth from cosmic radiation?
a) oxygen b) ozone c) helium d) nitrogen
20. The reason for the change of seasons on Earth is
a) the tilt of the earth's axis b) the shape of the earth's orbit
c) distance to the Sun d) solar eclipses

21. According to modern views on the origin of the Sun and the solar system, they were formed from
a) Other stars and planets b) Big Bang
c) gas and dust cloud

22. The sun lit up approximately
a) 100 million years ago b) 1 billion years ago
c) 4.5 billion years ago d) 100 billion years ago
23. The following planets consist mainly of gases:
a) Mercury and Mars b) Pluto and Jupiter
c) Venus and Earth d) Mars and Saturn
24. In the process of aging, the Sun will turn into
a) into a blue dwarf b) into a red dwarf
c) into a red giant d) into a blue giant
25. A supernova is born
a) from a gas and dust cloud b) from a black hole
c) as a result of the explosion of a red giant
d) as a result of the explosion of a white dwarf
26. The largest difference between day and night surface temperatures on the planet ...

a) Mercury b) Venus c) Saturn d) Pluto

27. Heat The surface of Venus is due to...

a) the greenhouse effect b) the presence of a satellite

c) close to the sun

28. Terrestrial planet with an average surface temperature below 0 0 FROM…

29. The composition of the clouds includes droplets of sulfuric acid near the planet ...

a) Mercury b) Venus c) Mars d) Earth

30. Planets with biosphere…

a) Mercury b) Venus c) Mars d) Earth