When the Milky Way and Andromeda collide occurs. About the merger of the Milky Way and Andromeda

Spiral galaxy whirlpool (M51, NGC 5194/95). Its pronounced spiral structure, apparently, originated due to the gravitational influence of the smaller NGC 5195 galaxy (right), the light of which is partially obscured by dust at the end of the spiral sleeve M51

Galaxies are presented to us completely unchanged and stable objects, but in fact their life is full of movement. The universe is similar to a gigantic intersection, which turned off traffic lights. True, here numerous collisions of galactic objects do not destroy them, but only contribute to the evolution of galaxies.

The study of galaxies began, as it usually happens, with attempts to systematize them in appearance. So there was a famous Hubblovskaya classification, which will be discussed later. But when in the 50s of the last century, astronomers became closely studying the galaxies located close to each other, it turned out that many of them had very unusual, or, as they say, peculiar, view. Sometimes, even single, they look so "unprepacently" that they cannot be attached in one place decent in all respects of the Hubble sequence. Often they, as if stretching each other's hands - thin star jumpers - or thrown into the opposite sides. Long swirling tails. Such galaxies began to be called interacting. True, they were then observed no more than 5% of the number of normal objects, and therefore rarely found freaks for a long time did not attract special attention.

One of the first seriously engaged in their study by B.A. Vorontsov Veljaminov. With his light hand, one of the most unusual pairs of NGC 4676 got a name first playing mice, and then just mouse. Under such a nickname, it appears now in serious scientific articles. There are other interesting instances of peculiar objects, more known under their "party nicknames" than passport data catalogs - antennas (NGC 4038/39), atom of the world (NGC 7252), whirlpool (M 51 or NGC 5194/95).

How affects gravity on appearance Galaxies, it is easier to understand the example of those objects that have tails and jumpers. Recall how the moon makes it "to remove" the earth's ocean from two opposite sides. Due to the rotation of the planet, these tidal waves flee ground surface. In the same way, the disk galaxy during rapprochement with another galaxy, tidal hills arise, elongated both in the direction of the perturbation of calm and in the opposite. Later, these humps are tightened into long tails from stars and gas due to differential rotation: periods of stars around the center of the Galaxy are growing with a removal from the center. A similar picture was able to reproduce in computer experiments when astronomers engaged in numerical modeling of galaxies gravitational interaction.

The first models were almost toy. In them, the movement of test particles, distributed in circular orbits around a massive point, was outraged by the flying point by another massive point. On such models in 1972, the Allar & Juri Toomre brothers (Alar & Juri Tomre) were comprehensively studied, as the formation of tidal structures on the parameters of the collision of galaxies depends. For example, it turned out that star bridges connecting the galaxies are well reproduced by the interaction of an object with a small-mass galaxy, and the tails - with a collision of the disk system with a comparable mass galaxy. Another interesting result was obtained at the span of an indignant body by a disk of a spiral galaxy in one direction with its rotation. The relative speed of movement turned out to be a small, spiral galaxy consequences. The Tumore brothers built models of a number of well-known interacting systems, including mice, antennas and whirlpool, and expressed the most important idea that the result of a collision of galaxies could be a complete merger of their star systems - merges.

But toy models could not even illustrate this idea, and you will not put the experiment on galaxies. Astronomers can only observe different stages of their evolution, gradually restoring from the scattered links the entire chain of events, stretched for hundreds of millions and even billions of years. Once the Herschel very accurately formulated this feature of astronomy: "[the sky] it seems to me now a wonderful garden in which there is posted great amount a variety of plants planted on various beds and are at different stages of development; From such a state of affairs, we can extract at least one favor: our experience stretch to huge segments of time. After all, it is not all equal, we will consistently present in the birth, flowering, dressing leaves, fertilization, fading and, finally, the final death of plants or at the same time we will observe many samples taken at different levels of development through which the plant goes throughout his life? "

Alar Tumere made a whole selection of 11 unusual Merger Galaxies, which, being built into a certain sequence, reflected different stages of interaction - from the first close flight and dissolve the tails to the subsequent merge into a single object with a mustache sticking out of it, loops and smoke clubs.

Galaxies at different stages of merging from the sequence of a tumper

But the real breakthrough in the studies provided the Hubble Space Telescope. One of the research programs implemented on it consisted in a long-term - up to 10 days in a row - observing two small sections of the sky in the northern and southern hemispheres of the sky. These pictures were named deep fields of Hubble. They can see a huge number of distant galaxies. Before some of them, more than 10 billion light years, and therefore, they are for the same years younger than the closest neighbors of our galaxy. The result of studies of the appearance, or, as they say, the morphology of distant galaxies turned out to be stunning. If Hubble had only images of galaxies from deep fields at hand, he would hardly build his famous "Cameton". Among the galaxies with age about half of the age of the Universe, almost 40% of objects are not stacked in a standard classification. The proportion of galaxies with obvious traces of gravitational interaction, and therefore, normal galaxies should have been going through the stages of freaks in the youth. In a more dense environment, the early universe collision and mergers turned out to be the most important factor in the evolution of galaxies.

But to understand these processes, there were no first toy models of interaction of galaxies. First of all, because they did not reproduce the effects of dynamic friction of star systems, which ultimately lead to the loss of energy of the orbital movement and the merger of galaxies. It was required to learn to fully calculate the behavior of systems from billions of attracting stars.

Chainton Hubble
The classification of galaxies on their morphology Edwin Habble offered in 1936. On the left end of this sequence are elliptical galaxies - spheroidal systems varying degrees Silentness. Next, it stretches to flat spiral galaxies built in order to reduce the degree of twist of their spiral branches and the mass of their spherical subsystem - balding. Separately there are wrong galaxies, such as the two most notable satellites of the Milky Way, visible in the sky of the southern hemisphere, is a large and small magtellane clouds. When moving to spiral galaxies, the Hubble sequence is splitted, giving the beginning of an independent branch of spiral galaxies with jumpers, or bars - gigantic star formations crossing the galaxy kernel, from the ends of which spiral branches depart. It is even considered that this is not just an independent branch of the classification, but almost the main, as the bars have from half to two thirds of spiral galaxies. Due to the splitness, this classification is often referred to as Chaperton Hubble.

As the observation material accumulates, it became clear that the appearance of galaxies is closely related to their internal properties - mass, luminosity, the structure of stellar subsystems, the types of inhabiting the galaxy of stars, the amount of gas and dust, the rate of the birth of stars, etc. It seemed from here all palshag origin of galactic different types - It's all about initial conditions. If the initial protoglactic gas cloud was practically not rotable, then as a result of spherically symmetric compression, an elliptical galaxy was formed under the action of the forces. In the case of rotation of compression in the direction perpendicular to the axis, it was stopped due to the fact that the gravity was balanced by the increased centrifugal forces. This led to the formation of flat systems - spiral galaxies. It was believed that the formed galaxies in the future do not experience any global shocks, alone, producing stars and slowly old and blush in color due to their evolution. In the 50s and 1960s of the last century it was believed that in this described scenario of the so-called monolithic collapse, only some details remain clarified. But as soon as the interaction of galaxies was recognized by the engine of their evolution, this simplified picture became irrelevant.

Two in one

The problem of motion prediction big number Massive points interacting by law world full gravity, I received in physics the name of the task N tel. It is possible to solve it only by numerical modeling. Setting the masses and position of the bodies at the initial moment, it is possible to calculate the forces acting on them by law. Believing these forces unchanged for a short period of time, it is easy to calculate the new position of all bodies according to the equivalent movement formula. And repeating this procedure thousand and millions of times, you can simulate the evolution of the entire system.

In the galaxy, like our more than one hundred billion stars. Directly calculate their interaction is not at least modern supercomputers. We have to resort to different kinds of simplifications and tricks. For example, you can represent the galaxy not a real number of stars, but what can I solve the computer. In the 1970s they took only 200-500 points for the galaxy. But the calculation of the evolution of such systems led to unrealistic results. Therefore, all these years was the struggle for increasing the number of tel. Now they are usually taken to several million stars on the galaxy, although in some cases when modeling the origin of the first structures in the Universe, up to ten billion points are used.

Another simplification consists in an approximate calculation of mutual attraction of tel. Since the strength of gravity will quickly decrease with the distance, the attraction of each distant star is not necessarily calculated too precisely. Far objects can be grouped by replacing one point of the total mass. This technique received the name Tree Code (from English. Tree-tree, since groups of stars are going to complex hierarchical structure). Now this is the most popular approach, repeatedly accelerating calculations.

But on this astronomers did not calm down. They even developed a special GRAPE processor, which does not know how to do anything, besides the calculation of the mutual gravitational attraction of N bodies, but it copes extremely quickly with this task!

The numerical solution of the task N bodies confirmed the idea of \u200b\u200ba tumper that two spiral galaxies in a collision can merge into one object, very similar to elliptical galaxy. Interestingly, quite shortly before this result is obtained by astronomer Gerard de Vobuler at the symposium of the International Astronomical Union skeptically stated: "After a collision, you will receive a fused car, and not a new car type." But in the world of interacting galaxies, two colliding cars, oddly enough, turn into a limousine.

The consequences of the merger of galaxies turn out to be even more striking, given the presence of the gas component. Unlike the star component, gas can lose kinetic energy: It goes into heat, and then to radiation. When merging two spiral galaxies, this leads to the fact that gas "flows" to the center of the merger product - measureer. Part of this gas very quickly turns into young stars, which leads to the phenomenon of ultra-paint infrared sources.

The effect of the collision of a small "satellite" with a large spiral galaxy is also interesting. The latter eventually increases the thickness of its star disk. The statistics of observational data confirms the results of numerical experiments: spiral galaxies included in the interacting systems, on average 1.5-2 times thicker than solitary. If the small galaxy is managed to "enter" literally in the forehead of a large spiral, perpendicular to its plane, then divergent ring-like density waves are excited in the disk, like from stone thrown into the pond. Together with the scraps of the spiral branches between the crests of the waves, the galaxy becomes similar to the television wheel. This is exactly what is called one of the womb of the world of galaxies. The frontal collisions are very rare, the more surprisingly, in a relaxed galaxy, the nebula of Andromeda discovered two such waves. This in October 2006 was reported by the team of astronomers, processing observations of the space telescope "Spitzer". Rings are clearly visible in the infrared range in the area where dust is radiated with a gas disc. Computer modelling It showed that the cause of the unusual morphology of our nearest neighbor is its collision with the M32 satellite galaxy, which about 200 million years ago pierced her through.

The fate of the satellites of galaxies are more sad. Tidal forces, in the end, literally smear them in orbit. In 1994, an unusual species of the Milky Way dwarf satellite was discovered in the constellation. Partially destroyed by the tidal forces of our galaxy, he pulled out a long ribbon consisting of moving groups of stars with a length of about 70 degrees, or 100 thousand light years! By the way, the dwarf galaxy in Sagittarius is now listed by the closest companion of our galaxy, taking this title among the magtellated clouds. It is only about 50 thousand light years. Another giant star loop was found in 1998 around the spiral galaxy NGC 5907. Numerical experiments reproduce such structures very well.

Collision model of spiral galaxies. The third frame is very reminiscent of the galaxies of the mouse (T - time in millions of years)

Dark matter hunting

Even in the early 1970s, serious arguments appeared in favor of the fact that galaxies besides stars and gas contain so-called dark halo. Theoretical arguments followed the considerations of the stability of stellar galaxies of stellar disks, observant - from large, not falling to the edge of gas rotation rates on a distant periphery of galactic disks (there are almost no stars there, and therefore the rotation speed is determined by gas observations). If the entire mass of the galaxy was mainly in the stars, the orbital velocities of gas clouds located outside the star disk would become less and less with the distance. This is what is observed in the planets in the solar system, where the mass is mainly focused in the sun. In galaxies, this is often not so that indicates the presence of some additional, massive, and the main thing - the extended component, in which the gravitational field gas clouds acquire high speeds.

Numerical Star Disk Models also presented surprises. The disks turned out to be very "fragile" formations - they quickly and sometimes disastrically changed their structure, spontaneously turning out of a flat and round cake in the Baton, a scientific bar. The situation partly became clear when a massive dark halo was introduced into the mathematical model of the galaxy, which does not give the contribution to its total luminosity and manifests itself only through the gravitational impact on the stellar subsystem. We can judge the structure, mass and other parameters of dark halo only by indirect features.

One way to get information about the structure of dark halo is the study of extended structures that are formed in galaxies in their interaction. For example, sometimes with a close span, one galaxy "steals" from another part of the gas, "wrapping" him in the form of an extended ring. If you are lucky and the ring will be perpendicular to the plane of the rotation of the galaxy, then such a structure is a polar ring - it may not be destroyed for quite a long time. But the process of forming such parts itself is highly dependent on the mass distribution at long distances from the center of the Galaxy, where there are almost no stars. For example, the existence of extended polar rings can be explained only if the mass of the dark halo will be roughly halved to exceed the mass of the galaxy glowing substance.

Tidal tails also serve as reliable indicators of the presence of dark matter in the peripheral regions of galaxies. They can be called the thermometers "on the contrary": the greater the mass of the dark substance, the shorter the "mercury column", in the role of which the tidal tail is.

Two wonderful discoveries of extragalactic astronomy are the existence of dark matter and merges of galaxies - immediately assigned cosmologists, especially since a number of cosmological observation tests also indicated: the dark substance is about an order of magnitude more than the usual. Perhaps the first testimony of the existence of the hidden mass was obtained back in 1933, when F. Zwickki noted that the galaxies in the cluster of Veronica's hair move faster than expected, and therefore should be some kind of invisible mass, holding them away from the destroyer. The nature of dark matter remains unknown, therefore, they usually talk about a certain abstract cold dark substance (Cold Dark Matter, CDM), which only gravitational interacts with conventional substance. But it is it that, due to its large mass, serves as an active background, on which all scenarios of the origin and growth of structures in the universe are played. The usual substance only passively follows the proposed scenario.

These ideas were based on the so-called scenario of hierarchical miscarriage. On it, the primary perturbations of the density of dark matter occur due to gravitational instability in the young universe, and then multiply, merging with each other. As a result, many gravitational-related dark halo differing in mass and angular (rotational) torque are formed. Gas is rolled into the gravitational pits of dark halo (this process is called accretion), which leads to the appearance of galaxies. The story of mergers and the accretion of each bunch of dark matter largely determines the type of galaxy, which is born in it.

The attractiveness of the scenario of hierarchical bought is that it describes the large-scale distribution of galaxies very well. The most impressive numerical experiment conducted within this scenario is called Millenium Simulation. The astronomer reported on its results in 2005. The experiment was solved by the task of n tel for 10 billion (!) Particles in a cube with a rebier of 1.5 billion parses. As a result, it was possible to trace the evolution of the density of the dark matter density from the moment when the universe was only 120 million years, to the present day. During this time, almost half of the dark matter managed to gather in the dark halo of various sizes, which had about 18 million pieces. And although complete and unconditional consent with the results of observations of the large-scale structure could not be obtained, still ahead.

In search of missing dwarfs

The scenario of hierarchical miscarriage predicts that in halo large spiral galaxies, like our, should exist hundreds of "mini-holes" who serve as nuclei of dwarf galaxies satellites. The absence of such a number of small satellites creates some difficulties for standard cosmology. However, it is possible that the whole thing is simply in the underestimation of the real number of dwarf galaxies. That is why their targeted search is so important. With the advent of large digital reviews of the sky stored in special electronic archives and accessible by everyone, astronomers are increasingly leading such a search is not in the sky, but on the monitor screen.

In 2002, a team of researchers under the leadership of Beth Wilman began to search for unknown Milky Way satellites in the Sloan Digital Sky Review. Since the surface brightness was expected very low - hundreds of times weaker nightly atmospheric glow, it was decided to search for the sky with a statistically significant excess of distant red giants - bright stars located at the final stage of their evolution. The first success came in March 2005. In constellation Big Mesmen. At a distance of 300 thousand light years, a dwarf spheroidal galaxy was opened from us. She became the thirteenth satellite of the Milky Way, and with record low luminosity - together all her stars emit as one supergiant, for example, denb the brightest star In the winned constellation. Detect this galaxy managed at the limit of the possibilities of the method. It turned out to be extremely harvest on our galaxy satellites, when two other teams of researchers were opened by seven dwarf spheroidal galaxies around the Milky Way. And it seems to be not the limit.

So, the galaxies grow from small systems, which are formed through multiple mergers. Simultaneously with the process of fusion, the "precipitation" (accretion) of gas and small galaxies-satellites on large galaxies occurs. It is still unclear to the extent to which both of these processes determine the modern adult type of galaxies - Hubble types.

But after the growing galaxy continue to change. On the one hand, the changes are caused by gravitational interactions between them, which may even lead to a change in the type of galaxy, and on the other, the slow processes of dynamic evolution already formed objects. For example, stellar disks of spiral galaxies are subject to different types of instability. They may spontaneously form the bars of the jumpers, with which gas efficiently "rides" into the central regions of the Galaxies, which leads to the redistribution of the substance in the system. The bars themselves also slowly evolve - grow both in length and width. And the spiral structure of the galaxy itself is the result of instability.

Sometime, Hubble divided the galaxies as follows. Ellipticals were attributed to early types, and a spiral line - more and more and later. Perhaps because of this, "Challenge Hubble" gave an evolutionary meaning. However, the dynamic evolution of galaxies goes rather, in the opposite direction - from the late types to the early in the direction of the slow growth of the central spheroidal subsystem - Balzha. But some way or another, all three processes - mergers, accretion and slow century evolution are responsible for the appearance of galaxies. We already understand much in this picture, but we still have to learn and understand.

Natalia Sotnikova, Candidate of Physical and Mathematics Sciences

> \u003e\u003e Collision of the Milky Way

Find out, with whom will come across Milky Way : Distance with neighboring galaxies, rapprochement and merging with Andromeda, watching a Hubble telescope, which will be with us.

Scientists are convinced that 4 billion years old Milky Way will lose their usual shape, as it will face the Galaxy of Andromeda. As a result, we get a new gigantic hybrid galaxy. Most likely, it will be formed in the form of an ellipse.

On the one hand, it is not something special. Even now in extensive space expanders, such galactic mergers can be observed. But let's not forget that this event concerns ours native home (Solar system and earth).

The future collision of the Milky Way and Andromeda is not considered shocking news, as scientists know about it for a long time. Galaxies come closer at 400,000 km / h. But earlier it was only an assumption, because it was not possible to measure the lateral movement. Now everything has changed.

Within 7 years, the researchers used the Hubble Space Telescope to observe certain areas of neighboring galaxy. They found out that Andromeda would not pass by, but aimed at the frontal collision. The first strike will happen in 4 billion years, and the merger process will end in 6 billion years.

Space Collision Milky Way

Our galaxy has never experienced anything like this for the entire period of its existence (13.5 billion years). Of course, earlier she absorbed dwarf galaxies, but this is the first contact with such a major object.

It makes no sense for their safety for your safety, since neither nor our planet threatens anything. We are talking about the passage of two massive spaces whose objects are seased at large distances. That is, the probability of the collision of the stars is minimal. But we are destined to change place of residence, as the new galaxy will look different. Most likely, the system will be much further from the nucleus.

How will the night sky look like after such a collision

Clash Galaxies Milky Way and Andromeda will change what we are accustomed to see in the night sky. If, after 3.75 billion years, humanity will continue to exist, then people are destined to observe the vivid areas of the formation of stars in the new galaxy. After 7 billion years, the brightest core of the elliptical giant will become dominant. But we will not forget that at that time should go to the stage of the Red Giant and we can simply not catch this sight.

The use of Hubble made it possible to learn not only to look into the past, but also simulate the future to which the universe is preparing us. Therefore, we now know not only where they came from, but and where they go.

\u003e Collision of galaxies. Computer 3D model

Consider high quality 3d galaxies collision model: Modeling the consequences, the process of merge online, a collision of central black holes.

Who knows how many undisposed secrets and riddles are in themselves unknown and endless space? People are not destined to solve them to the end, even knowledge of the native solar system is quite limited, it is only a dust falling surrounded by endless star clusters. Humanity has already been seeking to learn all the secrets of the universe for many years, he even managed to comprehend some of the truths, but these knowledge is too limited and superficial.

Numerous slowly float in cold space, sometimes they occur collisions, the scale of which is even difficult to imagine ordinary person. This, without exaggeration, the phenomena of the universal value and significance, is unlikely comparable on its entertainment with anything in this world.

The consequences of the collision of galaxies

When a collision of two galaxies occurs, the energy emission associated with this process is impossible to comprehend the human mind. As a result, two giants, spilled in one whole, start glowing with double power. This event is extremely long from a human point of view and can last several billion years - naturally, for this reason, scientists are deprived of the opportunity to observe the entire process of merging from the very beginning and before its completion. Fortunately, modern computer technologies allow you to simulate the moment collisions of galactic, Shorting it hundreds of thousands of times.

Collision model of galaxies on a computer monitor

Attention! Use the mouse pointer to change the angle.

Everyone now has the opportunity to admire interactive process Collisions of galaxies in 3D permission. A new application allows you to observe the attraction of two galactic nuclei that are, as a result, the fascinating cosmic round dance begins. A certain number of star systems leaves a newly formed galaxy, and continues its endless path in the Universe - the program shows them in the form of color points.

Animation image of a collision of galaxies

Management of a program modeling a collision of galaxies

All navigating a program that simulates a collision of galaxies is carried out using a mouse - an angle change can be moved in the program window, the scale changes with a simple wheel movement. In order to reset modeling and start the process again, click the mouse button.

This application allows you to deep on the secrets of the universe and even imagine possible global consequences Collisions of two giants - and the Milky Way.

Milky Way and Andromeda's nebula - The largest of 40 with small galaxies forming our local group. The local group of galaxies is combined by gravity, and therefore they will not be expected, and a gradual merger. Merging Milky Way Galaxies and Andromeda (figuratively) As established astronomers, 4.7 billion years ago, when only the sun was formed, Andromed and the Milky Way divided the distance of 4.2 million light years, and by now it decreased to 2.5-2.6 million light years , moreover, the rate of rapprochement is constantly increasing. Back in 1912, American astronomer Vesto Sluff, based on the analysis of the Doppler shift of the spectral lines of stars, found that Andromeda moves towards the Sun at a speed of about 300 km / s. By the middle of the 20th century, it turned out that the high speed of rapprochement of Andromeda with the solar system is mainly related to the orbital movement itself Solar system Around the center of the galaxy at a speed of about 225 km / s, directed approximately towards Andromeda. According to the refined estimates, the rate of rapprochement of the actual galaxies - the Milky Way and Andromeda is 110-120 km / s. And carried out in the period 2002-2010. With the help of the outer telescope "Hubble" measurements, showed that Andromeda approaches us almost in a straight line and the "collision" galaxies are almost inevitable. Saying a "collision", it is necessary to understand that the physical collision of objects like stars due to the low concentration of the substance in galaxies and the extreme remoteness of objects from each other is unlikely. For example, the star close to the Sun, the proxima of Centaurus, is at a distance of about 4.22 light year From the ground, which is 270,000 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun. For comparison: if the sun was the size of a 2.5 centimeter coin in a diameter, then the nearest coin / star would be 718 kilometers away. Scientists are predicted that in the first 4 billion years, Galo Galaxies will be intersect, which will strengthen their mutual gravitational attraction, and another 2-3 billion years of these two star Systems Finally alternate into a single conglomerate, which has already come up with the name "Malkomeda" (Milkomeda), composed of the domestic name of our galaxy - Milky Way (Milky Way) and Andromeda. Based on the calculations, the stars and the gas of the Galaxy Andromeda will be visible non-equipped eye From the ground about three billion years. "Today, Andromeda galaxy from the ground looks like a small fuzzy object. Astronomers first reviewed him more than a thousand years ago," says Roland Van der Marel from Scientific Institute Space telescope in Baltimore. "Little is more people more than questions related to space. And we can predict that this little fuzzy object is one day can absorb our sun and all the sunny system," adds astronomer. As a result of the merger of galaxies, a giant accumulation of stars, chaotic burnt around the common center, will be formed. The center will arise a system of two supermassive black holes in which will turn former centers Two galaxies. They will become more actively absorbing the matter, which, accelerating near black holes, will emit powerful gamma rays. In addition, there are powerful jets next to black holes - relativistic jets of matter emitted from their poles. In the clash of jets and gas peppers, bright accumulations of young massive stars will arise. What kind of fate awaits a sunny system when merging galaxies? According to scientists, the likelihood that in the process of this merger our sun will be thrown into the interstellar space, is 12 percent. But it is not excluded that the solar system will be completely captured by Andromeda nebula - the probability of this is equal to three percent. However, the most likely the following scenario: the solar system will be thrown into the periphery of the new galaxy, in the region of the surrounding diffuse gas cloud - halo. At the same time, it will be at a sufficiently safe distance - at least 100 thousand light years - from the Galactic Center. However, it should be borne in mind that by the time of completion of the merger of galaxies it is much more important to life on Earth than all the scenarios mentioned above will have the evolution of our Sun and the subsequent transformation of it into a red giant in 5-6 billion years. Scientists, based on observations, suggest that the small satellite of Andromeda is the Galaxy of the Triangle (M33) - will also be involved in the merger process. After 3-4 billion years after the merger of Andromeda and the Milky Way, the M33 galaxy will face a neoplasm ("Malkomeda") and probably hees with him on the same scenario. Whether it will happen so much or not so, and maybe it's not at all that it is difficult to judge this today, trying to look at billions of years in the future .... For. To our Milky Way at a speed of 120 km / s. Collision projects of galaxies have already been drawn up. Milky Way - Our Home Galaxy Milky Way is our homeland. It is huge, beautiful: it can be seen with a naked eye on a clear night sky. It is represented as a white strip, spilling around the whole sky. According to the latest data, the diameter of our galaxy is about 130,000 light years. It contains about three hundred billion planets, stars and other celestial bodies. Our solar system is located at a distance of 28 thousand light years from the center of the Galaxy, on a spiral concentration of gas and dust - Orion sleeve. Our galaxy has a soup - small galaxies rotating around the giant in their own orbit, regardless of other parts of the Milky Way. According to observations, in billions of years, the Milky Way will absorb small galaxies a large and small Magellanovo cloud, and after a while, Andromeda will absorb her. Andromeda and Milky Way Scientists confirmed that the collision of Andromeda galaxies and the Milky Way. These are the two largest systems that are located apart at a distance of about 2.5 million light years. Andromeda galaxy is located in the constellation of the same name. It can be considered a big brother of the Milky Way. Andromeda contains a trillion stars (in the Milky Ways about three hundred billion), the diameter of the galaxy is about 200,000 light years, and we are half less. Some scientists argue that our galaxy and Andromeda are very similar. And the Milky Way, and Andromeda is able to unite other galaxies of smaller sizes, but with the expansion of the Galaxy Universe diverge from each other. But these two giants move towards each other. The speed of movement is, by different counts, from 120 to 200 kilometers per second. As a result, scientists concluded that galaxies collide will occur. This event will occur in a couple of billion years. Scientists about the collision The collision of galaxies is shown in the roller from the television studio of Roscosmos. According to scientists, the cosmic giants must merge into a single whole. If, by the time of the collision, the land will be inhabited by people, they will be able to feel and see this event. According to scientists, the solar system can throw the Milky Way from our sleeve on. The planet will fly through the porridge from the stars, comet, dust. What happens when colliding If a collision of the Milky Way and Andromeda collision will occur, it will entail the inevitable death of a set of space bodies: a number of stars will be completely destroyed, some will throw away from galaxies, some will damage black holes. The spiral structure of objects will be completely broken, and there will be a new gigantic elliptic galaxy on their place. This process is the norm for the evolution of galaxies. The fact that the object is approaching to each other, the scientists are known not one year. But only now they made modeling a collision of two galaxies. Evolution of Cosmos. In the Universe there are galaxies that are in orbits with common center masses. In such systems there is a central giant galaxy and several satellite objects. During evolution, if the movement of smaller galaxies does not coincide in orbits, then they all begin to rotate around this center. If the orbit of galaxies is the same, they will be combined into one large systemWhile the smaller object will be broken. Similar collisions of astronomers are often observed. It is believed that Andromeda also faced with a smaller galaxy in the distant past. Our system also absorbed small galaxies. Collision The largest collision of galaxies will not happen soon. Yes, and this event is not called a collision. This event is more suitable for the term "merge". Since the galaxies are located discharged interstellar media, planets and stars are unlikely to come together with each other. Two giants will unite, leaving each other. Changing flight speed As already mentioned, scientists have long been known about the approach of two gigantic galaxies. Until some time, astronomers could not say with accuracy whether the most powerful collision of galaxies will be able to disperse until they created a mathematical model. At this stage there is a variant of the radial change in the speed of Andromeda regarding the Milky Way by measuring it using the Doppler shift of the spectral lines from the galaxy stars, but it will not be possible to measure the transverse speed. So far, astronomers managed to determine the approximate speed of the movement of galaxies. For some assumptions, halo will definitely encounter, but the wheels themselves may not touch each other. However, other scientists of the world think completely differently. When will face During the rapprochement of galaxies, they will spin the kernel around each other. During this event, star discs diffuse on the sides of the cores. Simulation of rapprochet showed that this event will occur about two billion light years. During the explosion, our solar system will be thrown out of the new galaxy about thirty thousand light years. It is likely that it will remove from the middle of the galaxies for a longer distance, but this chance is extremely low - about 0.1%. During modeling, astronomers had the opportunity to determine the likelihood of a collision of our galaxy with other systems. As a result of observations it turned out that the Milky Way could face M33 (probability - 9%). Will there be a collision? Andromeda contains about a billion different celestial bodies: planets and stars, and the Milky Way is just a few hundred billion. By the assumptions of astronomers, the collision of the Earth and the Sun with other planets and stars - an unlikely event. Most likely all heavenly bodies The explosive wave will be thrown into with the merger of black holes galaxies. After this event in the sky of the Earth, other constellations will shift, and maybe even one satellite will join it. When merging, galaxies usually not occurs the collision of stars due to the too long distance between them. However, there are gas between them, which can warm up and cause the birth of new stars. Dust and gas can be absorbed by existing stars, which is why their weight and size will be changed: there will be supernovae celestial bodies. While two giant objects are reached each other, gas in their sleeves will be not enough: during the movement, all gaseous masses will turn into a star or settle on old bodies. Therefore, no giant explosion will happen, but it will not be smooth. Merge Model For the first time, the approach of Andromeda to the Milky Way was noticed in 1920 by Edwin Hubble. He appreciated the outgoing spectrographic light from Andromeda and did sensational opening: The galaxy moves to us. In 2012, scientists made exemplary approximation rate calculations. The data obtained allowed to calculate the titanium collision date. Not so long ago, scientists have created a model of the future collision. Thomas Koks and Abraham Leb built a mathematical model that made it possible to determine the process of a collision and see the fate of our native solar system, land.