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Definition of the concept of an estate. An estate in ancient Russia this definition - an estate is what an estate is: definition - history.

Looking at the title photo for the note, you might think that now we are talking about the life of the lords in some English estate on the distant island of Great Britain. But no. As always, we will talk about the estate, located in that part of East Prussia, now territorially related to the Kaliningrad region.
The Langendorf estate (now Sokolniki) was located on the banks of the Pregel River, 11 km west of Tapiau (now Gvardeysk).
Since ancient times, there was a Prussian fortress on this place, which was transferred by the Order to the leader of the Sambian Prussians named Sklodo (1200 - 1260). The fortress served as a refuge for the local population in the event of Lithuanian raids.
Pruss Sklodo became the ancestor of the noble family von Perbandt (originally his descendants were referred to as "Windekaim" and only from 1426 as "Perbandt").
Sklodo had two sons: one, named Wergule, faithfully served the Order and took part in crusade against the Lithuanians, another, by the name of Nalube, although baptized as father and brother of Wargule, was the leader of the uprising against the Order, surrendering at the walls of the Königsberg castle to the superior forces of the Order.


In 1472, Brosum Perbandt became the owner of Langendorf, after which the estate belonged to the von Perbandt family for over 700 years, until 1945.
Members of the von Perbandt clan belonged to the richest nobility in East Prussia, were on the council of the Grand Master and held the posts of Amtshauptmann (senior official at the head of the administrative district - Amtsbezirk) in Ragnit, Memel, Pr. Holland, etc. Otto Wilhelm von Perbandt (1635 - 1706) (first portrait), former Amtshauptmann, Obermarschall (High Marshal) and Landhofmeister (Zemsky Hofmeister), who, in honor of the coronation of Friedrich I in 1701, became the first holder of the Schwarzen Adler Blackordens (Order eagle - highest order Kingdom of Prussia). His portrait was one of the few treasures that could be removed from Langendorf in 1945.
In 1865 Georg von Perbandt (1825-1907) (second portrait) built a new manor house in Langendorf with outbuildings and a large park. Master's house,neo-gothic, in the plan represented the letter "G" with a square tower in the corner. The best estates in England and Scotland served as models for its construction.







One of the guests of the estate recalled that Langendorf was always full of guests. Entering the manor house, it immediately became clear that you were in an East Prussian noble residence: family portraits almost life-size, a moose head with mighty horns above the door, a rough carpet on dark tiles, fancy shiny lacquered black cabinets with gold panels, made of beautiful old mahogany.






Georg von Perbandt was married to Conradine Philippine Thaer (third portrait), the granddaughter of the German scientist, physician, farmer and founder of the "Landwirtschaftliche Akademie Möglin" (Agricultural Academy Meglin) Albrecht Thaers, whom he met during his studies at the said academy. Their wedding took place in 1851.
The manor park was located on the right bank of the Pregel River on the site of an ancient Prussian fortress with a forburg, fenced off by a double wall. A family cemetery was built on the basis of the fortress, where Georg von Perbandt, the son of Georg von Perbandt and Conradine Philippine Thaer, was the last to be buried in 1929.




The size of the estate exceeded 750 hectares. Meat and dairy farming, which was intensively practiced on the estate for several decades, was an important part of farms. From the middle of the 19th century on the estate there was a dairy plant, in which along with regular dairy productsengaged in the production of milk sugar and milk powder.




The ship dock located on the estate made it possible to use the waterway for cargo and passenger traffic from Königsberg and Tapiau.
The last head of the family Albrecht von Perbandt (1894 - 1958) had two sons: Albrecht von Perbandt (1921 - 1941), who died near Leningrad, and Sklode von Perbandt (1927 - 1945), who died in Zinten (now Kornevo) ...

In 1946 Langendorf was renamed Sokolniki village.
V last years Soviet history the central part of the Langendorf estate, together with the castle building, was occupied by the location of a heavy truck base. Most of the buildings were in a dilapidated state, the territory of the estate was covered with road slabs and dumps. Until the end, the house was not destroyed, the foundation and partly the first floor remained: after several fires and reconstructions, the castle lost the second floor and its main architectural decoration - the towers, although a number of German sources mention its loss in 1956.
Now the estate houses recreational and health-improving complex Langendorf (

ESTATE

ESTATE, type of land ownership in the late 15th - early 18th centuries. Provided by the state to service people for military and state service. Originally without the right to sell, exchange and inherit. In the 16-17 centuries. the hereditary possession of P. was established. The nobles who owned P. began to be called landowners. With the publication in 1714 of the Decree on single inheritance, P. merged with fiefdom into a single type of land ownership - an estate.

A source: Encyclopedia "Fatherland"


one of the forms of land tenure in ancient Russia. In the 2nd floor. XV century. the expansion of the state territory of Muscovite Rus required the creation of an extensive military force; this military force a special class of the population appeared, separate from the personal servants of the prince, although it was these latter who made up his core. With the emergence of this class, arose and special forms land tenure, caused partly by service, partly by the economic needs of the country, by their legal nature are very close to the forms of conditional ownership of palace servants. At the same time, for the first time, the term "estate" began to be used (letter of grant 1470, Grand Duke's Code of Laws 1497), understood as personal gratuitous possession, conditioned by the performance of well-known official duties. Since the time of John III, the allotment of land plots to servants has been carried out on a very wide scale, and the most dense and numerous group of landowners allotted with land was the middle military-service class of nobles and boyar children. Initially, the extremely uneven distribution of service from the ground caused in the middle. XVI century allocation of estates, and when assigning local salaries, in addition to the availability of the estate of a servant, the quality of his service, the performance of a known position, rank and, finally, the fatherland were taken into account, and the most significant element that determined the size of the salary was "service", those. the degree of combat suitability of a serving person, the degree of how good he is "by himself, and by service, and by his head." The normal salary of a boyar was 800-1000 chets; roundabout and Duma nobleman - 600 - 700 couples; elective boyar children - 300 - 700, courtyards - 200 - 450, policemen - from 50 and above.
The estate as a state property could not initially be alienated by its owner, as it did not have the right to dispose. However, since the 17th century. the government by a number of decrees violates this basic principle of local ownership. The Code of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich legitimizes in relation to the inheritance of estates the principles identical with the beginnings of inheritance of patrimonial lands: with the death of a servant, the estate goes to his family, in its absence - to the clan, and in the absence of the latter it goes into distribution to the noblemen of the district. Thus, the first and very significant steps were taken towards the equalization of estates with estates; further legislation brought one and the other form of land tenure even closer, allowing first the penniless alienation of half of the estates, and then the sale of it to the plaintiff or relatives of the defendant in case of the latter's insolvency for debts. Peter's decree of March 14, 1714 on the mayor's office equated estates with estates by one common name of "immovable estates."
S.Yu.

A source: Encyclopedia "Russian Civilization"


Synonyms:

See what "ESTATE" is in other dictionaries:

    - ... Wikipedia

    Cm … Synonym dictionary

    1) in a broad sense, a complex of feudal land ownership and associated rights to feudal dependent peasants, i.e. synonym for fiefdom; in a narrower, special sense, a large or medium-sized feudal economy, in which most of ... Legal Dictionary

    ESTATE, conditional land ownership in Russia in the late 15th and early 18th centuries, was granted by the state for military administrative service. Not subject to sale, exchange and inheritance. In the 17th and early 18th centuries. gradually became hereditary ... Modern encyclopedia

    1) conditional land ownership in Russia at the end. 15 beginning. 18th centuries, provided by the state for military and public service. Not subject to sale, exchange and inheritance. In the 16th and 17th centuries. gradually drew closer to the estate and merged with it along ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

    ESTATE, estates, cf. 1. Land ownership of the landowner, estate. "Annibal has retired to his estates." Pushkin. "He used to visit his estates for the summer." Pleshcheev. 2. Under the feudal system, personal land ownership (as opposed to a fiefdom), granted ... ... Explanatory dictionary Ushakova

    ESTATE, I, b. pl. tiy, cf. Land ownership of the landowner. Large, small p. | adj. local, oh, oh. Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

    Conditional land ownership in Russia at the end. 15 beginning. 18th centuries, provided by the state for military and public service. Not subject to sale, exchange and inheritance. In the 16th and 17th centuries. gradually drew closer to the estate and merged with it along ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

    - (estate) 1. The total amount of assets of a person minus his liabilities (usually this term appears in the valuation of property made for the purpose of taxing it with inheritance tax after the death of this person). 2. ... ... Business glossary

    - (estate) 1. The total amount of assets of a person minus his liabilities (usually this term appears in the valuation of property made for the purpose of taxing it with inheritance tax (Inheritance tax) after the death of this person). 2 ... Financial vocabulary

Votchina- land ownership belonging to the feudal lord hereditarily (from the word "father") with the right to sell, pledge, donate. The estate was a complex consisting of land ownership (land, buildings and implements) and rights to dependent peasants.

Estate- a type of land ownership, given for military or civil service in Russia at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 18th centuries.

Since, since the reign of Ivan III, the patrimony could also be owned only if its owner serves the king, the question arises of how these forms of land tenure differed from each other.

1. The estate could be divided between the heirs and sold, but the estate was not.

2. The patrimony of the owner, who did not leave sons, remained in the family, while the estate returned to the royal treasury.

3.From the middle of the XVI century. the clan had the right to redeem for forty years the patrimony sold by its member to the side.

For these reasons, the fiefdom was considered a higher form of conditional land tenure, and it was preferred to the estate. Well-to-do servants usually had both.

With the 1556 Code of Service, which enshrined the duty of service of the owners of both estates and estates, depending on the size of the allotment, a gradual process of convergence of the legal regime of these two types of ownership began. The main trend in the development of local law is the transition of the right of use to the right of ownership. It ends mainly with the Cathedral Code of 1649 and the laws that followed it.

1. The right of inheritance on estates is developing. This principle - not to take away the estates of fathers from sons - has been affirmed since the time of Ivan the Terrible. And in 1618 the hereditary transition of estates extends not only to the descending ones, but also, in the absence of them, to the lateral ones. The landowners have a powerful incentive to develop the economy, it can be improved, expanded, upset, without fear of losing (because everything is done, ultimately, in the name of children).

2. The right of inheritance is strengthened by the custom of allocating a living pension to the widow and daughters of a service person (in case of his death in a war, death due to injury, injury, etc.).

3. Another way to strengthen private rights to local lands is to lease the estate to another servant (a widow, the elderly retired nobleman himself), who undertook to support the former owner until his death or to give all the maintenance in advance in money (the latter was tantamount to a sale).

4. Allowed the exchange of estates for estates (with the consent of the government), and at the end of the XVII century. - and other transactions, including sale and donation. Since that time, the sale of estates for debts was allowed in the event of the debtor's insolvency.

This was how the differences between the estate and the patrimony were erased, which were finally eliminated by the decree of Peter I on single inheritance in 1714.

Free to get land under family estate in Russia legally possible since 2015. In this case, it should be based on the very concept of the estate, which includes a detailed description of the allotment, starting from the purposes of using the land and ending with a list of buildings that should be erected on the territory. The order of the procedure, as well as all sorts of nuances, will help to carry out the process and get the land area into operation free of charge.

The legal definition of a family estate clarifies that an allotment of land that is not subject to division, which is transferred into the possession of a family or an individual adult citizen of the Russian Federation, for the purpose of running a backyard and building a house with subsequent residence in it, is considered as such.

V in this case the emphasis should be placed precisely on the provision of a site for use by a family, on the terms of living of future generations in a building erected on an exploited territory. If a foreign person wants to receive land, he will first need to apply for citizenship Russian Federation and only then apply for the allotment.

The status of a family estate clearly excludes the sale, exchange, donation, leasing to another person and other options for legal transactions regarding the territory used. The transfer of an allotment can be carried out only by inheritance law or on the basis of a voluntary assignment to one of the close family members.

It is allowed to receive a land plot for the creation of a family estate free of charge only once. In this case, the allotment is handed over to life-long possession with the possibility of transferring the land area by inheritance.

An obligatory characteristic of a plot used as a family estate is its area of ​​at least 1 hectare. This size is optimal for the construction of a house and buildings necessary for conducting economic activities, as well as the development of such areas as crop production, animal husbandry. The latter can act as an additional or main income of the family living on the site. In addition, other options for arranging the territory are permissible, including the construction of artificial reservoirs, planting forests, etc.

The standard size of a plot for a family estate may differ depending on the regional location of such - in some areas there may be deviations upward or downward. There are no other restrictions in terms of the size of the territory for the estate, in other words, a competent justification will allow you to get 10, 20, 30 or more hectares of land for use.

Where can I get

A land plot for a family estate can be obtained in any part of the country, since the state has determined vast territories for the creation of such. The only condition here is the appropriate category of the intended purpose of the land where the plot of interest is located.

The list of territories allotted for the creation of an estate with the construction of a house and other buildings is available in each regional office of the cadastre under the local administration. The list is formed by authorized persons in regional centers, and then approved and certified by the federal cadastre body.

It is important to clarify that an interested person cannot independently select an allotment for creating an estate, since the list of potential sites for these purposes has been determined and approved earlier by the municipality and federal authorities. The only option may be to select from the already approved areas, recorded as territories for family estates.

The procedure for obtaining an allotment for a family estate

To obtain a land area, you will need to contact the regional administration authorities where you would like to live and write a statement in the established form. After the consent of the authorities, the allotment is handed over to a specific family or citizen free of charge and with the right of lifelong use.

If 3 or more families are interested in creating an estate, an application must be submitted to each of them. In this case, the territory is assigned the status of a settlement, and the municipality undertakes the obligation to lay engineering networks in the specified area.

One way or another, to legitimize the ownership of the allotment, you will need to carry out the following actions:

  1. Selection of a site from the list of territories approved for the creation of family homesteads. Obtaining an extract from the USRN about the absence of the owner of the area and confirmation that it is in the possession of the state.
  2. Clarification of information through a visit to the land committee regarding the presence of encumbrances on the selected site, for example, arrests, bans. In the absence of restrictions, you should obtain a document confirming this fact.
  3. Submission of an application for the provision of land for a family estate to local authorities.

Together with the application form, you will need to provide a plan for the development of the site, as well as a document on the conduct of a land survey and registration of its boundaries. Additionally, you should attach a permit from the cadastre for the use of land.

It is worth clarifying here that there is no clearly regulated procedure for obtaining an allotment for an estate. In any case, you will need to contact the cadastre authorities to obtain an approved list of territories, and then visit the administration in order to clarify the progress of the procedure and submit an application.

Features of the use of the territory

Family estates are not taxed, since land is allocated for the family to live and provide it with everything necessary for life, through the cultivation of vegetables, fruits, and livestock on the land. According to this, the estate is not considered a commercial entity, whose activities are aimed at making a profit, but at the same time citizens have the right to sell surplus products received.

An important point is the possibility of running a household on the territory of the estate only if the use of the allotment is formalized. In a different situation, the operation of the site is equivalent to the unauthorized seizure of the territory, which implies a fine and other sanctions from the state.

In order to further formalize the ownership, you will need to fulfill the following conditions:

  • erect a capital residential building within 1 year from the date of receipt of the land;
  • carry out the registration procedure for all family members in the built house.

It is mandatory to conduct on the territory of the estate economic activity of any kind, such as setting up a garden.

Requirements for creating an estate

The status of a family estate assigned to a plot must be confirmed on the basis of fulfilling a number of requirements for it.

The list of mandatory actions performed on the territory of the allotment includes:

  • construction of a residential building within 3 years from the date of transfer of the site for the creation of an estate;
  • erection of a capital fence, a fence separating the land used for the estate from the land located nearby;
  • on all sides, the allotment should be surrounded by paths and paths, while the size of the latter should be 2-3 times smaller than the width of the roads.

As a fence regulations recommend the construction of a hedge. The vegetation will not only provide silence, but also significantly improve the air quality near the estate, hiding it from dust, gas-polluted air and protecting it from wind erosion.

The parameters of the fence must meet the following requirements:

  • the width should be between 3 and 10 meters;
  • the permissible height varies from 15 to 20 meters.

It is also necessary to maintain the natural fence in proper form, pruning it in a timely manner, forming and providing the plants with proper care.

Additionally, all owners of estates, without exception, are obliged to carry out the following activities:

  1. preservation of the state of the land and its fertility through measures aimed at its restoration;
  2. land development and its targeted use aimed at protecting land from overgrowing with weeds and other vegetation in a chaotic manner;
  3. carry out measures for the protection and protection water bodies, lands, forests and other resources, using various methods, the main of which is the observance of fire safety.

And, of course, living in a natural area, you should take care of its cleanliness, preventing the creation of landfills, excluding contamination of the soil and surrounding space with various harmful wastes.

A family or a Russian citizen who has reached the age of majority can receive a land allotment for the creation of a family estate. You will need to carefully study all the nuances of the process and prepare Required documents... The procedure can be carried out only once by submitting an appropriate application to the territorial self-government body.

There are many types of real estate - homesteads, country cottages, townhouses, penthouses, estates. The latter are very rare, but were common before. In the article we will decipherdefinition of an estate, we will tell you what it is, we will give an example of modern real estate that fits this term.

The estate - what is it

The meaning of the word "estate"decrypt in different ways in different dictionaries ... For example, the historian V.O. Klyuchevsky says that this is “a site land given by the sovereign or ecclesiastical institution in personal servant possession under the condition of service, that is, as a reward for service and together as a vehicle for service. "

Manor in Ancient Rusis a form of ownership land shares, usually a large land plot with an area of ​​at least 10 hectare with a variety of buildings, including residential buildings, equipment, fruit-bearing trees, fields. The manor is usually at the head of the estate.What is a manor? This is a large home of 500 square meters or more, usually two or three stories, set on a plot with landscaping and recreational areas.

The system of ownership of land plots - estates - arose in Ancient Russia at the end XV century, when there was a feudal build. Initially allottedprovided government or military ranks, and the size of the allotment directly depended on the position held and services to the Motherland. Servants of the inferior military the rank received from 27 hectares, the highest - 270 hectares. At the same time, the employee did not have the right to choose - he could only agree to the proposed option or be left with nothing. Ownership of the estate was limited to the life of an employee and was conditional - after his death a family could not apply for the site. In history there are cases in which estates were inherited, but this usually happened with a family of higher ranks.

Owning an estate came with certain obligations. For example, every landowner - the owner of the estate - is a non-military obligation. The landowners had to send from every 27 hectares on the cultivated field tostatethe service of one person in full uniform and on horseback.

The ownership of the estate was combined with the ownership of the peasants who inhabited it. That is, the landowner received not only an estate and many hectares of land, but also labor.

By Decree on single inheritance , published in 1714, the estate and estates merged into one type of residential property. And already in early XVIII century, a law was passed on the transfer of estates into ownership. The estates became generic.The family estate isa plot with houses, land, a manor house, inventory, which was passed on by inheritance. That is, it was owned by several generations of the same family before end - sale, exchange or other format of change of ownership.

The estate, which was combined with the estate, is a similar form of ownership. It also included land, peasants, implements, residential and non-residential buildings. But, unlike estates, patrimony could be inherited. This is the main distinctive feature.

Subsequently, after combining two almost equivalent concepts, several varieties estates - free, reserved, prerogative, generic. The most common type of real estate is the family estate. Whole families lived in them. The head of the family was often in charge of affairs, but could not conduct real estate transactions without the consent of other family members. The estate was passed on by inheritance, most often to sons. If there were no sons in the family, the eldest daughter entered the inheritance, while the other daughters were also considered the owners of the property.

The mainestate signs

🔹 Large area.Even in Ancient Russia, the lower ranks received 27–80 hectares of area. And the standard area of ​​the estate starts from 100 hectares. In the modern sense, an estate is a plot of more than 1 hectare, most often from 100 hectares. For comparison, even in summer cottages there are only 6 acres, and private houses and country cottages are being erected on 5–20 acres. Residents of apartments are generally limited in space and have only 20–100 m² of living space on average.

🌊 Your pond.A prerequisite for creating an estate is the presence of a reservoir. If it is not there, they make an artificial pond. It performs several functions at once. The first is to ensure fire safety: in the event of a fire, you can take extinguishing water from the reservoir. The second is aesthetic appeal: houses near water bodies, other things being equal, are always valued higher. The third is commercial: if you wish, you can stock the pond and sell the fish, making money on this as well. Also earlier, reservoirs were used for various holidays.

🌲 Your forest.If it is not there, the forest is created artificially by planting perennial trees. In the forest, you can pick berries and mushrooms to earn money by selling them. Today, the presence of a forest is not required condition to create an estate in Russia.

🏠 Big house.In traditional estates, landowners lived in large estates. They had separate bedrooms for each family member, large halls for receiving guests and holding balls, separate rooms for servants, kitchens, dining rooms. The facade of the house was sure to be beautiful. It was decorated with turrets, stones, balconies, columns or other elements, depending on the style chosen.

⛔ Lack of streets.Modern estates may have streets, but the layout of the buildings is usually chaotic. In Ancient Russia, the estate of the landowner was located at a distance from the outbuildings and houses of peasants. Today, residential buildings can be adjacent to stables, bases for farm animals, garages, fields and other areas, buildings. Various residential and non-residential buildings are usually built in location where there is free space.

⛺ Distance from the city.The estates are located outside the city, at a distance of at least 2-3 kilometers. Therefore, such housing is different ecological cleanliness... The estates themselves can be completely autonomous: for example, on the territory there can be boiler houses, wind farms, tanks for supplying clean drinking water and other objects. Depending on the size of the territory, there may even be stores on it - grocery, household, and others.

🌾 Agricultural land.On the territory of the estate, there are certainly fields for growing crops, because the inhabitants earn their living from agriculture. They grow potatoes, corn, beets or other crops, breed farm animals for meat or sell milk, eggs, wool, and other derivatives. In modern miniature estates, animals and fields may not exist.

💨 Lack of fences.Most often, estates do not have the usual fences and fences. Their distinctive feature is a hedge. Tall shrubs or strips of perennial trees are planted along the entire perimeter of the territory. Sometimes they make a kind of alley for walking - they make two parallel forest belts. The outer part fences off the estate, the inner part is needed to create an alley. Paths or benches are made between forest belts. Such a fence additionally provides protection from wind and snow - thanks to the tall trees, the inhabitants of the estate suffer less from snow, wind, blizzards.

👫 Lots of inhabitants.Serving a large area and farming requires a lot of residents. Previously, all the work fell on the shoulders of the peasants, they were led by the landowner. Today, all residents unite into communities, distribute responsibilities among themselves and also engage in economic activities.

Three examples of modern estates

Paradise in Tyumen

When examining it, one cannot answer the question “who was the owner of the estate?". It was created in 2008, at a distance of 7 km from Tyumen. Initially, the form of ownership is common, that is, each person owns his own plot, but the entire estate is managed jointly, a non-profit partnership.

The territory of the estate is just over 210 hectares. There are several ponds on the territory, two rivers flow nearby - Tura and Olkhovka. There is a large mixed forest with small hills. There is internet cellular, water supply, gas pipeline, electricity, grocery store.

On the territory of the estate there is a large and rare area of ​​medicinal herbs - more than 100 species. Fruit orchards occupy 50 hectares. There is a growing den strawberry, the only one in the region. The number of families in the estate is 180, 69 families permanently reside in it.

Denevo in Pskov

The estate was created in 2004 in the Pskov region, on the basis of a small abandoned village. Today, all the houses in it have been purchased, the area is 220 hectares, and another 40 hectares are being developed additionally.

There is a common house on the territory of the estate, but each owner has his own residential building. The estate is jointly managed and the community has a charter to be followed. There are orchards, a small pond, a river with clear water, deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests.

Anyone who wants to become a member of the estate must propose a business plan to increase its value, as well as get to know the rest of the residents and accept the charter. Today, 40 families live on the territory of Denevo, 12 families permanently, or 24 people.

Genericin Tula

The Rodovoye settlement in the Tula region is a union of family estates. It was founded as a settlement in 2008. Today its area exceeds 600 hectares. There is no statutory document in the estate, everything is based on oral agreements, but today 150 families live there.

The territory has a forest and lakes suitable for swimming, as well as its own infrastructure. So, it is provided Kindergarten, school and shops, there is a cellular connection. The only missing benefit of civilization is the gas pipeline.

Estates were common in Ancient Rus, but they still exist today. They are located outside the city and most often develop due to Agriculture... The only difference between modern estates and traditional ones is that they are jointly managed by all residents. And many more residents of the modern estate are inspired a book "The Ringing Cedars of Russia".