The first satellites of various countries of the world. "Legends of Space": Ageless Sputnik
65 nanometers is the next goal of the Zelenograd Angstrem-T plant, which will cost 300-350 million euros. The enterprise has already submitted an application for a soft loan for the modernization of production technologies to Vnesheconombank (VEB), Vedomosti reported this week, citing Leonid Reiman, chairman of the board of directors of the plant. Now Angstrem-T is preparing to launch a line for the production of chips with a 90nm topology. Payments on the previous VEB loan, for which it was purchased, will begin in mid-2017.
Beijing collapsed Wall Street
Key US indices marked the first days of the New Year with a record drop, billionaire George Soros has already warned that the world is waiting for a repeat of the 2008 crisis.
The first Russian consumer processor Baikal-T1 at a price of $60 is launched into mass production
The Baikal Electronics company at the beginning of 2016 promises to launch the Russian Baikal-T1 processor worth about $60 into industrial production. Devices will be in demand if this demand is created by the state, market participants say.
MTS and Ericsson will jointly develop and implement 5G in Russia
PJSC "Mobile TeleSystems" and Ericsson signed agreements on cooperation in the development and implementation of 5G technology in Russia. In pilot projects, including during the 2018 World Cup, MTS intends to test the developments of the Swedish vendor. At the beginning of next year, the operator will start a dialogue with the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications on the formation of technical requirements for the fifth generation of mobile communications.
Sergey Chemezov: Rostec is already one of the ten largest engineering corporations in the world
In an interview with RBC, the head of Rostec, Sergey Chemezov, answered burning questions: about the Platon system, the problems and prospects of AVTOVAZ, the interests of the State Corporation in the pharmaceutical business, spoke about international cooperation in the face of sanctions pressure, import substitution, reorganization, development strategies and new opportunities in difficult times.
Rostec is "protected" and encroaches on the laurels of Samsung and General Electric
The Supervisory Board of Rostec approved the "Development Strategy until 2025". The main tasks are to increase the share of high-tech civilian products and catch up with General Electric and Samsung in key financial indicators.
The US is not only the number one space power at present. Apparently, this status will be maintained at least until the middle of the 21st century. The Americans hope that it will be preserved forever. This is stated in all official documents, including presidential orders. In particular, in 2006, President George W. Bush signed a directive " National politics in the field of space. In it, he ordered that no agreements be entered into that could limit the freedom of action of the United States in outer space and deny access to space to any "hostile to American interests" country. "Freedom of action in space is as important to the United States as air and sea power," the document emphasizes.
Such directives are not words and declarations. They are underpinned by an expanding volume of funding for space activities, which exceeds the total amount of all other space nations combined (see table 6). Although the table lists only civilian space activities, it can be safely assumed that in the military sphere the United States is superior to everyone.
Table 6. Volume of financing of civil space activities in 2007 by countries, billion dollars
| USA | ESA | China | Japan | France | Russia | India |
| 18,82 | 3,57 | 2,5 | 1,91 | 1,82 | 1,34 | 0,84 |
Source: according to the Federal Space Agency of Russia, 2009.
The volumes of NASA funding in dynamics are shown in Table 7. It is curious that this budget is not planned to increase in leaps and bounds. It actually remains at the same level over the next four years, although restructuring will take place inside it.
Table 7. NASA budget ( financial years, in million dollars)
| Directions | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 |
| The science | 4733,2 | 4503,0 | 4477,2 | 4747,4 | 4890,9 | 5069,0 | 5185,4 |
| Geography | 1237,4 | 1379,6 | 1405,0 | 1500,0 | 1550,0 | 1600,0 | 1650,0 |
| planetary science | 1312,6 | 1325,6 | 1346,2 | 1500,6 | 1577,7 | 1600,0 | 1633,2 |
| Astrophysics | 1395,6 | 1206,2 | 1120,9 | 1074,1 | 1042,7 | 1126,3 | 1139,6 |
| Physics of the sun | 787,6 | 591,6 | 605,0 | 672,6 | 720,5 | 742,7 | 762,6 |
| Aeronautics | 511,4 | 500,0 | 507,0 | 514,0 | 521,0 | 529,0 | 536,0 |
| Space exploration | 3299,4 | 3505,5 | 3963,1 | 6076,6 | 6028,5 | 5966,5 | 6195,3 |
| constellation systems | 2675,9 | 3033,1 | 3505,4 | 5543,3 | 5472,0 | 5407,6 | 5602,6 |
| Potential | 623,5 | 472,3 | 457,7 | 533,3 | 556,5 | 558,9 | 592,7 |
| opportunities | |||||||
| space operations | 5427,2 | 5764,7 | 6175,6 | 3663,8 | 3485,3 | 3318,6 | 3154,8 |
| shuttle | 3295,4 | 2981,7 | 3157,1 | 382,8 | 87,8 | 0,0 | 0,0 |
| ISS | 1685,5 | 2060,2 | 2267,0 | 2548,2 | 2651,6 | 2568,9 | 2405,9 |
| Space support | 446,2 | 722,8 | 751,5 | 732,7 | 745,9 | 749,7 | 748,9 |
| flights | |||||||
| Education | 146,8 | 169,2 | 126,1 | 123,8 | 123,8 | 123,8 | 125,5 |
| Interdepartmental | 3251,4 | 3306,4 | 3400,6 | 3468,4 | 3525,7 | 3561,4 | 3621,4 |
| support | |||||||
| Center for Management | 2011,7 | 2024,0 | 2084,0 | 2119,2 | 2142,5 | 2166,1 | 2189,9 |
| and operations | |||||||
| management agency | 834,1 | 921,2 | 961,2 | 956,9 | 964,5 | 972,3 | 981,5 |
| and operations | |||||||
| institutional | 325,5 | 293,7 | 355,4 | 392,3 | 418,7 | 423,0 | 450,0 |
| investments | |||||||
| Liaison with Congress | 80,0 | 67,5 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 | 0,0 |
| General Inspection | 32,6 | 33,6 | 36,4 | 37,0 | 37,8 | 38,7 | 39,6 |
| Total | 17401,9 | 17782,4 | 18686,0 | 18631,0 | 18613,0 | 18607,0 | 18858,0 |
| Source: NASA. Fiscal Year 2010. This budget is NASA's FY10 proposal. for | |||||||
| approval by the president. | |||||||
In Table 8, it is noteworthy that expenditures on Mars exploration in 2009 are sharply reduced with a slight increase in subsequent years. Which is not surprising, given the logic of the Pentagon. Surprising is not a qualitative increase in expenditures (although more than two times, but from an insignificant "ceiling") for programs related to the Moon. Since these programs are now likely controlled by the military, the "moon funding" is most likely hidden in US military spending or through other departments or agencies.
Table 8. NASA spending on the Luna and Mars programs (fiscal years, in millions of dollars)
| 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | |
| Lunar program | 41,3 | 105,0 | 103,6 | 142,6 | 138,6 | 145,5 | 118,7 |
| Selenology | 36,2 | 64,8 | 33,3 | 52,4 | 58,5 | 64,3 | 39,4 |
| Studies of the lunar atmosphere and dust | 5,1 | 30,2 | 66,5 | 73,9 | 31,1 | 0,0 | 0,0 |
| International connections | 0,0 | 10,0 | 3,7 | 16,3 | 48,9 | 81,2 | 79,3 |
| Exploration of Mars | 709,3 | 381,6 | 416,1 | 494,5 | 405,5 | 514,3 | 536,7 |
| Scientific lab. by Mars | 545,0 | 223,3 | 204,0 | 194,6 | 67,3 | 65,0 | 30,0 |
| MAVEN | 1,0 | 6,7 | 53,4 | 168,7 | 182,6 | 138,4 | 30,6 |
| Information analysis. and other missions | 163,3 | 151,6 | 158,7 | 131,2 | 155,7 | 310,9 | 476,1 |
For the Russian missile space industry 2016 was the year of the anti-record in terms of the number of space launches. For the first time in recent decades, Russia has carried out less than 20 space launches in a year, losing the lead to the United States and China.
In total, from the Baikonur cosmodrome leased from Kazakhstan, the Plesetsk military cosmodrome (Arkhangelsk region) and the new Vostochny cosmodrome ( Amurskaya Oblast) in 2016, 17 space launches were performed, one of which (the Soyuz-U rocket on December 1) was an emergency one.
Even taking into account the launch of the Proton-M rocket with the American communication satellite EchoStar 21 scheduled for December 28, Russia will no longer be able to catch up with its competitors in terms of the number of launches - the USA (21 launches) and China (20) by the end of the year. Having moved from first place to third for the first time, Russia is still ahead of the European Union (10), India (7), Japan (3) and Israel (1). In total, 88 space launches were performed in the world in 2016.
Industry Leader
In previous years, Russian space launches accounted for 30% to 40% of the total volume of launch services in the world. Russia was in the lead in launches. So, in 2015, Russia accounted for 26 launches (USA - 20, China - 19, EU - 11). In 2014, Russia performed 32 launches (one emergency), the USA - 23, China - 16, EU - 11.
During Soviet times, the country was the leader in the number of space launches. The peak came in 1982, when the USSR completed more than 100 space launches. After that, the number of space launches in our country decreased, reaching a minimum in 2002, when just over 20 launches were performed.
The decrease in the rate of space launches in Russia in 2016 may be due, in particular, to the unsuccessful launch campaign of the Proton-M heavy rocket. Since the beginning of the year, only three launches of these missiles have been carried out, while from 8 to 12 Proton-M launches were usually carried out.
A number of launches in 2016 were postponed to a later date due to the clarification of the reasons for the abnormal operation of one of the engines of the second stage of the Proton-M rocket during the June launch of the Intelsat DLA-2 apparatus. At the time, a source in the space industry told RNS that when the satellite was launched, one of the engines turned off eight seconds ahead of time. The error had to be compensated by engines of other stages. As a result, the satellite was launched into the calculated orbit.
Role of accidents and sanctions
Russia does not need to maintain the number of launches at the same level, corresponding member believes Russian Academy Cosmonautics named after K. E. Tsiolkovsky Alexander Zheleznyakov.
“Firstly, we have already basically completed the deployment of our satellite constellations of the navigation system, the communications system. And the number of launches that were required in previous years is no longer required. Therefore, there was a decrease in launches on our national program Zheleznyakov said.
According to him, "the consequences of those accidents with the Proton launch vehicle that occurred in previous years also began to affect." “After all, some of the customers have abandoned the use of the Proton, as a result, the number of commercial launches of this launch vehicle has sharply decreased this year. If I'm not mistaken, there were eight last year, 12 the year before, and only four this year. Well, as a result, in terms of the amount, it turned out that we were in third place after the United States and China in terms of the number of launched missiles, ”the expert said.
He emphasized that "the status of a space power is determined not by the number of launched rockets, but by the number and purpose of spacecraft that were launched into space."
“The situation is more complicated and worse there. We don't have one interplanetary station, we have practically no scientific satellites - they can be counted on the fingers. Here is the biggest problem. And the fact that we began to launch fewer rockets, ceased to be a space cab, is nothing to worry about, ”said Zheleznyakov.
This view was partly shared by Andrey Ionin, an independent expert in the field of space politics. According to him, it is incorrect to assess the level of development of astronautics by the number of launches. “Adult people still measure cosmonautics with some other horizons. This is a huge process, a long-term one,” he said. According to him, "quality is more important than quantity."
“In commercial launches, we sank for obvious reasons: there are sanctions, and the space market is very sensitive to all risks. Millions of dollars are at stake here, and therefore any risks are perceived as threats. Therefore, it is better to go for another rocket that is on the market than to take risks and not get permission from the State Department to launch as a result. Therefore, the number of commercial launches has significantly decreased,” the expert said.
proof
True, they flew away from the American ones with our engines:
8 Atlases ( RD-180- first stage)
1 Antares (RD-181 - first stage)
Sputnik (Sputnik-1) - the first artificial satellite of the Earth, Soviet spacecraft launched into orbit on October 4, 1957. The code designation of the satellite is PS-1 (The Simplest Sputnik-1). The launch was carried out from the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense "Tyura-Tam" (which later received the open name of the Baikonur Cosmodrome) on a Sputnik launch vehicle, created on the basis of the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile.
Scientists M. V. Keldysh, M. K. Tikhonravov, N. S. Lidorenko, G. Yu. Maksimov, V. I. Lapko, B. S. Chekunov, A. V. Bukhtiyarov and many others.
The launch date is considered the beginning of the space age of mankind, and in Russia it is celebrated as a memorable day for the Space Forces.
The history of the creation of the first satellite of the Earth
Back in 1939, one of the founders of practical cosmonautics in the USSR, the closest associate of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, wrote: “Without exception, all work in the field of rocket technology eventually leads to space flight». Further developments confirmed his words: in 1946, almost simultaneously with the development of the first Soviet and American ballistic missiles, the development of the idea of launching an artificial Earth satellite began. The times were hard. Barely finished the second World War, and the world was already teetering on the brink of a new one, this time nuclear. Appeared atomic bomb, and delivery vehicles were hastily developed - first of all, combat missile systems. On May 13, 1946, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a detailed Decree on issues of jet weapons, the creation of which was declared the most important state task. They were ordered to create a special committee on jet technology and dozens of new enterprises - research institutes, design bureaus; factories were redesigned for the production of new equipment, testing grounds were created. On the basis of Artillery Plant No. 88, the State Allied Research Institute (NII-88) was created, which became the lead organization for the entire range of work in this area. On August 9 of the same year, by order of the Minister of Defense, Korolev was appointed chief designer of long-range ballistic missiles, and on August 30 he became head of the department for ballistic missile design tests of "product No. 1" - R-1 missiles.It was in this context that the creation of an artificial satellite of the Earth began, for which it was necessary to attract huge financial, material and human resources. In other words, government support was required. At the first stage (until 1954), the development of the idea of launching a satellite was carried out in conditions of misunderstanding and opposition from top leaders and those who determined the technical policy of states. In our country, the main ideologist and leader practical work Sergei Pavlovich Korolev was responsible for the spacewalk, and in the USA, Wernher von Braun.
On May 12, 1946, the von Braun group submitted to the US Department of Defense a report "Preliminary design of an experimental spacecraft orbiting the Earth", which stated that a rocket for launching a satellite weighing 227 kg into a circular orbit with an altitude of about 480 km could be created in five years, that is, by 1951. The military department refused to allocate the necessary appropriations to von Braun's proposal.
In the USSR, Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, who worked at the NII-1 MAP, proposed a project for a high-altitude rocket VR-190 with a pressurized cabin with two pilots on board for flying along a ballistic trajectory with an ascent to a height of 200 km. The project was reported to the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Board of the Ministry of Aviation Industry and received a positive assessment. On May 21, 1946, Tikhonravov sent a letter to Stalin, and this was the point. After moving to NII-4 of the Ministry of Defense, Tikhonravov and his group of seven people continued to work on issues scientific justification the possibility of launching an artificial satellite of the Earth. On March 15, 1950, he reported the results of the research work "Composite long-range liquid fuel rockets, artificial satellites Earth” at the plenary session of the scientific and technical conference of the Department of Applied Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. His report was approved, nevertheless, Tikhonravov continually received "bruises and bumps" from his superiors, and ridicule in the form of cartoons and epigrams from his fellow scientists. In accordance with the “spirit of the times” (at the very beginning of the 1950s), a “signal to the top” was even sent - they say that state funds are being wasted, and we need to see if this is sabotage? The inspectorate of the Ministry of Defense, which checked NII-4, recognized the work of Tikhonravov's group as unnecessary, and the idea as fantastic and harmful. The group was disbanded, and Tikhonravov was demoted.
Meanwhile, work continued: in 1950-1953, research was carried out behind the scenes, almost secretly, and in 1954 their results were made public. And after that, the idea was able to "come out of the underground." This, however, was facilitated by some additional circumstances. Both Korolev and Brown, each in their own country, did not abandon their efforts to gain understanding of decision makers, putting forward accessible arguments of the military and political importance of developing and launching satellites. President of the USSR Academy of Sciences Mstislav Keldysh most actively supported the idea of launching an artificial satellite. Beginning in 1949, academic institutions conducted research into the upper atmosphere and near-Earth space, as well as the reactions of living organisms in rocket flights. Rockets to hold scientific research were developed on the basis of combat missiles, they were called "academic". The first geophysical rocket was the R1-A rocket, developed on the basis of the R-1 combat rocket. In October 1954, the organizing committee of the International Geophysical Year turned to the leading world powers with a request to consider the possibility of launching satellites for scientific research. On June 29, US President Dwight Eisenhower announced that the US would launch such a satellite. Soon the Soviet Union made the same statement. This meant that the work on creating an artificial satellite of the Earth was legalized, and there was no room left for ridicule and denial of the idea.
On June 26, 1954, Korolev submitted to the Minister of Defense Industry Dmitry Ustinov a memorandum "On an artificial satellite of the Earth", prepared by Tikhonravov, with an overview of work on satellites abroad. The note said: “At present, there are real technical possibilities to achieve with the help of rockets a speed sufficient to create an artificial satellite of the Earth. The most realistic and feasible the shortest time is the creation of an artificial satellite of the Earth in the form of an automatic device that would be equipped with scientific equipment, have radio communication with the Earth and revolve around the Earth at a distance of about 170–1100 km from its surface. Such a device will be called the simplest satellite.
In the United States, on May 26, 1955, at a meeting of the National Security Council, a program for launching a scientific satellite was approved - provided that it does not interfere with the development of combat missiles. The fact that the launch will take place within the framework of the International Geophysical Year will emphasize its peaceful nature, the military believed. Unlike our country, where everything was "in the same hands" - Korolev and Tikhonravova - these works were carried out by all branches of the armed forces, and it was necessary to decide which project to give preference to. For this, a special commission was created. The final choice was between the Naval Research Laboratory project (Vanguard satellite) and the Rand Corporation project (Explorer satellite, developed under the direction of Wernher von Braun). Brown stated that, given sufficient funds, the satellite could be launched into orbit in January 1956. Perhaps, if he had been believed, the United States would have launched its satellite earlier than the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the choice was made in favor of the "Vanguard" ("Vanguard"). Apparently, von Braun's personality played a role here: the Americans did not want a German with a recent Nazi past to become the "father" of the first American satellite. But, as the further development of events showed, their choice was not very successful.
In 1955, the USSR was working on the problems associated with the creation of satellites. On January 30, 1956, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopts a resolution on the development of object D (a satellite weighing 1000–1400 kg and with scientific equipment for 200–300 kg). The launch date is 1957. The draft design is ready by June. A ground-based command and measurement complex (CMC) is being developed to ensure the flight of the satellite. By the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of September 3, 1956, it was ordered to organize seven ground measuring points (NIP) on the territory of our country along the flight path. The task was entrusted to the Ministry of Defense, NII-4 was identified as the head organization.
By the end of 1956, it became clear that it would not be possible to prepare object D by the appointed date, and it was decided to urgently develop a small, simple satellite. It was a spherical container with a diameter of 580 mm and a mass of 83.6 kg with four antennas. On February 7, 1957, the Council of Ministers of the USSR issued a resolution on the launch of the First AES, and on October 4, the launch was successfully carried out.
On October 4, 1957, the world's first artificial Earth satellite was launched into Earth orbit, discovering space age in the history of mankind.
The satellite that became the first artificial celestial body, was launched into orbit by the R-7 launch vehicle from the 5th Research Test Site of the USSR Ministry of Defense, which later received the open name Baikonur Cosmodrome.
“... On October 4, 1957, the first satellite was successfully launched in the USSR. According to preliminary data, the launch vehicle reported to the satellite the required orbital speed of about 8000 meters per second. At present, the satellite describes elliptical trajectories around the Earth and its flight can be observed in the rays of the rising and setting sun using the simplest optical instruments (binoculars, telescopes, etc.).
According to the calculations, which are now being refined by direct observations, the satellite will move at altitudes up to 900 kilometers above the Earth's surface; the time of one complete revolution of the satellite will be 1 hour 35 minutes, the angle of inclination of the orbit to the plane of the equator is 65 °. Over the area of the city of Moscow on October 5, 1957, the satellite will pass twice - at 1 hour 46 minutes. night and at 6 o'clock. 42 min. morning Moscow time. Messages about the subsequent movement of the first artificial satellite, launched in the USSR on October 4, will be transmitted regularly by broadcast radio stations.
The satellite has the shape of a ball with a diameter of 58 cm and a weight of 83.6 kg. Two radio transmitters are installed on it, continuously emitting radio signals with a frequency of 20.005 and 40.002 megahertz (wavelength about 15 and 7.5 meters, respectively). The power of the transmitters ensures reliable reception of radio signals by a wide range of radio amateurs. The signals have the form of telegraph parcels with a duration of about 0.3 seconds. with a pause of the same duration. A signal of one frequency is sent during a pause of a signal of another frequency ... ".
The device was put into orbit with perigee 228 and apogee 947 km. The time of one revolution was 96.2 minutes. The satellite was in orbit for 92 days (until January 4, 1958), making 1440 revolutions. According to the factory documentation, the satellite was called PS-1, that is, the simplest satellite. However, the design and scientific and technical problems that the developers faced were by no means simple. In fact, it was a test of the possibility of launching a satellite, which ended, as Academician Boris Evseevich Chertok, one of Korolev's closest associates, put it, with the triumph of the launch vehicle. A thermal control system, power supplies, two radio transmitters were installed on board the satellite, operating at different frequencies and sending signals in the form of telegraph parcels (the famous "beep-beep-beep"). In the orbital flight, studies were carried out on the density of the high layers of the atmosphere, the nature of the propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere, and the issues of observing a space object from the Earth were worked out.
The reaction of the world community to this event was very stormy. There were no indifferent people. Millions and millions ordinary people The planets perceived this event as the greatest achievement of human thought and spirit. Satellite transit time over various settlements it was announced in advance in the press, and people on different continents came out of their homes at night, looked at the sky and saw: among the usual fixed stars, one is moving! In the United States, the launch of the first satellite was a real shock. It suddenly turned out that the USSR, a country that had not yet really recovered from the war, had a powerful scientific, industrial and military potential, and that it must be reckoned with. The prestige of the United States as a world leader in the scientific, technical and military fields has been shaken.
Ray Bradberry:
"On that night, when Sputnik first traced the sky, I (...) looked up and thought about the predestination of the future. After all, that little light, rapidly moving from edge to edge of the sky, was the future of all mankind. I knew that although the Russians are beautiful in our endeavors, we will soon follow them and take their proper place in the sky (...) That fire in the sky made mankind immortal.Earth still could not remain our haven forever, because one day death from cold or overheating may await it. Mankind was ordered to become immortal, and that light in the sky above me was the first glimpse of immortality.
I blessed the Russians for their audacity and anticipated the creation of NASA by President Eisenhower shortly after these events."
At this stage, the “space race” began, from a letter from American scientists to Eisenhower: “We must work feverishly to solve those technical problems that Russia has undoubtedly solved ... In this race (and this is undoubtedly a race), the prize will be given only to the winner, this prize is the leadership of the world ...”.
November 3 of the same 1957 Soviet Union A second satellite weighing 508.3 kg was launched. It was already a real scientific laboratory. For the first time, a highly organized creature- Dog Laika. The Americans had to hurry: a week after the launch of the second Soviet satellite, on November 11, the White House announced the upcoming launch of the first US satellite. The launch took place on December 6 and ended in complete failure: two seconds after leaving the launch pad, the rocket fell and exploded, destroying launch pad. In the future, the Avangard program went very hard, out of eleven launches, only three were successful. Von Braun's Explorer was the first American artificial satellite. It was launched on January 31, 1958. Although the satellite carried 4.5 kg of scientific equipment, and the 4th stage was part of its design and did not undock, its mass was 6 times less than PS-1 - 13.37 kg. This was made possible through the use
Tell me, how vast is the light?
And what about the smallest distant stars?
M. Lomonosov.
In their indestructible desire to know the Universe, the half-century that has passed since the first manned flight into space has not lived in vain. A representative of the Earth set foot on the Moon, people learned how to live and work for a long time in near-Earth orbit, launch spacecraft into near and far space ... In total, more than 500 people from 38 countries of the world have been in space since Yuri Gagarin's flight.
Today it can be stated that during the “reporting period” the so-called club of space powers has been formed in the world - countries that have sent their representatives or spacecraft into space. In 2009, the world spent $68 billion on space programs, including $48.8 billion in the US, $7.9 billion in the EU, $3 billion in Japan, $2.8 billion in Russia, and China $2 billion
How far are the ambitions of the leading space nations (agencies) in the field of providing the “essential presence in outer space” at a time when manned astronautics is about to return to the Moon and turn their eyes to other planets solar system, in the first place - to Mars?
Russia
In 2010, the budget of the Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) amounted to about 1.8 billion dollars. Over the past seven years, Roscosmos has increased the volume of launches of unmanned vehicles. For example, in 2010, there were 74 space launches in the world, of which 70 were successful, with 31 launches in Russia, 15 each in the United States and China. In 2009, 32 Russian launches were made, or 43 percent of the global value .
Russia's space activities until 2040 will be carried out in the following main areas: further development of near-Earth space, exploration of the Moon, preparation and implementation of a flight to Mars. At the same time, a flight to the Moon can take place by 2025, until 2035 it is planned to create a base on the Earth's satellite. A flight to Mars is planned after 2035. After 2026, Russia intends to create a system to protect the Earth from asteroids.
Immediate plans: this year, within the framework of the Phobos-Grunt project, an automatic spacecraft will go to the closest satellite to the planet Mars for soil - this will be the first attempt by earthlings to bring soil from Phobos. In 2014, according to the Luna-Globe project, an automatic landing will take place, the purpose of which is to study the lunar soil and water and solve other problems. In 2015, the second phase of the Luna-Resource project will start, the result of which will probably be the delivery of samples of lunar soil to Earth.
USA
According to the new space program The United States, introduced in April 2010, in addition to the Moon and Mars, according to President Obama, it is necessary to conduct a robotic exploration of the solar system and take samples from the "atmosphere" of the Sun. The Americans assume that they will be the first in the history of space exploration to deliver astronauts to an asteroid, and by the mid-30s they will be able to deliver people to Mars orbit, safely return them to Earth, and then land on Mars.
Immediate intentions: in 2011 it is planned that a new generation rover, which is an autonomous chemical laboratory, will analyze Martian soils and atmospheric components. It is possible that deciphering this data will put an end to the debate about whether life has ever existed on Mars.
One of the NASA missions, which will be implemented in the very near future, is the study of the unusual gravitational field of the Moon. Perhaps this will lift the veil of secrecy over the origin of both the Moon and the Earth, as well as other Earth-like planets.
In 2013, NASA intends to send avatar robots to the Moon instead of people who will move according to commands from Earth. This will be the first stage in the creation of an American lunar base.
China
In October 2007, Chang'e-1 was launched, China's first artificial lunar satellite, which is the initial stage of China's lunar settlement program. Among the prospects of the Chinese space exploration program is the construction of an orbital space station which is planned to be completed by 2025.
Immediate intentions: the launch of the unmanned module "Tiangong-1" ("Tiangong 1") is scheduled for the second half of 2011, which should be part of the future Chinese orbital station.
According to the second phase of the Chinese lunar program, in 2013 there will be a landing on the surface of lunar rovers.
In 2013, it is possible to send a Chinese probe into space to study the surface of Mars. In November 2011, a Russian launch vehicle is to launch the Inho-1 (Yinghuo-1) Martian probe into space, which will study the Martian surface from orbit.
By 2020, China intends to create its own navigation satellite system. Between 2011 and 2015, China intends to launch 12 to 14 satellites into orbit.
In addition, China has begun building the third Chinese lunar probe, Chang'e-3, which will land on the surface of the moon and carry out some scientific experiments. The launch of the device is scheduled for 2013. The goal of the lunar project is to land on the moon, which is scheduled for 2024.
India
In 2013, India, which has its own spaceport, will continue the lunar epic, but in partnership with Russia. According to the Luna-Resource-1 (Chandroyan-2) project, an Indian apparatus will be delivered to the orbit of the Earth satellite, and an Indian lunar rover and a Russian research apparatus will be delivered to its surface.
Japan
In 2015, Japan plans to start colonizing the moon with maido-kun humanoid robots. Humanoid machines will be engaged in geological exploration of the moon.
European Space Agency
By the end of the 20th century, the European Space Agency (ESA) had taken the lead in commercial launches. By 2018, it intends to develop its own European multipurpose manned spaceship CSTS. The ESA has come up with an ambitious Aurora Plan that would eventually include missions to the Moon and Mars after 2030.
Among the immediate plans is the launch in 2014 of the automatic space mission BepiColombo. ESA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) will send a probe to Mercury. The device will study the planet's magnetosphere.
What is the practical - in the next time period - the goal of mankind's aspirations in the knowledge of the cosmos?
Judging by the content of the programs of technologically advanced powers - space exploration! Just fifty years after the historic human flight into space, the Russians, for example, set out to explore the possibility of artificial change physical conditions first on the surface of Mars, and then on Venus, since this may be necessary for the settlement of our
distant descendants.
According to electronic media.