During the war, employees of financial institutions developed. Study guide for the preparation of bachelors

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Federal State Educational state-financed organization higher education

« Financial University under the Government Russian Federation»

Department of "Economic history and history of economic doctrines"

abstract

by discipline History (Economic history)

on the topic of:"Financial and economic education during the Great Patriotic War»

Completed:

Chernov V.A.

Scientific adviser:

E.V. Lapteva

Moscow 2015

Introduction

1. The role of educators in war time

2. Training of military financiers of the MPEI

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the universities of the USSR and all education in general suffered significant damage. Many universities had a hard time, a significant part of it was destroyed, the rest was transferred to the rear. At the same time, the educational process continued even at this difficult time for the country.

With the outbreak of the war, higher education found itself in difficult conditions. Funding was cut three times, about 300 institutions were closed and merged, and about 150 institutes were evacuated. In the occupied territories, the Nazis destroyed more than 300 Soviet universities.

It should be noted that on the eve of the Great Patriotic War there were 817 universities in the USSR. There were 811.7 thousand students enrolled in them, including 558.1 thousand people in full-time departments. The Great Patriotic War: An Encyclopedia. - M., 1985. S. 196. The annual graduation of specialists from universities ranged from 112 to 122 thousand people. In 1940, the country's universities graduated 126.1 thousand specialists with higher education. In January 1941, 909 thousand specialists with higher education were employed in the national economy of the USSR.

During the war, all universities were fully subordinate to the respective people's commissariats and departments. The unified educational and methodological management of universities was carried out by the All-Union Committee for Higher Education (VKHS), which was created under the Council People's Commissars(SNK) USSR in 1936, the Committee was headed by Professor S.V. Kaftans. In 1946, the Higher Education School was transformed into the Union-Republican Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR.

Most of the teachers and students went to the front. A difficult time began for the Soviet people for the people in general. War never brings anything good, only bitterness and hatred in the hearts of people. But our people did not break down, on the contrary, the terrible trials brought them together even more. The Soviet teachers worked heroically in the rear and displayed heroism at the front. Many teachers with weapons in their hands fought with the enemy and were awarded orders and medals, awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union, many died a heroic death defending their people, their land from the fascist invaders. The plan of Nazi Germany was not destined to come true.

1. The role of educators in wartime

The martial law introduced in the USSR significantly changed the balance of functions of the state, necessitated the restructuring of the forms and methods of its activity. In wartime, the need arose to create emergency government agencies... One of these bodies was the State Defense Committee. All the fullness of power - the military, political and economic leadership of the country from June 30, 1941, was concentrated in the hands of this very body.

A feature of the wartime MKEI work was the active participation of teachers in the restructuring of the financial and credit system of the USSR on a military basis. They were involved in consultations with the State Defense Committee, the Council for Evacuation under the Council of People's Commissars, the State Bank, the People's Commissariat for Finance, the State Planning Commission, the People's Commissars and departments for the search for funds for the military industry, assistance to evacuated enterprises and institutions, ensuring clear calculations and the strictest economy, regulating emissions banknotes. These measures played an important role in concentrating resources, organizing the work of the front and rear to defeat the enemy.

For the German capital, our country, its wealth was a huge cake, which was supposed to be a prize for them - the winners. Already at the beginning of the war on July 6, 1941, Hitler said: “In principle, we must remember that it is necessary to skillfully cut this pie so that we can: firstly, dominate, secondly, govern, and thirdly, benefit " Melnikov D., Black L. The offender number 1. - Moscow: APN, 1983, - p. 349 .. It is hardly possible to express even more clearly the purpose of the war and plans for the conquered lands.

The war demanded an early revision of the national economic plans. To correct them, not only party, Soviet and economic cadres were involved, but leading economists. Already on June 30, 1941, the mobilization national economic plan for the third quarter of 1941 was adopted by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Within the deadline, new military-economic plans for the fourth quarter of 1941 were developed. In 1942. for this work professor MKEI N.N. Rovinsky was twice awarded a cash prize by the orders of the People's Commissariat of Finance Financier No. 114 / December 2010... From 1942 to February 1945 N.N. Rovinsky was the deputy head of the Budget Department of the NKF of the USSR.

In 1943-1944. on behalf of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party, a graduate of the MPEI, by that time the People's Commissar of Finance, A.G. Zverev was preparing a post-war monetary reform. For his services during the Great Patriotic War, he was awarded the order Lenin.

A significant part of the teachers and students of MKEI went to the front. Many of them died defending their homeland. Posthumously the Order of Lenin was awarded to a graduate of MKEI, a credit inspector of the Volyn office of the State Bank P.I. Savelyeva, who actively participated in the creation and leadership of the local underground. Employees who were not subject to conscription volunteered to enroll in the 13th Moscow division of the people's militia, which later joined the combined arms rifle formations. Many have received government awards. For their courage they were awarded the medal "For the Defense of Moscow" D.А. Butkov, N.A. Kiparisov, N.N. Rovinsky, V.V. Shcherbakov. The Financial University remembers and is proud of its teachers and students of the war years.

MKEI, like other Moscow universities, survived the evacuation, amalgamation, but did not stop working during the war years. A new director was appointed - D.A. Butkov, who headed in the early 1930s. MFEI, and at MKEI he headed the department "Money, credit and finance of the USSR". P.P. became his deputy. Maslov. The restructuring of educational and methodological work began in connection with the transition to a shortened three-year study period.

In October 1941, amid a sharp deterioration in the situation at the front, classes in Moscow universities stopped. On November 3, 1941, the State Bank and the All-Union Committee for Higher Education issued an order to evacuate the institute to Saratov, where the Saratov Credit economic institute... Classes at the MPEI stopped, the building was closed. 25 fourth-year students from two departments - settlements and banking and credit - stayed in Moscow to complete their studies. They completed their studies at the Moscow Institute of National Economy. G.V. Plekhanov.

In Saratov, classes resumed in January 1942. Of the 17 departments that operated at the MPEI before the war, 13 departments worked in Saratov. In the conditions of evacuation, the university remained as an independent institution due to the fact that most of the teachers left with it. Only four people were recruited from SKEI. A.P. Polikarpov, head of the department "Accounting", played an important role in organizing classes in the new place. By combining efforts, the MKEI team solved the main task - to ensure the graduation of fourth-year students. K. Pozhitnov was appointed chairman of the State Examination Commission, and N.N. Lyubimov, A.A. Proselkov, A.P. Polikarpov and B.K. Shchurov. In April 1942, 27 young specialists were awarded diplomas.

The 1942 and 1943 academic years became the most difficult in the history of MKEI due to the discontinued funding. The State Bank demanded that SKEI perform work for MKEI without additional payment, since "the training of MKEI students is provided for by the staffing table and the estimate of the Saratov Institute." This threatened the existence of MKEI as an independent university and could lead to its entry into SKEI, as happened with the MPEI in Leningrad before the war.

However, already in August 1943, after the victory at Stalingrad, the government decided to re-evacuate institutions, enterprises and universities, including MKEI, to the capital. P.I. was appointed the new director. Tsvetkov, and his deputy for educational and scientific work A.P. Polikarpov. By October 1943, the return of students and teachers, the return of property to Moscow from other cities was completed. Two independent courses were formed, and the training of students began at ten restored departments, the postgraduate study was resumed. Educational and scientific work was focused on solving problems of restoring the national economy. Freshmen began to receive a scholarship. In 1944-1945. more than 400 undergraduate and graduate students studied at MKEI. Competitive exams were reintroduced; only war veterans and schoolchildren who graduated from school with honors were exempted from them. Admission went to all courses throughout both semesters - they were recovering former students demobilized by injury from the Red Army. perestroika teacher training military

The fate of the MPEI, which was part of the Leningrad Institute of Economics and Economics, was a difficult one during the war. By decision of the government, both universities were evacuated to the North Caucasus in Essentuki, where 130 young specialists received their diplomas on August 2, 1942. The Germans attacked the Caucasus, and again the universities had to evacuate, now to Tashkent. Not all teachers and students managed to leave Essentuki, since on August 5, 1942, the city was captured by the Germans. In Tashkent, LPEI could not organize the work "because of large personnel losses" - there was no one and no one to teach. Teachers were scattered across the country and found work in the regional financial authorities of Tashkent, Samarkand, Kuibyshev, Kazan, in numerous branches of the State Bank Financial University: past, present, future [Electronic resource]:.

By the end of 1943, the MPEI was revived as an independent university, and ten years after the transfer of the MPEI to Leningrad, he returned to Moscow. It was again headed by D.A. Butkov, N.N. Rovinsky, scientific secretary - L.A. Kadyshev.

In the first academic year 1943-1944, about 70 teachers worked at MFEI. The departments were revived, first of all, specialized ones: "Finance of the USSR", " Money turnover and credit of the USSR ”,“ Finance and credit of foreign states ”,“ State budget, state revenues and state insurance ”,“ Accounting ”. They were headed by famous scientists - Z.V. Atlas, V.P. Dyachenko, N.A. Kiparisov, G.A. Kozlov, N.N. Rovinsky. In 1944, postgraduate studies began at MFEI. A specialized Scientific Council was created, which included prominent scientists - academicians and doctors of science - S.G. Strumilin, I.A. Trachtenberg, A.M. Pankratova, M.I. Bogolepov, Z. V. Atlas, V.P. Dyachenko, N.A. Kiparisov, N.N. Lyubimov. The activities of the Council have significantly increased the role of MFEI in the training of highly qualified specialists, laid the foundations for the transformation of MFEI (later MFI) into a "forge" of cadres of financiers for government agencies and universities of the USSR Financial University: past, present, future.

2. Training of military financiers of the MPEI

The life of the university returned to its usual course. But the war continued, and wartime problems were solved in MKEI.

In 1944, an important direction was formed - the accelerated training of military financiers, "infantry reserve officers and financial services." A special contribution to the training of economists-financiers for the front was made by N.N. Rovinsky. For this work, he was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor and the scientific title Honored Scientist of the RSFSR.

Cooperation was established with the financial service of the Red Army, and a network of financial institutions was developed in the active army. A large role in regulating money circulation and maintaining its stability was played by the network of field institutions of the State Bank, where graduates of financial universities served. Subsequently, this experience formed the basis for the organization in 1947 of the military financial and economic faculty.

The MPEI played an important role in the training of military financiers during the Great Patriotic War. The training of military financiers actually began in January 1944 (3.5 years before the creation of the Military Finance and Economics Faculty), when, in accordance with the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated January 13, 1944, No. financial service ". Taking into account the importance of training military specialists - financiers, the head of the department of military training, by special order of the Supreme High School of the USSR Council of People's Commissars of October 25, 1944, No. 521, was introduced to the Academic Council of the Institute.

In the order on MFEI dated October 26, 1944, No. 161, the teaching staff was instructed to "provide training not only for highly qualified specialists in the field of finance, but also strong-willed, disciplined, demanding officers who have mastered military affairs well." Prior to the creation of the Military Finance and Economics Faculty in 1947, the Department of Military Training conducted work on the training of military financiers. In 1944, the head of this department was Major V.M. Churilov, in 1946 the duties of the head of the department were temporarily performed by Colonel G.Ya. Rudensky. Since November 1946, in accordance with the order of the Commander-in-Chief ground forces and by the decision of the USSR Ministry of Higher Education, Colonel M.K. Koshkin. Accelerated graduations of military finance specialists have been carried out at the university annually since 1944. The training was carried out in two main directions: firstly, the department of military training provided the reading of military subjects in the senior courses of the MPEI, and secondly, the academic year was extended for students specializing in the field of military finance (for example, the 1946 graduation - 186 military financial workers - was carried out four months after the official completion of studies at the institute). In a special order for the institute it was noted that in the person of our graduates “ Soviet army will receive a worthy replenishment of qualified military-financial workers. " A large organizational work on the training of military financiers was carried out by the head of the educational unit of the department of military training, lieutenant colonel of the quartermaster service A.V. Barsky. Among the special subjects taught to military financiers in those years, one can single out the course "Financial Economy of the Red Army", given in 1945/46 academic year Candidate of Economic Sciences, Senior Lecturer at the Department of Military Training, Major I.K. Nevler, who later worked at the Military Finance and Economics Faculty at the IFI. The MPEI management was deservedly proud of the excellent quality of its graduates' training. For outstanding services during the war years, a number of university employees were awarded high state awards, including the Order of Lenin was awarded to a graduate of the Moscow Institute of Economics and Economics, People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR A.G. Zverev. Many university teachers were awarded orders and medals for providing high level training of financiers, including M.R. Azarkh, G.L. Maryakhin, V.P. Dyachenko, V.M. Stam, F.V. Konshin, N.N. Rovinsky, D.A. Butkov. Our predecessor universities successfully coped with the task set by the state, making a feasible contribution to the Victory.

Conclusion

During the Great Patriotic War, the country's financial system, using the potential of the economy and finance, formed in the pre-war period, directed it towards the formation of the resources necessary for the front, the organization of military economy, the production of weapons, and the distribution of the costs of the war between various segments of the population.

Thanks to the transition of the economy to a war footing in the shortest possible time, the mobilization of financial resources, military-economic superiority over the enemy was achieved and the economic base of Victory was created, a powerful forge of highly qualified specialists who, with their military and labor exploits, made a worthy contribution to the achievement of the victory of the Soviet people over Nazi Germany. ...

In 1945, front-line soldiers returned to MKEI and MFEI, who formed the best forces of teachers and the "backbone" of the student body. Both Moscow financial universities have always remained small, they solved the same problem - they prepared financiers for the post-war restoration of the national economy of the USSR. They were taught by the same teachers, but they were not enough. This was how the prerequisites were prepared for the merger of universities into one large - the Moscow Financial Institute. A new period of history began Financial University.

Bibliography

1. The Great Patriotic War: An Encyclopedia. - M., 1985.S. 196.

2. Zverev A.G. Notes of the Minister / A.G. Zverev - Moscow: Politizdat, 1973.

3. History of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation. 60 years since the founding of MFI / M.A. Eskindarov (head count), S.L. Anokhina, E.I. Nesterenko and others; under total. ed. A.G. Gryaznova ;. - M .: Finance and Statistics, 2006.

4. For the sake of life on earth: Memoirs of veterans (1941-1945) / ed. M.A. Eskindarova; Compiled by: S.L. Anokhina, S.M. Ermakov, P.S. Nikolsky, N.E. Petukhova, A.V. Kamshukova; FGOU VPO " Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation "- Moscow: Finakademiya, 2010.

5. Financial University: past, present, future: textbook. allowance / M.A. Eskindarov, N.A. Razmanova, EI Nesterenko [and others]; Financial University, dept. economic history; ed. M.A. Eskindarova; editorial board: I. N. Shapkin, N. A. Razmanov; rets .: V.V. Dumny, S.A. Pogodin - Moscow: Finuniversitet, 2011. - Access mode: pdf-file.

6. Chutkerashvili E.V. The development of higher education in the USSR. - M., 1961.S. 163.

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Lecture plan

Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the NKF RSFSR (1919 - 1921)
Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute (1919 - 1929)
Reconstruction of the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the NKF USSR (1930 - 1934)
Moscow accounting and economic and Moscow credit and economic institutions of the State Bank of the USSR (1931 - 1941)
Financial and economic universities during the Great Patriotic War

Introduction

Overcoming these difficulties and finally removing the "bourgeois elements" from nationalized capital required not so much communist conviction as knowledge of bookkeeping, bookkeeping and the ability to carry out banking operations. Confiscations, or, as they said at the time, "seizures" with the help of armed soldiers testified that banking was not very well given to the leaders of the financial policy of the Bolshevik government. The absence of financiers among the Bolsheviks forced them to urgently form a system of training for financiers of worker-peasant origin who knew the rules of "bourgeois" financial science. The profession of an accountant and bookkeeper became in 1918-1919. massive in large cities and the province, but it was impossible to master it without the involvement of "bourgeois specialists."

So, the Bolsheviks, striving to strengthen their positions in the political and economic fields, contributed to the establishment of the first higher educational institutions financial and economic profile. These circumstances determined the development trends of Russian financial and economic education in 1918 - 1921, in the era of a lack of money.

1. Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the NKF RSFSR

The needs of the economy and its management predetermined the specifics of training financial, economic and commercial personnel, the formation of a professorship, and the development of curricula. This relationship between financial and economic policy and industry education was fully preserved in Soviet times.

On October 31, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a decree on the organization of financial departments of provincial and district executive committees with the transfer of "the functions of the now abolished treasury chambers, provincial excise departments and financial bodies of local administrations" to them. The Regulation, supplementing the decree, provided that “responsible employees of the financial department are appointed from among persons with the necessary special knowledge”. In this regard, the Deputy People's Commissar of Finance D.P.Bogolepov drew the attention of the Council of People's Commissars to the fact that there are no "experienced and properly trained" financiers among the Bolsheviks.

The Bolsheviks' urgent need for qualified leaders of financial policy led to the creation at the very beginning of 1918 of the country's first Courses for Financial Workers. They were organized by D.P. Bogolepov, the finance commissar of the Northern Commune, which included Petrograd. The course was attended by members of the Bolshevik Party, the first leaders of the Soviet financial authorities. The courses were short-term, their curriculum involved training for three weeks in two subjects - accounting and budgeting. The rest of the subjects - statistics, the organization of state control, the doctrine of the state, banking, the conduct of the national economy in a socialist state - were read in the form of survey lectures, which D.P. Bogolepov invited colleagues from the People's Commissariat of Finance, teachers from Petrograd University. This was the initial experience of creating a cadre of top financial workers.

In the conditions of the growing civil war, the German offensive against Petrograd in February 1918, the Council of People's Commissars decided to transfer the capital to Moscow. In March, all the attention of the party, the Council of People's Commissars, and all of Russia was focused on the issue of concluding the Brest Peace. Current issues of financial, economic and educational policy faded into the background. In January 1919, the NKF received "extensive documentation on financial and economic courses in Tver" to improve the qualifications of employees of local financial bodies, created following the example of the Petrogradskys. An obstacle to the rapid and widespread training of financial workers was the lack of trainers. Thus, the need for personnel with "theoretical training", "corresponding to the period of profound transformations" of the Bolsheviks, was also revealed.

It was only possible for them to form a layer of top financial managers and teachers at the same time only in Moscow, where financial and economic education originated and developed from the beginning of the 19th century. The totality of these circumstances was a direct impulse for the decision of the People's Commissariat of Finance to establish a financial and economic institute in Moscow. On February 6, 1919, the newspaper Ekonomicheskaya Zhizn published for the first time that “the People's Commissariat for Finance was establishing a financial and economic institute in Moscow to train employees of the financial departments” of the provincial and district executive committees. The Moscow Council also played a role in the creation of the IPEI. The State Archives of the Russian Federation preserved the report of the MFEI dated April 13, 1920, which stated that "MFEI arose on March 1, 1919 according to the memorandum of the financial department of the Moscow Council of Deputies, presented to the Commissariat of Finance." As evidenced by the publication in "Economic Life", on March 2, 1919, a meeting was held on the occasion of the opening of the first financial and economic institute.

It was headed by D.P. Bogolepov. He had experience in teaching at the economic departments of a number of pre-revolutionary institutions. After graduating from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University in 1909, he remained at the Department of Financial Law to prepare under the guidance of I.Kh. Ozerov for professorship. In 1914, D.P. Bogolepov became a privat-docent at Moscow University and at the same time read a number of financial disciplines at the Moscow Commercial and Moscow Private Law Institutes. As Deputy People's Commissar of Finance in 1918, he did not leave teaching, and as a “private lecturer, who taught a compulsory course for three years,” he was transferred to the post of professor of financial science at Moscow University.

The meeting was attended by the management of the IPEI and the first listeners. A.S. Mikaelyan, an influential employee of the NKF and a professor at the institute, opened it with a speech in which he substantiated the need to organize a financial and economic university. Institute of National Economy named after K. Marx, the former Moscow Commercial Institute (now - the Plekhanov Academy of National Economy), with a 4-year term of study was not suitable for this goal, since the authorities demanded immediate return. The rector of the institute D.P. Bogolepov and the pro-rector A.M. Galagan, a leading specialist in the field of theory and practice of accounting, spoke about the curricula of the MPEI. The newspaper report on the opening of the IFEI noted that along with the general economic, financial and legal disciplines, it was supposed to conduct applied courses in bookkeeping and banking.

Simultaneously with the opening of the university, work was underway to recruit students. On March 6, 1919, Izvestia published an appeal from the MPEI to all departments and agencies of the Moscow City Council to send their employees to train specialists for financial institutions. MFEI, first of all, was intended for employees of the People's Commissariat of Finance and industrial commissariats, the financial department of the Moscow Council, employees of financial institutions of provincial and district executive committees. The first set of MPEI consisted of 300 people, of which more than two-thirds had secondary, specialized and higher education. This circumstance was important at that time. A sufficiently high, by those standards, level of training of students made it possible, according to the organizers of the institute, to actually fulfill the task set - to release the first specialists for the province in six months. It was assumed that this would distinguish the new financial and economic university from those that had already won solid positions at the Institute of National Economy named after Marx and the Economic Department of the Faculty of Social Sciences (FON) I of Moscow State University. At the same time, not all students were able to complete the entire course in such a short time, so the subjects at the MPEI were organized in cycles. This made it possible to limit the study of one or several cycles with the reflection of this fact in the certificate of graduation from the institute. Rented on final exams disciplines should have become, according to the founders of the university, a decisive factor in taking up positions in the state apparatus.

The extreme brevity of the course cast doubt on the fate of the MPEI. The new People's Commissar of Finance N.N. Krestinsky, who has been curtailing financial and banking activities and monetary circulation since 1919, expressed doubts about the advisability of the existence of a higher educational institution of financial and economic profile. The commission of the members of the board of the People's Commissariat for Finance A.I.Potyaev, D.P.Bogolepov, F.F. Syromolotov and A.S. Mikaelyan studied the program, the composition of lecturers and students of the IPEI for a month. On the basis of FF Syromolotov's report on April 3, 1919, it was decided to continue the work of this educational institution "until the expiry of the announced period, i.e. until mid-August ". The work of the MPEI for another two years can be credited to the leaders and teachers of the institute. A.M. Galagan declared in April 1921 that in practice "the course was established for two years, consisting of 4 semesters."

The most important document that proclaimed the goals, organizational structure, features learning activities, the method of managing the institute, became the Charter of the IPEI, adopted in 1920. It said that the institute "has the goal of training specialists in the field of cash, budget and tax affairs and the economic construction of Soviet Russia." In accordance with the Charter, training at the MPEI was free. "The subjects taught at the institute are grouped into courses in such a way that each course is a complete whole." This structure of educational work was not accidental. There was a civil war. Mobilizations to the labor front and to the active army followed one after the other. Financial students were not entitled to a reservation, so they went to the front first.

35 academic disciplines were taught at the MPEI, which comprised the philosophical-historical, general economic, financial and legal cycles. Applied classes in bookkeeping were conducted. There were no special courses in the modern view, so-called episodic lectures were read, supplementing and expanding certain aspects of the required courses. To implement such an extensive program, D.P. Bogolepov invited his colleagues from the economic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences (FON) I Moscow State University - I.Kh. Ozerov, M.A. Reisner, V.M. Eksemplyarsky, S.V. Poznyshev, S. B. Chlenov, L. I. Lubnogo-Gertsyk. The MFEI was also held by the leaders of the People's Commissariat for Finance - its head N.N. Krestinsky, member of the NKF board A.M. Galagan, deputy head of the financial department A.S. Mikaelyan, head of the department of direct taxes and duties L.L. Obolensky. Bogolepov himself lectured and conducted practical exercises.

Formation of a system of moneyless economy in 1919 - 1920 had a serious impact on the fate of higher education in finance and economics. In the 1919/20 academic year, dozens of institutes were closed. Of the eight special financial and economic universities that existed in the country, by the beginning of 1921 only three remained with a thousand students.

The policy of war communism led the country to a dead end, finances were in a disastrous state due to the socialization of production and distribution processes. In addition to the all-encompassing economic crisis, a crisis of power erupted in early 1921. This was reflected in the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute under the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR and led to a sharp deterioration in affairs. The number of students has decreased from to 43 people. The staff of teachers has almost halved. The institute had eleven professors, four teachers of general education disciplines and two teachers of foreign languages.

The presidium and the teaching staff of the MPEI made attempts to save the university. A.M. Galagan proposed to change the structure of the university, its tasks and curricula. For this, it was proposed to transform the MPEI “into a higher school of the normal type, ie. with a three-year course of study "with two faculties - pedagogical and economic," in which students are given the knowledge necessary for their practical activities in financial institutions, farms of industrial, exchange and consumer nature ”. By March 1921, curricula were developed for two faculties, and in April all the documents necessary for the planned reorganization of the institute were sent to the Glavprofobr.

Initially, Glavprofobr approved of this proposal. Its resolution read: “The organization of training for the teaching of counting sciences is extremely necessary. The Financial and Economic Institute should have been established as an advanced technical school (Practical Institute). " However, the growing economic crisis, hunger and lack of funds led not to the reorganization of the institution, but to the dissolution. On August 4, 1921, by order of Glavprofobra, the Moscow Institute of Finance and Economics was closed. The teaching staff were allowed to organize for the 1921/1922 academic year short-term courses for the preparation of teachers of the calculating sciences for technical schools. Pedagogical courses inherited from the institute is not very rich material base MFEI and premises on Arbat Square, where the institute was formerly located. The main teaching staff of the institute, its curricula and programs were transferred in the form of a financial and economic cycle to the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute.

SECTION I.

DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC EDUCATION IN RUSSIA
IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY.

LECTURE 1. FIRST FINANCIAL UNIVERSITIES (1919 - 1946)

Lecture plan

Introduction

The Bolsheviks, yesterday's underground revolutionaries, having come to power, had neither knowledge nor practical experience in the implementation of financial and economic policy. Their utopian theories about direct commodity exchange, the destruction of trade under socialism, faced difficult trials in the management of a huge and devastated country. Their level of competence turned out to be insufficient for such complex state activities as the management of industry and the monetary sphere. Nationalization that unfolded in late 1917 - early 1918. among its results was the final collapse of industry, hyperinflation, and the destruction of the banking system. There were also serious difficulties in organizing the work of the public finance management apparatus and creating a control and accounting system. Strikes by officials of the State Bank, the Treasury and the former Ministry of Finance paralyzed economic and financial life and brought the new government to the brink of collapse.
Overcoming these difficulties and finally removing the "bourgeois elements" from nationalized capital required not so much communist conviction as knowledge of bookkeeping, bookkeeping and the ability to carry out banking operations. Confiscations, or, as they said at the time, "seizures" with the help of armed soldiers testified that banking was not very well given to the leaders of the financial policy of the Bolshevik government. The absence of financiers among the Bolsheviks forced them to urgently form a system of training for financiers of worker-peasant origin who knew the rules of "bourgeois" financial science. The profession of an accountant and bookkeeper became in 1918-1919. mass in large cities and provinces, but it was impossible to master it without the involvement of "bourgeois specialists."
Thus, the Bolsheviks, seeking to strengthen their positions in the political and economic fields, contributed to the establishment of the first higher educational institutions of a financial and economic profile. These circumstances determined the development trends of Russian financial and economic education in 1918 - 1921, in the era of a lack of money.

1. Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the NKF RSFSR

(1919 – 1921)

A special event in the history of financial and economic education was the creation in 1919 of the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the NKF RSFSR, as a result of which higher financial and economic education became an independent industry. The prerequisites for this were formed during the development of financial and economic education back in pre-revolutionary Russia, both in the system of academic university education and in the system of practical commercial education. The factor that determined the features of the formation of financial and economic education was the level of development of industry and the monetary system.
The needs of the economy and its management predetermined the specifics of training financial, economic and commercial personnel, the formation of a professorship, and the development of curricula. This relationship between financial and economic policy and industry education was fully preserved in Soviet times.
On October 31, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a decree on the organization of financial departments of provincial and district executive committees with the transfer of "the functions of the now abolished treasury chambers, provincial excise departments and financial bodies of local administrations" to them. The Regulation, supplementing the decree, provided that “responsible employees of the financial department are appointed from among persons with the necessary special knowledge”. In this regard, the Deputy People's Commissar of Finance D.P.Bogolepov drew the attention of the Council of People's Commissars to the fact that there are no "experienced and properly trained" financiers among the Bolsheviks.
The Bolsheviks' urgent need for qualified leaders of financial policy led to the creation at the very beginning of 1918 of the country's first Courses for Financial Workers. They were organized by D.P. Bogolepov, the finance commissar of the Northern Commune, which included Petrograd. The course was attended by members of the Bolshevik Party, the first leaders of the Soviet financial authorities. The courses were short-term, their curriculum involved training for three weeks in two subjects - accounting and budgeting. The rest of the subjects - statistics, the organization of state control, the doctrine of the state, banking, the conduct of the national economy in a socialist state - were read in the form of survey lectures, which D.P. Bogolepov invited colleagues from the People's Commissariat of Finance, teachers from Petrograd University. This was the initial experience of creating a cadre of top financial workers.
In the conditions of the growing civil war, the German offensive against Petrograd in February 1918, the Council of People's Commissars decided to transfer the capital to Moscow. In March, all the attention of the party, the Council of People's Commissars, and all of Russia was focused on the issue of concluding the Brest Peace. Current issues of financial, economic and educational policy faded into the background. In January 1919, the NKF received "extensive documentation on financial and economic courses in Tver" to improve the qualifications of employees of local financial bodies, created following the example of the Petrogradskys. An obstacle to the rapid and widespread training of financial workers was the lack of trainers. Thus, the need for personnel with "theoretical training", "corresponding to the period of profound transformations" of the Bolsheviks, was also revealed.
It was only possible for them to form a layer of top financial managers and teachers at the same time only in Moscow, where financial and economic education originated and developed from the beginning of the 19th century. The totality of these circumstances was a direct impulse for the decision of the People's Commissariat of Finance to establish a financial and economic institute in Moscow. On February 6, 1919, the newspaper Ekonomicheskaya Zhizn published for the first time that “the People's Commissariat for Finance was establishing a financial and economic institute in Moscow to train employees of the financial departments” of the provincial and district executive committees. The Moscow Council also played a role in the creation of the IPEI. The State Archives of the Russian Federation preserved the report of the MFEI dated April 13, 1920, which stated that "MFEI arose on March 1, 1919 according to the memorandum of the financial department of the Moscow Council of Deputies, presented to the Commissariat of Finance." As evidenced by the publication in "Economic Life", on March 2, 1919, a meeting was held on the occasion of the opening of the first financial and economic institute.
It was headed by D.P. Bogolepov. He had experience in teaching at the economic departments of a number of pre-revolutionary institutions. After graduating from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University in 1909, he remained at the Department of Financial Law to prepare under the guidance of I.Kh. Ozerov for professorship. In 1914, D.P. Bogolepov became a privat-docent at Moscow University and at the same time read a number of financial disciplines at the Moscow Commercial and Moscow Private Law Institutes. As Deputy People's Commissar of Finance in 1918, he did not leave teaching, and as a “private lecturer, who taught a compulsory course for three years,” he was transferred to the post of professor of financial science at Moscow University.
The meeting was attended by the management of the IPEI and the first listeners. A.S. Mikaelyan, an influential employee of the NKF and a professor at the institute, opened it with a speech in which he substantiated the need to organize a financial and economic university. Institute of National Economy named after K. Marx, the former Moscow Commercial Institute (now - the Plekhanov Academy of National Economy), with a 4-year term of study was not suitable for this goal, since the authorities demanded immediate return. The rector of the institute D.P. Bogolepov and the pro-rector A.M. Galagan, a leading specialist in the field of theory and practice of accounting, spoke about the curricula of the MPEI. The newspaper report on the opening of the IFEI noted that along with the general economic, financial and legal disciplines, it was supposed to conduct applied courses in bookkeeping and banking.
Simultaneously with the opening of the university, work was underway to recruit students. On March 6, 1919, Izvestia published an appeal from the MPEI to all departments and agencies of the Moscow City Council to send their employees to train specialists for financial institutions. MFEI, first of all, was intended for employees of the People's Commissariat of Finance and industrial commissariats, the financial department of the Moscow Council, employees of financial institutions of provincial and district executive committees. The first set of MPEI consisted of 300 people, of which more than two-thirds had secondary, specialized and higher education. This circumstance was important at that time. A sufficiently high, by those standards, level of training of students made it possible, according to the organizers of the institute, to actually fulfill the task set - to release the first specialists for the province in six months. It was assumed that this would distinguish the new financial and economic university from those that had already won solid positions at the Institute of National Economy named after Marx and the Economic Department of the Faculty of Social Sciences (FON) I of Moscow State University. At the same time, not all students were able to complete the entire course in such a short time, so the subjects at the MPEI were organized in cycles. This made it possible to limit the study of one or several cycles with the reflection of this fact in the certificate of graduation from the institute. The disciplines passed at the final exams were to become, according to the idea of the founders of the university, a decisive factor in taking up positions in the state apparatus.
The extreme brevity of the course cast doubt on the fate of the MPEI. The new People's Commissar of Finance N.N. Krestinsky, who has been curtailing financial and banking activities and monetary circulation since 1919, expressed doubts about the advisability of the existence of a higher educational institution of financial and economic profile. The commission of the members of the board of the People's Commissariat for Finance A.I.Potyaev, D.P.Bogolepov, F.F. Syromolotov and A.S. Mikaelyan studied the program, the composition of lecturers and students of the IPEI for a month. On the basis of FF Syromolotov's report on April 3, 1919, it was decided to continue the work of this educational institution "until the expiry of the announced period, i.e. until mid-August ". The work of the MPEI for another two years can be credited to the leaders and teachers of the institute. A.M. Galagan declared in April 1921 that in practice "the course was established for two years, consisting of 4 semesters."
The most important document proclaiming the goals, organizational structure, features of educational activities, the method of managing the institute was the Charter of the MPEI, adopted in 1920. Russia ". In accordance with the Charter, training at the MPEI was free. "The subjects taught at the institute are grouped into courses in such a way that each course is a complete whole." This structure of educational work was not accidental. There was a civil war. Mobilizations to the labor front and to the active army followed one after the other. Financial students were not entitled to a reservation, so they went to the front first.
35 academic disciplines were taught at the MPEI, which comprised the philosophical-historical, general economic, financial and legal cycles. Applied classes in bookkeeping were conducted. There were no special courses in the modern view, so-called episodic lectures were read, supplementing and expanding certain aspects of the required courses. To implement such an extensive program, D.P. Bogolepov invited his colleagues from the economic department of the Faculty of Social Sciences (FON) I Moscow State University - I.Kh. Ozerov, M.A. Reisner, V.M. Eksemplyarsky, S.V. Poznyshev, S. B. Chlenov, L. I. Lubnogo-Gertsyk. The MFEI was also held by the leaders of the People's Commissariat for Finance - its head N.N. Krestinsky, member of the NKF board A.M. Galagan, deputy head of the financial department A.S. Mikaelyan, head of the department of direct taxes and duties L.L. Obolensky. Bogolepov himself lectured and conducted practical exercises.
Formation of a system of moneyless economy in 1919 - 1920 had a serious impact on the fate of higher education in finance and economics. In the 1919/20 academic year, dozens of institutes were closed. Of the eight special financial and economic universities that existed in the country, by the beginning of 1921 only three remained with a thousand students.
The policy of war communism led the country to a dead end, finances were in a disastrous state due to the socialization of production and distribution processes. In addition to the all-encompassing economic crisis, a crisis of power erupted in early 1921. This was reflected in the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute under the People's Commissariat of Finance of the RSFSR and led to a sharp deterioration in affairs. The number of students has decreased from to 43 people. The staff of teachers has almost halved. The institute had eleven professors, four teachers of general education disciplines and two teachers of foreign languages.
The presidium and the teaching staff of the MPEI made attempts to save the university. A.M. Galagan proposed to change the structure of the university, its tasks and curricula. For this, it was proposed to transform the MPEI “into a higher school of the normal type, ie. with a three-year course of study "with two faculties - pedagogical and economic," in which students are given the knowledge necessary for their practical activities in financial institutions, industrial, exchange and consumer economies. " By March 1921, curricula were developed for two faculties, and in April all the documents necessary for the planned reorganization of the institute were sent to the Glavprofobr.
Initially, Glavprofobr approved of this proposal. Its resolution read: “The organization of training for the teaching of counting sciences is extremely necessary. The Financial and Economic Institute should have been established as an advanced technical school (Practical Institute). " However, the growing economic crisis, hunger and lack of funds led not to the reorganization of the institution, but to the dissolution. On August 4, 1921, by order of Glavprofobra, the Moscow Institute of Finance and Economics was closed. The teaching staff were allowed to organize for the 1921/1922 academic year short-term courses for the preparation of teachers of the calculating sciences for technical schools. The pedagogical courses inherited from the institute the not very rich material base of the MFEI and the premises on Arbat Square, where the institute was formerly located. The main teaching staff of the institute, its curricula and programs were transferred in the form of a financial and economic cycle to the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute.
Unlike other universities of that time, MPEI had no predecessors; it was organized without relying on any basis in the form of a commercial educational institution that existed before the revolution. Although the institute existed for less than three years, it made a significant contribution to the formation of financial and economic education. MPEI fulfilled the task of training and improving the skills of the first Soviet workers of the People's Commissariat for Finance, provincial and district financial bodies in the conditions of the civil war and the policy aimed at creating a money-free economy.
The closure of the MPEI was an unjustified measure. The revival of "correct" financial policy in 1922 dictated its own terms. Financial and economic education turned out to be an important factor in rebuilding the country from ruin. In March 1922, under the People's Commissariat of Finance, central courses for the training of financial workers were created, which existed until 1941.

2. Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute

(1919 – 1929)

Approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on September 30, 1918, the "Regulations on the Unified Labor School" laid down new principles for the organization of education. It became free, elements of self-government were introduced, and pedagogical innovation was encouraged. All private and public educational institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia became state-owned, and their capital was forcibly transferred to the ownership of the new government. Departmental subordination changed. Thus, commercial institutions, higher courses and schools were transferred to the subordination of the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry (NTP), which, in accordance with the communist ideology, changed their names. Having proclaimed trade as speculation, the new government abandoned the use of the term "commerce" associated with the profit received by merchants and manufacturers. Former commercial schools began to be called industrial and economic or national economic.
In Moscow since the end of the XIX century. one of the most famous and by the level of teaching close to a higher educational institution was the Aleksandrovskoe Commercial School of the Moscow Stock Exchange. The way his fate developed in the first post-revolutionary years reveals the peculiarities of the formation of Soviet financial and economic education.
In 1918, in connection with the beginning of the academic year, the educational department of the Scientific and Technical Department discussed the issue of the former commercial schools. A member of the board of the People's Commissariat for Education P.I.Shelkov, who participated in this meeting, proposed to create industrial-economic groups from the senior classes of commercial schools, and to disperse the younger students among secondary schools (secondary general education). He said that "if this reorganization is not carried out by the beginning of the school year, the students in commercial schools will be dispersed," and the ranks of financial workers will not receive replenishment for a long time.
PI Shelkov, a graduate of the Moscow Commercial Institute, not accidentally defended the interests of the former commercial schools. He has been since the 1910s. was famous figure in the field of commercial education. PI Shelkov's proposal was accepted. Then, in September 1918, the senior classes of the former Aleksandrovsk Commercial School were reorganized into industrial and economic groups, and in October - into an industrial and economic technical school. It was governed by a Council, which, along with deans, included representatives from faculty, students and trade unions. The reorganization did not stop there. In 1919, the technical school, created on the basis of the Moscow Alexandrovsky Commercial School, was transformed into the Moscow Practical Industrial and Economic Institute. PI Shelkov became the first rector of MPEI.
The increase in the status of this educational institution was due to the fact that learning programs, the composition of the teaching corps (mainly university professors), the level of training corresponded to the university. An important feature that brought practical institutes closer to universities was the right of the teaching staff to develop new training courses. The professors were obliged to improve the methods of teaching general and special disciplines, to publish programs and lecture texts. The first graduates of MPEI, along with graduates of the universities proper, were sent to managerial positions in state financial institutions and industrial enterprises. In spite of civil war, economic devastation, lack of fuel and food, MPEI developed its work on the training of specialists in industrial, economic and financial profile.
The Moscow Alexandrovskoe Commercial School played the role of a connecting link in the transfer of educational and methodological and, to a certain extent, scientific traditions of pre-revolutionary commercial schools to the Soviet system of financial and economic education. This was one of the ways to transform the pre-revolutionary educational institutions of financial and economic profile into Soviet ones. So, on the example of one of the predecessors of the modern Financial Academy, we see that the financial and economic universities of the first post-October decade were not created from scratch. This is confirmed by the words of PI Shelkov, who repeatedly stated that "industrial and economic practical institutions arose from former commercial educational institutions, in which the latest methodological currents in pedagogy were especially quickly taken into account and perceived."
MPEI became the institution where financial and economic education was further developed in the era of NEP. Unlike the MPEI, the position of the Moscow Practical Industrial and Economic Institute, which had strong historical roots, preserved in the difficult years of war communism "sensitive and receptive to all kinds of methodological innovations" teachers, and open to a wider audience, and therefore more populous, was strengthened ... Its status increased with the beginning of the liberalization of economic life, the legalization of commodity-money relations, the restoration of budgetary and tax policy, and the banking system. The need for wide dissemination of industrial and economic knowledge and the speedy training of accountants, commodity experts, economists, statisticians, commercial agents, etc. became evident at all levels of government. It was also put forward as an urgent task of training leaders for industry and central financial authorities.
1923 - 1925 became decisive in the fate of MPEI. It was then that he turned into one of the leading Moscow universities. Obeying the orders of the government and the People's Commissariat for Education, the leadership of the MPEI took steps to create plans and curricula for 3 and 4-year courses of study, as well as conditions for admission, which provided for the mandatory successful participation in the entrance exams. The creation of the "Rules for Admission" meant a serious step towards streamlining and improving the training of students in comparison with 1918 - 1920, when the Council of People's Commissars decree was in force on the right of anyone to be admitted to any university without any certificate of education. A new era began not only in economic, but also in educational policy. The radicalism characteristic of the People's Commissariat for Education in the first post-October years gave way to a sober attitude towards the organization of educational and methodological work of institutions, although ideological control was intensifying. "Further omissions in this area," the People's Commissariat of Education admitted, "can have an extremely disastrous effect on the training of the appropriate cadre of workers, not only with special knowledge," but unconditionally loyal to the party and pursuing its policy. "
On April 23, 1923, the management of the MPEI turned to the People's Commissariat for Finance with a request to support the institute in its desire to establish its status as a full-fledged university. In the summer of 1923, MPEI received the status of a university and launched a large educational, methodological and organizational work. Its structure did not need significant changes. Even before that, the institute consisted of two departments - an industrial one, which produced specialists for manufacturing farms, and an economic one, which trained personnel in the field of distribution, trade and finance. The industrial department consisted of cycles of organization and management of industrial enterprises and commodity research. The economic department - from the leading accounting and financial cycle (former MFEI), administrative and economic and procurement cycle, trade and cooperation. In accordance with the admission rate for the first year of 300 students, it was planned to admit 200 students to the economic department, and 100 students to the industrial department.
The main work on becoming a university was to create new standard curricula and programs together with Glavprofobr. Since 1925, in the first year, students of all departments received training in basic disciplines based on new programs. In 1921, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) set in one of its letters to the party organizations of higher educational institutions the goal of subordinating the content of teaching financial and economic disciplines to ideological control. Work on the introduction of Marxist theory into the teaching of general education and special disciplines in order to "saturate the very work of the school with its ideological influence" was widely developed at the MPEI.
From special subjects, as common to all cycles, economic disciplines were read - the doctrine of the national economy, the history of economic development in modern times, the encyclopedia of industry, economic geography, the doctrine of law and state, accounting, elements of higher mathematics, financial calculations. Specialization was carried out in the second and third courses. According to the tradition that came from pre-revolutionary commercial institutions, there was also a pedagogical cycle that gave the right to teach special disciplines in technical schools and practical institutes. Along with lectures, seminars and practice were held at enterprises.
The Narkomfin took a significant part in the fate of the MPEI. Since 1921, the institute reported not only to the People's Commissariat for Education, but also to the main financial department of the country, as it received subsidies for the financial cycle. One of the surviving orders of the NKF noted that “2 million rubles. are assigned to the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute ... At the expense of the allocated amount, scholarships should be issued to its students ... The rest of the allocated amount is intended to improve the organization of the financial cycle at the Institute. " On the basis of two years of experience in financing the MPEI in 1923, the People's Commissariat of Finance developed "Regulations on subsidizing the NKF of universities that set as their task the training of financial workers." This document legalized the rights of the People's Commissariat of Finance to participate in the management of institutions that received loans from it. It was envisaged that the Council of the university would include one representative of the NKF, who monitored the compliance of curricula with the requirements of the Narkomfin for training specialists. Until 1928, the representative of the NKF at the institute was K.K.Shmakov. In addition to him, leading employees of the Narkomfin came to the university as teachers - F.A. Menkov (financial policy), S.A. Iveronov (taxation technique), V.A. Rzhevsky (local finance and utilities), S.T. Kistinev (banking), D.A. Loevsky and L.N. Yurovsky (money and credit), N.A. Padeysky (organization of financial institutions), A.N. Doroshenko (organization of small loans).
In the mid-1920s. not only the NKF, but also the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry, the People's Commissariat for Food, the Supreme Council of the National Economy, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, the People's Commissariat for Power Engineering, the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade, and the Tsentrosoyuz announced the need for MPEI graduates. In order to satisfy these demands, in the summer of 1925, the MPEI was transformed into an institute with two faculties - trade and industrial and economic (financial). The Faculty of Finance was created on the basis of the financial cycle that had existed at the MPEI since 1921, when it was transferred to it after the disbandment of the MPEI.
At the same time, the organizational structure of the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute was finally formed. The rector was at the head; V.I. Weger, who specialized in the field of law and the doctrine of the socialist state, was appointed to this post. P.I.Shelkov became the vice-rector of the institute. Both of them held their positions until 1929, when they were repressed. A well-known figure at that time, editor-in-chief of the "Trade and Industrial Newspaper" M.A.Saveliev was appointed dean of the Faculty of Commerce and Industry. As NV Valentinov recalled, MASavelyev "had a taste for economics, especially for specific economic issues, and not abstract ideology ... was completely absent." Most of the work was carried out by the Deputy Dean Professor A.M. Fishgendler.
The finance department is more fortunate in this regard. From March 1926, it was taught by L.N. Yurovsky, an outstanding scientist, head of the financial and economic department and a member of the Narkomfin board, one of the authors and promoters of the NEP monetary reform. In 1927 he was approved as a professor, a member of the board of the university, and then dean of the financial department. The following year, he was approved as a professor at the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute in the Department of Financial Sciences. LN Yurovsky's deputy was his colleague at the People's Commissariat of Finance, a well-known specialist in finance at that time D.A. Loevsky. At the financial and industrial faculties in 1925 - 1927. The classes were conducted by a world-renowned scientist, founder and head of the Institute of Conjuncture ND Kondratyev.
1925 - 1928 marked by the flourishing of the MPEI. This is explained not only by the resolution of problems with the financing of the university and the completion of its organizational formation. Nap, indeed, was a special era. Overcoming hunger, liberalization in the economy, growth in industry and agriculture gave rise to confidence in the ability to apply their knowledge and experience for the good of the country. As a contemporary recalled: “People then were keenly interested in economic issues. They grabbed at them, argued about them, talked about them ... not only the communists, but together with them, in parallel, the broadest layer of the so-called “non-party intelligentsia”. Most of them, not out of fear, but out of conscience, served the cause of public education, passed on their knowledge and practical experience students, future leaders of industry and finance.
However, in the depths of NEP, an era of "great turning point", "purges", and Stalinist repressions was ripening. Terror suppressed the life of the state and society, almost destroyed scientific and cultural life. Fate has not spared the MPEI either. One of the symptoms of the coming changes was the establishment of a scale of social privileges upon admission to college. The social composition of the listeners was regulated for reasons of "working" their composition. First of all, the advantages were enjoyed by the students of workers' faculties, recommended by the party, Komsomol and trade union organizations and sent from the Red Army to continue their education. In the second place, those who graduated from the preparatory courses at the institute were accepted, in the third - all the rest. At the same time, pre-emptive rights began to be granted when entering the institute on a party basis. The layout for the admission to the university of students sent by central departments was "lowered" by Glavprofobr. So in the MPEI in the mid-1920s. about 550 - 600 people studied, and its party and Komsomol stratum was about 340 - 350 people, i.e. more than 60% of students. The process of "enslaving" the student environment became an integral part of the politics of the era of the first five-year plans.
Decisions of the Plenums of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and a number of resolutions of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR in 1928 - 1930. determined the turn in the party's policy in the field of vocational education. In 1929 - 1930. repressions first affected financial and economic universities. A "cleaning" of the Narkomfin apparatus and the teaching staff was carried out. In May 1930, the Moscow Industrial and Economic Institute was disbanded.
Its faculties and departments served as the basis for the creation of new institutions. The Industrial Faculty was transformed into the Moscow Engineering and Economic Institute, the cooperative faculty served as the basis for the organization of the Moscow Institute of Consumer Cooperatives, and Finance Department transferred to the jurisdiction of the NKF and deployed to the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR.
Since the 1930s. a new period began in the history of domestic higher financial and economic education, inextricably linked with the creation of a command-administrative system in the country and the complete subordination of economic science to the ideological principles of the party.

3. Reconstruction of the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the NKF USSR

(1930 – 1934)

The era in which the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute of the NKF USSR began its activities left its mark on all aspects of the activities of this university. The radical changes in the political course of the CPSU (b), the forced construction of socialism determined the turn in the party's policy in relation to the public education system. The consequence of the thesis put forward by J.V. Stalin in 1928 about the aggravation of the class struggle was that financial and economic education became an obligatory element of the party's policy, and had to correspond to the nature and scale of the tasks assigned to the country.
Higher education in finance and economics in the late 1920s - early 1930s. has undergone severe trials. In 1929, a "purge" of the Narkomfin apparatus began, and then economic universities in Moscow, including the MPEI. Throughout the 1920s. most of the employees of the main financial department of the USSR were at the same time teachers of specialized universities. To the leading villages
etc.................

From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, the country's universities were required to restructure educational, scientific, and public work in accordance with the needs of the front and rear. In the emergency conditions of war, a sharp cut in funding, they were supposed to ensure the "operational development of defense problems", without stopping the training of specialists, retain the staff of teachers and the contingent of students, ensure the safety of equipment, discipline and order dictated by the military situation.

Professors, associate professors, graduates of our institutes were involved in consulting government bodies and organizations, were part of various state commissions, committees, councils created under the State Defense Committee, the Council for Evacuation under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the State Bank, the People's Commissariat for Finance, the State Planning Committee, the people's commissariats and departments. Scientists, finance and credit specialists took an active part in the restructuring of credit and financial system USSR for the needs of the front and rear: finding resources for crediting the military industry and providing financial assistance to evacuated enterprises and institutions; ensuring clear calculations in the national economy; meeting the needs of the army and the state as a whole in cash; ensuring operational regulation of monetary circulation; taking measures to limit the emission of money as much as possible; ensuring the strictest economy. These measures played an important role in the concentration of the material, labor and financial resources of the country to defeat the enemy, to ensure the coordinated work of the front and rear.

In a planned economy, an important source of funding for military spending was the income of the national economy. In this regard, the state leadership paid special attention to revising and preparing a new version of the national economic plan for 1941. Large party, Soviet, economic cadres, leading scientists, including specialists in the financial and credit system, were involved in its development.

As a result of the enormous efforts of a large team of specialists, the national economic mobilization plan for the third quarter of 1941 was developed in record time. On June 30, 1941, this plan, aimed at restructuring the national economy on a war footing, was approved by the state leadership and adopted for execution by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In the shortest possible time, a new military-economic plan for the fourth quarter of 1941 and for 1942 was also developed, approved by the decision-making bodies on August 16, 1941. However, the work did not end there: in the conditions of a rapidly changing situation, these plans were monthly corrected.

An important area of work was the training of military financiers and the deployment of a network of financial institutions in the army. Close cooperation of civilian economic universities with military-financial educational institutions and the financial service of the army, characteristic of the entire period Soviet history, especially clearly manifested itself during the war years. For the training of personnel of the financial service of the army, teachers of civilian universities were involved, including financial ones, textbooks, methodological literature, programs prepared by civilian specialists were widely used.

To serve the troops of the active army, there were created: in the fronts - field offices, in the armies - field offices, in the formations - field cash desks of the State Bank. The financial service of fronts, armies, divisions, and regiments carried out settlement and cash services for troops, credited military trade, and performed some functions of savings banks. The extensive network of field offices of the State Bank has played an important role in regulating money circulation and maintaining its relative stability.

After 50 years, it is very difficult to show in all details the role of professors, associate professors, and non-staff teachers of our universities in transforming and ensuring the stability of the financial and credit system of the state during the war. Many documents have not survived; issues related to finance were strictly classified. For example, a graduate of our institute, People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR A.G. Zverev in 1943 received a secret assignment - to prepare a post-war monetary reform.

Later, the People's Commissar recalled: “... of all the employees of the People's Commissariat of Finance, I was the only one who knew about it (the reform). I myself did all the preliminary work, including the most complicated calculations. I regularly informed Stalin about the progress of the work. "When the question of the preparation of the monetary reform was considered in 1944 at a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b)," at the end of the meeting, "Zverev noted," For the time being, the general secretary of the party did not have unnecessary papers on this important matter. "To continue the work, the People's Commissar was allowed to involve only three people."

The initial stage of the war turned out to be the most difficult for all universities in the frontline zone, including those in Moscow and Leningrad. The entire system of higher education in the USSR found itself in extreme conditions during this period. 196 universities were closed, 87 were united, 334 were destroyed by the Germans, 147 universities were evacuated. At the same time, the state was forced to cut funding for higher education by 3 times. During the war, the leadership and staff of universities faced a complex set of problems: to bring educational and scientific work closer to the needs of the army and the rear; revise curricula and plans to include defense topics; to reduce curricula and plans in connection with the reduction of the training period from four to three years, and then (from July 1942) to eliminate the consequences of this decision; to ensure the mobilization of students, teachers, staff for defense and economic work; organize evacuation and high-quality training of personnel in a new location; ensure the implementation by students, teachers and staff of the special military-legal regime of wartime (consolidation work force, mobilization, legal liability for violation of the order); employees (housing, salary, scholarships, food cards, clothing, shoes, soap, tuition fees, etc.).

A short list of tasks shows that during the war, the volume and content of work at the university have changed qualitatively. The heads of universities, teachers, along with the restructuring of scientific and educational work in a military manner, were forced to constantly engage in organizational and economic work, which is not characteristic of a higher educational institution under normal conditions. As a result, new requirements were imposed on the personnel of universities.

For the leadership of universities and departments, people were required who combine high professionalism with energy, social comfort, the ability to accept independent decisions in non-standard situations, which were often suggested by the military situation.

The teaching staff of the Moscow Institute of Credit and Economics consisted of highly qualified personnel. Strengthening the staff at the Moscow Credit and Economic Institute The Board of the State Bank began with the directorate of the institute: Dmitry Alekseevich Butkov was appointed director, who at the same time headed one of the leading departments of the Institute "Money, Credit and Finance of the USSR".

YES. Butkov was an energetic organizer - he headed the Moscow Institute of Finance and Economics in 1930-1934. before his transfer to Leningrad. Acting Director Doctor of Economics prof. P.P. Maslov, one of the leading specialists in domestic statistics, became deputy director.

Appointment of D.A. Butkov took place in the conditions of a sharp deterioration in the situation at the front. The heroic battle for the capital of our Motherland that unfolded in the fall and winter of 1941 turned Moscow into a front-line city. Air raids, which intensified by the fall of 1941, the beginning of a mass evacuation that engulfed about 2 million Muscovites and hundreds of enterprises in the capital, the construction of defensive structures in the Moscow region, on the streets and squares of Moscow created objective conditions for an increased emotional perception of reality. Therefore, elements of panic took place both in the power structures and among part of the population.

Information about the upcoming evacuation of the Moscow Credit and Economic Institute put some of the teachers, staff and students of the institute with a choice - to go with him or evacuate with other organizations and enterprises in which members of their families worked, or stay in Moscow. In those wartime conditions, the refusal to evacuate with the enterprise was regarded negatively, often the valid reasons given were not taken into account (later for some it turned out to be a stain on the biography).

One of the first major problems that the new director of MKEI D.A. Butkov - a personnel issue that has arisen sharply in connection with the upcoming evacuation. Of the 17 departments of the institute, only four had problems with the heads of departments. However, the problem was soon resolved. The staff of the institute overcame the crisis with minimal losses.

In fact, classes in Moscow universities were suspended in mid-October 1941. In accordance with the GKO decree, the civilian population, primarily women and youth, was already mobilized in July to build defensive structures in Moscow and the Moscow region. Many students and teachers have signed up for civil uprising, volunteered for the front. In late October - early November, in accordance with the resolution of the Council for Evacuation under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the Board of the State Bank of the USSR and the All-Union Committee for Higher Education (BKBSH) decide to evacuate the Moscow Credit and Economic Institute. On November 3, 1941, the MKEI issued order No. 294 on the evacuation of the institute "to another city" (the exact place of evacuation was determined later). It was originally planned to begin evacuating students on "November 3-4". In fact, the evacuation dragged on until the end of November. The time obtained as a result of the postponement was used to prepare the university's move to a new location.

In the archives of our university, there is a notification to the MKEI students dated November 28, 1941 with a request to appear at the institute to be sent in the last column on November 30 under the leadership of representatives of the VKHS headquarters.

The Board of the State Bank of the USSR reacted with great responsibility to the issues of evacuation of subordinate universities, entrusting its organization to one of the deputy chairmen of the Board of the State Bank of the USSR. Saratov was chosen as the place of evacuation, where the related Saratov Institute, subordinate to the State Bank, was located. November 11, 1941 The Board of the State Bank of the USSR and the management of the MKEI send the associate professor of the institute A.P. Polikarpov in Engels and Saratov to prepare the admission of students, teachers, employees and the deployment of the educational process. The evacuation to Engels (a satellite city connected to the Saratov bridge) actually meant an evacuation to Saratov.

As a result, in Saratov, in extreme conditions, already at the beginning of 1942, it was possible to organize the educational process at MKEI. At the same time, significant groups of students remained in Moscow, who for one reason or another were not covered by the mass evacuation. However, by this time the battle for Moscow had been won (December 1941 - January 1942) and the first stage of the re-evacuation of Muscovites began.

As a result, policymakers, together with all interested organizations and institutions, decided to place the remaining students in Moscow universities. So, in a related economic institute - the Moscow Institute of National Economy named after V.I. G.V. Plekhanov - in February 1942, the students and part of the teachers who remained in Moscow were transferred: the Moscow Credit and Economic Institute, the Moscow Planning Institute, the Moscow Institute of Soviet Cooperative Trade, and the Moscow Institute of Economics and Statistics.

To ensure a normal educational process at the Institute of National Economy. G.V. Plekhanov in 1942, the structure was changed: the planning and economic faculty and the credit and economic department at the accounting and economic faculty were created. Among 119 people are students of "related" universities who studied at the Institute of National Economy named after G.V. Plekhanov in the 1942/43 academic year, there were probably 53 students from MKEI (including in the specialties "Finance and Credit of the USSR" - 32 people, "Banking accounting" - 8 people, "Financial planning" - 13 people). At the end of 1943, the new faculty and department were abolished in connection with the return from evacuation and the restoration of the activities of Moscow universities, including the Moscow credit and economic and Moscow financial and economic institutes. The MKEI leadership, headed by the director D.A. Butkov, they closely followed the progress of training and preparation for graduation of students of their university at the Institute of National Economy named after V.I. G.V. Plekhanov.

After the evacuation of MKEI to Saratov in the building on the street. The church hill (now Kibalchicha st.) Remained for the completion of the training of 25 fourth-year students. The 2nd semester of the 1941/42 academic year lasted for two departments: settlements and banking, and credit. Some of the teachers from those who, for a number of reasons, could not leave for Saratov, from the second half of the 1941/42 academic year, actively worked with the IV year, which remained in Moscow in the building of the Moscow Institute of Economics. This is prof. H.H. Lyubimov, Ph.D. B.K. Shchurov, Assoc. V.T. Krotkov (stayed to defend his doctoral dissertation).

At the beginning of March 1942, the MKEI leadership issued an order on the preparation of programs for the disciplines submitted for the state examination. (Typical signs of wartime - not a single doctor of science, not a single professor was involved in the development of banking programs, and only two days were allotted for preparation!).

On the same days, the Management of Educational Institutions of the State Bank of the USSR (UUZ), together with the VKHSH, approved the composition of the commission for taking state examinations for IV year students of MKEI - graduates of 1942. Doctor of Economics was appointed Chairman of the State Examination Commission. prof. K. Pozhitnov. It included: prof. H.H. Lyubimov, Ph.D. A.A. Proselkov, Ph.D. A.P. Polikarpov, Ph.D. B.K. Shchurov.

Organization of graduation of the IV course MKEI director D.A. Butkov instructed the acting. head of the department "Accounting", Ph.D. Assoc. A.P. Polikarpov, who had previously ensured the evacuation of the institute to Saratov, "launched" the educational process there and returned in January 1942 to Moscow. March 9, 1942 Assoc. A.P. Polikarpov was appointed Acting Director of MKEI for Moscow. Its tasks included: the implementation of the graduation of the fourth year (students who remained in Moscow), ensuring the quality of preparation of third-year students (who studied at the Institute of National Economy named after G.V. Plekhanov), control over the spending of loans.

The academic year at MKEI was completed on schedule. Accurately on schedule, in April 1942, all state exams: at the end of April, diplomas were issued to 27 graduates (including two graduates of the previous years - 1940 and 1941). Professionalism, efficiency, clarity of work, shown by A.P. Polikarpov, opened the way for him to the top: in August 1942 he was transferred to the post of Deputy Head of the Department of Educational Institutions of the State Bank of the USSR.

From the fall of 1942 to the summer of 1943 in the building of MKEI on the street. Church hill teaching students was not conducted. The building was guarded. The order in it and in the hostels was ensured by several people from among the employees and representatives of the economic service. Economic problems came to the fore: procurement of firewood for Moscow, the safety of the building and remaining property, duty on holidays, provision of food, clothing, footwear and soap to the employees who remained in Moscow, the organization of providing the institute employees with seeds and planting material for vegetable gardens, land under which were allocated to citizens in those years, etc.

In these conditions, to solve economic problems, it was no longer the director of the institute that was required, but the commandant-supply manager. In July 1942, a corresponding position appeared in the structure of MKEI - commissioner for the institute (he was appointed A.P. Drobyshevsky, who in June 1943, after being drafted into the army, was replaced by an employee of the AXO Korneev).

It was possible to start the educational process in Saratov in January - February 1942 due to the fact that both universities (both the evacuated and the receiving one) were subordinate to the Board of the State Bank of the USSR, which obliged the Saratov Institute to provide accommodation and help in organizing the educational process of MKEI. An important role in organizing the educational process at the new location was played by the fact that MKEI brought the main personnel for teaching from Moscow. Documents show that only 4 teachers from Saratov were recruited to work at MKEI: for the Department of Political Economy (acting professor A.I. Pashkov and associate professor T.I.Sukhodolov) and for teaching special disciplines: "Balance Analysis and report "(prof. PA Parfanyak) and" Accounting "(senior teacher FI Belinsky). Subsequently, some subjects were read for students of both universities by the teachers of the Saratov Credit and Economic Institute, mixed commissions were also created to take exams, especially state (graduation) ones.

Of the 17 departments that worked at the MKEI before the war, 13 departments were organized in Saratov under the emergency conditions of evacuation. Adaptation to the new working conditions in Saratov, a complex system of subordination to two instances (VKHS and UUZ), the need to make non-standard decisions in an extreme environment - all this gave rise to a whole range of problems, contradictions, conflicts that complicated the organization of educational, scientific and social work.

In the absence of director D.A. Butkov (who was in Moscow until March 1942), a new leadership nucleus was formed in the MKEI team, based in its work and dependent on the local party-Soviet leadership and on the directorate and party organization of the Saratov Institute. At the head of this core were G.A. Akulenko, acting director of MKEI in Saratov, his deputy Pertsovich and A.I. Pashkov. (In wartime, the departments of social sciences were entrusted with ideological and educational work, they were the conductors of the party's policy, had the closest ties with the party bodies. Therefore, the head of the department "Political Economy" from Saratovo A.I. Pashkov began to play an important role in the team of MKEI) ...

The second group is the supporters of D.A. Butkov. Among them, Professor P.P. Maslov, Assoc. M.T. Chilikin and others. Arrived in mid-March in Saratov D.A. In April, Butkov carried out a restructuring of the MKEI, combining 13 departments into 5 structures: a united department " Social Sciences"(head - A.I. Pashkov), the united department" Money, credit and finance "(head D.A.Butkov), the united department" Statistics and accounting "(head P.P. Maslov), the united department "(supervisor MT Chilikin), department foreign languages(supervisor E.I.Sakharov).

However, D.A. Butkov did not agree on the restructuring of the university and personnel changes with the higher authorities in both Moscow and Saratov. The order on the reorganization of the university only noted that the documents on the change in the structure and new appointments would be sent for approval to the Board of the State Bank of the USSR and the BKBSh under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. As a result of this restructuring, on the one hand, the position in MKEI was stabilized and its "controllability" from Moscow was ensured, but, on the other hand, relations with the leadership of the Saratov Institute were complicated. In mid-May 1942, the director D.A. Butkov and his supporting professor P.P. Maslova, a conflict arose with the party organization of the Saratov Institute, which held a mass event for teachers and students (report), removing students and teachers of MKEI from classes without the consent of the director D.A. Butkov. The conflict went beyond the institute.

Having carried out a set of measures to reorganize the university and ensure the efficient work of the team, D.A. Butkov left for Moscow. Acting director of MKEI in Saratov was appointed prof. P.P. Maslov. In this position, P.P. Maslov did not stay long, from June 3 to July 28, 1942. At the end of July 1942, by order of the State Bank of the USSR, D.A. Butkov and P.P. Maslov were relieved of their duties, and G.A. was appointed director. Akulenko. From March 6 to June 17, 1943, the MKEI in Saratov was headed by Ivanov (the initials of a number of listed persons in the documents are not
appear - A.K.).

The 1942/1943 academic year for MKEI in Saratov turned out to be the most difficult. One of the most important problems was the financing of the university. The Board of the State Bank of the USSR demanded that the management of the Saratov Credit and Financial Institute perform the main work for MKEI without additional payment, since "the training of MKEI students is provided for by the staffing table and estimates of the Saratov Institute." On October 1, 1942, the additional payment was discontinued.

The paradox of the situation: a general reduction in funding for SKEI in 1941-1942. was significant, like all universities in the USSR (for example, funding for the GV Plekhanov Institute of National Economy was cut by more than 50%), and the "additional" funds for servicing the MKEI were insignificant. As a result, it turned out that SKEI was formally provided with money to support the work on MKEI, but in practice it was invisible.

The revival of the Moscow Credit and Economic Institute in Moscow was carried out in August - October 1943. It included a number of interrelated processes: the re-evacuation of students, teachers and property from Saratov under the leadership of Assoc. M.T. Chilikin (it was completed by September 21); restoration of students and teachers who did not leave for evacuation at the institute; return of property from other places of evacuation (in particular, the library of the institute from the city of Uglich, Yaroslavl region); ensuring the restructuring of educational and scientific work in accordance with the additional tasks set by the government for financial and credit structures to restore the destroyed economy.

It is difficult to determine the exact day of the MKEI revival. A number of dates can be distinguished that played a role in the restoration of the university. On August 3, 1943, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR decided to re-evacuate to Moscow a number of enterprises and institutions, including the capital's universities. On August 9, 1943, the Board of the State Bank of the USSR appointed Assoc. Prof. A.P. Polikarpov to ensure the restoration of the work of the university in Moscow. On August 28, 1943, the Board of the State Bank of the USSR appointed Assoc. Prof. P.I. Tsvetkov (who later - from October 1 - at the same time headed the Department of Political Economy) and on the same day there was an order number 1 on MKEI, in accordance with which P.I. Tsvetkov took up his duties as director.

Almost immediately P.I. Tsvetkov and A.P. Polikarpov, under the leadership of the UUZ of the State Bank of the USSR and the BKBSh under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, began to recruit and place new cadres of teachers and employees. During September, 10 departments and 2 independent courses have already been formed. In general, by the end of October 1943, about 50 people worked at MKEI (20% of them were professors and 50% were associate professors). These were sufficient forces to ensure a normal educational process for undergraduate and graduate students of the university.

The work of the selection committee in 1943 had its own specifics: in accordance with the decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of March 23, 1943 and the order of the VKVSH of April 27, 1943, applicants who graduated from high school in 1941-1943. without triples and passed an interview at the admissions office of the institute. From 1 to 15 October, students were enrolled for the first year. The commission included the director of MKEI P.I. Tsvetkov, deputy director A.P. Polikarpov and F.D. Livshits (department "Accounting"). Since October 27, 222 first-year students began to receive scholarships. Admission to the first course lasted from November to December. As a result, there were at least 300 people for the winter session in the first year. By this time, more than 80 students were enrolled in senior courses (in October there were only 60 people - re-evacuated, who made up the main "core", restored from among those who did not go to the evacuation with the university, as well as newly admitted or transferred from other universities). Full-time and postgraduate studies were rapidly reviving correspondence forms training (at the end of 1943 more than 20 people were trained in it).

Thus, in December 1943, more than 400 undergraduate and graduate students studied at MKEI, but admission to all courses continued throughout the academic year. The organization of the educational process in the 1943/44 academic year in the conditions of the forced restoration of the university gave rise to a number of problems and difficulties associated with the fact that the stratum of "indigenous" students of MKEI (the "core" on which the stability of the educational process depended) was extremely narrow (about 60 people out of 400). At the same time, all "indigenous" students, both past and not evacuated, studied in senior courses (where there was also a large percentage of "non-indigenous" students who interrupted their studies or studied in different programs).

In the 1943/44 academic year, the face of the university was temporarily determined by newly admitted freshmen (about 300 people), enrolled without exams; the team of teachers and staff (renewed by more than 70%) was going through a period of formation.

As a result, the leadership of the university in the context of the restoration of the MKEI in one of the first places was the problem of preserving the contingent of students, especially freshmen, and rallying the team of teachers and students. The main issues were the stabilization of the educational process (attendance, academic performance, discipline). For this purpose, a number of measures were used.

Heads of groups were appointed, whose duties included written information from the MKEI management about students who did not attend classes and who were late, violating discipline, and curators of groups for the first year and curators of senior courses from among the "indigenous" teachers and graduate students of MKEI were approved (among them are associate professors A P. Polikarpov, M.T. Chilikin and others). Methods of material incentives were used - simple, increased, personal scholarships (upon admission, scholarships were assigned to almost everyone, after the session only to successful students) and administrative measures (initially, these were reprimands, and then - before the start of the winter session - they began to deduct the unsuccessful "for the loss of communication with the institute ").

For the winter examination session, as follows from the orders, 16 exams and 11 credits were entered, including 4 exams and 3 credits for the I course, 2 exams and 5 credits for II, 2 exams and 2 credits for III, and for IV - 8 exams and 1 credit. For the spring session, 7 exams and 1 test were entered for the first year, 8 exams for II, 8 exams for III, and 6 exams and 1 test for IV.

In general, both sessions (winter and spring) in the 1943/44 academic year were held on time. This indicated that the management and teachers of the institute were able to quickly restore the normal operation of the university in Moscow after the re-evacuation. However, the problem of preserving the contingent of freshmen remained on the agenda. Enrollment without exams of a huge number of students for the first year in conditions when the university itself was just recovering after evacuation, significantly complicated the organization of the educational process, demanded a huge effort of the leadership and the team of MKEI teachers.

To stabilize the educational process in the first year of higher educational institutions, it was necessary to restore entrance exams, and the leadership of the country's higher school soon made such a decision.

The rout Nazi troops near Kursk in July-August 1943 completed a radical turning point in the war. The strategic initiative was snatched from the hands of the enemy. On the agenda was the question of economic restoration of the liberated regions and the development of the national economy. On August 21, 1943, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) adopted a corresponding resolution. In these conditions, the need for qualified personnel of economists and financiers has noticeably increased. On August 23, 1943, the Council of People's Commissars, by special order No. 16167-P, allowed the People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR to resume the work of the financial and economic institute in Moscow in the 1943/44 academic year. In reports about the opening and work of the MPEI, the magazine "Soviet Finances" noted that this was not an ordinary university, but the opening of a powerful center of financial and economic education in Moscow. The Moscow Institute of Finance and Economics should become the pivotal institution of the USSR People's Commissariat for Finance, i.e. leading in the system of financial and economic educational institutions of the country. He was instructed to lead the training of highly qualified personnel, to develop research work in all financial institutions of higher education and to provide them with the preparation of textbooks and teaching aids. Director of the revived Financial and Economic Institute
D.A. was appointed. Butkov.

To accomplish the assigned tasks, the departments of the university were staffed with qualified teaching staff. Most of the teachers were attracted from the Moscow Evening Financial Institute, the Institute of National Economy named after G.V. Plekhanov, a related Moscow Credit and Economic Institute. In addition, the staff of the MPEI included teachers from the educational institutions of Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa evacuated to the eastern regions of the country, as well as from among the teachers who worked in Leningrad before the war.

As already noted, during the transfer of MFEI to Leningrad in 1934 in order to "unload Moscow" to accommodate the institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences being transported to the capital, it was mainly the "student body" of the institute that moved to Leningrad: most of the MFEI teachers remained in Moscow. All the students who arrived from Moscow in 1934 at the end of the 30s had already completed their studies at LFEI.

On the eve of the war, there were few teachers from the Moscow Institute of Finance and Economics at the Leningrad Institute of Economics and Economics. However, these were prominent scientists who headed a number of leading departments of the university. So, prof. V.P. Dyachenko (since 1953 Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences) headed the Department of Money, Credit and Finance of the USSR at the Leningrad Physics Institute, prof. H.H. Rovinsky (later director of the Moscow Institute of Finance and Economics) since September 1936 headed the Department of State Budget (while remaining in Moscow, as head of the Department of the All-Union Correspondence Financial and Economic Institute). During this period, Professor I.A. Trakhtenberg (since 1939 a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences), as well as young teachers, former graduate students of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Economics, among them A.N. Molchanov and M.V. Ermolin (later doctors of sciences, professors), who remained with the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Power Engineering after the war.

Already in the first days of the war, a significant part of the LFEI students - 414 out of 1112 people. and 38 teachers (out of 137) went to the front, many served in the field offices of the State Bank of the USSR. From July to September 1941 lecturers and students of the Leningrad Institute of Physics and Power Engineering took an active part in the construction of defensive structures around the city. Despite the blockade, in the 1941/42 academic year LFEI continued to work in Leningrad. In March 1942, by decision of the government, studies at the Leningrad Physics Institute were interrupted and the university was evacuated to the North Caucasus in the city of Essentuki. In the evacuation, thanks to the enormous efforts of teachers and students, on August 2, 1942, 130 people were graduated.

It seemed that the main problems were behind, but the tragedy for Leningrad FEI was just beginning. In the summer, the Germans launched an offensive in the Caucasus. On August 3, 1942, Leningrad FEI received an order to re-evacuate to Tashkent. All evacuation work in Central Asia headed by dr geographical sciences prof. Department of Economic Geography LFEI B.C. Klupt, renowned scientist, author of several books. However, it was not possible to organize a mass notification of teachers and students about their departure, and as a result, only a part of teachers and students were evacuated from Essentuki. On August 5, 1942 Essentuki was captured by the Germans. Many of the teachers and students of the Leningrad Institute of Economics and Economics, who successfully evacuated from besieged Leningrad, turned out to be in the city occupied by the Germans ... According to the documents, the students and teachers evacuated from Yessentuki to Tashkent could not organize the work of the university "due to large personnel losses" of teachers and students ... The teachers were scattered across the country and worked in universities and financial bodies of the People's Commissariat of Finance and the State Bank in Tashkent, Samarkand, Kuibyshev, Kazan and other cities of the country.

While the Moscow Financial and Economic Institute and the Moscow Credit and Economic Institutions were restored already at the end of 1943, the decision to revive the LFEI was made on March 18, 1944 and September 24, 1944.The Leningrad Financial and Economic Institute resumed its work in hometown... Thus, 10 years after the merger into a single university, the Moscow and Leningrad IPPE again became independent.

In the restored MFEI in Moscow in the 1943/44 academic year, 67 teachers worked, including 41 highly qualified teachers (of which 14 professors and doctors and 27 associate professors). It's pretty tall
the level of qualifications of the university staff for the wartime period. However, only 19 teachers worked on the staff (4 professors and doctors, 7 associate professors, 6 senior teachers, 2 teachers).

A number of departments of the institute had to be fully staffed with part-time and hourly workers, including: the departments "Finance of the USSR", "Money Circulation and Credit of the USSR", "Finance and Credit of Foreign States". At the joint department "State Budget, State Revenues and State Insurance" out of five teachers, 4 were part-time, including the head, Dr. of Economics, prof. H.H. Rovinsky.

As a result of the joint efforts of the USSR People's Commissariat of Finance, the Higher School of Higher Education under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the leadership of the university on the selection and placement of personnel, since the 1944/45 academic year, the number of full-time highly qualified teachers has been constantly growing at the MFEI. So, for example, in the 1945/46 academic year, there were already 56 full-time teachers at the university (among them 12 doctors and professors and 25 associate professors) and only 20 non-staff ones (but of them 6 doctors and professors and 11 associate professors). Out of 14 departments of the university, 8 were headed by well-known prominent scientists. Including the Department of Political Economy, Doctor of Economics, prof. G.A. Kozlov, Department of Accounting, Doctor of Economics, prof. H.A. Kiparisov, department "Monetary circulation and credit of the USSR" prof. Z.V. Atlas, Department of State Budget, State Revenues and State Insurance - Doctor of Economics, Prof. NN Rovinsky, Department of Finance of the USSR - Doctor of Economics, Prof. VP Dyachenko. a number of departments did not have doctors and professors.In general, the leadership was able to revive the work of the university in Moscow in the difficult conditions of the Great Patriotic War and attract leading scientific forces in the most important areas of financial science to the institute.

The successful work of the institute, the high scientific potential of personnel made it possible to start training highly qualified personnel at the university. On February 17, 1944, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, by a special order (No. 3484r), authorized the USSR People's Commissariat of Finance "to organize the training of graduate students at the Moscow Institute of Finance and Economics in the following specialties:" Finance of the USSR and foreign states "," Money circulation and loans of the USSR and foreign states "," Accounting. " academic degree Doctor of Economics ".

This testified to the recognition of the great role of the IFEI in the preparation of financial personnel for the front and rear and in the development of fundamental financial science. On March 13, 1944, the director of the institute D.A. Butkov instructed five leading departments of the institute ("Finance of the USSR", "State Budget of the USSR", "Money Circulation and Credit of the USSR", "Finance and Credit of Foreign States", "Accounting") - to ensure admission to graduate school in the 1943/44 academic year less than 15 graduate students. The organizational work was entrusted to the professor of the department "Finance" Dean G.I. Boldyrev. Control over the implementation of the order was entrusted to the Deputy Director for Academic Affairs A.A. Kadyshev.

At the end of March 1944, the USSR People's Commissariat of Finance, the All-Union Committee for Higher Education under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the leadership of the MPEI created a specialized academic council for admission to the defense of doctoral and PhD theses and nominations for the doctoral degree in economics and the award of the degree in economics. The chairman was approved by the director of the MPEI D.A. Butkov, Deputy Doctor of Economics, prof. H.H. Rovinsky, Scientific Secretary Assoc. A.A. Kadyshev. The Academic Council consisted of 18 doctors and professors, including two full members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Doctor of Economics, Prof. SG Strumilin and Doctor of Economics, Prof. I.A. Trakhtenberg) and two corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Doctor of Economics, Prof. MI Bogolepov and Doctor of History, Prof. AM Pankratova).
Among the members of the council is the leading scientist of the MPEI, Doctor of Economics, prof. head Department "Monetary Circulation and Credit of the USSR" Z.V. Atlas, Doctor of Economics, Head. Department "Finance of the USSR" V.P. Dyachenko, Doctor of Economics, prof. head Department of "Accounting" H.A. Kiparisov, Doctor of Economics, prof. Department of Finance and Credit of Foreign Countries H.H. Lyubimov, and long years who worked at the department "Finance of the USSR" Assoc. I. D. Zlobin.

The activities of the specialized academic council have significantly increased the role of the IPEI in the training of highly qualified personnel. The management of the institute paid much attention to the selection of scientific advisers for graduate students. So in the 1945/46 academic year, according to the order of the IFI scientific advisers Academician IA Trakhtenberg (5 graduate students) and five professors (21 graduate students): Z.V. Atlas, V.T. Krotkov, YES. Baturinsky, Z.S. Katsenelenbaum, H.H. Lyubimov. Candidate and doctoral dissertations were often prepared on the direct instructions of the Ministry of Finance, the State Bank, and other ministries and departments. For example, at the end of December 1946, the USSR Ministry of Finance seconded D.I. Arzhanov for work on a dissertation

1.	The purpose of the discipline …………………………………………………
2.	The place of discipline in the structure of the PLO …………………………….
3.	Requirements for the results of mastering the discipline .... …………….
4.	The scope of the discipline and types educational work …………………….
5.	Discipline content ................ ……………………………… ..
	Part 1. Contents of discipline sections …………… .. ………
	Part 2. Sections (or) subjects of the discipline and types of classes (curriculum-thematic plan) ……………………………………….
6.	Educational-methodical and Information Support disciplines …………………………………………………………
7.	Appendix …………………………………………………………

P / p No.	The code	Competence	Forms and methods of teaching
1.	OK-1 (directions "Business Informatics", "Political Science", "Applied Mathematics and Informatics", "Trade", "Economics"); OK-3 (direction "Jurisprudence"); OK-5 (directions "Management", "Personnel management"); OK-8 (direction "Information Security"); OK-1 (direction "Sociology") OK-4 (direction "Tourism") OK-1 (direction "Applied Informatics") OK-1 (direction "Applied Mathematics and Informatics")	- possession of the culture of thinking, the ability to generalize, analyze, perceive information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it; - the ability to perceive, generalize, analyze information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it - possession of the culture of thinking, the ability to generalize, analyze, perceive information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it; knows how to logically correctly, reasonably and clearly build oral and written speech - the ability to use, generalize and analyze information, set goals and find ways to achieve them in the conditions of the formation and development of the information society; - the ability to master the culture of thinking, the ability to reasonably and clearly build oral and written speech;	· Lecture-conversation; · Discussion;

During the war, employees of financial institutions developed. Study guide for the preparation of bachelors

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