Extracurricular activities for chemistry - chemical chameleon. Start in science
Dedication to chemists
I spend the proposed extracurricular event as a theatrical idea, which involves not only students of high schools, but also students begin to study the course of chemistry. It is recommended to spend this holiday at the end of the first - beginning of the second quarter, when eighth graders are already studying some of the bases of the subject.
Characters: Lead, Winnie Pooh, Rabbit, Piglet, Chemist Wizard, Assistants
(2-3 people).
A master appears on the stage, he turns to the audience.
Leading. « I want to become a chemist! " - Thus answered the gymnasium Justus Lubi to the question of the director of the Darmstadian gymnasium about the choice future profession. It caused laughter attending teachers and gymnasists. The fact is that at the beginning of the XIX century. In Germany, and in most other countries did not relate to such a profession. Chemistry was considered as an applied part of natural science.
Nowadays, the desire to become a chemist will not be launched, on the contrary, the chemical industry of industry constantly needs people who have extensive knowledge and experimental skills with love for chemistry. Friends, and you would like to become real chemists?
Students from the audience meet the lead.
Leading. Of course yes! I did not doubt it. After all, chemistry is a science of substances and their transformations. Know the properties of substances is necessary to find them use. Although you recently began to study chemistry, I am sure that you have already managed to meet many substances. Name the substances known to you.
The answer of students from the hall.
Leading. So, we start a holiday. I urge you to carefully watch all what is happening on the stage is actively involved in all games and contests. And only then can we light the "chemical fire" and submit you to the rank of "Chemist".
On the stage, Winnie Pooh appears (in one hand he holds a flask with water, and in the other - a piece of chalk), behind him, stumbling, runs the patch.
Winnie the Pooh(sings).
Who loves chemistry to teach
He comes to wise
Any miracle to create
At all, it is not difficult.
This is the flask (Shows the viewers of the flask), yes Yes Yes (Cables in the back of the back). I'm doing this in it! This is the chalk (shows the audience a piece of chalk), but water (throws chalk into the flask with water). What happened? Nonsense! As nonsense? No, there is something wrong! We must try again. (It is going to repeat the experiment, but here he cares about the penny and pulls the hand.)
Piglet. Winnie, Winnie ...
Winnie the Pooh. What happened, Piglet?
Piglet. Explain what are you doing? Where are you in such a hurry? I just can't keep up with you.
Winnie the Pooh. Piglet, I decided to become a famous chemist. See, I already know that this flask(shows flask patch) , and in the flask, a mixture of chalk and water. And now I am going to the rabbit so that he suggests me, what else needs to be done to become a great and famous chemist.
Piglet. And chemistry, is it about what?
Winnie the Pooh(thinking). Chemistry is ... But you better listen.
A group of students performs a song on the Motive "Little Country".
Students.
Chemistry of all tsaritsa science,
Chemistry is important.
Synthesis of various components -
It is subject to her.
Can help in trouble sick
And miracle to create
Can warm in winter cold -
We do not live without it.
Chorus. Chemistry, chemistry,
You are important for people.
Chemistry is the future of our
No life without you.
You submitted all the elements:
Water, metal, fire.
Without oxygen, there is no life in the world,
Light gives us neon.
"Ferrum" is in cells
blood
Without "Ash-two-O" we do not live.
Chemistry in school is studying,
To devote life to her.
Chorus. Chemistry is me
Chemistry is my life.
Chemistry is the future of our
No life without you.
Winnie the Pooh. Well, Piglet, everything understood everything? Will you go with me to the rabbit?
Piglet. Yes, Winnie, everything is clear to me, I go with you! Oh, and here is a rabbit.
Rabbit comes to the scene.
Rabbit. Hello, Winnie! Hello, Piglet! Hello guys! I hear that you are talking about chemistry. Do you know (Rises up the index finger) What chemistry is the most interesting science?! Chemistry appeared in antiquity, and the most prominent chemists ancient Mira The representatives of Egypt were. Even the word "chemistry" itself, opinion scientistsappeared in Egypt. The first thing that indicates how chemistry was highly developed there is the art of the Egyptians to embalmed the corpses, which represents a riddle, not fully disclosed by scientists and so far. Despite the fact that modern scientists own hundreds of thousands of substances, they cannot make a mummy exactly as they did during the times of Pharaoh.
The second area where the Egyptians have reached great perfection, are paints. Thousands of years have passed since the objects were painted in Egypt, and paints and so far have retained their brightness and durability.
Egyptians and perfumes were developed, and the ability to manufacture cosmetic substances. For example, they knew how to prepare black paint for eyebrows, various fragrant ointments and oils, fragrant waters.
For 1600 years BC. e. The Egyptians knew the production of papyrus, which were exported even to other countries. In the production of these papyrus, some kind of riddle, which can not solve modern scientists. How was the separate papyrus sheets glued? What was it for glue, which did not crush sheets even after a few millennia?
Of course, the Egyptians did not have of real sciencebut it must be said that they had in some cases more correct views on chemical nature Substances, than those who lived a thousand years after them, alchemists. All Egyptian science, including emerging chemistry, was considered sacred. It was only available to the chosen: they were engaged only priests. Science was the mystery of the prevailing class and was guarded as a valuable treasure. But nevertheless, some inquisitive foreigners managed to enter the confidence of the Egyptians and to derive them part of the secrets of Egyptian science. These were the Greek sages of Solon, Pythagoras, Democritus, Herodotus and Plato. Through them, Greece borrowed chemical knowledge from Egyptians.
Winnie the Pooh. And I know that together with the Egyptians, the most outstanding people of the Ancient East should be considered Babylonians. They are not worse than the Egyptians knew metals, methods for their preparation and processing.
From palm fruit, Babylonians knew how to prepare alcoholic beverages. They also knew the chemical ways to disinfect water, having no ideas about bacteria as causative agents of diseases.
The Phoenicians are these ancient navigators - borrowed chemical knowledge from those peoples with whom they supported trade. They also distributed these knowledge of the countries of the East and on the shores of the Mediterranean Mora.
There is a legend that the Phoenicians invented the glass. The Roman historian Pliny has a story about how Phoenician sailors were lucky on their ship soda and landed on the shore of the same river in Palestine. When building a focus for cooking food, they needed stones, but there were no stones anywhere. Then the sailors used to build a focus of soda soda. The bonfire broke out and achieved great strength. Suddenly, the sailors saw that the soda was melted and together with sand formed a transparent tight mass. This mass froze, and the sailors saw solid transparent pieces. So the method of manufacturing glass was opened. Residents of the terrain where the Phoenicians stopped, improved the method of producing glass. So tells the legend. What do you think you guys? Is it possible to get a glass in this way?
Spectators answer that it is hardly possible in such a way to get a glass, since the temperature from the conventional fire is insufficient for the production of glass.
Rabbit. Correct guys! But Persians, as the Greek historian of Herodotus tells, was able to mine gold, silver, iron, selection of animal skins. The art of staining fabrics they were adopted in the Hindus. Hindus owned significant chemical knowledge. The famous indigo blue paint served them for painting and for staining fabrics. They even printed drawings on the tissues. And in Europe, this method was applied only in the XV century.
Chemical knowledge of the Hindus and now cause amazement. Metallurgy was especially high. This is the confirmation of this is the miracle of the metallurgical art of the ancients - the famous Kutubsk column near the city of Delhi. Column This 7 meter height weighs over 6 tons. Exact analyzes have shown that it consists of chemically pure iron. And such iron does not rust at all. The column researchers did not find a trace of the influence of the atmosphere on it. The column has an inscription in which it is possible to establish that it is set in the IX century. BC e. Since then, almost 2800 years have passed. And for all this time, there was not the slightest spin of rust, and the conditions for rust in the cheese and warmth of India are very favorable. In modern production, only small amounts of chemically pure iron are obtained. How did the Hindus have so much pure iron for the column? There is not a single seam on the column. How did they kiss such a bullfin? Even at the present time, such a mass of iron can only be turned on the largest plants with giant steam hammers. All this remains a perfect mystery to us.
Guys, Winnie, Piglet, and whether you know who are alchemists and what did they do?
First, the audience from the hall tells them the knowledge known to them, and then the heroes - rabbit, Winnie the Pooh and the Piglet - complement.
Piglet. Alchemists believed in Materia Prima - primary matter, which is everywhere and everywhere, but contaminated by various impurities. Removing impurities from the primary matter, you can get "quintessence", "philosophical stone", which turns non-denominated metals into noble (lead - in silver, mercury - in gold, etc.), all diseases heals, returns the youth to old men and extends life For its natural limits.
Winnie the Pooh. Alchemists recognized the four elements of Aristotle - water, fire, air, land - and considered their properties - dryness, humidity, warmth, cold. They believed that by connecting these elements and qualities, you can get all things in the world. Consequently, the alchemists were considered a possible separation from the substance of the properties inherent in it and the transfer of these properties to other substances. Sometimes they attributed properties and independent existence.
Piglet. Alchemists were convinced that the sun, stars and planets affect all processes occurring on Earth, in particular, that metals are born and develop in earthly deprants under the influence of heavenly luminaries, like organic substances.
Rabbit. This mystical faith led them to the conviction that there are only seven metals on Earth. Naive belief of alchemists in this part is perfectly expressed by N.A. Morozovov in a small poem:
"Seven metals created light,
By the number of seven planets:
Gave us space on good
Copper, iron, silver,
Zlatto, Tin, Lead ...
My son! Sulfur their father!
And hurry, my son, find out:
All of them mercury native mother! "
Winnie the Pooh. The time of the domination of alchemical views is the time not only delusions, disappointments and deception. Despite the falsity of the basic idea of \u200b\u200balchemists, this Epoch is characterized by a significant accumulation of knowledge in the field of chemistry and chemical technology. This development of events contributed to the main trend of alchemists - to mix, heat, dissolve, distill, etc., everything that came to hand, in order to search for philosophical stone. Alchemists studied many reactions and got big number The most important compounds. They were known properties of sulfur, nitric and hydrochloric acids, nitrates, powder, royal vodka, alkalis, wine alcohol. Alchemists opened phosphorus and a number of new metals (zinc, antimony, bismuth, cobalt, nickel) and introduced drugs based on their medical practice.
Piglet. Today there are millions of substances. And what substances do you know, young chemists? Now we will check your knowledge. We offer you a few riddles.
"Approximately a century two ago
He was opened by chance.
Now familiar with him
and young
He is not a mystery for you.
It is known that they burn perfectly
In it sulfur, phosphorus, carbon,
Iron, magnesium. Vigorously
Hydrogen burns well.(Oxygen.)
"Get gases from the water,
Mix together - wait for trouble. "(Dangerous mix
from hydrogen and oxygen.)"Gas - unnecessary garbage us -
In the field in food converts. "(Carbon dioxide.)
"Reddisted as color,
Matchy, soft, like metal.
From the acids of it at the same time
Hydrogen has not highlighted.
Only can oxid
Kohl are heated in acid.
Right, you can guess
You are already quite good. ""Porn each poisonous,
Together - wakes appetite. "(Sodium chloride.)
"In the water went clean, and Bel,
Plunged - cried. "(Copper sulfate (II).)
"He is lifeless calling,
But life is not created without it. ""On the nickname disabled,
But strong in business and in appearance. ""He will light up a bright star,
White and light metal,
In the thirteenth cell table
Honorable place occupied.
For lightness in alloys is given
The power of the aircraft created.
Tight and plastic, excellent
Bow
Silver this metal.
In the composition of the bugger rubies,
In sapphire blue lights,
In gray ordinary clay,
In the form of sandy stones. "(Aluminum.)
"Only in the water I got salt,
Coldly in the glass was ".(Ammonium nitrate.)
Rabbit. What are you great guys! How many are known to you from the field of chemistry. But I studied all sorts of literature on chemistry and a little possession of the wisdom of a chemical experiment. Now I will try to call us a wizard chemist.
Under smooth music, making the magical movements, the rabbit conducts the chemical experience "volcano".
Experience "volcano" on the table
In a crucible to pour a hormster crystalline ammonium dichromate, mixed with metallic magnesium. The top of the holmik moisten with alcohol. Alize the alcohol burning raum.
A chemical-wizard comes to the scene.
Wizard chemist.Hello children! Hello, rabbit, Winnie the Pooh, Piglet! I arrived to prove to you that chemistry is not just words, it's also a fairy tale.
The chemical wizard conducts chemical experience, imitating witchcraft.
Experience "Fireworks on the Table"
In the dry mortar, mixes the equal volume of potassium permanganate powders, restored iron and charcoal (you can take coal tablets). The resulting mixture is poured into the iron crucible, which is installed on the tripod and strongly heat the flame of the burner. Soon the reaction occurs, and the thrust of the reaction products in the form of sparks or fiery fireworks begins. (In order to ensure fire safety under a tripod, put a sheet or asbestos sheet.)
Chemist wizard. Guys, who of you can explain this phenomenon?
On the usual dust
water poured,
And a cup with melting snow
Also put there.
I smell in a glass of salt (ammonium nitrate), and you, my friend (addresses Winnie),
Interfere
(Chemist-wizard slowly considers up to ten.)
Sample chemical glass,
Process?
(Spectators respond: "endothermal!")
Experience "Snake"
To demonstrate the "snakes" you need to make a blank in advance. To do this, mix 10 g of potassium dichromate, 10 g of sugar and 5 g of sodium nitrate. The mixture is slightly moistened to the achievement of viscosity, to form in chopsticks with a diameter of 4-5 mm and a length of 8-9 cm, sticking sticks. Prepared "snakes" to strengthen in the sand and set fire.
Wizard chemist.
I still know how
Snakes climb from the sand
Scary, biting.
From fear will not pay?
Eastern music sounds, and the dance is performed, in which girls dressed in oriental costumes depict snakes. Chemist-wizard at this time conducts an experiment.
Experience "Chemical Chameleon"
In three flasks pour on 1/3 volumes of the raspberry solution of potassium permanganate. A slightly diluted sulfuric acid is added to the first cylinder, in the second water, and in the third - concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide. The color of the solutions does not change. Add to all cylinders of 5 ml of potassium sulfite solution and mix the mixture well with a glass stick. In the first cylinder, the solution is instantly discolored, in the second, along with discoloration, a brown flaky precipitate falls out, and in the third, the raspberry color goes into bright green.
Wizard chemist.
And now I suggest
Chemical phenomenon.
But experience
Purely biological.
Explain why
The name "chameleon"
Did he?
The wizard chemist demonstrates the experience of "Chemical Chameleon", after which the audience express judgments.
Experience "Magic Jug"
In the first glass of sodium hydrosulfate 10-20 mg, in the second - as much sodium carbonate, and in the third - several drops of phenolphthalein solution. The fourth and fifth glasses are designed for the effect of experience. In all the glasses, pour 1 ml of water to dissolve salts. A glass of sodium hydrosulfate should be noted imperceptibly for viewers. Take a clean jug and pour into it water from a water tap. Next to all glasses equally pour all the water from the jug. Then only of four glasses, leaving a chance of a glass with sodium hydrosulfate, pour the "water" back into the jug. Then pour out again from the jug "Water" into four glasses: it will be already painted in crimson color. Then pour the contents of all five glasses in the jug. After a short pause, pour out "water" from the jug in the glasses, and it will again become colorless.
Wizard chemist.
From the magic jug
Water poured.
Look like in vessels
Wonders occur.
The chemical wizard demonstrates the experience of the "magic jug."
Experience "Hidden Letter"
On a sheet of tight paper in advance, you need to write the words "I want to become a chemist!". With the help of a tassel of the word "want" and "chemist" to impregnate with a diluted solution of copper sulphate, the word "become" -
The diluted solution of iron chloride (III) and dry. Fill the pulverizer with a solution of potassium hexaciatorrate (II). During the presentation, the chemist-wizard must treat them a sheet of paper. Text manifests the text: the words "want" and the "chemist" are written by red-brown color, and the word "become" is blue.
Wizard chemist.
Quality Allah
I am on paper
I can instantly draw
Magic portraits.
Only stands to put me,
Whisper Allahu spells
And can everyone see
His cherished desires.
A wizard chemist conducts the experience of a "hidden letter".
Experience "Blood without wound"
Experience is used 100 ml of iron (III) chloride with a mass fraction of 3% and 100 ml of potassium kscn rodanide with a mass fraction of 3%. To demonstrate experience, use a stupid knife (you can use baby's kitchenware). Call someone from the spectators on the scene. The car is washed with a palm solution of iron chloride solution ("iod"), and a colorless solution of rodanide potassium wet the knife. Then the knife is carried out on the palm: "Blood" flows abundantly. "Blood" with palms are washed with a cotton swab, moistened with sodium fluoride.
Wizard chemist.
Here is another entertainment
(dresses white robe).
Who will give a hand on the clipping?
Sorry hand on the clipping -
Then you need a patient
For treatment.
(Invites the viewer to the scene.)
Operate without pain,
True, there will be a lot of blood.
With each operation
Need sterilization.
Help, assistant
(refers to the assistant),
Give iodine.
Assistant. One moment!
Wizard chemist.
Iodine smotherily we are plentifully
So that everything is sterile.
Do not rush, patient!
Knife serve, assistant!
(The chemist-wizard makes the "suction knife", flowing "blood".)
Look straight straight
Blood flows, not water.
And now I am a hand -
From cutting a trace!
The wizard chemist shows the audience that there are no wounds and the palm is completely clean.
Leading. Thank you, dear wizard. You are really a great magician. You have proven to us that chemistry is a science that creates wonders. And, like any science, chemistry requires itself the most responsible relationship. And only for the uninitiated wonders of chemistry seem miracle. I suggest you guys check your professional fitness. So, the first contest is "Who is faster?".
Competition "Who is faster?"
The presenter invites two participants from among the audience to the scene. Using the periodic system of elements of D.I. Ineleeeva, they must alternately name five chemical elements: one calls the element, and the other number of the name of the named element should call as soon as possible. With the help of chess clocks or stopwatch, the time spent in search of the sequence number of the element is taken into account. The participant wins, who spent less time to search for ordinal numbers of five elements called the opponent.
Leading. And now the contest "Who is next?".
Competition "Who is next?"
Two-three participants are invited to the scene. The playing must swing as far as possible, calling the chemical element for each step. The game can be complicated by changing the list of titles (any elements, only metals, only non-metals, elements of a certain period or group, etc.). Wins the one who fastens further without errors, notes and repetitions.
Leading. Well done boys! Now I suggest you fill in the table.
Table is projected on the screen through the projector:
| BUT | Z. | ABOUT | T. |
|---|---|---|---|
Spectators are proposed to fill out empty table cells so that in each column there are five chemical terms starting with the specified letter. Wins the one who will quickly write all the words. At the end of the game, several students read the words invented by them, and the rest check whether these words are chemical terms. For example, in the first column, you can write the following words: atom, anion, ammonia, argon, acetylene.
Leading. Fine guys! You know a lot about chemistry, and now I will try to guess your thoughts. I invite you to participate in the next issue to the scene. I ask you to think any chemical element by periodic system. Now I ask you to double the number of the intended element. To the resulting number, add the number 5. The resulting amount multiply by 5. What number did you get? Name it.
The participant calls the number, and the host immediately declares the element-conceived element. The randering is as follows. Let it be conceived element number 25 (manganese). We carry out with a number 25 the corresponding mathematical actions: 25 2 \u003d 50; 50 + 5 \u003d 55; 55 5 \u003d 275. The number 275 is reported to the master that in the mind throws the last digit, it turns out 27, then takes away from the number 2 from the resulting number, it turns out 25. This is the number of the intended element. After that, the leading remains only to call this element - manganese.
Leading.
What is just not that only
not
On this on white in the world.
Chemistry is difficult but important
thing,
All children are learning it.
Methane, ammonia and benzene -
does not matter
Remove the secrets once.
We are interested in life and fun,
but
We want to change everything
scary.
And you, friends, I want
SHIME?
Spectators respond to affirmatively.
Leading. Yes, yes, of course, I did not doubt. But first I want to ask my helpers to remind you of safety regulations.
Winnie the Pooh.
When working with substances
Don't take their hands
And do not try to taste.
Reagents are not watermelon:
Tears leather from language,
And the hand will fall off.
Rabbit.
Ask yourself a question
But do not bother the nose in the test tube.
You will cough and sneeze
Tears hail shed.
Mix your hand to the nose -
Here is the answer to all questions.
Piglet.
With substances unknown
Do not mix
Inappropriate:
Unfamiliar solutions you friend
do not merge with a friend
Do not reflect into one dishes,
Do not bother, do not ignite.
Winnie the Pooh.
If you work
with solid matter
Don't take his shovel
And do not try to take the bucket.
You take it a little -
one eighth teaspoon.
When working with liquid
Everyone should know:
You need to measure in drops -
Do not pour a bucket.
Rabbit.
If your hand is acid
or alkali hit
Hand fast you are water
From the crane.
And so that complications oneself
do not give
Do not forget the teacher
Informant to put.
Piglet.
In acid do not be water,
On the contrary -
Carefully interfering
Thin podding pulling
Lei in a water acid -
So you twist you trouble.
Winnie the Pooh.
Purity is a friend of man.
Do not forget about it never.
And use clean dishes
On laboratory work
always!
Leading. We have remembered the rules of safety, now I propose to guess a few riddles.
The first mystery.
"Not terrible acids to me
Even very strong
But in alkalis solutions
I become raspberry.
Brighter juice of all Malin.
Who am I?"(Phenolphthalene.)
Second mystery.
"Alkali I am very yellow,
And in acids - very red.
The indicator is very important!
What is me called? "(Methylorange.)
Third mystery.
"This yellow paper
Everything will indicate without difficulty.
Skins - in the flask alkali,
Collapse - acid.
Neutral environment,
It will not change the color it.
What is her name?"(Universal.)
Guys are called those substances
What was discussed in the riddles?(Indicators.)
Now it's time to invite a young experimenter on stage. Who wishes to change?
The scene comes out the wishing to conduct an experiment.
Leading. The tripod has three numbered tubes containing colorless liquids: water, an acid solution and alkali solution. I ask you to explore, in which tubes are water, acid and alkali?
An eight-grader's student conducts an experiment by solving a qualitative problem on the recognition of substances.
Leading. Friends, what are you great! You have already learned how to handle laboratory equipment and chemical dishes, carry out chemical experiments. And now students of high schools will spend a quizzine with you.
Chemical quiz
1
. What is the chemical element brought to chemists from different countries a lot of troubles?
(Answer. Many tragic events are connected with fluorine. One of the members of the Irish Academy of Sciences Thomas Knox died, lost his ability to work another scientist of the same Academy - Georg Knox, a martyr's death received a famous chemist Jerome Nikles from Nancy. Got the Life of Brussels Chemist P. Lyeth, poisoned Fluoro and the French chemists J.G.G. Lyssak and L.Zh.Tedar, English Chemist G. Davi and many others. And now work with fluorine requires great caution and thoughtful protection measures. In contact with the skin, the fluorine causes strong burns, inhalation He leads to severe inflammation of the respiratory tract and lungs, which often ends with swelling of the lungs and fatal. The slightest negligence in working with fluorine - and the teeth will be destroyed, nails are spoiled.)
2
. What element was first opened in the sun? Who and when was this discovery?
(Answer. In 1868 during sun Eclipse Two Astronomoms - Frenchman P.Zh.jhansen (in India) and Englishman J.N. Lokary (in England), - Exploring with the help of spectroscope Orange-red flames, pulled from the surface of the Sun, saw in the spectrum except for three familiar hydrogen lines ( Red, green and blue) new - bright yellow. Everyone announced the opening to the Paris Academy of Sciences. In honor of this discovery was released gold medal, decorated with portraits of Jeansen, Liator and the God of the Solar Apollo, squeezing on a chariot.
Open stuff Lockor offered to call the name of the Sun - helium. Only after 27 years of English scientist, W. Mazzay and W. Krussa managed to find earth helium in Mineral Kleight.)
3
. One of the chemist scientists was a talented musician. Even the opera is written. Who is this scientist and what is created by them in science and music?
(Answer. Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin. He worked in the field of organic chemistry, left 91 printed work on organic chemistry, including the study of aldoles and organic acid bromination. He wrote the world-famous opera "Prince Igor", a number of symphonic and chamber works.)
4
. Imagine work in chemistry, written not prose, but in poetic form. Complex chemical conclusions ... in Stexax. Call the name of the poet chemist.
(Answer. Ancient Greek philosopher Tit Lucretia Car, Poem "On Nature of Things":
About chemistry in verses also wrote M.V. Lomonosov, for example, a letter to the benefits of glass ":
| "The wrong things are thinking about |
Shuvalov, |
| Which glass is read below |
minerals |
| Much beam |
shine in the eye. |
| No less benefit in it |
no less in him. |
| I am not rare for that |
| from the parnas mountains go down; |
| And now from one's top |
returning |
| I sing before you delighted |
praise |
| Do not stone expensive |
neither kilt, but glass. |
| And how I'm praising |
i remember |
| Not lone of false |
i imagine happiness. |
| There should not be tolen |
example is used |
| What strong lights |
can not destroy |
| Other things terry |
finite loving: |
| Glass they born; fire it |
parent".) |
5.
"The fruit of his strengthened pedagogical activity, "Wrote D.I. Iveleev," is a lot of Russian chemists who gave him the nickname "Grandfather of Russian Chemists." What kind of scientist is a chemist?
(Answer. A.A. Voskreshensky. Its studies had enormous importance for the development of chemistry and chemical industries. Thanks to its brilliant organizational abilities, a widespread and fruitful pedagogical activity prepared a favorable soil for manifestation of talents of outstanding scientists of Russia - Students Voskresensky: D.I. Imeleeva, N.N.Beketova, N.A. Meschutkina, etc.)
6
. In the last name of which scientist nine letters, four of them "Oh"? What is the role of this scientist in science?
(Answer. M.V. Lomonosov. He introduced the concept of molecules (corpuscles) and atoms (elements), introduced weighing, which brought the phlogiston theory, substantiates the nature of the burning; developed a method for making colored glass, created modern Russian, contributed to the development of physics , geology, geography, astronomy, metallurgy, etc.)
7
. What chemical element and what chemist helped open a cat?
(Answer. In 1811, a free iodine was obtained by the French chemist. It happened. It happened. The cloos were prepared in two different bottles of the mixture of substances. In one - sulfuric acid with iron, in another - ash seaweed with alcohol. On The shoulder of the scientist during the experience was sitting. Suddenly the cat jumped and overturned the contents of the bottles. The liquids were mixed, and the purple pair clubs began to rise from them, forming crystals with a metal glitter and caustic odor. It was iodine)
8
. Cache's names of chemical elements are associated with coloring simple substances or connections?
(Answer Chlorine - Greenish, Chrome - Paint, Rubidy - Red, Rhodium - Pink, India - Blue, Iodine - Philochek, Cesium - Blue, Iridium - Rainbow, Phosphorus - Svetonois.)
9
. What are the types of chemical elements related to the geography of their opening?
(Answer. Scandium - Scandinavian Peninsula, Copper - Island of Cyprus, Gallium - Gallium - Ancient latin name France, Ruthenium - Russia, Hafnya - Old Name Copenhagen, Lutets - ancient name Paris, Poloniy - Poland, France - France, amenities - America, California - California in the USA.)
10.
What chemical elements are named after scientists?
(Response. Gadoliniy - Yu.Gadolin, Curie - Pierre and Maria Curie, Einsteins - A. Einstein, Fermia - E.Phermi, Mendeleviy - D.I. Mendeleev, Lawrence - E.Lorence, Rostphone
Diy - E. Renford, Nobels - A.B.Nobel, Bory - N. N., Meteneri - L.Matener.)
11
. What element is called as a planet solar system?
(Answer. Uranium.)
12 . What element on the ancient Greek mythology is "doomed" to eternal flour?
(Answer. Tantalum.)
13 . In the title of what metal is a tree?
(Answer. Nickel.)
14 . The name of which noble metal consists of swamp algae?
(Answer. Platinum.)
15 . Chemical element, part of which like to play adults and children to play leisure?
(Answer. Gold.)
Leading. Dear eight hundred students! You have successfully coped with all the tasks that we offered you. And now the long-awaited moment has come. We light the "chemical fire", fire without the use of matches or any incendiary devices, a fire that symbolizes that you are awarded the honorary title "Chemist". And honor to light this fire is provided to the winner of the Chemical Olympiad (calls the name and name of the Olympic).
The winner of the Olympiad conducts the experiment "Fire without matches".
Experience "Fire without matches"
In a clean dry porcelain cup, prepare an oily mixture consisting of finely unwound permanganate potassium and concentrated sulfuric acid. On the asbestos mesh put a cup with a cooked mixture, put it with wooden sins. Olympian takes a small piece of cotton wool, moistened with alcohol, and squeezes alcohol over chips so that its drops fall into a porcelain cup with a mixture of substances. After clicking the "chemical fire" lights up.
All participants of the holiday. Hooray! Hooray! Hooray!
Leading.
Our evening is entertaining
We want to finish on it.
And we wish everyone
Excellent success in chemistry!
Students of senior classes are handed over to eight-graders souvenirs and attach emblems with the rank of "Chemist".
LITERATURE
Strembler G.I. Chemistry at leisure. M.: Education, 1993;
Titova I.M., Ugryumov P.G. Methodical recommendations for the use of chemical mysteries in extracurricular work on chemistry. L.: Lgpy them. A.I. Herzen, 1989;
Kulikova E.L.. The evenings of entertaining chemistry. Minsk: Folk Asveta, 1966;
Kukushkin Yu.N., Budanova V.F., Vlasova A.R., Krylov V.K., Panina N.S., Simanova S.A. What we know about chemistry. M.: Higher School, 1993;
Somin L.E.. Fascinating chemistry. M.: Enlightenment, 1978;
Gavrusteko N.P., Debaltovskaya V.I.. Chemical quiz. Minsk: Folk Asveta, 1972; Parmers K.Ya., Smorgonsky L.Mm. Chemistry reading book. M.: State Educational and Pedagogical Publishing House of the Ministry of Education of the RSFSR, 1955;
Aleksinsky V.N.. Entertaining experiences in chemistry. M.: Education - JSC "Tutorial", 1995.
Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
"Chemical chameleon or a story about potassium permanganate"
Work performed
Student 10 "a" class
Mileikovskaya Zoya
And student 11 "b" class
Kisin Sergey
Leader:
St. Petersburg
Introduction. Goals and objectives 3
Main part 5.
What is permanganate potassium 5
Solubility 5.
Opening KMNO₄ 6.
Methods for obtaining 6.
Other ways to obtain permanganate 7
Chemical properties 9.
Oxidative properties depending on the medium 11
Decomposition when heated 12
Application of manganese 12.
Help with improper use 15
KMNO₄ in gardening 16
Conclusion 16.
Literature 17.
Appendix 18.
Experiments with manganese 18
II experience 19.
III experience 20.
Introduction. Goals and objectives
Permanganate potassium KMNO₄ is one of the strongest oxidants, very common. These are almost black shiny crystals. The solution in water has an intense raspberry color, due to the MnO₄ ions. This substance, in everyday life called, mangartee is a good disinfectant. And why Kmno₄ oxidizer, disinfectant, and because the degree of its oxidation of manganese is +7. And now it becomes clear why, going to the hike reminders to take with them a little manganese, so that water makes the clean from the river or the lake. It turns out that mangartan is oxidizing water into the light and impurities in it. If you dissolve several crystals of potassium permanganate in water and wait some time, it can be noted that the raspberry color will gradually become more pale, and then it will completely disappear, a brown flare will remain on the vessel walls, this manganese oxide remains in a precipitate - MnO₂ ↓.
4kmno₄ + 2H₂o → 4mno₂ + 4KOH + 3O₂
Mn + 3ē → Mn 3 4
2O - 4ē → O₂ 4 3
Bacteria, organic substances are oxidized by oxygen or die under the action of an alkaline medium. Water can be filtered and used. And it means that the permanganate solution can be stored only in a dark vessel.
The more you study chemistry, the more you know interesting things about substances. And you can explain what happened.
We set ourselves goal: to learn more about the substance that, in spite of any circumstances, is almost every home aid kit. Also, about the substance that is constantly used in the lessons of environmental education, physics and chemistry to show the diffusion phenomenon and the painting water in a beautiful pink color, the substance from which in chemistry lessons are obtained by oxygen, and the hydrochloric acid chlorineant is obtained.
The main task is to study more deeply. This is an interesting substance, and since in nature it is not to find out who for the first time received it and how it can still be obtained, what properties it has, on which properties it is used.
Main part
What is permanganate potassium
Solubility
Dissolution KMNO₄ is dark purple crystals with metal glitter. We can assume that the solubility of permanganate is good, but it seems. In fact, the solubility of this salt at room temperature (20 ° C) is only 6.4 g per 100 g of water. However, the solution has an intense color and seems concentrated. Solubility is growing with increasing temperature.
Temperature ° S. | |||||||
Solubility, g / 100g water |
The substance is crystallized in the form of beautiful dark purple prisms, almost black. The solutions have dark raspberry, and at large concentrations - purple color.
Opening KMNO₄.
Swedish scientist Gottlieb Yuhan Gan his studies devoted to the study of minerals and inorganic chemistry. Together with the compatriot Wilhelm Karl Shelele, during the study of the MNO₂ pyro-pyrojite mineral in 1774, the manganese opened (he received it in a metal form), as well as they received and studied the properties of a number of manganese compounds, including potassium permanganate.
Industion
When the MNO₂ manganese moaning with carbonate and potassium carbonate and nitrate (K₂CO₃ and KNO₃) turned out to be a green alloy dissolving in water to form a beautiful green solution. Dark green crosses of potassium manganate K₂mno₄ were isolated from this solution.
MnO₂ + K₂CO₃ + KNO₃ → K₂mno₄ + Kno₂ + CO₂.
If the solution was left in air, then the color was gradually changed, it moved from green to the raspberry, and a dark brown precipitate was formed. This was due to the fact that in an aqueous mortar, manganats are spontaneously converted by HMNO₄ manganese acid with the formation of MNO₂ manganese dioxide.
3K₂mno₄ + 2H₂o → 2kmno₄ + mno₂ ↓ + 4koh
At the same time, one mno₄ ion oxidizes the other two of the same ions in mno₄ ions, and it is restored, forming MnO₂.
The experiments were repeated with other components, pyrolyzit oxidized.
This may be oxygen oxidation in the presence of alkali KOH
2mno₂ + 4KOH + O₂ → 2K₂mno₄ + 2H₂o
Or potassium nitrate in the presence of alkali.
MNO₂ + KOH + KNO₃ \u003d K₂MNO₄ + KNO₂ + H₂O
But in any case, Manganat gave Permanganate.
The process of turning the manganate into permanganate is reversible. Therefore, with an excess of hydroxyl ions, then the alkali of the MANGANAT solution can be preserved unchanged. But with a decrease in alkali concentration, the green color quickly goes into the raspberry.
Other ways to obtain permanganate
Under the action of strong oxidants (for example, chlorine) on the MANGANAT solution, the latter completely turns into permanganate.
2K₂mno₄ + CL₂ \u003d 2KMNO₄ + 2KCL
It may be a chemical or electrochemical oxidation of manganese compounds.
MnO₂ + CL₂ + 8KOH → 2KMNO₄ + 6KCl + 4H₂o
Manganat potassium K₂mno₄ may be exposed to electrolysis. This is the main industrial method of obtaining.
K₂mno₄ + 2H₂o → 2kmno₄ + H₂ + 2KOH
2H + 2 → H₂ MnO₄ - ē → MnO₄
Restoration oxidation
In industry, permanganate is still obtained by electrolysis of concentrated potassium hydroxide KOH with a manganese anode Mn. In the process of electrolysis, the anode material is gradually dissolved to form a violet solution containing permanganate anions. Hydrogen is distinguished on the cathode.
Mn + 2KOH + 6H₂O → 2kmno₄ + 7h₂
Cathode anode
2H + 2ē → H₂ (recovery) Mn - 7ē → Mn (oxidation)
Moderately soluble potassium permanganate is highlighted in the form of a precipitate and it would be tempting instead of the usual mangarteance to produce sodium permanganate Namno₄. Sodium hydroxide is more accessible than potassium hydroxide. However, in these conditions, Namno₄ is not possible, unlike potassium permanganate, it is perfectly dissolved in water (at 20 ° C, its solvent in water 144 g per 100g of water).
Chemical properties
By chemical properties KMNO₄ is a strong oxidizing agent, since the degree of oxidation is +7, and he received the name of the name of the name permanganate. With a high degree of element add prefix per and suffix at.
Easily translates FE to Fe, which is used in the analysis of the determination of FE salts (bivalent iron).
2kmno₄ + 8h₂so₄ + 10feso₄ → 2mnso₄ + 5Fe₂ (SO₄) ₃ + 8H₂O + K₂SO₄
· Blooming and slightly yellow.
· Sulfuric acid goes into the sulfur.
2kmno₄ + 5h₂so₃ → 2h₂so₄ + K₂SO₄ + 2MNSO₄ + 3H₂O
· And from hydrochloric acid, chlorine is allocated.
2kmno₄ + 16hCl → 5Cl₂ + 2KCl + 2mnCl₂ + 8H₂o
Mn + 5ē → Mn 5 2
2CL - 2ē → Cl 2 5
(This is a laboratory method for producing chlorine)
ü It must be remembered that chlorine is a poisonous substance and carry out this experience in the exhaust cabinet.
Permanganate is chemically incompatible with coal, sugar (sucrose) C₁₂H₂₂O₄, with flammable liquids - an explosion can occur.
2kmno₄ + C → K₂mno₄ + CO₂ + MNO₂
without breaking the connection C - C.
2kmno₄ + 5C₂H₅OH + 3H₂SO₄ → 2MNSO₄ + 5C₂H₄O₂ + K₂SO₄
(alcohol) (acid)
2kmno₄ + 3C₂H₄ + 4H₂O → 3CH₂ - CH₂ + 2MNO₂ + 2KOH
(ethen) OH OH (ethylene oxidation)
When KMNO₄ interacts with concentrated sulfuric acid - the oxide is formed.
2kmno₄ + H₂SO₄ (conc.) → Mn₂o₇ + H₂o + K₂SO₄
ü Mn₂o₇ - Oil Dark green liquid. Well reaction passes with a dry salt. Mn₂o₇ single metal liquid oxide; Tp. \u003d 5.9 °, unstable, easily explodes. At T \u003d 55 ° or by shocking. In contact with it, alcohol flames.
This, by the way, one way to light the alcohol, without having matches. In the porcelain cup, place several KMNo₄ crystals, carefully add 1-2 drops H₂SO₄ (conc.) And gently mix the cashem with a glass wand. Then the chopstick touch the spin of the alcohol.
Mn₂o₇ + C₂H₅OH + 12H₂SO₄ → 12MNSO₄ + 10CO₂ + 27H₂O
KMNO₄ is an oxidizing agent of both inorganic and organic substances. The more electrons are able to accept the oxidizing agent during the reaction, the greater the number of other substances it will oxidize. And the number of electrons depends on the conditions of the reaction, for example, from acidity.
The acidified strong solution KMNO₄ literally burns many organic substances, turning them into CO₂ and H₂O.
For example, oxidation of oxalic acid
H₂C₂O₄ + 2KMNO₄ + 3H₂SO₄ \u003d 10CO₂ + MNSO₄ + K₂SO₄ + 8H₂O
2C - 2ē → 2c 5 oxidation
Mn + 5ē → Mn 2 Restoration
§ These are chemists for washing laboratory dishes, strongly contaminated poorly washed with the remains of organic substances, it is also sometimes used when washing windows (carefully).
Oxidative properties depending on the environment
Depending on the acid environment, KMNO₄ can be restored to different products:
· Aclest medium
In an acidic medium - to manganese compounds (II).
2kmno₄ + 4k₂so₃ + 3h₂so₄ → 2mnso₄ + 5K₂SO₄ + 3H₂O
The solution is discolored, since manganese compounds (II) are colorless.
· Neutral environment
In a neutral medium - to manganese compounds (IV).
2kmno₄ + 3K₂SO₃ + H₂O → 2mno₂ ↓ + 3K₂SO₄ + 2KOH
MnO₂ gives the solution to the brown shade, as it falls into the sediment.
· High alkaline environment
In a strongly alkaline medium - to manganese compounds (VI).
2kmno₄ + K₂SO₃ + 2KOH → 2K₂mno₄ + K₂SO₄ + H₂O
The emerald green mortar of manganate potassium is formed. This solution can still be obtained on an alcohol flame, not a very strong KMNO solution with the addition of solid alkali KOH.
4 KMNO₄ + 4KOH → 4K₂mno₄ + O₂ + 2H₂o
Decomposition when heating
When heated KMNO₄ decomposes. This is often used to obtain oxygen in the laboratory. Sufficiently t \u003d 200 ° С.
KMNO₄ → K₂mno₄ + MnO₂ + O₂
A bright flame flashes into a vivid flame flashed into a test tube with separated oxygen. It is necessary to work carefully, in the hole to fit the filter to the hole so that with the oxygen current in the air, solids of the decomposition products did not fall.
Application by manganese
KMNO₄ is applied again on the high oxidizing ability of permanganate ion, providing an antiseptic effect.
Diluted solutions (about 0.1%) Potassium permanganate found widest use in medicine as an antiseptic throat for rinse, rinsing wounds, burning burns. A diluted solution is used as a vomit to receive inside in some poisoning.
When contacting with organic substances, atomic oxygen is distinguished. The oxide formed during the reduction of the drug forms complex compounds - albumitans with proteins (due to this KMNO₄ in low concentrations has a binder, and in concentrated solutions an annoying, migrating and dubbing action). It also has a deodorizing effect. Effective in the treatment of burns and ulcers.
The ability of KMNO₄ to neutralize some poisons underlies the use of its solutions for washing the stomach in poisoning by unknown poison and food toxigenfections.
(In addition, hematoxical action is absorbed by entering.
In particular, KMNO₄ can be used in the poisoning of HCN hydrochloric acid, phosphorus.
ü HCN - liquid with a smell of bitter almonds, very poisonous.
2HCN + 2 KMNO₄ → N₂ + 2KOH + 2MNCO₃.
§ KOH neutralized;
§ HCL. gastric juice.
KOH + HCL → KCL + H₂O
And manganese carbonate goes into CO₂ and H₂O and soluble salt MnCl₂.
Permanganate can be used in other spheres.
In 1888, Russian scientist Yegor Egorovich Wagner opened the oxidation reaction of organic compounds containing ethylene bond, the action on these compounds of 1% solution KMNO₄ in an alkaline medium (Wagner reaction).
Using this method, he proved the unintended nature of a row of terpenes (established the structure of Pinen - the main component of Russian pine turbidars).
Kmno₄ in alkaline solution are a weak oxidizing agent. For example, if you pass through this solution, ethylene C₂H₄ coloring of manganese disappears as ethylene oxidation in ethane 1.2 diol or ethylene glycol.
3CH₂ \u003d CH₂ + 2KMNO₄ + 4H₂O → 3CH₂ - CH₂ + MNO₂ ↓ + 2KOH
A brown suspension of MNO₂ dioxide is also formed. The discoloration of a cold dilute solution KMNO₄ is a qualitative reaction to the presence of carbon-carbon multiple communication C \u003d C, since very few organic compounds are oxidized in this way.
Alkaline solution KMNO₄ well launders laboratory dishes from fats and other organic substances.
Solutions - concentrations of 3 g / l are widely used to toning photos.
Permanganate in acidic solutions are a strong oxidizing agent is widely used in tutrimetric analysis, a sharp transition of purple (MnO₄ ions) to pale pink (Mn ions) makes unacceptable use of indicators. MnO₄ ions oxidize H₂s, sulfides, ionides, bromides, chlorides, nitrites, hydrogen peroxide.
2kmno₄ + 5H₂o₂ + 3H₂SO₄ → 2mnso₄ + K₂SO₄ + 8H₂O + 5O₂
French chemist and physicist Gay Lu Dawa Joseph Louis introduced a volume analysis method into chemistry. In 1787, K. Bertollle described the method of oxidation and recovery titration, including permanganators. This method can be determined quantitatively: oxalous, antinery hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen peroxide, iron in salts (II). Manganese in manganese soles (II), the indicator at the same time the method is not required if the titratable solutions are colorless, so when titration, the solution KMNO₄ should be discolored, and when the reaction is completed, each excessive drop of the KMNo₄ solution will be painted the titratable solution in pink color.
In pyrotechnics is used as an oxidizing agent, but rarely, since the coloring substances are distinguished.
Help with improper use
Often, for the treatment of gums in dentistry, it seemed a strange procedure. A solution of manganese grease the gums, and then the hydrogen peroxide is applied. The separated oxygen O₂ and will be the main therapeutic agent, so the procedure is called "oxygen baths".
For different purposes, different concentrations are used:
Washing Ran. | |
Gargling | |
To lubricate peptic and burn surfaces | |
For douching and washing the stomach |
And if the use was an ill-conceived, concentrated solution, there may be burns and irritations.
With overdose: sharp pain in the oral cavity, abdomen, vomiting, emitting mucosa, purple. With reduced acidity of gastric juice - shortness of breath. Mortal dose for children:
o about - 3 g
Deadly dose for adults:
o 0.3-0.5 g per kg of weight.
Treatment: Methylene Blue
1) 50ml 1% solution;
2) Ascorbic acid intravenously - 30ml 5% solution.
Kmno₄ in horticulture
Gardeners often use manganese, on two properties: oxidative and source of potassium and manganese. Potassium ion is needed by plants like a nutritious element, and the Anion MNO₄ acts as an oxidizing agent to the sources of the disease: fungi, mold, etc., as well as a trace element.
KMNO₄ → K + MNO₄
Good popular recipe to increase strawberry yields. Early spring from beds to remove last year's leaves, prepare a pink solution of mangartee and a warm solution to pour all the plantation of strawberries from the watering can (rain).
Gardeners believe that it is destroyed all infections and increases yield due to the fact that mangartage has not very large solubility and potassium ions are not flushed out of the soil.
Conclusion
Permanganate potassium is a constant representative of any home aid kit. It is called mineral chameleon. The ability to change the painting in aqueous solution is purple-raspberry, in the presence of red acids, with a strong dilution of pink. And when adding, for example, H₂O₂ hydrogen peroxide - the color disappears.
This strong oxidizing agent has a disinfecting effect. It is widely used in medicine, and as an oxidizing agent in many industries, in chemical laboratories.
Literature
v - preparative chemistry;
v - "syntheses of organic drugs";
v Remy G. - "Course of non-Relia Chemistry" Tom І.
v - "Popular Library of Chemical Elements." Moscow, science - 1983;
v Internet Encyclopedia Wikipedia - www. Wikipedia. Org.
application
Experiments with manganese
Manganese car dissolves in water. The solution is painted in pink color, first - pink, and then intense.
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III experience
Under action on KMNO₄ crystals, cold concentrated sulfuric acid (strongly watering means) decomposes, manganese oxide is formed.
ü Mn₂o₇ - greenish-black oil liquid.
If in this liquid to dip a glass wand and bring the alcohol to the wick - it lights up.
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Experience can be modified - moisten with alcohol with a vat and squeeze alcohol in the mixture of KMNO₄ and H₂SO₄, that is, in Mn₂o₇. There is a flash (oxidation).
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Manganese woman with glycerin
If you pour kmno₄ into filter paper and moisten the glycerin salt. Wrap it in a bag, after seven minutes the smoke appears and the package lights up.
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Panteleev Pavel Alexandrovich
The paper presents the appearance of color in various compounds, as well as the properties of hameleon substances.
Download:
Preview:
Chemistry colors. Chameleon substances
Section: Natural Science
Performed: Panteleev Pavel Nikolaevich,
Student 11 "a" class
Secondary school №1148
them. F. M. Dostoevsky
Lecturer: Karmatskaya Love Aleksandrovna
1. Introduction. P.2
2. Color nature:
2.1. organic substances; P.3
2.2. inorganic substances. P.4
3. Impact of the medium on color. Page5
4. Chameleon substances. P.7.
5. Experimental part:
5.1. The transition of the chromat to the bichromate and back; P.8.
5.2. Oxidative properties of chromium salts (VI); Pp .9.
5.3. Oxidation of ethanol chromium mixture. P.10
6. Photochromism. P.10
7. Conclusions. P.13.
8. Site as sources used. P.14.
1. Introduction.
At first glance, it may seem difficult to give an explanation of the nature of the color. Why do substances have different colors? How does the color arise in general?
Interestingly, creatures live in the depths of the ocean, in the body of which blood flows blue. Some of these representatives are dowry. At the same time, the blood of fish caught in the sea, red, like the blood of many other major creatures.
What does the color of different substances depend on?
First of all, the color depends not only on how the substance is painted, but also from how it is illuminated. After all, everything seems black in the dark. The color also determine the chemical structures predominate in the substance: for example, the color of the leaves of plants is not only green, but also in blue, purple, etc. This is due to the fact that in such plants, in addition to chlorophyll, which gives green color, other connections prevail.
Blue blood from the hell is explained by the fact that they have in a pigment that provides blood color, instead of iron contains vanadium. It is its compounds that give a blue color of the liquid contained in the holoturns. In the depths where they live, the oxygen content in water is very small and they have to adapt to these conditions, so there are compounds in organisms, completely different than that of the inhabitants of the air environment.
But we have not yet answered questions set above. In this paper, we will try to give full, deployed answers to them. To do this, have a number of studies.
The purpose of this work and will give an explanation of the occurrence of color from various compounds, as well as to investigate the properties of hameleon substances.
In accordance with the purpose of the task
In general, the color is the result of the interaction of light with molecules of substance. This result is explained by several processes:
* interaction of magnetic oscillations of the light beam with molecules of substance;
* selective absorption of those or other light waves with molecules with different structures;
* The effect of rays, reflected or passed through the substance, on the retina of the eye or on an optical device.
The basis for explaining the color is the state of electrons in the molecule: their mobility, the ability to move from one energy level to another, move from one atom to another.
Color is associated with the mobility of electrons in the substance molecule and with the possibility of transition of electrons to still free levels when absorbing the energy of the light quantum (elementary particle of light radiation).
The color occurs as a result of the interaction of light quanta with electrons in substance molecules. However, due to the fact that the state of electrons in atoms of metals and non-metals, organic and inorganic compounds is different, the mechanism of color appearance in substances is also different.
2.1 Color of organic compounds.
In organic substancesWith color (and not all of them have this property), the molecules are similar in their structure: they are usually large, consist of dozens of atoms. For the occurrence of color in this case, no electrons of individual atoms have a value, but the state of the electrons of the entire molecule.
Normal sunlight - This is the flow of electromagnetic waves. Light wave It is characterized by a length - distance between adjacent maxima or two adjacent depressions. It is measured in nanometers (nm). The shorter the wave, the greater its energy, and vice versa.
The color of the substance depends on which waves (rays) of the visible light it absorbs. If the sunlight is not absorbed at all, but is reflected and dissipated, the substance will seem white (colorless). If the substance absorbs all rays, then it seems black.
The process of absorption or reflection of certain beams of light is associated with the characteristics of the structure of the substance molecule. The absorption of the light flux is always associated with the power transmission by electrons of the substance molecule. If the molecule contains S-electrons (forming spherical cloud), then to initiate them and translate to another energy level requires high energy. Therefore, compounds having S-electrons always seem colorless. At the same time, P-electrons (eight-shaped cloud) It is easily excited, since the connection performed by them is less durable. Such electrons are contained in molecules having conjugate double bonds. The longer the pairing chain, the more P-electrons and the less energy is required for their excitement. If the energy of waves of visible light (wavelengths from 400 to 760 nm) will be sufficient to excite electrons, then the coloring appears that we see. Rays spent on the excitation of the molecule will be absorbed by it, and the unloaded will be perceived by us as a painting of the substance.
2.2 Color of inorganic substances.
Inorganic substances The color is due to electronic transitions and charge transfer from the atom of one element to the other one. The outer electronic shell of the element plays a decisive role.
As in organic substances, the occurrence of color here is associated with the absorption and reflection of the light.
In general, the color of the substance is consisted of the amount of reflected waves (or under the substance without delay). In this case, the color of the substance means that certain quanta is absorbed from the entire range of wavelengths of the waves. In molecules of painted substances energy levels electrons are located close to each other. For example, substances: hydrogen, fluorine, nitrogen - seem colorless to us. This is due to the fact that the quanta visible light is not absorbed by them, since they cannot transfer electrons to a higher level. That is, the ultraviolet rays are passing through these substances that are not perceived by the human eye, therefore the substances themselves do not have colors. In colored substances, for example, chlorine, bromine, iodine, electronic levels are closer to each other, so the light quanta in them can translate electrons from one state to another.
Experience. The effect of metal ion on the color of the compounds.
Instruments and reagents: Four test tubes, water, iron (II), cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II).
Experience. In test tubes, we pour 20-30 ml of water, we introduce 0.2 g of iron salts, cobalt, nickel and copper and mix up to dissolution. The color of the iron solution has become yellow, cobalt - pink, nickel - green, and copper - blue.
Conclusion: As is known from the chemistry, the structure of these compounds is the same, however, they have a different number of D-electrons: iron - 6, at cobalt - 7, in nickel - 8, in copper - 9. This number affects the color of the compounds. Therefore, it can be seen the difference in color.
3. Impact of the medium on color.
Ions in the solution are surrounded by a solvent shell. Layer of such molecules directly adjacent to the ion, calledsolvate sheath.
In solutions, ions can affect not only each other, but also to the solvent molecules around them, but they are in turn on the ions. When dissolved and as a result of solvation, the ion has a previously colorless. Replacing water on ammonia deepens color. Ammonia molecules are deformed easier and the intensity of the color is enhanced.
Now compare the intensity of the color of copper compounds.
Experience №3.1. Comparison of the intensity of the color of copper compounds.
Devices and reagents: Four test tubes, 1 percent CUSO solution4, water, NCL, NH ammonia solution3, 10% potassium hexaciatorrate (II) solution.
Experience. In one test tube we put 4 ml Cuso4 and 30 ml H 2 O, in the other two - 3 ml Cuso4 and 40 ml H 2 O. We add 15 ml of concentrated HCl to the first tube - a yellow-green color appears, in the second - 5 ml of a 25% ammonia solution - a blue color appears, to the third - 2 ml of a 10% solution of potassium hexaciatiferrate (II) - we observe the red Brown sediment. In the last test tube, add a solution CUSO4 and leave for control.
2+ + 4Cl - ⇌ 2- + 6H 2 O
2+ + 4NH 3 ⇌ 2+ + 6H 2 O
2 2 + 4- ⇌ Cu 2 + 12 H 2 O
Conclusion: with a decrease in the number of reagent (the substances involved in the chemical reaction) needed to form a compound, an increase in the intensity of the color is occur. When the new copper connections are formed, the charge is transferred and color change.
4. Chameleon substances.
The concept of "chameleon" is known primarily as a biological, zoological term denotingreptile with the ability to change the color of its skin when irritating, color change ambient etc.
However, "chameleons" can be found in chemistry. So what's the connection?
Let us turn to the chemical concept:
Chameleon substances are substances that change their painting in chemical reactions and testifying changes in the medium under study. We allocate general - color change (color). This is exactly what binds the data of the concept. The chameleon substances are known for a long time. In the ancient manuals for chemical analysis, it is recommended to use the "Chameleon solution" to determine in the samples of the unknown composition of the sulphite content of sodium na2 SO 3. , hydrogen peroxide n2 O 2. or oxalic acid n2 C 2 O 4 . "Chameleon solution" is a solution of potassium permanganate kmno4
which, with chemical reactions, depending on the medium, changes its painting in different ways. For example, in an acidic medium, a bright purple solution of potassium permanganate is discolored due to the fact that MNO permanganate ion4
-
Cation is formed, i.e.positively charged ion Mn 2+ ; In a strongly woolen medium of bright purple MNO4
- It turns out a green manganat-ion MNO4
2-
. And in neutral, weakly acid or weakly alkaline medium, the final product of the reaction will be insoluble black and brown precipitate of manganese dioxide MNO2
.
Add that thanks to your oxidative properties,those. the ability to give electrons or take them from atoms of other elements, And a visual change in coloring in chemical reactions permanganate potassium has been widely used in chemical analysis.
So, in this case, the "chameleon solution" (potassium permanganate) is used as an indicator, i.e.substances showing the presence of a chemical reaction or change that occurred in the study medium.
There are other substances called "chameleons". We will look at substances containing the CR chrome element.
Potassium chromate - inorganic compound, metal saltpotassium and chromic acid with formula K 2 CRO 4 , Yellow crystals soluble in water.
Potassium Bichromat (Potassium Two-Movement, Kaliyan Hrompik) - K2 CR 2 O 7 . Inorganic compound, orange crystals soluble in water. High-toxic.
5. Experimental part.
Experience number 5.1. The transition of the chromat to the bichromate and back.
Devices and reagents: Potassium chromat solution2 sro 4. , potassium bichromate solution to2 CR 2 O 7 , sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide.
Experience. To the solution of potassium chromat, add sulfuric acid, as a result, the color of the solution from yellow in orange is changed.
2K 2 CRO 4 + H 2 SO 4 \u003d K 2 CR 2 O 7 + K 2 SO 4 + H 2 O
To the solution of potassium bichromate, add a pitch, as a result, a change in the color of the solution from the orange in yellow is shown.
K 2 CR 2 O 7 + 4NAOH \u003d 2NA 2 CRO 4 + 2KOH + H 2 O
Conclusion: In an acidic environment, chromas are unstable, an ion of yellow color turns into an Ion CR2 O 7 2- orange color, and in an alkaline medium, the reaction proceeds in the opposite direction:
2 CR2 o 4 2- + 2N + sour medium - alkaline medium CR 2 O 7 2- + N 2 O.
Oxidative properties of chromium salts (VI).
Devices and reagents: Potassium bichromate solution2 CR 2 O 7 , sodium sulfite solution Na2 SO 3. sulfuric acid H2 SO 4.
Experience. To solvent K.2 CR 2 O 7 , acidified sulfuric acid, add a solution Na2 SO 3. We observe the color change: the orange solution became green and blue.
Conclusion: In an acidic medium, chromium is restored by sodium sulfite from chromium (VI) to chromium (III):2 Cr 2 O 7 + 3NA 2 SO 3 + 4H 2 SO 4 \u003d K 2 SO 4 + CR 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3NA 2 SO 4 + 4H 2 O.
Experience number 5.4. Oxidation of ethanol chromium mixture.
Instruments and reagents: 5% potassium bichromate solution2 CR 2 O 7 , 20% sulfuric acid solution H2 SO 4. Ethyl alcohol (ethanol).
Experience: To 2 ml of a 5% solution of potassium bichromate, we bring 1 ml of a 20% sulfuric acid solution and 0.5 ml of ethanol. We observe a strong darkening of the solution. We dilute the solution with water to better see its shade. We obtain a solution of yellow-green color.
TO2 CR 2 O 7 + 3C 2 H 5 OH + H 2 SO 4 → 3CH 3 -con + Cr 2 O 3 + K 2 SO 4 + 4H 2 O.
Conclusion: In the acidic medium, ethyl alcohol is oxidized by the potassium bichromate. At the same time, aldehyde is formed. This experience shows the interaction of chemical chameleons with organic substances.
Experience 5.4. Visually illustrates the principle according to which indicators for detecting alcohol in the body. The principle is based on a specific enzymatic oxidation of ethanol, accompanied by the formation of hydrogen peroxide (n2 O 2. ) causing the formation of painted chromogen,those. organic matter containing a chromophore group (chemical. A group consisting of carbon atoms, oxygen, nitrogen).
Thus, these indicators visually (in color scale) show the content of alcohol in the saliva of a person. They are used in medical facilities, when establishing the facts of drinking alcohol and alcohol intoxication. The scope of the indicators is any situation when it is necessary to establish the fact of drinking alcohol: carrying out pre-trip inspections of vehicle drivers, detecting drunk drivers on auto inspection, use in emergency diagnostics, such as self-control et al.
6. Photochromism.
We will get acquainted with an interesting phenomenon, where the change in the color of substances also occurs,photochromism.
Today, glasses with chameleon glasses are unlikely to surprise someone. But the opening history unusual substances, Changing your color, depending on the illumination, is very interesting. In 1881, English Chemist Fipson received a letter from his friend Thomas Griffith, in which he described his unusual observations. Griffith wrote that the entrance door of the mail, located opposite his windows, changes its color during the day - he darkens when the sun in the zenith, and brightens in twilight. Interested in communicating, Fipson explored Lithopon - paint, which was painted by the door of mail. The observation of his friend was confirmed. Fipson could not explain the cause of the phenomenon. However, many researchers were interested in reversible color reaction. And at the beginning of the twentieth century, they managed to synthesize several organic substances called "photochromas", that is, "photosensitive paints". Since the times of Fippson, scientists learned a lot about photochromas -substances that change the color under the action of light.
Photochromism, or Teamgery - the phenomenon of reversible change in the color of the substance under the action of visible light, ultraviolet.
The effect of light causes in a photochromic substance, Atomic restructuring, change in the population of electronic levels. In parallel with the change in color, the substance can change the refractive index, solubility, reactivity, electrical conductivity, other chemical and physical characteristics. Photochromism is inherent in a limited number of organic and inorganic, natural and synthetic compounds.
Distinguish chemical and physical photochromism:
- chemical photochromism: intramolecular and intermolecular reversible photochemical reactions (tautomerization (reversible isomerism), dissociation (splitting), cis-trans isomerization, etc.);
- physical photochromism: the result of the transition of atoms or molecules into different states. Change in coloring in this case is due to a change in population of electronic levels. Such photochromism is observed when exposed to substance only powerful light flows.
Photochroms in Nature:
- Mineral tugpit It is capable of changing the color from white or pale pink to bright pink.
Photochromic materials
There are the following types of photochromic materials: liquid solutions and polymer films (high molecular compounds) containing photochromic organic compounds, glass with evenly distributed in their size silver halide microcrystals (silver connections with halogens), photo galleys ( decay) which causes photochromism; Crystals of alkaline and climbing metals, activated by various additives (for example, CAF2 / LA, CE; SRTIO 3 / NI, MO).
These materials are used as light filters of an optical density variable (i.e. regulate the flow of light) in the means of protecting the eyes and devices from light radiation, in laser technique, etc.
Photochromic lenses
Photochromic lens in light, partially covered paper. Between the bright and dark parts, the second level of color is visible, since photochromic molecules are located on both surfaces of the lenspolycarbonate and others plastics . Photochromic lenses are usually darked in the presence of ultraviolet and brighten with its absence in less than a minute, but the complete transition from one state to another comes from 5 to 15 minutes.
Conclusions.
So, the color of various connections depends:
* from the interaction of light with substance molecules;
* In organic substances, color occurs as a result of the excitation of electrons of the element and their transition to other levels. The condition of the electrons of the entire large molecule is important;
* Inorganic substances, the color is due to electronic transitions and the transfer of charge from the atom of one element to the other one. The outer electronic shell of the element plays a big role;
* The external environment affects the color of the compound;
* An important role is played by the number of electrons in the compound.
List of sources used
1. Artyomenko A. I. " Organic chemistry And man "(theoretical foundations, an in-depth course). Moscow, "Enlightenment", 2000.
2. Fadeev G. N. "Chemistry and Color" (book for extracurricular reading). Moscow, "Enlightenment", 1977.
- Project hypothesis
- Get acquainted with information literature, conduct analysis, draw conclusions
- Conduct practical studies of the effect of reaction conditions into oxidative - reducing properties of substances
- Find out the meaning of one of these substances in everyday life
- Purpose: identification of a substance that can change color in dependency from a situation, studying its properties and applications
- Got acquainted with information sources, learning which substances can change the color
- Hold an analysis:
- Causes of color change
- During the experiment, the impact of the environment on the color of KMNO4
- Found the value of potassium permanganate in everyday life and its action on plants.
- Chemical chameleons are called a number of substances capable of changing their color during chemical reactions.
- These include both organic and inorganic substances.
- causes of painting substances depend on a number of factors
- Molecule Kracy
- free electrons
- an odd number of electrons in the molecule
- chemical bond strength
- come emerging
- molecule color
- depends on the structure
- the substances themselves are not changed.
- Changing the color sign of a chemical reaction,
- more than Ovr.
- Potassium permanganate (lat. Kalii Permanganas)
- - Kalivaya salt of manganese acid
- The discoverer is a Swedish chemist and pharmacist Karl-Wilhelm Shelele.
- flusted "Black Magnesia" - mineral pyrolusion (natural manganese dioxide), with potassium carbonate and Selitra - Potassium nitrate. At the same time, potassium permanganate, potassium nitrite and carbon dioxide were obtained:
- 2mnO2 + 3KnO3 + K2CO3 \u003d 2KMNO4 + 3KNO2 + CO2
- Manganese
- (KMNO4).
- Dark purple crystals.
- Crystallohydrates does not forms.
- Water solubility is moderate.
- Hydrolyzed
- Slowly decomposed in solution.
- Solutions are painted
- OXIDIZING AGENT
- in solution and sintering.
- Manganese - that's
- Decompose
- Explosive substance
- Gives an alkaline medium reaction
- changes
- color
- KMNO4.
- Color
- depends
- from the environment
- solo
- neutral
- alkaline
- sour
- brown color
- green color
- colorless
- environmental environment
- color permanganate
- The effect of the reaction of the medium on
- oxidively recovery process
- Potassium permanganate forms various recovery products in different medium reactions.
- KMNO4 is used as an oxidizing agent
- antioxidant
- Application
- Applying manganese in everyday life, we spend the OSR!
- OSR - Process
- antiseptic
- possesses a vomit
- "ignition" and "drying" of the skin and mucous membranes
- knitting action
- chemical burn
- poisoning
- Solid permanganate potassium and his strong
- solutions can be dangerous.
- Therefore, it should be stored in places inaccessible to babies, but caution.
- During the week, the land was watered and the diseased plant with a weak solution. White raid on Earth disappeared, pests died. Manganese woman has disinfecting and antiseptic properties
- When watering every two weeks weak solution improved the appearance of plants. In the composition of mangartee there are elements that contribute to the growth of plants are manganese and potassium.
- Watering plants with a weak solution constantly, found that alkaline soil plants reacted positively, and acidically negatively. Magantaneous solution has an alkaline environment
- Treatment with concentrated solution causes burns and even the death of the plant
- Project hypothesis
- "Chameleon" substances exist
- OUTPUT:
- Substances themselves color change
- CAN NOT.
- The hypothesis was not confirmed
- 1C tutor. Chemistry. CD - disk.
- Big Encyclopedia. Cyril and Methodius, 2005 CD.
- Kuzmenko N.E., Erein V.V., Popkov V.A. Beginning chemistry. Modern course for entering universities.
- In 2 tons - M. 1997. BDE Biology, M. "Drop" 2004
- Ecology. Cognitive Encyclopedia, M. Drop
- Stupin B.D., Alikbarova L.Yu. Chemistry book for home reading. - M., Chemistry, 1994.
- Schulpin GB This fascinating chemistry. - m.; Chemistry, 1984.
- Information sources
- orange dark black and green
- purple black and gray
- It is known that double and ordinary ties can relatively easily change to each other. But each interatomic bond is a pair of electrons common to the atoms associated with them. So it turns out that the binding electrons can be pretty freely moving within such a plot. Similar freedom entails important optical consequences.
- Another curious fact: compounds with an odd number of electrons in the molecule are more often painted, rather than compounds with an even number of electrons. For example, the radical C (C6H5) 3 is painted in an intense brown-purple color, while C (C6H5) 4 is blundering. NO2 nitrogen dioxide with an odd number of electrons in a drow-brown molecule, and when it dimerizes it turns out a colorless connection N2O4 (doubled the number of electrons has become even). The reason here is that in systems with an odd number of electrons, one of them is unpaired and is capable of relatively freely move throughout the entire molecule. And, as mentioned earlier, it can cause the appearance of color.
- compound composed of almost colorless compound parts,
- it turns out to be painted. So, the FE3 + Ion + Besmevetn, Ion Fe (Cn) 64 - which is part of the yellow blood salt, is weakly painted in yellow. But FE43, obtained by pluming solutions containing the specified ions, has intense blue color.
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