The annual population of Buryatia is: City of Ulan-Ude: population
November 12, 2012National composition of the population of the Republic of Buryatia
One of the issues of interest to a wide range of users of the results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census is the question of the national composition of the population. Population censuses are the only source of information regarding the national and linguistic composition of the population.
During the 2010 population census, compliance with Article 26 of the Constitution was ensured Russian Federation in terms of free self-determination of nationality. The children's nationality was determined by their parents.
The Republic of Buryatia is traditionally a multinational republic; representatives of more than 167 nationalities live on its territory.
Changes in the national composition of the population of the republic were influenced by differences in natural reproduction and migration processes, a change in the ethnic self-awareness of people under the influence of mixed marriages.
Most numerous nationalities In the republic there are Russians, whose number was 630.8 thousand. Human. At the same time, the share of Russians in the total population of the republic decreased from 69.9% (726.2 thousand people) in 1989 to 67.8% (665.5 thousand people) in 2002 and to 64.9% ( 630.8 thousand people) in 2010. Russians make up 62.1% of the population of Ulan-Ude, in the Pribaikalsky region - 93.7%, Tarbagataisky - 91.8%, Kabansky - 91.3%, Bichursky - 86.5%, Severo-Baikalsky - 84, 2%, Muisky - 82.5%, Zaigraevsky district - 82.5% and Severobaykalsk - 81.5%.
The second place in the republic in terms of numbers is occupied by the Buryats - 286.8 thousand people. The share of Buryats in the total population of the republic grows from 24% in 1989 to 27.8% in 2002 and to 29.5% in 2010, or by 37.3 thousand people. INOnly 62.2% of all Buryats living in the Russian Federation live in the republic. IN The Buryats were the first to join the group of the most numerous nationalities of the Russian Federation in 2002, exceeding the four hundred thousand mark and amounting to 445.2 thousand people. According to the results of the 2010 census, the number of Buryats increased by 3.6% and amounted to 461.4 thousand people. In general, Buryats are in 21st place in terms of numbers (in 2002 - 19th place) in Russia.There are 4.1 thousand Buryats living in the Central Federal District, of which 2.8 thousand people live in Moscow. In the Northwestern Federal District there are 1.7 thousand Buryats, of which 1.3 thousand people live in St. Petersburg. 442.8 thousand Buryats live in the Siberian Federal District, of which 73.9 thousand people live in the Trans-Baikal Territory (or 16% of all Buryats living in Russia) and 77.7 thousand people in the Irkutsk region (16.8 %). In the Far Eastern Federal District there are 10.9 thousand Buryats, of which 7 thousand are in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).
For the first time in 2002 inalphabetical list of nationalities developed by the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences Soyots were included, who in previous censuses were listed as part of the Buryats. If according to the 2002 All-Russian Population Census their number was 2,739 people, then according to 2010 data it increased by 840 people and amounted to 3,579 people. The majority of Soyots of Buryatia live in the Okinsky district - 89.7%. In general, the number of Soyots in the Russian Federation was 3,608 people.
Also, the number of Evenks in the republic increased by 640 people, from 2334 people in 2002 to 2974 people in 2010 (or by 27.4%). The areas of compact residence of Evenks in the republic areSevero-Baikalsky district, where 26.8% of the Evenks of Buryatia live, Bauntovsky - 19.7%, Kurumkansky - 13.6%, Zakamensky district - 12.7% and Ulan-Ude - 13.9%. In general, people will live in the republic7.8% of all Evenks in the Russian Federation.
At the same time, compared to the 2002 population census, the proportion of Belarusians decreased - by 43.8%, Ukrainians - by 41%, Lithuanians - 40.7%, Estonians - 40%, Latvians - 32.4%, Georgians - 29, 9%, Moldovans - 28.8%. The number of Kyrgyz increased by 2.2 times, Uzbeks by 2.1 times, Tajiks by 17.5%, and Bashkirs by 4.6%.
In compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2010, “mestizo” and “Russians” were included in the above alphabetical list of nationalities. The number of mestizos in the republic was 313 people, and Russians - 16 people.Also, during the population census, citizens of the republic answered that they were “Siberians” - 41 people, “Pomors” - 52, “Russian Pomors” - 6, “Semeisk” - 26 and “Gurans” - 5 people.
The capital of the Republic of Buryatia is Ulan-Ude. The population of this city is quite diverse in terms of social status, ethnicity, age, etc. This administrative center has an interesting and rich history, which could not but affect the formation of the appearance of its residents. Let's find out what the population of Ulan-Ude is, as well as the history of its formation.
Geographical location
But, before you start studying the population of Ulan-Ude, you need to figure out where exactly this settlement is located.
As mentioned above, Ulan-Ude is the capital city of the Republic of Buryatia. It is located in Eastern Siberia, in the western part of Transbaikalia, at a distance of about 100 km from the shore of the world's deepest Lake Baikal.
A large river flows through the city, dividing it into two parts. In addition, in the territory belonging to Ulan-Ude, another river flows into this river - the Uda.
It is located in a region with a sharply continental climate, characterized by warm summers and very cold winters.
The city occupies an area of 347.6 thousand square meters. km.
Story
To find out how the population of the city of Ulan-Ude was formed, you need to look into its history.
Since ancient times, the territory where Ulan-Ude is now located was inhabited by Buryat tribes. Russians began to actively penetrate these places in the 17th century. They founded the village of Udinskoye on the site of the modern capital of Buryatia. It got its name because it was located at the very mouth. Its main function was to ensure the collection of yasak from the conquered Buryats. In 1678, the village acquired defensive structures and was transformed into the Udinsky fort. In 1689, the fort was turned into a real fortress, which was named Verkhneudinskaya.
In the 30s of the 18th century, a new name became widespread - Verkhneudinsk. In 1775, the fortress received the status of a city, which eight years later became the center of the district in the Irkutsk province. Gradually, the city began to turn into the center of the Transbaikal region.
After October revolution Verkhneudinsk changed its status several times. At first he became administrative center Pribaikalskaya province, in 1920 it was the capital which was formally considered independent state. However, the city remained in this status for only about six months. In 1923, it received the status of the capital of the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR as part of the RSFSR. In 1934, Verkhneudinsk was renamed Ulan-Ude, which means “Red Uda” in Buryat. That is, to the name of the river, which from time immemorial was present in the name of the city, the word “red” was added to Buryat language, symbolizing the color of Soviet power. Thus, the name of the city simultaneously acquired an ideological and national Buryat connotation.
IN Soviet time the city grew and modernized, enterprises and factories were built. If initially the main population were Russian settlers, then in Soviet times more and more Buryats from other settlements Transbaikalia moved to Ulan-Ude. The city's population became more ethnically diverse. In 1957, the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was renamed the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and, accordingly, Ulan-Ude became the capital of this transformed autonomy. After the collapse of the USSR, in 1992, Ulan-Ude became the capital of the Republic of Buryatia, which is a subject of the Russian Federation. The city remains in this status today.
Population
The main demographic indicator of any territorial unit is the number of inhabitants. Population of Ulan-Ude at this moment is 430.55 thousand inhabitants.
When compared with other regional centers of the Russian Federation, it must be said that this is an average figure. Ulan-Ude ranks 42nd in terms of population among all Russian cities.
Dynamics of the number of residents
But Ulan-Ude did not always have such a number of residents. The population of this city periodically increased and decreased. Let's look at the demographics of the capital of Buryatia in dynamics.
The first data on the population of the future Ulan-Ud date back to 1695. At that time, 1981 inhabitants lived in the Verkhneudinsk fortress. In 1770, Verkhneudinsk already had 4,700 inhabitants. But then the numbers began to decline. So, in 1820 it was 3,000 inhabitants, and five years later - 2,024 inhabitants. But then the number of residents began to grow. In 1829 it amounted to 2972 people, and in 1851 it reached 3746. In 1856, the number of inhabitants again decreased to 3400 people, but already in 1860 it increased again and amounted to 4032 people. In 1890 the number grew to a record 5,223 people.
From that moment on, the city's population began to grow rapidly. Seven years later it already amounted to 8086 inhabitants, and by 1917 it reached the level of 21.6 thousand people. In 1931, the population of the city of Ulan-Ude had already reached 44.0 thousand people. The population increased especially rapidly in the 30s of the 20th century. This was due both to the forced relocation of those repressed to Siberia, including to the capital of Buryatia, and to the voluntary relocation of young people participating in the industrialization of the region. In 1939, the population of Ulan-Ude reached a record high - 125.7 thousand people. That is three times more than eight years before.
Subsequently, the upward trend in numbers continued. Thus, in 1956 the number of residents reached 158.0 thousand people, in 1970 - 253.6 thousand people, in 1980 - 303.2 people. The population growth continued until 1987, when the number of residents amounted to 351.0 thousand inhabitants. But in 1988, Ulan-Ude experienced the first decline in the number of residents in more than 100 years. Then the number of city residents dropped to 345.2 thousand people.
In subsequent years, a kind of “swing” was observed: the population either increased or decreased. Thus, in 1989 its population was 352.5 thousand people, in 1992 - 366.0 thousand people, in 1995 - 363.0 thousand. people, in 1997 - 370.0 thousand people, in 1998 - 366.1 thousand people, in 2002 - 374.9 thousand people. From 2003 to 2009 inclusive, there was an annual decrease in the population of Ulan-Ude residents. Thus, during this period it decreased by 359.3 thousand people. up to 340.2 thousand people
In 2010, there was a sharp increase in the number of residents of Ulan-Ude. The number was 404.4 thousand inhabitants. True, this did not happen due to natural growth, but due to the annexation of a number of suburban settlements to Ulan-Ude. But still, it should be noted that starting from 2010, the number of city residents began to grow steadily. In 2013, it reached 416.1 thousand people, and in 2016 the record was once again broken. The number of residents reached 430.6 thousand people.
Currently, the trend of demographic growth in Ulan-Ude continues.
Population density
Knowing total number residents of the city, and the area occupied by it is not difficult to calculate, and in Ulan-Ude it is 1238.6 people/1 sq. km.
When compared with other nearby regional centers of Eastern Siberia, the density in Chita is 643.3 people/1 sq. km, and in Irkutsk 623.4 people/1 sq. km. Thus, we see that in Ulan-Ude there is a relatively high density of residents.
Ethnic composition
Now let's find out what nationalities people live in Ulan-Ude. The city is dominated by two nations - Russians and Buryats. There is an absolute majority of Russians in Ulan-Ude - 62.1%. There are also quite a lot of Buryats in the capital of the republic - 31.9%.
All other nations add up to only 6% of total number population. Among them are such ethnic minorities as Ukrainians, Tatars, Koreans and Chinese.
Religion
There are quite a lot of different religious denominations in the city of Ulan-Ude. Nevertheless, the vast majority of the city's residents profess Orthodox Christianity.
In addition, in Ulan-Ude there are representatives of such religious movements as Islam, Buddhism, Catholicism, various Protestant movements, Jehovah's Witnesses, as well as people who profess the original religion of the Buryats - shamanism.
Economy of the city
Employment of the population of Ulan-Ude is provided by both large enterprises and individual entrepreneurs. The largest organizations are the aviation and locomotive plants, the Buryatzoloto and Buryatnefteprodukt enterprises, whole line energy complexes (CHP-1, Buryatenergosbyt, Main Energy Networks, etc.).
In addition, the city has developed light and food industry, there are a number of large trading enterprises. Although, of course, mechanical engineering remains the main direction of production in Ulan-Ude.
Employment center
For those who are still temporarily unemployed, the Employment Center offers its services. Ulan-Ude is quite large industrial city, therefore, various free vacancies are constantly available at the labor exchange. In addition, at the Center, if necessary, you can improve your qualification level or acquire a new profession.
What kind of work does the Ulan-Ude Employment Center provide? The vacancies here are very diverse. Workers are always in demand for low-skilled jobs. But at the same time, engineering and other technical specialties are in demand. But employers have a relatively low need for lawyers and economists.
People who have temporarily lost their jobs and are registered with the Employment Center receive unemployment benefits established by the state.
Social protection
But unemployment benefits are not the only social guarantee of the state. Social protection of the population of Ulan-Ude is an issue that is decided mainly by the Department of Labor and Social Protection.
It is this body that is responsible for calculating benefits for people with disabilities, women in labor, the poor and other socially vulnerable categories of the population, the care of which is delegated to it by the state.
General characteristics of the population of Ulan-Ude
As you can see, Ulan-Ude is a constantly growing city. Currently, it is experiencing positive population growth dynamics. In addition, industry and other economic sectors are developed in the capital of Buryatia, which makes it possible to provide the city population with jobs as much as possible.
The vast majority of the inhabitants of Ulan-Ude are Russians and Buryats, with the former being numerically superior.
In general, the city of Ulan-Ude, like its residents, has quite optimistic prospects. This allows the population of the capital of Buryatia to look into the future with hope. But of course further development the city largely depends on the development of the Russian Federation as a whole.
Home to 972,021 people. The overwhelming majority of the population of the large Transbaikal republic are Russians; 630,783 of them live here. The second largest indigenous ethnic community here are the Buryats. Today, 286,839 people live in the republic.
The third largest national community is the Siberian Tatars; 6,813 people live here. The small Siberian peoples of Evenks and Soyots, Tuvans and Chuvashs, Kazakhs and Koreans, Mordovians and Yakuts live in small ethnic groups on the territory of the republic.
The share of the indigenous Buryat population in the republic is 29.5% of the total population. This Mongoloid people, once cut off from the united Mongol world, traces its historical kinship back to at least the glorious ancient Huns. But, according to experts, historians and archaeologists, their relationship is better traced with the ancient Dinlin people.
Dinlins first appeared in ancient chronicles in the 4th-3rd centuries. BC e. they were repeatedly conquered by the kings of the Huns. With the weakening of the Huns' state, the Dinlins were able to recapture their ancestral territories from them. The dispute between these peoples over the land went on for centuries and success accompanied first one, then the other.
From the single Mongolian super-ethnos, the distinctive Buryats emerged in the 12th-14th centuries; many Transbaikalian tribes, the Bayauts, Kememuchins, Bulagachins, Khoritumats, and Barguts, were included here. All of them called themselves descendants of the totemic ancestor “father wolf” or “buri ata”.
For centuries, the ancient “Buri Aty”, who called themselves Dinlins, Gaogyuis, Ogurs and later “Tele”, fought for their ancestral lands in confrontation with other Turks and Rourans. Only with the departure of the Zhuzhan Khaganate into historical oblivion in 555 AD. e. The Tele tribes were finally able to settle on the Mongolian river Kerulen and near Lake Baikal.
Over time, powerful Central Asian states - the Khaganates - arose and crumbled into dust, formidable rulers replaced each other, but one thing remained unchanged, the ancestors of modern Buryats no longer left their native lands, defended them by entering into alliances with different peoples.
With the annexation of their lands to the Russian state, the Buryats did everything to secure ownership of their lands by law. They succeeded in this after appealing to Peter I in 1702. The Buryats helped defend the Selenga border and joined 4 specially formed regiments, which later became part of the unified Transbaikal Cossack army.
The Buryats have always worshiped the spirits of nature and adhered to the traditions of Tengrism and Galugpa Buddhism. They worshiped the supreme deity Huhe Munhe Tengri. In the middle XVIII century monasteries-datsans began to be built here, first Tamchinsky, later Aginsky. With the advent of Buddhism, social, scientific, literary, philosophical, theological and artistic life Buryat.
After the revolution, separate groups of Barguzin, Agin, Selenga, Zakamensk and Khorin Buryats were united into a national state called Buryat-Mongolia, transformed in 1921 into an autonomous region of the same name. In 1958, the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic appeared on the political scene; in 1992, the autonomous region was renamed by government decision into the Republic of Buryatia.
There are 6,813 Tatars living here, which is equal to 0.7% of the population. Most of the Tatars moved here in 1939 after the corresponding decree on the development of Transbaikal lands. The arriving Tatars settled throughout the territory of the autonomous region in small groups and for a long time felt somewhat isolated.
Hardworking and calm in nature, the Tatars quickly acquired a house, land and the necessary equipment, worked honestly both during the war and in difficult times. post-war period. They are divorced from their religion and assimilated with local peoples, only in more numerous ethnic settlements have they preserved their original traditions, responsibility and national “stubbornness”, inexhaustible patriotism, hospitality, cheerfulness and humor.
People who are not indifferent to their native traditions, a group of enthusiasts opened the Tatarsky here in 1997 Cultural Center. It is under his auspices that all the national holidays of the Tatars, Eid al-Adha, Sabantuy in the ancient village of Stary Onokhoy, and Kurban Bayram are held today. The Tatarstan shopping center has also been opened and construction of a large mosque is underway in Ulan-Ude.
Evenki (Tungus)
The total share of Evenks among the population of Buryatia is 0.31%; this community was formed as a result of long-term contacts of various East Siberian peoples with the Tungus tribes. Scientists believe that the immediate ancestors of modern Evenks are those who lived in the 5th-7th centuries. n. e. in the mountain taiga along Barguzin and Selenga the Uvan people. According to scientists' research, they came here from the south.
The Tungus (Evenks) came into contact with local tribes and actively assimilated them. Over time, a common Tungus-Manchu language was formed for all tribes. The Transbaikal and Buryat Tungus were often called “Murchens” due to their traditional activities of breeding horses and deer. Among them there were “Orochens” or reindeer Tungus.
According to ancient chronicles, the Chinese knew well about the “strongest” people among the forest Siberian tribes. The first Siberian Cossack explorers and explorers noted in their notes courage and pride, helpfulness and courage, philanthropy and the ability to live with meaning among the Tungus.
With the advent of the Russians, two powerful and distinctive cultures penetrated into activities unknown to them. The Cossacks learned to hunt in the taiga, survive among harsh nature, took local foreign girls as wives, and created mixed families.
And today the Evenks do not have a large number of ethnic settlements; they are dispersedly settled and coexist in Transbaikal villages with Yakuts, Tatars, Russians and Tuvans. This type of settlement cannot but have a negative impact on the ethnocultural development of the people. But, among other ethnic communities, the so-called “riding deer” have become a distinctive characteristic feature of this Siberian people.
Another of the indigenous small peoples of Buryatia, the Soyots, live compactly in the Okinsky district of the republic. Today, there are 3,579 representatives of this small ethnic group living in the republic, which is 0.37% of the total population of Buryatia.
These are the descendants of the ancient Sayan Samoyed tribes who remained during all the invasions, who experienced the process of Turkization of all spheres of life. The first Russian records about Soyots are in the so-called “order books” of the 17th century. Later, the Soyot community succumbed to the influence of the Buryat tribes; Soyot men often married local Buryat women, and their language again changed greatly.
But on the farm, modern Soyot families still managed to preserve their unique way of life and remained reindeer herders and skilled hunters. Often with the population census they were simply counted as Buryats, although they had retained their national identity for centuries; only in the 2002 census were the Soyots finally able to be counted as a separate ethnic group.
For a long time, the Soyot clans had their own, now extinct, language; with the process of Turkization, they switched to speaking the Soyot-Tsaatan language, very close to Tuvan. It is still in use among modern Soyots. Later they were almost completely assimilated by the Buryats and began to communicate in their local language.
With the development of the Soyot script in 2001, the printing of special educational methodological manuals and Soyot primer. A great achievement of Russian linguists was the publication in 2003 of the unique “Soyot-Russian-Buryat Dictionary”. Since 2005, some schools in the Okinsky district have been piloting training junior schoolchildren native language.
For a long time, Soyot herders bred mountain yaks and deer; their secondary activity is commercial taiga hunting. The largest Soyot clans were the ethnic communities of Khaasuut and Irkit. Today, many Soyot traditions are being revived, the “Zhogtaar” holiday, it was renamed “Ulug-Dag” in 2004, in the name of the sacred mountain that patronizes all Soyots Burin Khan.
There are 909 Tuvans living in the republic, which is 0.09% of the total population of the republic. This is an ancient Turkic people speaking their own Tuvan language. The Tyva people were first mentioned in Chinese chronicles of 581-618. The “Tuba” people are mentioned in the “Secret History of the Mongols.” Previously, Tuvans were called Uriankhians, Soyons, Soyans or Soyots.
In Russian historical sources, the ethnonym “Tyva”, uniting all the Sayan tribes, appears in 1661. Since 1863, according to the Beijing Treaty, Russian merchants began trading with Tuvans. Peasant settlers began to come here for merchants, settlements and villages were built, irrigated and rainfed lands were developed, marketable grain was grown, cattle breeding and deer breeding developed.
The early ancestors of the Tuvans were the nomadic tribes of Telengits, Tokuz-Oguz, Tubo, Shevei from the Tele tribes. Tuvans have well preserved their unique identity through the centuries, every Tuvan knows native language, they are famous for being the most technical throat singers.
Buddhism here is deeply fused with local shamanism. It is a specific magical teaching based on the worship of nature spirits. The most important national holidays of the Tuvans are the livestock holiday “Naadym”, the lunar New Year“Shagaa”, horse racing and traditional wrestling competitions “Khuresh”, local beauty contests “Dargyna”.