Konstantin Zaikov: “Arctic floating university” is a unique Safu project. How was this flight different from previous ones?
UDC 378.147
ARCTIC FLOATING UNIVERSITY - 2013
Northern (Arctic) federal university named after M.V. Lomonosov is actively introducing new methods for training young creative specialists to meet the needs of the modern labor market. One of the promising areas of study is research expeditions of scientists with the participation of students. In 2012, with the support of the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Monitoring environment and the Russian Geographical Society a new innovative project“Arctic Floating University”, which organically combines educational courses and research work of students, undergraduates and graduate students.
The goal of the project “Arctic Floating University - 2013” is the integration of innovative educational programs of higher vocational education and fundamental and applied interdisciplinary scientific research during Arctic expeditions on the research vessel “Professor Molchanov” for the training of highly qualified specialists.
The unique capabilities of the Arctic Floating University project were reflected in the development of the educational program of the expedition. Its total labor intensity in 2013 is 3 credits, 108 hours.
The educational program is interdisciplinary in nature. Students listening theoretical course lectures on the basics of oceanology, meteorology, geography, geoecology, physics, chemistry, biology in order to acquire a complex of knowledge about the basic laws
© Byzova N.M., 2014
on the spatiotemporal organization of marine and terrestrial Arctic and subarctic natural complexes local and regional levels. Future specialists become familiar with the methods of oceanological, meteorological, geographical, biological, geoecological and physical, chemical research and processing of data obtained. Besides theoretical knowledge they acquire practical skills that include collecting, processing and analyzing samples of water, air, rocks, soils and plants, visual observations natural objects and processes, their photography and filming.
In 2013, the geography of routes and the composition of participants in the Arctic Floating University project expanded significantly. Two expeditions were carried out on the R/V Professor Molchanov. Along with representatives of the institute natural sciences and biomedicine and the Institute of Theoretical and Applied Chemistry, who participated in the 2012 expedition, their members were young researchers from the Institute of Oil and Gas, the Institute of Shipbuilding and Marine Arctic Technology and the Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology of NArFU named after M.V. Lomonosov. Students of the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University named after M.V. were invited. Lomonosov, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, State Oceanographic Institute, Faculty of Geography and Geoecology of St. Petersburg State University.
NArFU teachers trained and trained young researchers
named after M.V. Lomonosov, research fellows of the Institute environmental problems North Ural branch Russian Academy Sciences, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, State Oceanographic Institute named after
N.N. Zubov, All-Russian Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, employees of the Northern and Murmansk Departments of Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring.
During the first voyage in June 2013, along with continued scientific research in the White and Barents Seas, complex works in the Greenland Sea and Spitsbergen. In the White, Barents and Greenland Seas, comprehensive studies were carried out on 10 century-old and standard oceanographic sections, where more than 2 thousand samples were taken at 86 oceanographic stations for electrochemical, X-ray fluorescence and chromatographic studies sea water. More than 5.5 thousand measurements of nutrients, dissolved oxygen, pH and ionic composition in water were carried out, which made it possible to continue studying current state hydrochemical structure and level of pollution of the Arctic seas and the impact on them of processes associated with global climate change.
In Spitsbergen, seismological research was continued with measurements of the level of microseismic background in the villages of Barentsburg, Ny-Ålesund and the city of Longyearbyen. As part of glaciological research, work on the geocryological and geomorphological description of the relief was also carried out here. In order to obtain information about the horizontal and vertical heterogeneities of the relief and the types of occurrence of sediments, georadar studies of the subsurface occurrence of rocks to a depth of 35 m were carried out with the construction of 72 georadar profiles.
To obtain new data on species diversity, biomass reserves, abundance various groups of producing organisms within the marine area, in the coastal zone and in key areas of the Arctic islands, a geobotanical description of plant communities was carried out, and samples of brown algae, mosses and lichens were taken.
The first flight of 2013 had international status. During a visit to Spitsbergen, the expedition members took part in a meeting with the Russian-Norwegian delegation dedicated to the development of the Russian Scientific Center in Barentsburg. The expedition team visited the University Center of Spitsbergen (UNIS), the marine laboratory of the Kings Bay ASA company and the Sverdrup station of the Norwegian Polar Institute in the village of Ny-Ålesund. A return reception was organized for the UNIS delegation at the R/V “Professor Molchanov”. A representative of the Norwegian Polar Institute made an offer of cooperation within the framework of the Arctic Floating University project in 2014.
During the second voyage in July 2013, members of the Arctic Floating University expedition covered 5,900 km across the waters of the White, Barents and Kara Seas. On their way to Rudolf Island, the northernmost island point in Eurasia, they first reached coordinates of 81°15"N and 64°40"E. d. The further path to the north was blocked by accumulations of iceberg fragments. When traveling to Vize Island, the expedition passed in the Kara Sea to the extreme northeastern point of the route with coordinates 79°34"N and 76°55"E. d. Such large-scale comprehensive studies of Arctic territories have been carried out for the first time.
The main research objectives of the second voyage were aimed at obtaining comprehensive oceanological information about the state of the natural systems of the White, Barents and Kara Seas and their impact on the formation of climate change in the northern polar regions. Made from
measurements at 80 oceanographic stations of 7 oceanographic sections, where the vertical distribution of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen in water was determined. The total amount of data received exceeds 360 thousand values.
Based on more than 40 thousand temperature measurements and relative humidity air, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, shortwave solar radiation flux were analyzed climate change in the northern polar regions. The results of measuring the total ozone content in the atmosphere in 2013 showed an increase in the concentration of ozone in the atmosphere compared to the same period in 2012.
When studying hydro-optical characteristics surface waters Data were obtained on the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation in the euphotic layer of the Barents and Kara seas. The study of the features of the spatial and vertical distribution of the abundance and biomass of phytoplankton in water masses was carried out at 4 oceanographic sections.
In the Barents Sea and the northern part of the Kara Sea, sea water samples were taken from various depths at 69 stations of 6 oceanographic sections to determine the content of silicon, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and total nitrogen, mineral and total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, organic carbon, carbohydrates, pH , total alkalinity, content of sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium cations.
In order to determine the electrical properties of water and ice, a survey of snowfields, fast and cover ice, sea and melt water was carried out on the Kanin and Yugorsky peninsulas, the islands of Kolguev, Vaigach, Hayes, Champ, Hooker, the Sedov glacier, the coast of the bays of Russian Harbor, Ice Harbor and the cape Desires of the Northern Island of Novaya Zemlya.
Using materials provided by the Arctic Space Monitoring Center
Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, members of the expedition since 2012, have been carrying out remote observations in the Arctic to model processes and phenomena in the open ocean and coastal zone of the seas. In July 2013, employees of the radio engineering monitoring center at Cape Zhelaniya on the Northern Island of Novaya Zemlya carried out work to install and put into operation an alternative environmentally friendly energy installation consisting of a wind generator and a complex of solar panels.
The study of the main coast-forming processes and monuments of marine geographical heritage on the islands of Kolguev, Vaygach, Heisa, Champ, Hooker, the Kanin and Yugorsky peninsulas, on the coast of the Russian Harbor, Ledyanaya Harbor bays, Cape Zhelaniya of the Northern Island of Novaya Zemlya continued. Wood samples (cores) were taken to determine the age of wooden buildings on the islands of Vaygach and Hooker, the coast of Ledyanaya Gavan Bay and Cape Zhelaniya using the dendrochronological method. Based on tree-ring measurements, floating chronologies were obtained for all studied structures. Dendrochronological analysis made it possible to determine the age of wood in key areas and clarify the time of construction of objects.
Expanding the geography of the expedition's second voyage made it possible to track changes in the composition and structure of plant communities along a latitudinal gradient from the southern tundra to the Arctic deserts. Observations were organized to monitor the phenological state of the species included in their composition. A geobotanical description of 27 different plant communities was carried out on the Kanin and Yugorsky peninsulas, the islands of Kolguev, Vaygach, Hooker, Hayes, Champa, on the coast of the Russian Harbor, Ledyanaya Harbor bays and Cape Zhelaniya. 12 trial plots were laid out for recording above-ground phytomass and 206 trial plots (50 x x 50 cm) in communities of different types for recording species diversity per unit area. Herbarium material was collected in the amount of 350 sheets from 124 species of vascular plants and
200 samples of mosses and lichens. 15 soil sections and chemical analysis of soil samples were made across 35 horizons.
Collected materials allow us to better understand the adaptive strategies of plant development associated with reproductive processes, which is very important for predicting changes in the state of ecosystems under conditions of a changing climate and various anthropogenic impacts. Similar observations in Arctic region have not been carried out to date, but their organization was made possible by the high mobility of the research vessel "Professor Molchanov" and the planned route of the expedition "Arctic Floating University - 2013".
For the first time, the 2013 expedition program included research on the adaptation of the expedition participants’ bodies to the extreme conditions of the Arctic. Despite the unusual living conditions, the level of performance of the scientists throughout the expedition was above average.
The study of the operating features of a ship's power plant is also a new direction in the scientific program of the second
first voyage of the expedition. Based on the results of noise and vibration measurements on the R/V “Professor Molchanov”, it was established that in the working and living quarters of the vessel they do not exceed permissible values corresponding to sanitary standards, and the ship’s power plant worked stably in all modes of the vessel's progress.
New scientific educational program The Arctic Floating University project provided for weekly reporting in the form of scientific sessions, at which young researchers summed up the interim results of their research. The results of the expedition were summed up on September 20, 2013 at a scientific conference of students, undergraduates and graduate students, where reports on the results of the work were presented. The conference materials have been published.
The Arctic Floating University project worthily continues the traditions of the Russian scientific school in conducting systematic and systematic scientific research in the conditions of the European North and the Arctic and higher professional education in Russia.
Bibliography
1. Bogolitsyn K.G., Polikin D.Yu., Byzova N.M. Work program and route of the 1st voyage of the expedition "Arctic Floating University - 2013" on the R/V "Professor Molchanov" in the research direction // Integrated scientific and educational expedition "Arctic Floating University - 2013": in 2 hours / resp. ed. K.G. Bogolitsyn; North (Arctic) federal univ. Arkhangelsk, 2013. Part I. pp. 7-15.
2. Bogolitsyn K.G., Polikin D.Yu., Byzova N.M. Work program and route of the 2nd voyage of the expedition “Arctic Floating University - 2013” on the R/V “Professor Molchanov” in the research direction // Integrated scientific and educational expedition “Arctic Floating University - 2013”: in 2 hours / resp. ed. K.G. Bogolitsyn; North (Arctic) federal univ. Arkhangelsk, 2013. Part I. pp. 16-26.
3. Byzova N.M. Arctic floating university as an innovative educational program // Rational environmental management: traditions and innovations: materials of the International. scientific-practical conf. Moscow, MSU, November 23-24. 2012 / under general ed. prof. M.V. Slipenchuk. M., 2013. pp. 32-34.
4. Integrated scientific and educational expedition “Arctic Floating University 2013”: scientific materials. conf. students, undergraduates, graduate students / Northern. (Arctic) federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Sev. ex. in Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, Arkhang. Vseros center society org. "Rus. geogr. o-vo"; comp. M.A. Trofimova, V.I. Trofimova; resp. ed. prof. N.M. Byzova. Arkhangelsk, 2013. Part 3. 116 p.
1. Bogolitsyn K.G., Polikin D.Yu., Byzova N.M. Programma rabot i route 1 reysa ekspeditsii “Arkticheskiy plavuchiy universitet - 2013” na NIS “Professor Molchanov” po nauchno-issledovatel’skomu napravleniyu. Kompleksnaya nauchno-obrazovatel’naya ekspeditsiya “Arkticheskiy plavuchiy universitet - 2013”: v 2 ch. . Arkhangelsk, 2013. Part 1, pp. 7-15.
2. Bogolitsyn K.G., Polikin D.Yu., Byzova N.M. Programma rabot i route 2 reysa ekspeditsii “Arkticheskiy plavuchiy universitet - 2013” na NIS “Professor Molchanov” po nauchno-issledovatel’skomu napravleniyu. Kompleksnaya nauchno-obrazovatel’naya ekspeditsiya “Arkticheskiy plavuchiy universitet - 2013”: v 2 ch. . Arkhangelsk, 2013. Part 1, pp. 16-26.
3. Byzova N.M. Arkticheskiy plavuchiy universitet kak innovatsionnaya obrazovatel’naya programma. Ratsional’noe prirodopol’zovanie: traditsii i innovatsii: materialyMezhdunar. nauch.-prakt. conf. Moscow, 23-24 November 2012. Moscow, 2013, pp. 32-34.
4. Kompleksnaya nauchno-obrazovatel’naya ekspeditsiya “Arkticheskiy plavuchiy universitet 2013”: materialy nauch. conf. students, masters, graduates. Ed. by Byzova N.M. Arkhangelsk, 2013. Part 3. 116 p.
BYZOVA Natalya Mikhailovna, candidate geographical sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Geography and Geoecology of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov. Author of more than 130 scientific publications, including three teaching aids
Contact information: address: 163002, Arkhangelsk, Nab. Northern Dvina, 17;
“Only having visited the Arctic, having seen its cold beauty with your own eyes, can you understand why these seemingly distant and inhospitable waters and lands are so important for the country and so attract those who have already been there.”
What is the “Floating University” expedition?
“Arctic Floating University” is a unique project of NArFU (Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov), which includes the integration of educational and research processes of several large structures: Northern Federal University, Roshydromet, Russian Geographical Society and others. As part of the expedition, you can obtain a lot of valuable information about the Arctic, broaden the horizons of the students participating in it, and teach them how to conduct field work in their specialty. The ideological and educational function is also important: only after visiting the Arctic, seeing its cold beauty with your own eyes, can you understand why these seemingly distant and inhospitable waters and lands are so important for the country and so attract those who have already been there.
Who took part in the expedition this year? How was the selection of participants for the expedition carried out? Were there many people interested?
The expedition was attended by 58 people from different cities of Russia and eight foreign countries. These are the students different specialties, undergraduates and graduate students, teachers, researchers, journalists. The selection of participants was carried out according to the criteria of compliance with the scientific program of the expedition, physical health, academic performance. In addition, in addition to the desire to participate in the work of field groups, independent research work is very important.
What was the expedition route this year?
Here we must keep in mind that the actual route differed from the planned one due to weather conditions. In the end, it turned out like this: Arkhangelsk - Solovetsky Islands - Cape White Nose - the village of Varnek (Vaigach Island) - Russian Harbor Bay (Novaya Zemlya archipelago) - Cape Zhelaniya (Novaya Zemlya archipelago) - Hooker Island (Franz Josef Land archipelago) - island Northbrook (Franz Josef Land archipelago) - Malye Karmakuly (Novaya Zemlya archipelago; it was necessary to land two members of the expedition to continue work there) - Sosnowiec Island - Arkhangelsk.
Is there a daily routine on board the ship? What did the expedition members do on the ship?
There is a routine. Constant milestones: breakfast from 8.00 to 9.00, lunch from 12.00 to 13.00, dinner from 19.00 to 20.00. Sometimes, however, due to landings, meal times changed. From 10.00 to 12.00, from 13.00 to 16.00 - lectures, from 16.00 to 19.00 - student work in groups. After dinner there were cultural events ( interesting presentations and films, creativity evenings, intellectual games).
The expedition members spent most of the time engaged in scientific research as part of their scientific direction: data collection, analysis and interpretation, and so on. Lecture classes were mandatory for all undergraduate and graduate students, regardless of the topic; this made it possible to broaden the students’ horizons and give them interdisciplinary knowledge about the Arctic.
Were there any force majeure situations? What difficulties did you have to face?
The most noticeable challenge was the weather conditions. The excitement made it impossible to land on Kolguev Island; increasingly difficult ice conditions forced the expedition to change its route and go to Franz Josef Land earlier than planned. But even this did not allow landing on Hayes Island: ice blocked the ship’s path. Nevertheless scientific program The expedition was completed. By the way, many members of the expedition had a hard time bearing this excitement, especially those who went to sea for a long time for the first time. Three storms in one flight - this has never happened before. The appearance of a bear near the flight participants during one of the landings can also be considered force majeure. Having barely noticed him literally a couple of hundred meters from one of the groups, for safety reasons they immediately completed the disembarkation and returned to the ship.
What do you remember most?
Mountains of the Franz Josef Land archipelago. They are simply mesmerizing and leave a lasting impression.
How was this flight different from previous ones?
First of all, this increased international participation. In 2014, there were four foreign citizens on the expedition. This year there were eight foreigners: from Brazil, Germany, Denmark, Iceland, Spain, the USA, as well as two people from Russia permanently living in Canada and Finland. The program of terrestrial coastal research has been significantly expanded, representing single complex. During the voyage, for the first time, large-scale medical and biological research was carried out among the expedition members and the ship’s crew, as well as sociological research local residents along the expedition route.
What scientific research was carried out as part of the expedition?
A list of all the studies would take a couple of pages, so I will give a list of the research blocks that worked: hydrometeorological, environmental, biogeochemical, medical-biological, geoinformation, cartographic-geodetic, historical-cultural and sociological, biological, bioresource. Thus, the Arctic climate, its flora and fauna, soil, environmental conditions, human adaptation to living in high latitudes, the living values of the local population, and so on were studied.
Did you make any interesting discoveries?
Yes. Important information information about birds and their habitats was collected, in particular, by ornithologists. Soil scientists have come to a new understanding of the natural zonation of the Arctic, and also, probably for the first time in history, found endolithic communities in the Arctic (Cape Zhelaniya, Novaya Zemlya). In any case, many data still require lengthy processing; it is too early to draw final conclusions.
The data collected during the expedition will be presented in the form scientific works or transferred to the relevant departments, for example Roshydromet?
Based on the results of research conducted during the voyage, it is planned to publish a general report of the expedition. That is, the reports of each research block will be compiled into one collection. Its publication is scheduled for the end of October 2015. It will be electronic and accessible to everyone.
The “Floating University” expedition took place for the seventh time. To what do you attribute such success? Will she go on a voyage next year?
The secret of success is simple. Within the framework of one relatively short flight (about three weeks) it is possible to collect great amount valuable data from a variety of scientific fields - from botany to geology and hydrometeorology. Students practice doing field work and expand their horizons. That is, each flight brings great benefits as scientific research, held at NArFU, and educational process university. We will make every effort to ensure that the expedition also takes place in 2016.
The Arctic Floating University project started on June 1, 2012. The project is being implemented thanks to joint funding from Roshydromet and Northern Federal University (Ministry of Education and Science). The project was supported by Russian geographical society.
The first flight was carried out along the route: Arkhangelsk - White Sea - Barents Sea - Franz Josef Land - Novaya Zemlya - Kolguev Island - White Sea - Sosnovets Island - Solovki - Arkhangelsk.
On board the ship, students of Northern (Arctic) Federal University received knowledge and practiced it. M.V. Lomonosov. The teaching was conducted by researchers from the National Research University of Roshydromet, Northern Federal University and the Northern UGMS. Practical lessons for students were carried out using high-quality modern equipment, which is equipped with a “floating laboratory”.
During the voyage, the full scope of work on the Barents and White seas, more than 8,000 samples of water, soil, air and biological resources were taken.
Work program of the Arctic Floating University in 2013 consists of 2 flights. The first voyage is carried out from June 1 to June 25, 2013 along the route Arkhangelsk - White Sea - Barents Sea - Greenland Sea - Spitsbergen - White Sea - Arkhangelsk. The work program of the Arctic Floating University in 2013 consists of 2 voyages. The first voyage is carried out from June 1 to June 25, 2013 along the route Arkhangelsk - White Sea - Barents Sea - Greenland Sea - Spitsbergen - White Sea - Arkhangelsk. |  |
The second voyage is planned from July 2 to July 26, 2013 along the route Arkhangelsk - White Sea - Kolguev Island - Barents Sea - Kara Sea - Severnaya Zemlya Islands - Novaya Zemlya Islands - Arkhangelsk.
The program of work on the R/V “Professor Molchanov” was compiled by employees of Northern Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Northern UGMS, AARI, GOIN, MSU named after M.V. Lomonosov and IEPS Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and provides for two major directions: educational and research. The artist Sergei Zvyagin, who is working on the theme of the Arctic, was invited to work on the expedition.
A separate work program was developed for Spitsbergen, where participants of the first voyage of the “Arctic Floating University” visited in June 2013:
carrying out hydrochemical, glaciological and seismological studies in the waters and on the coast of the Spitsbergen archipelago. Control points (Barentsburg - Longyearbyen - Nu Ålesund - Hot Springs, Bukfjord);
Participation in the signing of an agreement by the Russian delegation on the joint use of the Russian scientific center in Barentsburg;
Meeting with the governor and organization of a traveling exhibition of paintings by artist Viktor Zvyagintsev;
Visit to the University Center of Spitsbergen (UNIS);
Visit to Sverdrup Research Station, Norwegian Polar Institute;
Visit to the marine laboratory "AK" Kings Bay ":
Discussion and elaboration of directions for joint research activities on the archipelago;
Signing of a bilateral agreement on research cooperation between NArFU named after M.V. Lomonosov and the AK Kings Bay company on the Spitsbergen archipelago and joint use of the scientific base of the marine laboratory.
The program includes educational courses and actual research work in the White, Barents, Greenland and Kara seas of the North Arctic Ocean. This direction is very relevant in connection with the implementation of Russia’s strategy for the development and conservation natural resources Arctic and the role of NArFU and Roshydromet in this area. This is especially important in connection with the following features of the Arctic zone. This direction is provided for by the NArFU development program.
| In Barentsburg, members of the delegation and students of the Arctic Floating University visited a number of facilities of Roshydromet and the Kola Science Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. On June 13, the R/V "Professor Molchanov" with students and a delegation on board arrived at the port of Longyearbyen, where there was a meeting with the mayor of Longyearbyen, Kristin Christophersen, and a visit to the University Center of Spitsbergen (UNIS). At the center, the parties discussed Russian-Norwegian cooperation on the archipelago. In Ny-Ålesund, the northernmost Norwegian city, for those who did not participate in ground-based research, a tour of the town's scientific facilities and a meeting were organized at which the expedition participants were told about the history of Ny-Ålesund and its life activities. |  |
For the research team, work in Ny-Ålesund was the most fruitful three days in Svalbard. We managed to install a seismic station. Samples of snow, ice, soil and plants were collected. We carried out four geological profiles, conducted ground penetrating radar studies, studied geological layers, and selected malacofauna - these are the remains of mollusk shells that are deposited along with sea and river sediments. By analyzing them, it is possible to determine the age of the terrace and the content of stable isotopes.
We had to work in difficult conditions: the weather changed all the time - now wind and hail, then again the sun. At the same time, it was necessary to remember that this territory most likely belongs to to the polar bear than a person.
The expedition introduced the Norwegian delegation to the activities of the laboratories of the Floating University.
Having said goodbye to their Norwegian colleagues, the crew of the research vessel Professor Molchanov continued on their way to the planned section.
On June 16, in the first half of the day, everyone was actively preparing for two events planned according to plan: one - serious and scientific, the other - comic and entertaining. The first is the reporting session. The expedition members prepared their reports on work at open-pit mines in the White and Barents Seas. The results, which were reported by representatives of the scientific units, caused a lively discussion among the expedition members and brought the researchers one step closer to the final report, which they will write on the mainland. The second is the Miss Molchanova competition. For the first time, the most beautiful girl was chosen on board a research vessel. After dinner, “Professor Molchanov” went to the points of transect No. 3 in the Barents Sea. And active work continued again. |
|
 | On June 17, at 6 am, the expedition members woke up from dull impacts on the ship’s hull - the R/V Professor Molchanov reached the first ice - the ocean ice field was ahead. Oceanographic research continued throughout the day in the northern part of the Barents Sea. Here the attention of researchers was concentrated on warm Atlantic waters penetrating from the North. Work on the open-pit mine proceeded as planned. In the evening, the “Floating University” reached the northernmost point of its route; then it will move only to the south. “Professor Molchanov” reached 80 degrees north latitude and began to follow in a south-easterly direction, where the hydrochemical unit of the expedition will make a section crossing the entire Barents Sea in the direction of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. |