The Vietnamese war began. The main events and stages of the War in Vietnam

What is the cause of the US War in Vietnam, the results and consequences

The topic of war in Vietnam does not cover in one article. Therefore, a number of articles will be written about this period. The prehistory of the conflict will be considered in this material, the causes of the War in Vietnam and its results. The US War in Vietnam was the second Indochinese war. The first Indochinese war was the liberation for Vietnam and was carried out against France. She took place from 1946 to 1954. By the way, in that war, the United States also took part, he remembers much less frequently. In the United States, the War in Vietnam belongs to both the "Dark Spot" in its history, and for the Vietnamese, it has become a tragic and heroic stage on the way to its sovereignty. For Vietnam, this war was simultaneously fighting the external occupation and civil opposition to various political forces.

Vietnam in the second half of the 19th colonized France. A few decades, the national identity of the Vietnamese led to the creation of a league for independence in 1941. The organization received the name Vietmin and united under his wing of everyone who was dissatisfied with the authorities of the French in Vietnam.

The organization Vietmin was created in China and its main figures were communist glances. Leaded Ho Chi Min. During the Second World War Ho Chi Minh, collaborated with the Americans in the fight against Japan. When Japan capitulated, supporters of Ho Chi Minh took control of North Vietnam with the capital of Hanoi. They proclaimed the creation Democratic Republic Vietnam.

France introduced the Expeditionary Corps to the country in December 1946. So the first Indochinese war began. But the French did not manage to cope with the partisans and starting since 1950, the United States began to help them. The main reason for their participation in this war is the cause of their interference in this war was the importance of Vietnam in the strategic plan. It was a region that covered the Philippines and Japan from the south-west. And since the French by the time they became the US allies, they decided that the territory of Vietnam better control them.

Gradually, by 1954, the United States has already carried almost all the costs of this war. Soon the French were defeated with Dieenbienf and the United States together with the allies were on the verge of defeat. Richard Nixon, at the time, US Vice-President even expressed nuclear bombing. But this was avoided and in July 1954 in Geneva concluded an agreement on the temporary section of the territory of Vietnam on 17 parallels. It took place a demilitarized zone. So appeared on the North map and. Northern controlled Vietmin, and the southern French provided independence.

So the first Indochinese war ended, but it was only a prelude to even greater slaughter. After the communist power was established in China, the US leadership decided to fully replace the French presence on his own. To do this, they put their puppet of NGO Ding Ziema in the southern part. With the support of the United States, he proclaimed himself as president of the Republic of Vietnam.

NGO Din Zees turned out to be one of the worst rulers in the history of Vietnam. For senior positions in the country, he appointed relatives. Corruption and tyranny reigned in South Vietnam. The people hated this power, but all opponents of the regime were killed and fought in prisons. In the US, it did not like it, but NGO Din Zie ─ It was "their villain." As a result of this reign, the influence of Northern Vietnam and the ideas of communism grew. The number of partisans increased. However, the leadership of the United States saw the reason not in this, but in the errors of the USSR and the Communist China. Measures to tighten the Board did not give the desired result.

By 1960, all partisans and underground organizations in the southern part of the country organized the National Release Front. In Western countries, he was painted by Vietkong. In 1961, the first regular units of the US Army arrived in Vietnam. These were helicopters. The reason for this was the complete incapacity of the leadership of the South Vietnam in the fight against partisans. In addition, the cause of these actions also called the answer to the help of Northern Vietnam partisans. Meanwhile, the Northern Vietnam authorities gradually began to lay the so-called partisan supply route in South Vietnam. Despite the significantly worst equipment than the US soldier, the partisans successfully used various and conducted sabotage activities.

Another reason was the fact that the US Guideline by sending troops demonstrated their determination to the Soviet Union in the destruction of communism in Indochina. The American authorities could not lose South Vietnam, as this led to the loss of Thailand, Cambodia, Laos. And this put under the strike Australia. In November 1963, the special services organized a coup, as a result of which Zyo and his brother (the head of the secret police) were killed. The reason is clear here - they completely discredited themselves in the fight against underground.

In the future, a number of coups were followed, during which the partisans managed to still expand the territory controlled. The American President Lindon Johnson, who came to power after the murder of Kennedy, continued to send troops in Vietnam. By 1964, their number there was increased to 23 thousand.

In early August 1964, as a result of the provocative actions of the Esminists Turner Joy and Maddox in the Tonkin Gulf, they were fired by the military northern Vietnam. After a few days, the MADDOX repeated shelling was received, which later denied the ship's crew. But intelligence reported on the interception of the message, where the supposedly Vietnamese admitted an attack on the ship.

The secrets of the Vietnamese War have long been hidden by the American leadership. As it turned out today, the NB officers made a mistake when deciphering the message. But the leadership of the NSA, knowing about the error, presented the data in the world profitable. And this was the cause of the war.

As a result, the military invasion approved the US Congress. They adopted the Tonkin Resolution and began with the United States or the second Indochinese.

Causes of War in Vietnam

You can definitely say that American politicians unleashed the war. At one time, the residents of the USSR as the cause of the war were called the US imperialist savings and the desire to subjugate the planet. In general, given the worldview of the Anglo-Saxon elite of this country, this version is not far from the truth. But there were more prosaic reasons.

In the United States, the spreadshes of the communist threat and the full loss of Vietnam were very afraid. American strategists wanted to completely surround the communist block of the countries in the ring from their allies. Such actions were taken in Western Europe, Pakistan, Japan, South Korea and a number of other countries. With Vietnam nothing worked out and this was the cause of a military solution to the problem.

The second significant reason was the desire for enrichment of corporations, which are engaged in selling weapons and ammunition. As you know, in the US, the economic and political elites are very related. And the lobby of corporations is very strong influence on political decisions.

And how did they draw the cause of the war to ordinary Americans? The need to support democracy, of course. I get acquainted, is not it? On, but in fact, US politicians the Communist Vietnam was as "Zanozoz in one place." And the owners of military enterprises wanted to multiply their states on death. The last, by the way, the victory was not needed. They need a slaughter that would last as long as possible.

War in Vietnam - one of the largest military conflicts of the second half of the 20th century, which leaving a noticeable trace in culture and occupying a significant place in newest Story USA and Vietnam.

The war began as civilian in southern Vietnam; Later in her intervened Northern Vietnam and the United States with the support of a number of other countries. Thus, on the one hand, the war was carried out for the reunification of two parts of Vietnam and the creation of a single state with a communist ideology, and on the other, for the preservation of the country's declaration and independence of South Vietnam. As the events develop, the Vietnamese War was intertwined with the sown parallel civil War in Laos and Cambodia. Everything martialctions In Southeast Asia, held since the late 1950s and until 1975, known as the second Indochinese war.

Chronology of the Vietnamese War.

1954
May 7, 1954 - Occupation of the French team post Dieen Bien Fu Vietnamese troops; The French side gives an order to cease fire. As a result, the French lasted for 55 days of battles lost 3 thousand people killed and 8 thousand - injured. A much larger damage was caused by the forces of Misa: 8 and 12 thousand wounded and killed, respectively, but regardless of this decision the French continued the war was shaken.
1959
The creation of a special division of the Northwest Republic of Army (559th Group) is specifically for the organization of the supply route from Northern Vietnam to Vietkong forces in the south. With the consent of the Cambodian Prince, the 559th group developed the simplest route along the Vietnamese-Cambodian border with shades to the territory of Vietnam throughout its length (Ho Chi Mine trail).
1961
The second floor. 1961 - Kennedy orders to increase the amount of assistance provided to the South National Government in the fight against partisans. This implied the delivery of new equipment, as well as the arrival of more than 3 thousand military advisers and staff.
December 11, 1961 - about 4 hundred Americans arrived in South Vietnam: pilots and various aviation specialists.
1962
January 12, 1962 - Helicopters, piloted by American pilots, 1 thousand soldiers were transferred to the south of Vietnam to destroy the NFO's Otto near Saigon (Chopper Operation). That was the beginning of hosts by the Americans.
The beginning of 1962 is the beginning of the RanchHand operation, the purpose of which was to clench the vegetation adjacent to the roads to reduce the risk of an opponent's ambush. With the development of hostilities, the operation of the operation increased. Above the huge forest areas was sprayed dioxidium-containing herbicide "Agent Orange". Partisan trails were identified and harvest was destroyed.
1963
January 2, 1963 - In one of the villages, the 514th Vietkong battalion and the local partisan forces were arranged an ambush to the South Namenamen 7th division. At first, Vietkrugov did not give way to the technical advantage of the enemy - about 400 Yuzhan was killed or injured, three American advisors also died.
1964
April - June 1964: Mass enhancement of US air forces in Southeast Asia. Departure of two aircraft carriers from the Vietnamese coast due to the adversary in Laos.
June 30, 1964 - In the evening of this day, the South Names-Diversanta attacked the two small northern islands located in the Tonkin Gulf. The American destroyer MADDOX (stuffed with electronics a small ship) was 123 miles south with an order electronically disinforcing the enemy about false air attack so that he takes his ships from the target.
04 August 1964 - In the report of Captain Maddox, it is said that his ship was attached to shelling and in the near future an attack cannot be avoided. Despite his subsequent statement that no attack was also in risen, after six o'clock since the receipt of the initial information, Johnson gives an order for the organization of retaliation operation. American bomber strikes over two naval bases and destroy most of the fuel reserves. During this attack, the Americans lost two aircraft.
August 7, 1964 - The American Congress adopts the Tonkin Resolution, who endowed the president with the authority to the authority of the adoption of any actions to protect Southeast Asia.
October 1964: China - neighbor and ally of Northern Vietnam - conducts a successful test atomic bombs.
November 1, 1964 - Two days before the presidential elections in the United States, Vietkong's artillery was fired by the Bien Ho air base near Saigon. 4 Americans were killed and 76 more were injured; It was also destroyed 5 B-57 bombers and another 15 was damaged.
1965
January 01 - February 07, 1965: Severgenam troops have taken a series of attacks on the southern border, temporarily trampled the village of Bin Ji, which is only 40 miles from Saigon. As a result, two hundred South Names soldiers died, as well as five American advisers.
February 07, 1965 - The main aircraft composition of the United States, located in the central foothills of the South Vietnam, was attacked by the NFO sabotage landing, as a result of which 90 people were killed and over 70 people were injured. This incident follows the immediate response of the American president who has given the US Navy order to strike on military targets in the territory of Northern Vietnam.
February 10, 1965 - the bomb explosion at the Khi Non Hotel, arranged by Vietkogovka. As a result, 23 employees of American survey killed.
February 13, 1965 - Approval by the President of the Rolling Thunder Operation - an offensive, accompanied by a long-term bombardment of the enemy. His goal was to terminate the support of Vietkogovtsev in the southern territories.
March 02, 1965 - The first bombing raids of the operation that followed the series of numerous delays.
April 3, 1965 - the beginning of the American campaign against Severgenam transport system: Within a month, the forces of the Navy and the US Air Force, bridges, roads and railway junctions, fleets and basic warehouses were systematically destroyed.
April 07, 1965 - the United States made a proposal of economic assistance to S. Vietnam in exchange for the world, but this proposal was rejected. Two weeks later, the American president increased the military presence of the United States in Vietnam to 60 thousand people. For international support in Vietnam, the troops from Korea and Australia arrived.
May 11, 1965 - Two and a half thousand Vietkogovsky soldiers attack Song Bi - Yuzhnovytnamese provincial administrative center And, after two days of bloody fights, both within the city and in its surroundings, retreat.
June 10, 1965 - Exile of Vietkogovtsev from Dong Ksai (South Namesky Staff and Military Camps of Special Advanced Troops) After the air attacks of Americans.
June 27, 1965 - General Vestmorend begins an offensive terrestrial surgery to the north-west of Saigon.
On August 17, 1965, according to the data of the soldier who deserted from the 1st regiment, the soldier becomes apparent that the attacks on the sea base of the United States in Chu Lai cannot be avoided - so, the Americans implement the operation of Starlite, which became the first large-scale battle of the Vietnam War. Using different kinds The troops are ground, naval and air force - Americans won a convincing victory, having lost killed 45 and wounded over 200 people, while the enemy losses amounted to about 700 people.
September-October 1965: After the attack of Play Maya (special purpose camp) by Severgatenamers, the 1st air brigade "deploys Stroy" against the enemy forces that were in close proximity to the camp. As a result, the battle of La Drange occurred. For 35 days, the US troops pursued and entered into battle with the 32nd, 33rd and 66th Northwesthenemian shelves until the opponent returned to his bases in Cambodia.
November 17, 1965 - The remains of the 66th Severortenemian regiment are moving east of Plate Mei and arrange an ambush to the American battalion, which neither reinforcement did not help or the competent distribution of firepower. By the end of the battle, the loss of Americans amounted to 60% of the wounded, while every third soldier was killed.
1966
January 8, 1966 - the beginning of the CRIMP operation. In this - the largest - Vietnamese military operation of the United States took part about 8,000 people. The goal of the campaign was to seize the Vietkogovskaya rate in the Saigon area, which was supposed to be located in the Chhhi Chche area. Despite the fact that the said territory was actually erased from the face of the Earth and underwent constant patrol - the operation was failed, because There was not the slightest hint of the presence of any kind of Vietkogovskaya base in the area at all.
February 1966 - Throughout the month, US troops held four operations, in order to find and destroy the enemy during a direct encounter with him.
March 05, 1966 - 272th regiment of the Vietkogovskaya 9th division attacked the battalion of the 3rd American brigade in Lo Ke. Successful Aviation Aviation forced the attackers to retreat. Two days later, one of the divisions of Vietcong hit the 1st brigade of the United States and the battalion of the 173rd airborne regiment; But the offensive failed thanks to American artillery.
April - May 1966: Birmingham Operation, during which Americans supported by the impressive number of air and ground equipment carried out a stripping of the territory of the north of Saigon. As a result of a series of small-scale skirmishes with an opponent, only 100 vietkogovtsy died. Most battles were provoked by the Northwesthenemian side, which has proven its elusiveness on the results of battles.
End of May - June 1966: At the end of May, Severgenamen 324th Division crossed the demilitarized zone (DMZ) and faced the American naval battalion. Dong Ha, the Northwesthenemian army adopted the largest battle for the whole war. Most of the 3rd Naval Division (about 5 thousand people of five battalions) advanced to the north. In the operations of Hastings Sailors supported the South Troops, heavy artillery of the US Navy, as well as military aviation, resulting in an opponent of the enemy beyond the limits of DMZ for three weeks.
June 30, 1966 - on the 13th route (Route 13), tieding Vietnam with Cambodian border, American troops were attacked by Vietkogovka: Only support from air and artillery helped the Americans to avoid full defeat.
July 1966 - In the bloody battle, about 1,300 Northwest soldiers were killed in the bloody battle.
October 1966 - The 9th Severgenam Division, recovering from July events, is preparing for another offensive. Losses in the lively strength and technique were reimbursed by replenishment and deliveries from Northern Vietnam along the trail Ho Chi Minh.
September 14, 1966 - a new operation under the code name Attleboro, in which the 196th US Brigade, together with 22 thousand South Names, began active searches and destruction of the enemy on the territory of the province of Tai Ning. At the same time, the location of the seizures of the 9th Severortenemian division was revealed, but the open collision did not follow again. The operation ended six weeks later; The losses of the American side amounted to 150 people, while Vietkon lost over 1000 soldiers killed.
End of 1966 - By the end of 1966, US presence in Vietnam reached 385 thousand people, as well as 60 thousand sailors based on the shore. Over the year, over 6 thousand people were lost, and they were wounded - about 30 thousand. For comparison, the enemy suffered a loss of live strength of 61 thousand people; However, be that as it may, by the end of the year the number of his troops exceeded 280 thousand people.
1967
January - May 1967: Two Severgatenam divisions operating from the territory of the DMZ, separated by the North and South Vietnam, began to bomb the bases of Americans located south of the DMZ, incl. Khe San, Kam Lo, Dong Ha, Kon Tien and Gio Lin.
January 8, 1967 - The beginning of the Cedar Falls Operation, the purpose of which was the displacement of the Northwenthenemian forces from the territory of the iron triangle (area of \u200b\u200b60 square meters. Milu, located between the Saigon River and route 13 (Route 13). About 16 thousand american soldiers And 14 thousand soldiers of the South Names of the Army were delivered to the territory of the Triangle, without encountering the expected large-scale resistance. The enemy reserves were captured. In total, for 19 days, the Americans lost 72 people killed (mainly due to numerous min trays and snipers that arose literally from nowhere). Vietcong lost about 720 people killed.
February 21, 1967 - 240 helicopters acting on the province of Tai Nin took part in the largest air assault (JUNCTION CITY; This operation raised the task of destroying the bases and enemy rates on the territory of South Vietnam, stationed in the combat zone "C" to the north of Saigon. About 30 thousand American soldiers took part in the operation, as well as about 5 thousand South Soldiers-YuzhnovyTe Mins. The duration of the operation was 72 days. Americans again succeeded in the seizure of a large number of supplies, equipment and weapons with the complete absence of large-scale battles with the enemy.
April 24, 1967 - the beginning of attacks in Severgatenames airfields; Americans have inflicted huge damage to the roads and structures of the enemy. By the end of the year, all the northern mig bases were amazed, with the exception of only one.
May 1967 - Desperate air battles over Hanoi and Haiphong. The success of Americans can include 26 shot down bombers, which reduced the opponent's air power about half.
End of May 1967 - In the mountains of the South Vietnam, the Americans intercepted the enemy's divisions, moving deep into Cambodia. For nine days of prolonged fights, hundreds of soldiers-northerners were killed.
Autumn 1967 - Hanoch is undergoing the development of the "TET strategy". Arrest 200 officials opposing this strategy.
1968
In the middle of January 1968 - grouping of parts of three Vietkogovsky divisions near the naval base in Khe San (small territory in the north-west Yu.Vildema). The opponent's power concerned forced the US command to suggest a threat to a large-scale occurrence in the territory of the northern provinces.
January 21, 1968 - in 5.30, the fire attack began at the naval base, located in Khe San, while 18 people were died and 40 were injured. The duration of the attack was two days.
January 30-31, 1968 - On the Day of the Vietnamese New Year (Holiday TET) throughout the South Vietnam, the Americans staged a series of attacks: in more than 100 cities, demurrars supported by the troops were activated in more than 100 cities. By the end of urban battles, about 37 thousand adherents of Vietcong were killed and their much larger than their number was injured or captured. The result of these events has become more than half a million refugees - civilians. Injured by most of the vietkogovtsev who were hardened in battles, politicians and representatives of secret services; As for the partisans - for them a holiday and turned around the disaster. This event seriously shake public opinion in the States, despite the fact that the Americans themselves lost only 2.5 thousand people killed.
February 23, 1968 - shelling of the naval base and her stamping in Khe San; The number of projectiles used at the same time was unprecedented high (over 1300 units). Local shelters have been strengthened to confront the opponent used 82mm. shells.
March 6, 1968 - At that time, the sea forces were preparing to reflect the enemy's massacled assault, the Northwenthnamers retreated into the surrounding Khe San Jungle and did not show themselves anywhere in the next three weeks.
March 11, 1968 - carrying out Americans of large-scale stripping around Saigon and on other territories of South Vietnam.
March 16, 1968 - Mass murder of civilians in the village of Lai (about two hundred people). Despite the fact that only one of the participants of that slaughterhouse was indeed found guilty of war crimes, all american army Fully experienced "return" from that terrible tragedy. Let be extremely rare - cases like this play the poor service of the army, which reducing all the civil activity carried out by army units and individual soldiers, and also raise eternal questions about the Conduct Code in War.
March 22, 1968 - massive fire attack on Khe San. Over thousands of shells hit the base - approximately one hundred pieces per hour; At the same time, local electronic devices noted the movement of Severgatenamed troops in the vicinity. An American response to the blow was the mass bombing of the enemy.
April 8, 1968 - The result of the American operations "Pegasus" became the final seizure of the 9th route (Route 9), which put the end of the siege to Khe San. The battle in Khe San continued within 77 days was the largest battle of the Vietnamese war. The official number of those killed from the Northwesthenemian side amounted to over 1600 people, incl. Two completely destroyed divisions. However, in addition to the claimed officially, thousands of enemy soldiers, wounded or killed as a result of air raids.
June 1968 - The presence of a powerful high-scale American army in the territory of Khe San and the lack of any threat to the local base from the enemy prompted General Westmoreland to make a decision on its dismantling.
November 01, 1968 - Three and a half years, the Rolling Thunder surgery approached the end. Its exercise was US in 900 shot down aircraft, 818 missing or dead pilots, as well as hundreds captured by pilots. About 120 Vietnamese aircraft suffered in air battles (including and confused by mistake). In accordance with the calculations of the Americans, 180 thousand peaceful Northerlian residents were killed. There were victims among Chinese conflict participants - among them were injured or about 20 thousand people were killed.
1969
January 1969 - Richard Nixon's accession to the presidency of the United States. Speaking of the "Vietnamese problem," he promised to achieve a "worthy [American nation] of the world" and intended to hold successful negotiations on the withdrawal of American troops (about half a million soldier) from the conflict territory in the interests of Yu.Vientama.
February 1969 - Despite the restrictions on the part of the government, Nixon approved the Menu operation, concluded in the application of bomb shocks in Severgenam Bases of Vietcong in Cambodia. For four years on the territory of this country, American aviation was reset over half a million tons of bombs.
February 22, 1969 - During the large-scale onset of assault groups and artillery of the enemy on American bases, 1140 Americans were killed throughout the South Vietnam. At the same time, the attacks were subjected to the South Names. Despite the fact that the entire South Vietnam was covered by the flame of war, the most cruel battle occurred near Saigon. Be that as it may, American artillery, acting together with aviation, managed to suppress the offensive started by the enemy.
April 1969 - the number of those killed during the Vietnamese conflict exceeded the same figure (33629 people) of the Times of the Korean War.
June 8, 1969 - Nixon meeting with the President of South Vietnam (Nguyen Van Thieu) on the Coral Islands (Midway); During the meeting, the American president acted as a statement about the immediate conclusion of 25,000 soldiers in Vietnam.
1970
On April 29, 1970 - Yuzhnovytnamen forces attacked and crowded Vietkrug bases from Cambodia. Two days later, an attack of American troops took place (in 30 thousand people with a number of three divisions). Cambodia took the "stripping" of Cambodia 60 days: the location of Vietkoggovsky bases in Severgenam jungle was revealed. The Americans were "requested" of 28,500 units of weapons, over 16 million small ammunition and 14 million pounds of rice. Despite the fact that the enemy managed to retreat across the Mekong River, he suffered significant losses (over 10 thousand people).
1971
February 08, 1971 - Operation Lam Son 719: Three Southern Divisions arrived in Laos for attacking two main opponent bases and trapped. Over the next month, more than 9 thousand Southern Southnams died either injured; Over 2/3 of the units of ground-based military equipment, as well as hundreds of American aircraft and helicopters were disabled.
Summer 1971 - Despite the ban on the use of dioxin by the Department of the village of USA as early as 1968. Spraying of dioxin-containing substances (Agent Orange) in Vietnam continued until 1971. In the South Vietnam during the RanchHand operation, 11 million gallons of Agent Orange, containing a total of 240 pounds of dioxin, were used, over 1/7 of the country was actually turned into a desert.
1972
January 01, 1972 - two thirds of the US troops were replaced in the two previous years from Vietnam. At the beginning of 1972. In the country (Yu.Vientam) there were only 133 thousand Americans. The terrestrial war is now almost completely lying on the shoulders of Yuzhan, the armed forces of which were over 1 million people.
March 30, 1972 - a massive art-rider of the Southern Positions through the DMZ. More than 20 thousand Vietkogovtsev crossed the DMZ, forcing the deploying South Names, unsuccessfully trying to defend themselves. According to intelligence data, the attack on the position of SUVA was expected from the north, but not from demilitarized territories.
April 01, 1972 - Promotion of Severgenam soldiers towards the city of Hue, the defendant of the South Navy Division and the US Naval Division. However, by April 9, the attackers were forced to suspend the assault and retrofit.
April 13, 1972 - Thanks to the support of tanks, Severgenam troops took control of the northern part of the city. But, despite this, 4 thousand soldiers of the South Africa, supported by elite aviation units, continued to defend and violently counterattack. On their side was the power of American bombers in-52. A month later, Vietkong's troops left the city.
On April 27, 1972, two weeks after his first attack, the SDA fighters were advanced towards the city of Quang Three, forcing to retreat the South Names Division. By the 29th, the Vyatkrugs seized Dong Ha and, by May 1, Kvang three.
July 19, 1972 - Thanks to US air support, YuzhnovyTe Mins began attempts to return the province of Bin Dean and its cities. Battles lasted until September 15 - by this moment Quang three turned into formless ruins. One way or another, the swords of the sva keep control over the northern part of the province.
December 13, 1972 - the failure of peace negotiations between Severgatenames and the American parties in Paris.
December 18, 1972 - on the orders of the president, a new "bomb campaign" against SPI began. The Linebacker TWO operation lasted 12 days, including a three-day period of undercessant bombing 120s in-52 aircraft. Binding was carried out in military airfields, transport purposes and warehouses located in Hanoi, Haiphong and their surroundings. Used by the Americans in this operation bomb tonnage exceeded 20 thousand tons; They were lost 26 aircraft, live strength losses amounted to 93 people (the dead, missing or captured). The recognized losses in the lively power of Northwestnians fluctuate between 1300 and 1600 dead.
1973
January 8, 1973 - the resumption of the "Parisian" peace negotiations between Northern Vietnam and the United States.
January 27, 1973 - signing the cease-fire by the warring parties to the Vietnamese war.
March 1973 - Vietnamese lands left the last American soldiers, although military advisers and sailors who were on the protection of local American structures remained. The official end of the war for the United States. Of the more than 3 million Americans who participated in the war, almost 58 thousand died and over 1 thousand people were missing. Serious injuries received about 150 thousand Americans.
1974
January 1974 - despite the fact that SU experienced a shortage of opportunities for the implementation of a large-scale offensive, it captured key southern territories.
August 09, 1974 - The resignation of Nixon - South Vietnam lost the main representative of his interests in the highest political circles of the United States.
December 26, 1974 - Capture Dong Ksai 7th Severortenam Army Division
1975
January 06, 1975 - Capturing the schi of the city of Hawk Long and the entire province of the province, which was, in fact, a disaster for their southern neighbors, as well as the fact of violation of the Parisian peace agreement. However, the apparent reaction from the United States did not follow.
March 1, 1975 - Powerful offensive in the territory of the central mining ridge of South Vietnam; The losses of Yuzhan during their chaotic retreat amounted to 60 thousand soldiers.
All March 1975 - During his next occurrence, Kang Three, Hue and Ya Nang SvA exhibited 100 thousand soldiers. Support for eight fully equipped regiments provided her success in capturing Qang Province three.
March 25, 1972 - the third largest South National city KVAN three is captured by SPE.
The beginning of April 1972 - in five weeks of his military campaign, SPA has achieved impressive success, capturing twelve provinces (over 8 million inhabitants). Southerners lost their best divisions, more than a third of personnel and about half of the weapons.
April 29, 1972 - the beginning of mass air transfer: in 18 hours on US aircraft, Saigon left over 1 thousand American citizens and almost 7 thousand refugees.
April 30, 1972 - In 4.30 in the morning, during the missile attack of Saigon Airport, Tan Son Nhaut killed two American sailors - these were the latest victims of the United States. At dawn, the country left the last representatives of the sea forces from the protection of the American embassy. Just a few hours later, the embassy was searched; Saigon entered the SPE tanks, thereby marking the end of the war.
Chairman of the Presidium MOOVB N.N. Kolesnik

Results of war

During the war years, 14 million tons of Vietnam and shells were collapsed for the long-term land of Vietnam and shells, thousands of tons of poisoning substances were poured, tens of thousands of hectares of the jungle and thousands of villages. More than 3 million Vietnamese died in the war, of which more than half are civilians, 9 million.
vietnamese became refugees. Huge human and material losses caused by this war irreparable, demographic, genetic and environmental consequences are irreparable.
From the American side in Vietnam more accidentally killed more than 56.7 thousand people., Approximately 2300 soldiers were missing, more than 800 thousand. Returned with injuries, crippled and sick, more than half, from 2.4 million people. Past Vietnam, returned home spiritually broken and morally empty and still experiencing the so-called "post-day syndrome". Studies conducted in the United States among war veterans in Vietnam showed that one physical loss in a combat situation had to be at least five losses in the post-war time.
From August 1964 to December 1972, 4118 American aircraft were shot down over Northern Vietnamese Vietnamese air defense and aircraft, incl. 1293 Sales of Soviet missiles.
A total of US $ 352 billion spent on this shameful war.
According to the former chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers A.N. Kosygina Our Assistance Vietnam during the war accounted for 1.5 million rubles. in a day.
For the period from 1953 to 1991 The assistance of the USSR Vietnam amounted to 15.7 billion dollars.
From April 1965 to December 1974 The Soviet Union put in Vietnam 95 anti-aircraft missile systems SA-75M, 7658 missiles to them, over 500 aircraft, 120 helicopters, more than 5 thousand anti-aircraft guns and 2 thousand tanks.
During this period, 6359 Soviet officers and generals and more than 4.5 thousand soldiers and sergeants took part in combat actions in Vietnam urgent serviceAt the same time, 13 people died and died from the received wounds and diseases (according to some reports 16 people).
For courage and heroism, manifested in battles in Vietnam, 2190 servicemen were awarded by Soviet battle orders and medals, incl. 7 people were presented to the rank of hero Soviet UnionBut for the reasons for the political conjuncture of the time of the Order of Lenin they were awarded without the golden stars of the hero. In addition, more than 7 thousand Soviet military specialists were awarded Vietnamese orders and medals.
(Chairman of the Presidium Moomavv N.N. Kolesnik)

Armed conflict in the 60-70s. Xx in. On the territory of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia with the participation of the United States and their allies. The war was one of the main conflicts of the Cold War.

Section Vietnam.

After the defeat of France and the withdrawal of her troops in Geneva agreements in the spring of 1954, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two parts by the demarcation line held on the 17th parallels: north where the Prommunist Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) existed, and the South, where in 1955 G. The Republic of Vietnam with the capital in Saigon was proclaimed. South Vietnam was soon under the supervision of the United States. The new government with NGO Ding Diephal relied on the support of a narrow layer of citizens associated with Western countries, and received American financial assistance. In 1956, South Vietnam, with unklassous support of the United States, refused to conduct a national referendum on the reunification of the country. The situation was included in the adopted constitution, on which any acts aimed at spreading communist ideas in the country were included. The persecution of political opponents of the regime began. The Catholic Church, along with the army, was the main support of the South Namenam regime.

At the same time, in the north of Vietnam, the communist regime, headed by Ho Chi Min, is popular among a wide layer of the population, and striving for the liberation and unification of the whole country on an anti-colonial basis.

Vietcong.

The Communists of the DRV set up sending to the south of weapons and "volunteers" on the so-called "Ho Chi Mini" trail - roads from North Vietnam through Laos and Cambodia, laid in the jungle. The authorities of these two countries could not resist the actions of the Communists. In December 1960, the National Front of the Liberation of South Vietnam, who led the partisan struggle against the South Namenam regime was established. These forces of the South Names government called Vietcong (using this term in relation to all Vietnamese communists). Soon, he already had 30 thousand fighters. Their struggle enjoyed military support for North Vietnam.

Among the poor in the population, the idea of \u200b\u200bagrarian reform conducted in Northern Vietnam was extremely popular, which led to the transition of many southern Vietnamese to the rows of partisans.

US intervention.

For the US, the offensive of the Communists in Indochier was a challenge, as it could lead to the loss of the West of control over Southeast Asia. In Washington, the "Domino" concept was popular, according to which the fall in one pro-American regime inevitably led to a change in the political situation in the whole region. By the end of 1963, 17 thousand American military advisers operated in South Vietnam. From January 1964, Saigon regime was headed by Nguyen Khan, who came to power as a result of a military coup and proclaimed the defeat of the partisans and the union of the country under his authority. But the popularity of Vietkogov citizens only increased, also grew discontent with the ruling regime, unable to cope with the situation within the country. Many southerners shared intelligence information with partisans. The situation becomes threatening.

The shelling by Vietnamese destroyers of the US Navy "Maddox" was used as a reason for widespread US intervention. On August 2, 1964, Maddox, patrolling the Tonkin Bay, approached the coast of Northern Vietnam and, as stated, was attacked by Severgatenamed torpedo boats. Two days later, in international waters, another attack was committed in unclear circumstances. At the initiative of US President L. Johnson, the US Congress adopted a resolution to protect the United States in Indochita.

Bombing of Vietnam by American aviation.

In February 1965, massive bombings of the DRV from the air and the sea began. Johnson sought to "Bed Vietnam in stone Age" For 1965-1968 More than 2.5 million air bombs were reset in Vietnam. Only by the end of 1965, rural areas of South Vietnam left 700 thousand inhabitants who became refugees. In March, 3.5 thousand American marines landed in South Vietnam to protect the air base in Danang. After three years, the number of troops reached 550 thousand people. US military operation also supported contingents from South Korea, Australia and New Zealand. Germany, the United Kingdom and Japan were solidized with the United States, but did not take direct participation in the war.

Americans could not suppress the moral spirit of the enemy, neither cut the paths of transferring help from north to south, nor crush the partisan forces in South Vietnam. To break the resistance, American troops undertake punitive operations, accompanied by burning peaceful settlements and mass extermination of residents. In March 1968, Rota Lieutenant W. Kelly interrupted almost all residents of Vietnamese villages Songmi, including women and children. This massacre caused an explosion of indignation in the United States. More Americans believed that their army acts no better than the fascists. Soon, the Americans had to go to the defense of their bases, limiting the swinging and bombing of the jungle. American aviation irrigated the jungle by the Yadohimikati, from which the vegetation covered with the guerrilla was drowned and people were ill. The bombing was often used napalm. American bomber struck not only for military facilities, but also to industrial enterprises, various infrastructure facilities: power plants, railways, bridges, river communications and petroleums. But the American "war helicopters" with the unprecedented mobility of the troops Vietnamese partisans opposed the "war of the tunnels". Their branched catacombs covered most of the Vietnam - and under the single village length of the tunnels with warehouses, bedrooms and rooms for the wounded could exceed one and a half kilometers. But this environmental war did not help.

Counteroffensive vietkogovtsev.

In January-February 1968, the partisans hit all the databases and roads of the South Vietnam, captured the major city of Hue, the ancient imperial capital, and were fighting on Saigon's streets. Dramatic events unfolded around the storming of the American Embassy building: the stubborn battle lasted six hours before the US troops, with the help of the subcompheses, managed to discard Vietkrug. It was this fact that made a shocking effect on American society, demonstrating the weakness of the Saigon regime, the American forces and the determination of the Communists. At the cost of incredible efforts, the American forces dropped the enemy's forces as a result of reinforced bombing, but by the end of 1968, about two thirds of the territory of the South Vietnam were in the hands of the Communists.

Help from the USSR and China.

Political, economic and military assistance from the Soviet Union played a major role in the current situation. Soviet deliveries to Northern Vietnam were carried out through the port of Haiphon, from bombing and mining of which the United States refrained, fearing the consequences of the death of Soviet courts. Starting from 1965, the USSR supplied equipment and ammunition for anti-air defense, tanks and heavy weapons. Soviet specialists who studied Vietkogovtsev were widely involved.

China in turn sent troops to Northern Vietnam with a number from 30 to 50 thousand people engaged in the restoration of roads and railway tracks, and also supplied food, weapontrucks. At the same time, both of the most important ally of Northern Vietnam adhered to different views on the strategy of war. The Chinese, based on their own experience, advocated a "protracted war", for focusing on the partisan shares, held in the south predominantly Vietcong. The Soviet Union pushed Vietnam to the negotiations and the same indirectly supported the idea of \u200b\u200blarge-scale hostilities by the main forces of Northern Vietnam, capable of creating favorable conditions for achieving agreements.

Changing the US strategy.

War in Vietnam became increasingly unpopular in the United States. Anti-mental rallies, mined in the collision between students and the police, were accepted across the country. President L. Johnson was forced to take a course of negotiations with the DRV, but they were delayed due to the principal position of the DRV and the National Front, who demanded the evacuation of American troops and shifts of the government in Saigon. The failure of the negotiations and the continuation of the war led to the refusal of President Johnson from nominating his candidacy for the next term.

Given the "lessons of Vietnam", the republican government, headed by R. Nixon at the end of the 60s. Course to modify the Asian US strategy. The proclamation of the "Guam Doctrine", or "Nixon Doctrine" reflected the intention of the new US leadership to preserve its predominant influence in Vietnam, using the methods corresponding to the changed conditions.

With regard to the South Vietnam, the revision of the American strategy was expressed in conducting a strategy of the so-called "Vietnamization" associated with a phased reduction in the number of US forces participating in hostilities. The main burden of political and military responsibility in the struggle against the forces of the revolutionary liberation was shifted in Saigon rulers. At the same time, as believed in Washington, the main goal was achieved - the preservation of the American influence in Vietnam. The "Vietnamization" strategy assumed to reduce the level of losses in American troops and thereby protect the United States from criticism from the American and international public opinion.

One of the most important component parts This strategy was the "pacification" of the South Names peasants, among whom the rebels were drawn. The Americans tried to strike the rear of the revolution and destroy the roots of the liberation struggle of the South Names. To achieve these goals, the United States used almost the entire military arsenal, including B-52 bombers and pesticides. Under the guidance of American instructors, the Army of Southern Vietnam was strengthened, which was entrusted with the main load of war. At the same time, the Paris peace negotiations continued. To render pressure, R. Nixon ordered in May 1972 to minister the North-Vietnamese ports. This in Washington was calculated to completely prevent the delivery of Soviet military and economic assistance to Northern Vietnam.

The bombing of the DRV territory was also strengthened. In response, the fighting operations of the rebels against the American and South Troops were activated. On January 27, 1973, in Paris, agreements on the termination of war and the restoration of peace in Vietnam were paraffin. According to the terms of the agreement of the United States and DRV, their troops from South Vietnam were derived from South Vietnam. DRV promised not to direct weapons and "volunteers" in South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. The distinction between the Northern and South Vietnam was still held on the 17th parallel, while his temporary character was emphasized. These countries had to be free elections. But after the resignation of Nixon's president in 1974, the United States sharply reduced its help to the allied regimes in Indochier, which led to the fall of the Government of the South Vietnam.

The decisive offensive of Vietkogovtsev.

In the spring of 1975, local communists who received great assistance from the USSR, China and the DRV agreements, were transferred to the rapid offensive in Laos, Cambodia and South Vietnam. In Cambodia, the extremist communist group of "Red Khemorov" came to power. In December, the People's Democratic Republic of Laos led by the Communists was proclaimed. April 30, the forces of the National Front mastered Saigon. A year later, elections to the National Assembly were held throughout Vietnam, who proclaimed on July 2, 1976, the reunion of the North and the South into the Unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam with the capital in Hanoi. The city of Saigon was soon renamed Ho Chi Min, in memory of the founder and president of the DRV.

The defeat of the United States in Vietnam became the largest failure of America during the Cold War. In war, more than 50 thousand American soldiers died. Mass anti-war movement led to the appearance, so-called. "Vietnamese syndrome", i.e. Distribution of the idea of \u200b\u200brefusal of war, as a means of solving conflicts. Also in literature and cinema, the syndrome was widely paid to the "syndrome", pursuing tens of thousands of soldiers and officers who visited Vietnam and experienced psychological difficulties in returning to a peaceful life. For Northern Vietnam, military losses amounted to more than 1 million people, and for the southern - about 250 thousand people.

On August 5, 1964, American military aircraft made a raid on the base of the torpedo boats off the coast of Northern Vietnam. This day is considered the first in the history of Vietnam air war. Ten years before this event, in 1954, Vietnam was freed from the French colonists. In accordance with the Geneva Agreement, the country was divided into two parts - North and South. In 1960, an armed conflict began between them. For several years he has grown into a large-scale war.

Causes of the Vietnam War

In the north of the country managed communist Party led by Ho Shi Min. The puppet government of South Vietnam extended hands for American military assistance. So the interests of the USSR and the United States in Southeast Asia were signed. The United States planned to surround the USSR around the perimeter by countries that would be configured by pro-American. To them already treated Pakistan and South Korea. Mixed North Vietnam. Without it, Americans lost an advantage in this region.

President Kennedy gave an order about entering troops to South Vietnam. By 1964, their number was more than 20,000 people. In February 1965, Hanoi, the chairman of the Council of Ministers A.N. Kosyugin promised to Northern Vietnam Soviet military assistance. However, the Soviet Union did not openly get into the conflict. Therefore, Soviet specialists who arrived there in the spring of 1965, on all securities were civilians. They are long years Keeping silence.

Stages of the Vietnam War

Under the curtain of secrecy in North Vietnam, ten Soviet military centers of the air defense troops were deployed. The main task was to prepare racket-Vietnamese. So covered the sky, providing victory on Earth. The Americans knew about the presence of Soviet specialists, but until the time they treated this fact condescending. The feeling of complete impunity passed after American aircraft began to be born in Vietnamese (and in essence - Soviet) air defense. Fights went daily.

Soviet experts have developed their tactics - shooting from ambush. A blow to the opponent's aircraft - and immediately departure to another, pre-prepared position in the jungle. The loss of American aviation reached 25%. To the aid of the Americans, the sponge rocket "Shraik" came to the work of the work of anti-aircraft installations in a matter of seconds. War in Vietnam has become a kind of polygon for testing different species Weapons, including the Konthorn.

For 9 years of war, about 500 air battles were conducted and 350 American aircraft were shot down. Losses of the Vietnamese side - 131 plane. During all this time, almost 800 American pilots were captured. Contrary to the established legend, no one torture them and did not contain in terrible conditions, and the Soviet intelligence officers did not fit them closely. For the entire period of the military campaign, US aviation lost more than 4500 fighters and bombers. It was almost half of the entire air fleet of America.

The Army of Northern Vietnam almost 70% was provided with weapons of Soviet production. Deliveries passed through China, where at that time the "cultural revolution" was going. By the beginning of the 70s, America began to resemble the drunk beast. Public opinion required to bring troops. Soldiers died thousands. Numerous protest demonstrations often ended with the battles with the police. Reservists even burned their agenda. President Nixon hesitated: he gave orders to stop bombing, then resume them. Americans wanted to keep her face.

Results of the Vietnam War

On January 27, 1973, an agreement was signed between Hanoi and Washington on the cease-fire. The withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam began. The most modern at that time the army of the world suffered defeat. 60,000 dead soldiers and hundreds of thousands of cripples - such a terrible result of this war. Almost 300 billion dollars took war on the war.

Became one of essential events Period cold War. The course and the results of it largely predetermined the further development of events in all Southeast Asia.

The armed struggle in Indochita lasted over 14 years, from the end of 1960 to April 30, 1975. The US Direct Military Intervention in the affairs of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam continued for more than eight years. Military actions also took place in a number of Laos and Cambodia regions.

In March 1965, 3,500 marines were planted in Danang, and in February 1968, the US troops in Vietnam had already numbered 543 thousand people and a large number of military equipment that were 30% of the combat composition of the US Army, 30% of Army Aviation Helicopters, about 40% Tactical aircraft, almost 13% of shock aircraft carriers and 66% of the marines. After the Conference in Honolulu in February 1966, the heads of the US Allied Countries on the SEATO block were sent to South Vietnam Troops: South Korea - 49 thousand people, Thailand - 13.5 thousand, Australia - 8 thousand, Philippines - 2 thousand and New Zealand - 350 people.

The USSR and China performed on the side of Northern Vietnam, providing him with broad economic, technical and military assistance. Only from the Soviet Union by 1965, DRV received free or in the form of loans 340 million rubles. For VN, weapons, ammunition and other material means were supplied. Soviet military specialists helped military warriors to master the combat technique.

In 1965-1666, American-Saigon troops (over 650 thousand people) have taken a major offensive with the aim of capturing the cities of playing, the contamos, to launch the power of the NFO, press them to the borders of Laos and Cambodia and destroy. At the same time, they widely used incendiary products, chemical and biological weapons. However, the JSC of the South Africa disguised the opponent's offensive, expanding active actions in various parts of South Vietnam, including those adjacent to Saigon.

With the beginning of the dry season of 1966-1967, the American command launched a second major offensive. Parts of JSC Yow, skillfully maneuvering, left under blows, suddenly attacked the enemy from flanks and rear, widely using night actions, underground tunnels, messages and shelter. Under the blows of JSC YAV, American-Saigon troops were forced to go to the defense, although by the end of 1967 their total numbers already exceeded 1.3 million people. The NFO armed forces at the end of January 1968 themselves switched to the overall offensive. 10 infantry divisions were participated in it, several separate regiments, a large number of battalions and the mouth of regular troops, partisan detachments (up to 300 thousand people), as well as the local population - only about one million fighters. Attacks were simultaneously 43 most major cities South Vietnam, including Saigon (Ho Chi Minim), 30 most important airbases and airfields. As a result of the 45-day attack, the enemy lost more than 150 thousand people, 2,200 aircraft and helicopters, 5,250 military vehicles, 233 ship were surf and damaged.

In the same period, the American command launched a large-scale "air war" against the DRV. Up to one thousand combat aircraft applied massive blows on the objects of the DRV. In 1964-1973, over two million aircraft were committed above its territory, 7.7 million tons of bombs were reset. But the bet on the "Air War" failed. The Government of the DRV conducted a massive evacuation of the population of cities in the jungle and shelter, created in the mountains. Sun DRV, having mastered the supersonic fighters received from the USSR, anti-aircraft missile systems, radio engineers, created a reliable system of the country's air defense system, which destroyed by the end of 1972 to four thousand American aircraft.

In June 1969, the Congress of People's Representatives of Southern Vietnam proclaimed the formation of the Republic of South Vietnam (Rüv). In February 1968, the Defense Army was transformed into folk armed forces of the liberation of South Vietnam (NVSO YUV).

Large defeats in South Vietnam, the failure of the "Air War" forced the US government in May 1968 to begin negotiations on the peaceful settlement of the Vietnamese problem and agree to the cessation of bombardments and shelling of the territory of the Rüv.

The US administration since the summer of 1969 took the course to "Vietnamization", or "Deamerication", the war in South Vietnam. By the end of 1970, 210 thousand American soldiers and officers were replaced from South Vietnam, and the number of Saigon army was brought to 1.1 million people. The United States handed it almost all the heavy weapons of derived American troops.

In January 1973, the US government signed an agreement on the termination of the War in Vietnam (Paris Agreement), which assumed the complete conclusion of the troops and military personnel of the United States and their allies from South Vietnam, dismantling the American military bases, the mutual return of prisoners of war and retained foreign civilians.

In the war in Vietnam, up to 2.6 million American soldiers and officers equipped with a large number of modern military equipment participated. US expenses at war reached $ 352 billion. In the course of its American army lost 60 thousand people killed and over 300 thousand wounded, about 9 thousand aircraft and helicopters, a large number of other military equipment. After the withdrawal of American troops from South Vietnam in Saigon under the guise of "civilians" over 10 thousand US military advisers remained. US military assistance to Saigon regime in 1974-1975 amounted to more than four billion dollars.

In 1973-1974, the Saigon army stepped up fighting. Her troops regularly conducted a large number of so-called "operations of pacification", the Air Force systematically bombarded areas in the zone of controlling the RUV government. At the end of March 1975, the command of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam concentrated all the remaining forces for Sigon's defense. In April 1975, as a result of the lightning operation, "Ho Chi Minh", the Northwesthenemian troops defeated the remaining union of the South Namenamy army and traded all South Vietnam.

The successful completion of the War in Vietnam allowed in 1976 to unite the DRV and RUV into a single state - Socialist Republic Vietnam.

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