General biology 

The largest guerrilla troops of the Second World War. Partisan traffic during the Great Patriotic War

The partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War was massive. Residents of the occupied territories thousands went into the partisans in order to fight the invader. Their courage and coordinated actions against the enemy have greatly loosen him, which influenced the course of the war and brought the Soviet Union a great victory.

The partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War is a massive phenomenon in the occupied fascist Germany of the USSR territory, which was characterized by the struggle of people living on the captured lands of the Wehrmacht forces.

Partisans are the main part of the anti-fascist movement, resistance to the Soviet people. Their actions, contrary to many judgments, were not chaotic - large partisan detachments were subordinate to the management bodies of the Red Army.

The main tasks of the partisans were in violation of the automotive, air and railway communication of the enemy, as well as in the undermining work of communication lines.

Interesting! For 1944, over one million partisans operated on the territory of the occupied lands.

During the offensive of the USSR, partisans joined the regular troops of the Red Army.

The beginning of the partisan war

Now it is well aware of what role the partisans played in the Great Patriotic War. The partisan brigades began to organize in the first weeks of hostilities when the Red Army retreated with huge losses.

The main objectives of the resistance movement were set forth in the documents dated June 29 of the first year of war. On September 5, we developed a wide list where the main tasks were formulated to combat the rear of the German troops.

In 1941, a special motorized rifle brigade was created, which played the most important importance in the development of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War. Separate sabotage groups (as a rule, several dozen people) specifically threw the enemy in the rear to replenish the rows of partisan groupings.

The formation of partisan detachments was caused by cruel Nazi orders, as well as the export of civilians from the territory of the occupied enemy to Germany for heavy work.

In the first months of the War, the partisan detachments were extremely small, since most of the people occupied the waiting position. Initially, no one supplied partisan detachments with weapons and ammunition, and therefore their role at the beginning of the war was extremely small.

At the beginning of the fall of 1941, communication with the partisans in the deep rear improved significantly - the movement of partisan detachments was significantly intensified and began to wear a more organized order. At the same time, the interaction of partisans with regular troops improved Soviet Union (USSR) - they participated together in battles.

Often, the leaders of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War, the ordinary peasants who did not have military training were faced. Later, the rate sent their own officers to command detachments.

In the first months of the war, the partisans were shot down into small detachments to several dozen people. Already after less than six months, the fighters in the detachments began to withdraw hundreds of fighters. When the Red Army passed into the offensive of the detachments turned into whole brigades with thousands of defenders of the Soviet Union.

The largest detachments arose in the districts of Ukraine and Belarus, where the oppression of the Germans was particularly severe.

Principal activities of PARTIZAN'S MOVEMENT

An important role in organizing the work of the resistance detachments was the creation of the headquarters of the partisan movement (CSWP). Stalin was appointed to the post of the commander of the resistance of Marshal Voroshilov, who believed that their support is the key strategic goal of ka.

In small partisan detachments, there was no heavy weapons - a light weapon dominated: rifles;

  • rifles;
  • pistols;
  • automata;
  • grenades;
  • manual machine guns.

Large brigades have a mortar and other heavy weapons, which allowed them to fight against enemy tanks.

The partisan and underground movement in the years of the Great Patriotic War seriously undermined the work of the German rear, reducing the fighting efficiency of the Wehrmacht on the lands of Ukraine and the Belarusian SSR.

Partizan detachment in the destroyed Minsk, photo 1944

The guerrilla brigades were mainly engaged in undermining railway tracks, bridges and echelons, making a quick transfer of troops, ammunition and provisions for long distances are not productive.

Groups that were engaged in disruptive work were in service with powerful explosives such operations were led by officers from the specialized parts of the Red Army.

The main task of the partisans during the fighting was to not give the Germans to prepare defense, undermine the martial spirit and apply to the rear of such a damage from which it was difficult to recover. The undermining of communications is predominantly railways, bridges, killing officers, deprivation of communication and much more seriously helped in the fight against the enemy. A confusing enemy could not resist, and the Red Army won.

Initially small (about 30 people), partisan detachment divisions took part in large-scale offensive operations. soviet troops. Then, whole brigades were poured into the rows of ka, the reserves of the troops weakened by the battles.

As a conclusion, you can briefly allocate basic ways to fight resistance teams:

  1. Sabotage work (in the rear german army Pogroms were performed) in any form - especially in relation to enemy trains.
  2. Intelligence and counterintelligence.
  3. Propaganda for the benefit of the Communist Party.
  4. Combat assistance to the forces of the Red Army.
  5. The liquidation of the Motherland - called collaborators.
  6. The destruction of the enemy combat composition and officers.
  7. Mobilization of civilians.
  8. Maintaining Soviet power in the occupied areas.

Legalization of the movement of partisan

The formation of partisan detachments was controlled by the command of the Red Army - the rate understood that the sabotage work in the enemy's rear and other actions would seriously spoil the life of the German army. The rate contributed to the armed struggle of partisans with the Nazi invaders, significantly resulted in the victory under Stalingrad.

If until 1942, mortality in partisan detachments reached 100%, then by 1944 it fell to 10%.

Separate brigades partisans were managed by the highest manual directly. In the ranks of such brigades, specially trained specialists in sabotage activities were also held, whose task was to study and organize less trained fighters.

The party support has significantly strengthened the power of the detachments, and therefore the actions of the partisans were sent to the profog of the Red Army. During any offensive operation The enemy had to expect a blow from the rear.

Signal operations

The forces of resistance were held hundreds, or even thousands of operations in order to undermine the combat capability of the enemy. The most remarkable of them was the combat operation "Concert".

More than one hundred thousand warriors participated in this operation and it was held in a huge area: in Belarus, Crimea, on the Baltic States, in Leningrad region etc.

The main goal is to destroy the enemy rail communication so that it cannot replenish reserves and supplies during the battle for the Dnieper.

As a result, the efficiency of railways decreased on a catastrophic for the enemy 40%. The operation ceased due to the lack of explosives - with a larger guest partisans could cause greasely significant harm.

After the victory over the enemy on the Dnipro River, the partisans began to participate massively in large operations, starting in 1944.

Geography and scale

Resistance troops were collected in those areas where there were thick forests, beams and swamps. In the steppe regions, the Germans easily wanted a guerrilla and destroyed. In unparalleled areas, they were protected from the numerical advantage of the German.

One of the large centers of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War was in Belarus.

Belarusian partisans in the forests were horrified on the enemy, attacking suddenly, when the Germans could not repel the attack, and after also imperceptibly disappeared.

Initially, the position of the partisan was extremely deplorable. However, the victory near Moscow, and after and the winter offensive significantly raised their morale. After the liberation of the capital of Belarus, a partisan parade occurred.

No less large-scale resistance movement in Ukraine, especially in the Crimea.

The cruel attitude of the Germans to the Ukrainian people forced people to massively leave the rows of resistance. However, here the partisan resistance had its own characteristic features.

Very often, the movement was directed not only to the struggle against the fascists, but also against Soviet power. This was especially manifested in the territory of Western Ukraine, the local population was seen by the invasion of the Germans as liberation from the Bolshevik regime, and massively switched to the side of Germany.

Participants in the partisan movement became national heroes, for example, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who died at the age of 18 in German captivity, becoming the Soviet Jeanne d'Ark.

The struggle of the population against fascist Germany was in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Karelia and other regions.

The most ambitious operation conducted by the resistance fighters was the so-called "rail war". In August 1943, large sabotage formations were shipped to the enemy's rear, which tens of thousands of rails were undermined. In total, during the operation, more than two hundred thousand rails were undermined - Hitler seriously underestimated the resistance of the Soviet people.

As mentioned above, the "Concert" operation was important, which followed after the "Rail War" and is associated with the onset of the forces of ka.

The attacks of the partisans took a massive character (the warring groups were presented on all fronts) the enemy could not objectively and quickly react - the German troops were in panic.

In turn, it caused the executions of the population that had assisted partisans - the fascists destroyed whole villages. Such actions prompted even more people in the ranks of resistance.

Results and meaning of the partisan war

Completely evaluating the contribution of partisans to the victory over the enemy is very difficult, but all historians agree that he was extremely weighty. Still in history, the movement of resistance did not gain such a massive nature - millions of civilians began to stand for their homeland and brought her victory.

Resistance fighters not only undermined railways, warehouses and bridges - they were captured by the Germans and passed them by Soviet intelligence, so that she had learned the plans of the enemy.

The arms of the resistance was seriously undermined by the defense ability of the Wehrmacht forces on the territory of Ukraine and Belarus, which simplified the offensive and reduced losses in the rows of ka.

Children-partisans

Separate attention deserves such a phenomenon as children-partisans. Boys of school age wanted to fight the invader. Among such heroes should be allocated:

  • Valentine Kitty;
  • Marat Kaza;
  • Vanya Kazachenko;
  • Vitya Sitnica;
  • Olya Demes;
  • Alyosha Vyglov;
  • Zina Portorova;
  • Pavlik Titov and others.

The young men and girls were engaged in intelligence, supplied brigades with supplies and water, fought in battle against the enemy, undermined the tanks - they did everything to drive fascists. By children-partisans, the times of the Great Patriotic War did not less than adults. Many of them died and received the title of "Hero of the Soviet Union."

Heroes of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War

Hundreds of participants of the resistance movement became the "Heroes of the Soviet Union" - some twice. Among such figures, I would like to highlight Sidora Kovpak - the commander of the partisan detachment who fought in Ukraine.

Sidor Kovpak was the man who inspired the people to oppose the enemy. He was a warlord of the largest junction of partisans in Ukraine and under his beginning thousands of Germans were killed. In 1943, for its effective actions against the enemy, the Kovpak gave the title of Major General.

Next to him is to put Fedorov Alexey, also commanded a major compound. Fedorov acted in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. He was one of the most wanted partisans. Fedorov made a huge contribution to the development of tactics partisan Warwho used in the next years.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is one of the most famous female partisans, also became the first woman who received the title of "Hero of the Soviet Union". During one of the operations, she captured and heated, but before the end showed bravery and did not give out the plans of the Soviet command. The girl went to the saboteurs despite the words of the commander that 95% of the entire composition would die during operations. She was instructed by the task burn ten settlementsin which German soldiers were based. The heroine could not fully fulfill the order, since during the next arson, a resident of the village noted, who passed the girl to the Germans.

Zoya became symbols of fascism resistance - its image was used not only in Soviet propaganda. The news of the Soviet partisan reached Burma, where she also became a national hero.

Awards to participants of partisan detachments

Since resistance played an important role in the victory over the Germans, a special award was established - the "Partizan Patriotic War" medal.

First degree awards were awarded to fighters often posthumously. This applies, above all, those partisans who were not afraid to act in the first year of the war, while in the deep rear without any support for the forces of ka.

As the heroes of war, the partisans appeared in many Soviet films dedicated to military topics. Among the key films can be allocated as follows:

"Climbing" (1976).
"Konstantin barriers" (1949).
The trilogy "Duma about the Kovpak", which was published from 1973 to 1976.
"Parisans in the steppes of Ukraine" (1943).
"In the forests under the covery" (1984) and many others.
The aforementioned sources say that the films about the partisans began to shoot and during the fighting - it was necessary that people support this movement and entered into the ranks of resistance fighters.

In addition to movies, the partisans became heroes and many songs, ballads that covered their feats and carried the message about them among the people.

Now the names of the famous partisans are named streets, parks, thousands of monuments for all CIS countries have been established and beyond. A vivid example is Burma, where the feat of Zoe Kosmodemyanskaya is.

Since the time of Khrushchev "thaw", some historians thoughtfully seeded and "cultivated" to this day one "terrible and terrible" myth. About how a barrier squad, originally created with a well-defined, reasonable and decent purpose, now turned into a horrorist.

What it is?

The very concept of this military formation is very blurry, it reads, in particular, about "performing certain tasks on a certain section of the front." Under this, it is possible to understand even the formation of a separate platoon as the composition, so the number and task of the barriers of the barrier throughout the war have repeatedly changed. When did the first barrage squad appeared?

History of origin

It should be remembered that in 1941 the legendary NKVD was divided into two diverse objects: the Committee of the Interior and the Department of State Security (NKGB). Counterintelligence, from which the progroms, was allocated from the team of the internal affairs. At the end of July 1941, a special directive was published on work in war timeAfter which the formation of special parts began.

It was then that the very first barrage squad was created, whose task was to desert deserters and "suspicious elements" in the front-line strip. There were no "focusing right" of these formations, they could only delay the "element" followed by the conventionation of it into the authorities.

Again, when both departments were again united, the barrage detachment was under the jurisdiction of the NKVD. But then there was no special "sending": members of the formations could arrest deserters. IN special casesTo which only episodes of armed resistance were related, they had the right to execution. In addition, special detachments were supposed to fight traitors, shorts, panickers. The order of the NKVD No. 00941 dated July 19, 1941 was then the special companies and battalions, equipped with the Troops of the NKVD, were created.

What function did they perform?

It is these barrier detachments in the Second World War played the most significant role. Again, there were no "mass executions" in their conduct: these divisions were to create defensive frontiers For protection against the German counterattacks and delay (!) Deserters with their crossing them in the investigating authorities over the next 12 hours.

If a person just lagged behind his part (in 1941 it was a normal thing), his, again, no one was shot. In this case, there were two options: or the soldier was sent to the same part, or more often) they strengthened the nearest military union.

In addition, barrier detachments in the Second World War played the role of "filter", through which people who escaped from German captivity, and those personalities in the front line, the testimony of which caused doubts. There is a case when such a detachment caught a group of German spies ... on paper clips! Commandants noticed that the "seconded Soviet soldiers" on the documents (ideal, to the word) were new stainless metal clips! So it is not necessary to consider the fighters by the killers and sadists. But this is how many modern sources are depicting them ...

Fighting banditry and the role of the 33rd progrom

One of the tasks for some reason "forget" some categories of historians was a struggle against banditry, which in some regions received frankly threatening scales. So, for example, a 33 barrier detachment (North-West Front) showed itself.

Especially the company isolated from the composition Baltic Fleet.. Even several armored cars were "added" to her. This squad acted in Estonian forests. The situation in those edges was serious: deserters in local parts were practically no, but the army prevented the local divisions of the Nazis. Small gangs constantly attacked small detachments of military personnel and civilians.

Estonian events

As soon as the "narrow specialists" from the NKVD joined the game, the progress of the gangsters quickly faded. In July 1941, there were barrier detachments that participated in the stripping of the island of Wirtsu, beaten as a result of the Kontrudar of the Red Army. Also, the detected German outpost was completely destroyed. Many gangsters were neutralized, a profascular organization was defeated in Tallinn. Participated groups and intelligence activities participated. Already mentioned by us, the formation that operated "on behalf of the Baltic Fleet was presented to the foundations of Germans their own aviation.

During the battle for Tallinn, the same magazine participated in the hardest battle, covering (and not shooting) retreating soldiers and chopping the counterattack of the Germans. On August 27, there was a terrible fight, during which our people repeatedly discarded the opponent's opponent. Only at the expense of their heroism was the possible organized retreat.

During these battles, more than 60% of the entire personnel of a barrier detachment was killed, including commanders. Agree, it is not very similar to the image of a "cowardly commandant", hiding behind the backs of his soldiers. Subsequently, the same formation participated in the fight against Kronstadt's gangsters.

The Directory of Commander-in-Chief of September 1941

Why did such a bad fame appear in barrier parts? The thing is that September 1941 was marked by an extremely difficult position at the front. The formation of special detachments in those parts that managed to establish themselves as "unstable" were allowed. In just a week, this practice has spread to the entire front. And what, there are thousands of non-clear soldiers? Of course not!

Submitted these detachments were in service with transport and heavy technique. The main task is to maintain order, assisting the command of parts. Members of barrier detachments had the right to use combat weapons in cases where it was necessary to urgently stop the retreat or eliminate the most malicious panickers. But it happened rarely.

Varieties

Thus, there were two categories of plunders: one consisted of the fighters of the NKVD and caught the deserters, and the second one was prevented by the independent leaving of the position. The latter had significantly largerSince they consisted of redarmeys, and not fighters of internal troops. And even in this case, their members had the right only to the shooting of individual panickers! Nobody has never worked as a major soldier! Moreover, if a counterattack happened, it was the "beasts of barrier detachments" it was the entire blow to themselves, allowing fighters to organize to retreat.

Results of work

If you judge in 1941, these parts (33 of the 33 bargaining detachment were especially distinguished) detained about 657,334 people. Officially arrested 25,878 people. Shooted by the sentence of the military field court 10 201 of the person. All others were again sent to the front.

A considerable role of barrier troops played in the defense of Moscow. Since the combat-ready parts for the protection of the city itself simply disastrously lacked, the personnel fighters of the NKVD were literally on the weight of gold, they organized competent defensive frontiers. In some cases, barrier troops were created on the local initiative of the authorities and internal affairs bodies.

On July 28, 1942, the rate issues an unsolicited order No. 227 NPO. He prescribed the creation of individual detachments in the rear of unstable parts. As in the past case, the fighters had the right to execute only individual panickers and panties who left their position in battle. The detachments were provided to all necessary transport, they put the most capable commanders in their chapter. There were also separate barrier battalions at the division level.

The results of hostilities of the 63rd progrom

By mid-October 1942, they managed to create 193 army detachments. By this time, they managed to delay 140,755 redarmeys. 3980 of them were arrested, 1189 servicemen were shot. All the rest were sent in penciles. The Don and Stalingrad directions were the most severe, the increased number of arrests and detentions was recorded here. But it is "little things." It is much more important that such parts provided real assistance to their colleagues in the most critical moments of the battle.

So 63 barrage detachment (53 army) showed itself, having come to the aid of its part, to which he was "seconded". He forced the Germans to stop counteroffensive. What conclusions from this follow? Simple enough.

The role of these connections in the guidance of order was very large, they also managed to return the considerable number of servicemen back to the front. So, one day 29 Rifle division, in which the coming German tanks managed to break through the flank, the retreat began in a panic. The Lieutenant of the NKVD Filatov at the head of his department stopped the running, together with them going to combat positions.

In an even more difficult situation, the barrier part under the command of the same Filatov gave the opportunity to retreat the fighters of a strongly embossed rifle division, the fight itself began to fight with a breaking opponent, forcing him to retreat.

Who were they?

In critical situations, the fighters did not shoot their own, and competently organized defense and headed the offensive. So, a case is known when the 112th Infantry Division, in the hardest battles lose almost 70% (!) His personnel, received an order for the retreat. Instead of them, a barrier detachment of Lieutenant Chucks, which four days held his position, making it up to the reinforcement approach.

The same case is the defense of the "PSA NKVD" of the Stalingrad Station. Despite its number, which was significantly inferior to German, they held the positions of the 10th Rifle Division for several days and waited for the approach of the 10th Rifle Division.

Thus, barrier detachments are the detachments of the "last chance". If the fighters of the linear part are unmotivated to leave their positions, members of the barrage battalion will stop them. If a military connection carries the hardest losses in battle with superior opponents, "barriers" give them the opportunity to retreat and continue the battle. Simply put, barrier detachments are military units of the USSR, during the battle, playing the role of defensive "bastions". Parts composed of the NKVD troops, among other things, could have identified the German agents and deserters. When did their work been completed?

End of work

Order of October 29, 1944, barrier detachments in the Red Army were disbanded. If the personal composition was taken from conventional linear parts, similar compounds were formed. The NKVD fighters were sent to special "volatile squads", whose activities were in the targeted catch of bandits. Deserters by that time had almost no. Since the personnel of many plunders was dialed out of the best (!) Fighters of their parts, these people were also often sent for further studies, forming a new backbone of the Soviet Army.

Thus, the "bloodthirsty" of such parts is nothing more than a stupid and dangerous myth who insults the memory of people who freed the captured fascist troops countries.

One of the most terrible myths of World War II is associated with the existence in the Red Army of Podgotranschanges. Often in modern TV series about war you can see the scenes with gloomy personalities in the blue caps of the NKVD troops, shot from the machine guns of wounded fighters coming out of battle. Showing it, the authors take a great sin on the soul. No one from researchers managed to find a single fact in the archives in confirmation of this.

What was?

Barrifying detachments appeared in the Red Army from the first days of the war. Such formations were created by military counterintelligence in the face first of the 3rd departments of the NGO of the USSR, and from July 17, 1941 - the management of special departments of the NKVD of the USSR and subordinate bodies in the troops.

As the main tasks of special departments for the period of war by the Resolution State Committee Defense was defined by "decisive struggle with espionage and betrayal in the units of the Red Army and the elimination of desertion in directly the front-line strip." They received the right arrest of deserters, and in the necessary cases and executed them in place.

To ensure operational activities in special departments in accordance with the order of the People's Commissar of the Interior L.P. Beria by July 25, 1941 were formed: in divisions and corps - separate small rifle plates, in the armies - separate small rifle companies, in fronts - separate rifle battalions. Using them, special departments organized a barrier service, exposing ambushes, posts and doses on the roads, ways of refugees and other communications. Each detainees commander, red-Armenian, the redflower was checked. If he was recognized by the battle on the battlefield, he was subject to immediate arrest, and it began to be operational (no more than 12-hour) consequence for legend to the court of the military tribunal as a deserter. Special departments were charged with the obligation to enforce the sentences of military tribunals, including in order. In "Especially exceptional cases, when the situation requires decisive measures to immediately restore order at the front," the head of the special department had the right to shoot deserters on the spot, which was supposed to be immediately conveyed to the special department of the army and the front (fleet). Terms of servicemen who have retired from the part on an objective reason are organized, accompanied by a representative of a special department sent to the headquarters of the nearest division.

The stream of military personnel, who retired from their parts in a kaleidoscope of battles, when leaving numerous environments, and even deliberately deserted, was huge. Only from the beginning of the war and on October 10, 1941, operational departments of special departments and barrier detachments of the NKVD troops detained more than 650 thousand fighters and commanders. IN total mass The German agent was easily dissolved. So, in the winter-spring-in-spring, 1942, a group of the Lazutchikov had a task to physically eliminate the command of Western and Kalinin fronts, including the commander of the generals of G. K. Zhukov and I.S. Konev.

Special departments with difficulty coped with this amount of affairs. The situation required the creation special piecesthat would be directly involved in the prevention of unauthorized waste of troops from the positions occupied, the return of the sentenced servicemen in their parts and divisions and detention of deserters.

The first initiative of this kind showed a military command. After turning the commander of the Bryansk Front of Lieutenant General A.I. Eremenko to Stalin On September 5, 1941, he was allowed to create barrier detachments in the "unstable" divisions, where there were cases of leaving combat positions without an order. A week later, this practice was spreading on the Rifle Divisions of the Red Army.

These barrier troops (numerical to the battalion) had no attitude towards the NKVD troops, they acted as part of the RKKA rifle divisions, were completed at the expense of their personnel and submitted to their commanders. At the same time, along with them there were magnitude, formed by either by the military special departments, or the territorial bodies of the NKVD. A characteristic example is a barrier detachments formed in October 1941 of the NKVD of the USSR, which, according to the GKO decree, took a special protection area adjacent to Moscow, from the west and south of Kalinin - Rzhev - Mozhaisk - Tula - Kolomna - Kashira. The first results have shown how necessary these measures were. Only in two weeks from October 15 to October 28, 1941, more than 75 thousand soldiers were detained in the Moscow zone.

From the very beginning, barrier formations, regardless of their departmental subordination, were not focused on the leadership of the Claims and arrests. Meanwhile, today in the press you have to deal with similar accusations; Zagradotardovs are sometimes called punishers. But here are the numbers. Of the more than 650 thousand military personnel detained by October 10, 1941, about 26 thousand people were arrested after the inspection, among which special departments were numerical: spies - 1505, diversans - 308, traitors - 2621, panties and panickers - 2643, Deserters - 8772, provisions of provocative rumors - 3987, Self-Wershits - 1671, others - 4371 people. 10201 people were shot, including in front of the building - 3321 people. The overwhelming number is more than 632 thousand people, i.e. More than 96%, were returned to the front.

As the front line stabilized, the activities of the barrier formations turned out to be collapsed. The new impetus was given to her order No. 227.

Created in accordance with it plotteries of up to 200 people consisted of fighters and commanders of the Red Army, nor the form nor weapons differ from the rest of the RKKE servicemen. Each of them had the status of a separate military unit and submitted not to the command of the division, for whose combat orders was located, and the command of the army through the NKVD. Leaded a squad of the state security officer.

In total by October 15, 1942, 193 barrier detachments were functioning in parts of the army. First of all, the Stalin's order was carried out, of course, on the southern flank of the Soviet-German front. Almost every fifth detachment - 41 units - were formed in the Stalingrad direction.

Initially, in accordance with the requirements of the Commissar of Defense on Barrifying Tits, it was obliged to prevent the unauthorized waste of linear parts. However, in practice, the circle of combat affairs, which they did, turned out to be wider.

"Barrifying detachments," said the army general P. N. Leschenko, who was on the publication of the order No. 227, the deputy chief of the headquarters of the 60th Army, was to remove from the advanced, covered troops from the rear from the saboteurs and the enemy landing, detained deserters, which Unfortunately, were; They guided order on crossings, directed by the soldiers who were fighting off their units. "

As many participants in the war are evidenced, the progroms existed not everywhere. According to Marshal of the Soviet Union, D. T. Jazova, they were generally absent on a number of fronts operating in the North and North-West directions.

The critics and versions are not maintained, as if plotters "Karaulili" penalty parts. The company commander of the 8th separate penalty battalion of the 1st Belorussian front Colonel in resignation A. V. Pultsyn, who fought from 1943 to the victory itself, claims: "For our battalion, under no circumstances there were no progressants, and others were not applied. Easy measures. It just never had such a need for it. "

Famous Writer Hero of the Soviet Union V.V. Karpov, who fought in the 45th separate penalty number at the Kalininsky front, also denies the presence of plunders for combat orders of their part.

Really, the appendices of the army progress train were located at a distance of 1.5-2 km from the advanced, intercepting communications in the nearest rear. They did not specialize in the flocks, but checked and detained everyone, whose stay outside the military unit caused suspicion.

Did the boiling orders apply the weapons to prevent unauthorized waste of linear parts from occupied positions? This aspect of their combat activities is sometimes highlighted extremely speculatively.

According to the documents, it can be seen how the combat practice of barrier detachments was seen in one of the most stressful periods of the war, in the summer - in the summer of 1942. From August 1 (moment of formation) on October 15, 140755 soldiers were detained, "escaped from the advanced front." Of these: arrested - 3980, shot - 1189, directed to the penalty numbers - 2776, in the penalty battalions - 185, returned to their parts and for forwarding points the overwhelming number of detainees is 13,1094. The above statistics show that to fight further without any defeat in the rights of the opportunity, the ability of the absolute majority of military personnel, before this reason for various reasons left the best - more than 91%.

As for the criminals, they used the most severe measures. It concerned deserters, reinstaters, imaginary patients, self-awakers. Began - and shot before the rank. But the decision to enforce this extreme measure was taken not by the progress of the progress draw, but the military tribunal of divisions (not lower) or, in certain, pre-agreed cases, the head of the special department of the army.

In exceptional situations, the fighters of barrier detachments could open fire over the heads of retreating. We admit that individual cases of shooting in people in the fear of the battle could take place: fighters and commanders of plotters in a complex setting could have changed exposure. But to argue that there was such a daily practice, there is no reason. Panties and panickers shot in an individual order. Karaly, as a rule, only the initiators of panic and escape.

We give several characteristic examples from the battle history on the Volga. On September 14, 1942, the enemy made an offensive against the parts of the 399th rifle division of the 62nd Army. When the fighters and commanders of the 396th and 472th rifle regiments began to move in panic, the head of the progress of the Junior Lieutenant of the State Security of Elaman ordered his detachment to open fire over the heads of retreating. This forced the personnel to stop, and after two hours the shelves took the old line of defense.

On October 15, in the region of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant, the enemy managed to go to the Volga and cut off from the main forces of the 62nd army the remains of the 112nd Rifle Division, as well as three (115, 124 and 149th) of individual shooting brigades. Managing a panic, a number of servicemen, including commanders of various degrees, tried to throw their parts and to cross the eastern coast of the Volga under different pretexts. To prevent this, the operational group under the guidance of the Senior Opera Compact Lieutenant of the State Security Ignatenko, created by the Special Department of the 62nd Army, put the barrier. For 15 days it was detained and returned to the battlefield of up to 800 ordinary and command line, 15 panickers, panties and deserters were shot before the rank. Similarly, progroms and later acted.

Here to sign the flutters, the divisions and parts, which begged backwards, to intervene in the course of the battle in order to make a fracture in it, progrom, as evidenced by the documents, had to repeatedly. The replenishment arriving at the front was naturally unintelligent, and in this situation, barrier detachments formed from persistent, fired, with a strong front handing of commanders and fighters, substituted with linear parts reliable shoulder.

Thus, during the defense of Stalingrad on August 29, 1942, the headquarters of the 29th rifle division of the 64th Army were surrounded by the enemy tanks. The progress rather was not only stopped by the troops of the servicemen and returned them to previously occupyed defense, but he himself entered into battle. The enemy was discarded.

September 13, when the 112nd Rifle Division under the pressure of the enemy moved from the bope occupied, the defense took the progress of the 62nd Army under the command of the Lieutenant State Security of the whip. For a few days, the fighters and the commander of the detachment reflected attacks of enemy machine gunners, until the sieved parts were stood in the defense. So it was on other sites of the Soviet-German front.

With a fracture in the situation that came after the victory near Stalingrad, the participation of barrier formations in the battles was increasingly not only spontaneous, dictated dynamically changing situation, but also in advance received command. Commandarms tried to use the detachments left without the "work" with the maximum benefit of cases that are not related to the barrier service.

The facts of this kind in mid-October 1942 reported to Moscow Major State Security V.M. Kazakevich. For example, on the Voronezh front by order of the Military Council of the 6th Army, the 174th rifle division were granted two barrier detachments and entered into battle. As a result, they lost up to 70% of the personnel, the remaining fighters were transferred to the replenishment of the named division, and the detachments had to be disbanded. As the linear part used the magnitude of the 29th Army Western Front The commander of the 246th Rifle Division, in whose operational submission was a detachment. Taking part in one of the attacks, a detachment of 118 personnel has lost 109 people killed and wounded, and therefore he had to form a new one.

The causes of objections from special departments are understandable. But, it seems, it is not by chance that from the very beginning, barrier detachments were subordinated to the army command, and not the bodies of military counterintelligence. The defense drug definition, it certainly meant that barrier formations will and should be used not only as a barrier for retreating parts, but also as the most important reserve for directing hostilities.

As the position is changed at the fronts, with the transition to the Red Army of the Strategic Initiative and the beginning of the mass expulsion of the occupiers from the territory of the USSR, the need for prickly stages began to decline dramatically. Order "Neither step back!" Finally lost its former value. On October 29, 1944, Stalin issued an order in which it was recognized that "in connection with the change in the overall situation on the fronts, the need for further maintenance of barrier detachments was disappeared." By November 15, 1944, they were disbanded, and the personnel of the detachments was aimed at replenishing rifle divisions.

Thus, barrier troops not only performed in the role of an asshole, which prevented the penetration into the rear of deserters, panickers, the German agent, not only returned to the advanced sentenced from their parts of servicemen, but also themselves martialctions With the enemy, making a contribution to the achievement of victory over fascist Germany.

The leadership of the Soviet Union almost immediately after the German attack, it was sought to use the partisan movement to combat the enemy. June 29, 1941 a joint Directive of the SCR SCR and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) "party and Soviet organizations of the front-line regions" was published, which said the need to use the partisan war to combat Germany. But from the first days, the party bodies began to create small partisan detachments, the number of no more than two or three dozen people.

We started the formation of detachments and state security bodies. For the partisan movement along the NKVD, the 4th departments of the NKVD offices of the Republicans, the regional and regions created at the end of August 1941, submitted by the 2nd Department specially created soon (from January 1942 - the 4th administration) of the NKVD of the USSR.

On September 21, 1941, the first secretary of the KP (b) of Belarus P. K. Ponomarenko sent I. V. Stalin a note, in which he insisted on the need to create a single body for managing partisan movement. In December, Ponomarenko met Stalin, and he seemed to approve his idea. However, then, mainly due to L. P. Beria, who sought to ensure that the partisan movement heads the NKVD, the project was rejected.

The leadership of the country seemed that for the successful development of the partisan movement, the efforts of the NKVD staff were sufficient. However, the development of events showed that this is clearly not enough ...

Before creating the central headquarters of the partisan movement, the leadership was carried out in several lines. First, along the NKVD line - through the already named 4th departments . Secondly, on the party and the Komsomol line. Third, along the military intelligence line. As a result, this led to inconsistency of actions and unnecessary interdepartmental rivalry.

By the spring of 1942, the need to create a coordinating body, which would take on the leadership of the partisan movement, became obvious. On May 30, 1942, "In order to combine the leadership of the partisan movement in the enemy's rear and for the further development of this movement, the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (CSTP) was created at the expense of the HPC No. 1837 by the Supreme Command. At the last moment, Stalin was drawn out of the draft resolution of GKO V. T. Sergienko, who was planned to be made by the head of the new body, appointing the head of the Central Staff P. K. Ponomarenko (Sergienko in the end became his deputy). At the same time, Ukrainian, Bryansk, West, Kalininsky, Leningrad and Karelian-Finnish headquarters of the partisan movement were created. A little later, on August 3, South, September 9, is the Belarusian headquarters. In about the same, or a little later, Stalingrad, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Voronezh and Crimean headquarters were created.

It is worth saying that the number of partisans, which at the same time acting in subordinate regional headquarters, was much different. If many dozens acted in submission of republican headquarters, and sometimes more than a hundred thousand partisans, then in subordination of others, for example, Crimean, there were no more than a few thousand.

After the establishment of the CCD and regional headquarters, the 4th, NKVD departments focused mainly on the back of the sabotage detachments and intelligence.

The leadership of the partisan headquarters, as a rule, was carried out by the "triumvirate" in the composition of the first secretary of the regional committee, the head of the regional department of the NKVD and the head of the reconcidant of the corresponding front. The head of the headquarters, as a rule, was either the secretary of the relevant Regional Region, or the head of the regional NKVD department. With each regional headquarters of the partisan traffic, there was a radio jelly, who communicated with controlled partisan detachments and CCHP.

Training of personnel for partisan struggle in the occupied territories was one of the main tasks of the CSTP. With republican and major regional partisan headquarters existed their partisan special schools. Already since the summer of 1941, an operational-training center of the Western Front acted, since July 1942, the Central School No. 2 (later - the Central School of Training of Partisan Frames). In addition to her, in submission of CCHP, there was a special specialcall No. 105 (prepared intelligence officers), Central Specialcol No. 3 (prepared by radioists), as well as the highest operational school of special purpose (Voshon), who prepared demolitions. The term of study in specialcolts was 3 months. This relatively long preparation favorably distinguished special schools from 5-10 days of course, which took place at the beginning of the war. From June 1942, from June 1942 to February 1944, the partisan schools of the CSTP graduated with 6501 people, and together with specialcolts of regional headquarters of the partisan movement - more than 15 thousand people.

The staff of CSWP was relatively small. Initially, it consisted of 81 people. Together with a permanent and variable composition of Spetscol, the Central Radiosel and the Point of Reserve, the total state of CSPP by October 1942 reached up to 289 people, but by early December 1942 it was reduced to 120. Together with him, the state of partisan specialschools has undergone .

Initially, the CSTP included an operational department, an intelligence and information department, a personnel department, department department, logistics department, a common department. However, over time, the structure of the CSTP has undergone significant changes.

On September 6, 1942, "in order to strengthen the leadership of the partisan movement in the enemy's rear, the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Partisan Motion, which occupied K. E. Voroshilov was established by the decision of GKO No. 2246. Now the CSTP functioned with him, and all the reports of Stalin were submitted for Ponomarenko and Voroshilov's signatures. As researchers believe, the approval of the post of commander-in-chief contributed to the strengthening of the role of the army in the partisan movement. However, this innovation did not last long, the course for the militating of partisan detachments was led to the conflict of Voroshilov with Ponomarenko, who had other views on the development of the partisan movement and which, besides, the advent of Voroshilov had every reason to fear for his position.

On November 19, 1942, Stalin held a meeting on the development of the partisan movement, according to the results of which the decision of the State Civil Procedure No. 2527 was issued. According to him, "in the interests of greater flexibility in the guidance of partisan movement and to avoid excessive centralization, the position of the Commander-in-Chief was eliminated, and the CSTP returned To the former functioning mode. K. E. Voroshilov stayed for the post of commander-in-chief of a partisan movement just over two months.

With the stay of Voroshilov as the commander-in-chief of the partisan movement, another significant, although temporary, change in the organization of the partisan movement is connected. October 9, 1942 was issued an order of the defense addict on the elimination of the Institute of Commissioners in the Army. He was distributed to the partisans, however P. K. Ponomarenko opposed this and soon after the resignation of Voroshilov wrote a note to Stalin, in which he uttered for the return of the Commissioners. Ultimately January 6, 1943, the Institute of Commissars in the partisan detachments was restored.

The future of Ponomarenko and the Central Staff after the departure of Voroshilov was not cloudless. On February 7, 1943, the Resolution of GKO No. 3000 "On Disbanding the Central Staff of the Partisan Movement" was published. According to him, the leadership of the partisan movement was to go to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Union Republics, the Obkomam and the regional headquarters of the partisan movement. The property of the CCTP was supposed to be divided between local headquarters. The German historian B. Muskal believes that the disbandment of the CCTP occurred due to the opposition of L. Beria, and also probably V. Molotova or G. Malenkov.

The head of the Central Staff once again managed to defend his brainchild: on April 17, 1943, a resolution of GKO No. 3195 was published on the restoration of CPS. However, after his recreation, the Ukrainian headquarters of the partisan movement came out of the subordination of the Central Staff and began to obey the directory of the Supreme Command, although it was supposed to continue sending his reports to the CHGP.

The cause of the separation of the WSAP should be sought in the personal relationship between party leaders. Ponomarenko was not in Ladakh with the first secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR, N. S. Khrushchev and the Deputy Head of the UCHP I. G. Starinov. Changes touched the states. After the recreation of CCTP, only 65 responsible and 40 technical staff remained.

After reconstructing the central headquarters of the partisan movement without special shocks, he lived before his disbandment on January 13, 1944. According to the statement of GKO No. 4955, the central headquarters of the partisan movement, as fulfilling its function, was liquidated, and its property and the personnel composition of the central partisan schools were distributed in other headquarters.

However, the republican headquarters of the partisan movement continued to act. The Belarusian headquarters was disbanded on October 18, 1944. Until December 31, 1944, the Ukrainian headquarters of the partisan movement worked, in whose subordination was detachments operating in the territory of the Ukrainian SSR. In addition, the UCHP was actually one of the initiators of the deployment of the partisan movement outside the Soviet Union.

In May 1944, the UCHP conveyed to the Polish headquarters of the partisan movement Polish partisan detachments operating in Ukraine. Many OSHP staff were delegated to teach the wards of the headquarters of the partisan movement of Poland. The UCHP participated in the creation of the headquarters of the partisan movement of Slovakia, and many Ukrainian partisan detachments soon were aimed at the neighboring territories of Czechoslovakia.

The partisan movement on the territory of the USSR during World War II was massive, covering the significant sections of the population of the Soviet Union. According to the department of cadres of CSSPD, in the partisan struggle (excluding Ukraine) from 1941 to February 1944, 287,000 partisans participated.

Damage to the Germans caused by partisans, it is difficult to evaluate reliably. According to the final reports of the CSTP, compiled before the elimination of the headquarters, more than 550 thousand were killed by the partisans. german soldiers And officers, 37 generals, more than 7,000 steam locomotives were destroyed, 87 thousand wagons, 360 thousand kilometers of rails.

Although in the world modern studies These figures are considered strongly overestimated, the role of the partisan movement in the fight against Hitler's Germany is difficult to overestimate. Partisans distracted significant enemy forces that could be used on the front. In the success of the partisan movement, the role of CPSP is great. Although, as can be seen from the above brief history The central headquarters, its creation and development became possible not due to the presence of a well-thought-out and planned military strategy from the Soviet leadership, but was the result of constant improvisation, CCHP became the body, on the shoulders of which the coordination of the actions of many partisan detachments fell on the shoulders and proper training of partisan personnel. And successful development of the partisan traffic in 1942-1944. - Little to his merit.

Good day to all regulars of the site! On the line the most important frequenter Andrei Puchkov 🙂 (joke). Today we will reveal a new extreme useful theme To prepare for the exam on history: let's talk about the partisan movement during the Great patriotic War. At the end of the article you are waiting for a test on this topic.

What is a guerrilla movement and how was it formed in the USSR?

The partisan movement is a kind of actions of military units in the rear of the enemy to inflict strikes on enemy communications, infrastructure facilities and rear enemy compounds for the disorganization of enemy military formations.

In the Soviet Union in the 20s, the partisan movement began to form on the basis of the concept of warfare on its territory. Therefore, asylum and secret support points were created in the border bands for deploying in their future partisan traffic.

In the 1930s, this strategy was revised. According to the position of I.V. Stalin, the Soviet Army will lead military actions in the future war on the enemy territory with small blood. Therefore, the creation of secret support partisan bases was suspended.

Only in July 1941, when the enemy was rapidly occurring and he walked the height of Smolensky battle, the Central Committee of the Party (WCP (b)) released detailed instructions Creating a partisan movement for local party organizations on the already occupied territory. In fact, at first the guerrilla movement consisted of local residents and those who have selected from the "boilers" of the Soviet Army.

In parallel with this, the NKVD (People's Commissariat of the Interior) began to form fighter battalions. These battalions were to cover the parts of the Red Army during the retreat, disrupt the attacks of the saboteurs and the military parachutic strength of the enemy. Also, these battalions were poured into the partisan movement in the occupied territories.

In July 1941, the NKVD also organized a special motorized rifle brigade of special purpose (OMBSON). These brigades were gained from first-class military personnel who have excellent physical preparation capable of conducting effective fighting on enemy territory in the most difficult conditions with a minimum amount of food and ammunition.

However, the initial Brigade Ombson should have defended the capital.

Stages of the formation of a partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War

  1. June 1941 - May 1942 is a natural formation of a partisan movement. Basically in the territories of Ukraine and Belarus occupied by the enemy.
  2. May 1942-July-August 1943 - from the establishment of the main headquarters of the partisan movement on May 30, 1942 to systematic major operations of Soviet partisans.
  3. September 1943-July 1944 - the final stage of the partisan movement, when the main part of the partisans merge on the coming soviet army. On July 17, 1944, partisan parts undergo a parade on the liberated Minsk. Partisan parts formed from local residents begin to demobilize, and their fighters are called up in the Red Army.

Functions of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War

  • Collection of intelligence data on the deployment of Nazi military formations, about those who were at their disposal military equipment and military contingent, etc.
  • Diversions: to break the transfer of enemy parts, kill the most important commanders and officers, to inflict damage by enemy infrastructure, etc.
  • To form new partisan detachments.
  • Working with the local population in the occupied territories: to convince in promoting the Red Army, to convince that the Red Army will soon release their territory from the Nazi occupiers, etc.
  • Disorganizing the economy of the enemy buying goods to fake German money.

The main figures and heroes of the partisan traffic during the Great Patriotic War

Despite the fact that the partisan detachments were extremely much and everyone had their own commander, we will list only those that may meet in the tests of the exam. Meanwhile, the rest of the commanders are worth nicknamed no less attention.

Popular Memory, as they gave their lives for our relatively serene life.

Dmitry Nikolaevich Medvedev (1898 - 1954)

He was one of the key figures in the formation of the Soviet partisan movement during the war years. Before the war he served in the Kharkov branch of the NKVD. In 1937, he was dismissed for supporting communication with the elder brother, which became the enemy of the people. Miraculously escaped execution. When the War of the NKVD began to remember this man and sent him to Smolensk to form a partisan movement. The partisan group headed by Medvedev was called "Mitya". In the future, the detachment was renamed "Winners". From 1942 to 1944, Medvedev detachment made about 120 operations.

Dmitry Nikolayevich himself was extremely charismatic and ambitious commander. The discipline in his detachment was the highest. Requirements for fighters exceeded the requirements of the NKVD. So in early 1942, the "Winners" squad, the NKVD sent 480 volunteers from the parts of Ombiss. And only 80 of them were selected.

One such operation was the elimination of the Reikhskyist of Ukraine Erich Koch. To fulfill the task in the detachment, Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov arrived from Moscow. However, it became clear about a bit of the weather that it is impossible to eliminate the Reichskyissar. Therefore, in Moscow revised the task: it was entrusted to destroy the head of the management of the Reikhomissariat Paul Dargel. It was done only with the second attempt.

Nikolai Ivanovich Kuznetsov himself conducted numerous operations and died on March 9, 1944 in a shootout with the Ukrainian Rebel Army (UPA). Nicholas Kuznetsov was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union.

Sidor Artemyevich Kovpak (1887 - 1967)

Sidor Artemyevich passed a few wars. Participated in Brusilovsky breakthrough in 1916. Before the start, lived in Putivl, was an active politician. At the time of the beginning of the war, Sidor was already 55 years old. In the first collisions partisans Kovpak managed to capture 3 german tank. Partisans Kovpak lived and a decaded forest. On December 1, the Nazis began an offensive on this fishing desk with the support of artillery and aviation. However, all the attacks of the enemy were repulsed. In this battle, the Nazis lost 200 fighters.

In the spring of 1942, Sidor Kovpak was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union, as well as personal audience from Stalin.

However, there were failures.

So in 1943, the operation "Carpathian raid" ended with loss of about 400 partisans.

In January 1944, Kovpak was awarded the second title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In 1944.

The reorganized troops S. Kovpak were renamed to the 1st Ukrainian partisan division named

twice Hero of the Soviet Union S.A. Kovpaka

Later we post the biographies of several more legendary commanders of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War. So that Subscribe to new articles Site.

Despite the fact that the Soviet partisans during the war years have performed numerous tests in tests mainly appear only two of them.

Operation "Rail war". The order of the beginning of this operation was given on June 14, 1943. It was assumed to paralyze the railway traffic on the enemy territory during the period of the Kursk offensive operation. For this purpose, significant sleepers were transferred to the partisans. About 100,000 partisans were brought to participation. As a result, movement on enemy railways decreased by 30-40%.

The "Concert" operation has been conducted from September 19 to November 1, 1943 in the territory of the Occupied Karelia, Belarus, the Latigra region, the Kalinin region, Latvia, Estonia and the Crimea.

The goal was the same: the destruction of enemy cargo and blocking railway transport.

I think from all of the above, the role of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War becomes clear. It became an integral part of the host of military operations of the Red Army. Partisans perfectly performed their functions. Meanwhile B. real life There was a lot of difficulties: starting from how Moscow determine which squads are partisan, and what falsepartisan and ending with the weapons and ammunition on the enemy territory.