The second Azov campaign. Geographical map of Bruce - Mengden on December 1, 1695, just a month after arriving in Moscow of the battered, emaciated heavy transition and a fairly retarded troops (on the way back, more soldiers and officers died than during the siege

The second Kuban campaign in early June 1918 in the steppe between the Mosquest and Egorlitsky clouds of dust. The army moved to the campaign. The North Caucasus and Don became the arena of cruel fights. Russian blood flowed with streams, and people said that wheat for the next year

In the second half of the nineteenth century, it became already obvious that the royal government of Russia failed to organize the protection and defense of the Pacific Russians, as well as to achieve the economic growth of the Far East. In 1867, Russian possessions were sold in North America and on the nearby islands, and in 1875 it lost to Japan Kuriles. Free exit Sea Okhotsk In the Pacific was lost ...
In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the Far East becomes one of the most complex nodes of international contradictions and the steering of the Great Powers for the section of China, redistributed colonies in Asia. Although the importance of the Siberian flotilla during this period has increased, but it has not been a force capable of reliably to protect the interests of Russia in the Far East. The royal government of Nicholas II tried to strengthen the flotilla. She was transferred to the ships of high ranks, including the 8 Downtown Ministry of Fleet translated from the Baltic Fleet, 14 submarines and 2 canoners. Since 1872, Vladivostok, founded in 1860, became the main base of flotilla.
The increasing contradictions in the Far East, and above all between Russia and Japan, forced the royal government to adopt a shipbuilding program, which provided for the construction of 5 armadors, 16 cruisers and 36 Municipal Museum. After building and transfers warships from the Baltic on the Pacific Ocean The main core Russian fleet The 1st Pacific squadron composed of 7 squadron armor, 4 cruisers of 1 rank, 3 cruisers of 2 rank, 13 countermaster, 2 canoner boats. It was based in Port Arthur. In addition, in Port Arthur, part of the ships of the Siberian flotilla consisting of 2 cruisers of 2 rank, 2 minutes of cruisers, 12 destroyers and 5 gunboats. Cruiser 1 rank "Varyag" and 3 canoners were at the hospital in the ports of Korea and China. Commanded the 1st Pacific Squada Vice-Admiral O.V. Stark.
In Vladivostok, there was a detachment of cruisers of the Siberian flotilla in the composition of 3 armored cruisers, 1 cruiser and 10 destroyers under the command of the counter-admiral k.p.Iessen.
On the night of January 27 (February 9), 1904, 10 Japanese destroyers suddenly attacked Port Arthur's external raid and lost 2 armadapors and 1 cruiser. On the morning of January 27 (February 9), the major forces of the Japanese fleet under the command of the admiral of the admiral of 6 armor, 5 armor cruisers and 4 cruisers, hoping to destroy the weakened 1-Pacific squadron, but they were forced under the blows of artillery coastal batteries move away. At the same time, the Japanese squadron attacked the port of Salpo in Korea, where the Varyag cruiser was performed in an unequal battle. In the Russian-Japanese war, the Russian command has refused the active actions of the fleet in the Japanese Sea, the use of forces based in Vladivostok, which allowed the Japanese to unhindered their troops in Korea, and then in Manchuria.
Arriving on February 24 (March 8), the new commander of the Pacific Fleet Vice-Admiral S. Makarov adopted decisive measures to strengthen the defense of the Port Arthur's military base and improving the combat activity of the Pacific Squadron. But on March 31 (April 13), S.O. Makarov tragically died. The landing of the Japanese troops in the Liaodo Peninsula has created a threat to the Russian squadron from sushi. The new commander of the counter-admiral V.K.Vitheft 10 (23) undertook an attempt to break into Vladivostok, but having met superior enemy forces, returned to Port Arthur. On July 28 (August 10), the squadron reached the sea and after an unsuccessful fight in the yellow sea returned to Port Arthur again. Several ships managed to break into neutral ports where they were disarmed.
To strengthen the 1st Pacific squadron in October-November 1904, the 2nd Pacific Squadre was sent to the Far East to the Far East under the command of the Vice Admiral Z.P. Ohvetynsky as part of 7 squadron armor, 1 armor cruiser, 7 cruisers and 9 Esminians.
Japanese command has activated martialctions Against Port Arthur, seeking to capture him and destroy the 1st Pacific squadron before the 2nd approach. December 20 (January 2) 1904 (1905) of the year, after 11-month heroic defense, General A.M.Storessel passed the Japanese Port Arthur. The remains of the 1st Pacific squadron were destroyed. However, the 2nd Pacific squadron, at the insistence of the king, continued to go to the Far East.
At the beginning of February 1905, the first detachment of the additionally formed 3-Pacific squadron was published from Libay, under the command of 1 squadron carnaposta, 3 armadiors of coastal defense and 1 cruiser. April 26 (May 9) The 3rd Pacific squadron was connected to the 2nd Pacific Square.
In the morning 14 (27) May 1905, the Russian fleet in the 2nd and 3rd squadr entered the Korean Strait, holding a course to Vladivostok. In the Tsushim battle, the 2nd and 3rd Pacific squadrons were defeated, despite the unparalleled courage and the heroism of ship crews. As a result of the adventuristic policy of tsarism, the progress of a number of military leaders and the technical backwardness of the country, the Russian fleet in the Pacific was completely destroyed. The immortal feats of the "deigted" and other ships are forever inscribed with gold letters into the chronicle of Russian naval glory.
Military sailors - Pacific actively participated in the revolution of 1905-1907. In January 1906, soldiers, sailors and workers were rebelled in Vladivostok, in October 1907 an armed uprising occurred. Having caused cruel repressions of tsarism. Revolutionary traffic on ships and other objects of residues Pacific Fleet. It was active.
Before the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war, 1904-1905, Siberian military flotilla numbered 40 ships and ships, most of whom participated in the war with the Japanese fleet. A significant number of these ships was destroyed or damaged. The remains of the Pacific Fleet, the Siberian flotilla continued to exist and were subject to recovery. It was a difficult task, since the proper ship repair base of the ships, Russia then did not have in the Pacific Ocean. Russia lost the naval databases Port Arthur and Far. Lost southern part, half, Sakhalin Islands.

As part of the 1 Pacific Squadron Cruiser 'Askold'.

As part of 1 Pacific Squadger Cruiser 'Boyar


2nd Pacific Squades - 'Ocks''.


2nd Pacific Squades - 'Emperor Alexander III’


'Aurora'


'Aurora' in Manila


'Admiral Nakhimov'


'Almazy' in Vladivostok.


'Brilliant', 'impeccable' and 'cheerful' in the inner harbor of the roar.


'Bogatyr' in Vladivostok.


Circames 'Cesarevich' after night attack


Battleship 'Retwozan' after the night attack


'Sloba' in Vladivostok.


'Pearl'


'Emperor Nicholas I'.

Canoner boats 'Brave'.


Canoner boats 'Rady'


'Prince Suvorov' and 'Eagle'.


'Navarian


'Novik'.


'Eagle'


'Victory' and 'Pallad'


After the battle on July 28, Zesarevich in Qingdao


After the battle on July 28, Pallada in Port Arthur


'Ratvosan'


'Retvosan' in Port Arthur after the battle on August 28, 1904


'Russia' after the fight in Vladivostok.


‘Rurik '- died in battle on August 1, 1904


'Svetlana'


'Sevastopol'


'SISA GREAT'.


'Watchman'.


Squadoral battleships are 'Sevastopol' (in the foreground), 'Poltava' and 'Petropavlovsk' (away) in the eastern pool of Port Arthur.

Squaded Battleship 'Victory' (center) and 'Peresvet' (left on the far) at the external Ride Port Arthur.

As already noted, the beginning of the war found on the way to Port Arthur a detachment of Russian ships under the command of the counter-admiral Varenius, but he was decided to return to the Baltic. From the very first days of the sea of \u200b\u200bthe sea, the advantage of the forces was on the side of Japan, and Russian ships did not take active actions. Sea powers Russia in the Far East needed to strengthen. For this, the 2nd Pacific squadron was formed in the Baltic.

After the death of the armadired Petropavlovsk and Admiral S. O. Makarov, the preparation of the 2nd squadron for the campaign, the leadership of which was carried out by Vice-Admiral A. A. Birlev and Congrall 3. P. Rodless, accelerated. Rodially became the commander of the 2nd Pacific Squadron. Its foundation was made newest ships - Barny "Prince Suvorov", "Borodino", "Emperor Alexander III", "Eagle", cruisers "Oleg", "Emerald", "Pearls", the Municipalos "Grozny", "loud", "frisky", "piercing" And "turning". The squadron was supplemented by the armadiole "Osl", the cruiser "Aurora" and the destroyer, which were included in Varenius detachment. These were new ships, their counterparts have already fought with the enemy as part of the 1st Pacific Squader. In addition, outdated ships - the Barny "Navarin", "Si-Soy Great", the cruisers "Admiral Nakhimov", "Dmitry Donskoy" were renovated in the Baltic and are also included in the 2nd squadron. Several foreign steamers bought and converted to auxiliary cruisers: "Terek", "Kuban", "Ural", "Rion", "Don" and "Dnipro". These ships were supposed to act on opponent's communications. The squadron included a steamer "Rus", on which aeronautic fleeling fleet of balloons. The dubious combat value of Svetlana cruisers and "diamond" converted from yachts did not interfere with their inclusion in the squadron.

On August 1, Rodially raised his flag on the battleship "Prince Suvorov", which was in Kronstadt. In August, the Squadral ships made practical swimming in the Baltic Sea, and on August 29, they went to Revel, where they were actively engaged in shooting, reflection of mine attacks and preparation for the campaign. On September 26, an imperial review of the squadron was held on the Reid of Revel. On October 2, the squadron went hiking from Libay. The squadron was accompanied by a large number of vehicles with spare parts for ships, various military cargo and coal. She had to pass 18,000 miles, to overcome three oceans, reach Port Arthur and, having connected with the 1st Pacific squadron to achieve domination at sea, interrupt the delivery of supply and replenishment for the Japanese army from Japan to help Russian land forces to discard Port Arthur. Along the way, the 2nd squadron, Russia had no his port and naval base. Replenishment of stocks, carbon loading and reception of water, repairing ships - all this had to be carried out either in the open sea or on poorly equipped raids of neutral countries. Coal for the squadron delivered German coalsels of Hamburg - America Line.

In case of passing the squadron of Danish straits, an increased combat readiness was maintained, the attacks of the Japanese destroyers were expected, which could act from the shores of the Allied England. On the night of October 9, a Gully incident occurred in the North Sea - the ships of the squadron fired through English fishermen, having accepted them for Japanese fighters. At 0.55, the armadiole "Suvorov" opened fire, he was supported by other SCADER ships. Only at 01.05 shooting stopped. As a result, one fishing bot was sweeping, five bots were damaged, two fishermen were killed, six injured. Five shells hit the cruiser "Aurora", wounding two people. The proceedings of the incident at the International Commission of Admirals in the Hague. The Russian government paid 65 thousand fd to the affected fishermen. Art.

It should be noted that almost every week the ships of the Squadron shipped coal, with the calculation to always have its full margin. This was even a special order No. 138 of October 27. Coal fell asleep by residential decks, cabins of ships, placing torpedo devices, passages, baths, dryers. On the decks of ships there were whole heaps of coal, in bags and so. Loaders were made by the crew forces and very much watered sailors. The participant of the campaign wrote about this: "No report, no brighter description is not able to portray the whole severity of the SECOND Squader transition environments. For the first time in the history of fleets of the whole world, everyone saw a large squadron, which, without marine bases or coal stations, consisting of Ships of all sorts of types, ages and demands, dare to move into such a distant way ... The whole transition from the tanger to Madagascar was a continuous coal operation. The coal loading turned into sports, drove to prizes. After graveing \u200b\u200bcoal, the detachment immediately went to the sea and followed. "

It was decided to divide the squadron - ships with little precipitation and transports to send through the Mediterranean and Red Sea under the command of the counter-admiral D. G. Felcerizam. On November 12, the ships were a Suez Canal. On December 6, the detachment went to the Indian Ocean, leading the destroyer in tow. On December 15, the ships arrived in wear at Madagascar.

Five battleships ("Suvorov", "Alexander III", "Borodino", "Eagle" and "Osh,") with a large sediment and three cruisers ("Aurora", "Admiral Nakhimov" and "Dmitry Donskoy") committed around Africa for 55 days. They stopped for refueling coal, water and supplies in Dakar, Gabuna, Great Fish Bee, Angre-Pecven. November 19 crossed the equator. A good hope was successfully passed, and at the entrance to the Indian Ocean, the ships fell into a strong storm, the wave height reached 12 meters (with a length of 105 meters). Overcoming all these difficulties, on December 16, the ships were anchored by Madagascar, next to the small island of St. Mary.

On December 19, the maritime ministry reported that a detachment of Nekatov will be sent to strengthen the 2nd squadron, and the Rodnyensky need to change the movement route. On December 25, the order was made to wait at Madagascar the captain's detachment "1 rank L. F. Dobroad. By correcting damage, having received instructions and loaded the coal, Russian ships switched to wear, where Felckersam's squad was already located and began to wait for the rest of the ships. December 28 The squadron joined the Ural auxiliary cruiser. Parking squadron at Madagascar lasts until March 3, 1905. Crews drove coal, water and food, repaired mechanisms and vehicles. Ships made outputs into the sea on artillery and torpedo shootings, maneuvers, minerals. In Parking time in Madagascar were received by news of the fall of Port Arthur and the full destruction of the 1st Pacific squadron. These news and long-term (two and a half months) The inaction has adversely affected the moral spirit of officers and sailors squadron.

On February 1, the ships of the catching detachment of the Captain of the 1st Rank of Doballowner joined the squadron. Since not all ships included in the squadron have managed to enter the sea to the sea, they were included in this detachment. His cruisers "Oleg", "Emerald", the auxiliary cruisers "Rion", "Dnipro" and the Munities "Grozny", "loud", "frisky", "shrill" and "turning". On November 3, the catched detachment went out into the sea. At the transition to the tangier, the ships accompanied the academic vessel "Ocean", which later returned to the Baltic. Next, the detachment ships were divided into three groups that were alone. In the first group, the PU entered "Oleg" and "Emerald", in the second "Dnipro", "loud" and "Grozny". These ships came to wear safely. Otherwise, it was dealing with the third group in which "Rion "," Furious "," frustrated "and" shrill ". The dwarf's mortar constantly took place, and the ships committed long parking lots in the ports. On December 15, all the groups met in court, where they stood until December 26. December 29, the ships were a Suez Canal. With On January 6 to January 19, the parking in Djibouti, where "frisky" was left for repairs. On January 20, the detachment lost three destroyers, came out in wear.

In St. Petersburg, it was decided to continue the campaign and on March 3, the 2nd Pacific squadron left wear and headed to the shores of Indochina, where the meeting was coming with a squad of a kind. Now the squadron was to independently break into Vladivostok, and not in Port Arthur, and having met alone with the Japanese fleet, in the general battle to solve the fate of the war of the sea. Rodialist wrote: "The first squadron, which had 30 combat vessels, and 28 of the Ministry of Foreign Ministry, turned out to be insufficient for mastering the sea. The second squadron, which has 20 martial vessels and only 9 of the destroyer, the task of mastering the sea is no longer able to ... with the accession of a kind, strength Also, they will not be sufficient for mastering the sea. Adjusted 4 bad martial vessels, it will add to 8 transports, the protection of which will contact the squadron movement. "

The transition from Madagascar to Kamranga took 28 days. The Ministry of Allbies almost all of this path were held in tow. On April 1, ships entered Camran bay. However, the French government demanded to leave the bay. April 9, by completing the loading of coal, water and supplies, all went out of the bay martial vehicles And four days maneuvered in the sea. In the bay only vehicles under the protection of Cruiser II rank "Almaz". On April 13, the squadron moved to the Bay of Wang-Fong, 40 miles north of Kamrani, where she began to expect a squad of a kind. On April 26, the squadron came out at sea and at 15.00 in 20 miles from the Bay of Wang-Fong connected to a squad of a kind.

The decision to create the 3rd Pacific squadron was taken in November 1904, when most of the ships of the 1st Pacific squadron were destroyed, and even less hope for her assistance in the fight against the Japanese. Under these conditions, there was a need to urgently strengthen the 2-Pacific Squadron. It was assumed to send to the Far East of the Barny "Glory", "Emperor Nicholas 1", "Emperor Alexander II", Armorla Ushakov Breast Defense, "Admiral Senavin", "General-Admiral Apraksin", Creisers "Vladimir Monomakh", "Memory Azova, "Admiral Kornilov" and more than a dozen destroyers. But some of the ships did not have time to complete, some ships were too old and decided to leave them in the Baltic. As a result, only a detachment counter-admiral of kind was sent to strengthened. It includes - armadapors "Emperor Nicholas I", ADMIRAL UUSHAKI Coastal Defense Barny Defense Defense, "Admiral Senavin", "Admiral Apraksin" and the Kruiser "Vladimir Monomakh". Ships hastily prepared for the upcoming campaign: installed new weapons, rangefinders and spotlights, improved protection from, fragments. By February 1905, the preparation of the detachment ships was completed. On February 3, the detachment came out of Libay, on February 12, the ships passed by La Mans. On March 12, Suez Canal passed. After the parking lot in Djibouti (March 20-24), the Indian Ocean was successfully held, April 19, they entered the Malacca Strait and met on April 24 with the squadron of the village. The detachment passed 12,000 miles in 83 days.

Now the 2nd Pacific squadron was assembled. Under the flag of the Rodial, there were 34 warships - 8 armadors, 3 armadire coastal defense, 9 cruisers, 5 auxiliary cruisers, 9 destroyers, a large number of subsidiary ships and transports. At the meeting of the village and Nekhivatov, it was reported on the future of the squadron - in Vladivostok she will break through the most short way Through the Korean Strait. Having accepted coal, water and supplies, painting ships and configuring the damage to the squadron on May 1 moved on. On the evening of May 5, Oleg and Aurora cruisers were examined by the English steamer "Oldgamy", on which military smuggling was discovered. In addition to Kerosene, he drove into Japan 2khz05-mm and 47x120-mm guns. The steamer was taken as a prize and on May 8 sent to swim with the Kuban auxiliary cruiser. On May 9, the auxiliary cruiser "Terek" was gone into cruise. May 10, the latter for the squeak of coal was held. On this day, the Rodial Research published his last order, which said that "it is necessary to be eagerly ready for battle," as well as about the management of the squadron, about the actions of the commanders of ships and flagships. On May 12, Yaroslavl, "Voronezh", "Vladimir", "Meteor", "Livonia" and "Kuronia", gone in Shanghai. They were accompanied by the auxiliary cruisers Rion and Dnipro, later who went into cruise. With the squadron Only the meltster "Kamchatka", the military transport "Anadyr", "Irtysh", "Korea", the tugs "Svir", "Rus" and the floating hospitals "Kostroma" and "Eagle". The auxiliary cruiser "Ural" was not sent to cruise . On May 13, the squadron was engaged in maneuvering in full force. Heavy ocean transitions completed. During the hike on the ship's ships, 5 officers and 32 of the lower ranks were died and died, 54 people in illness were sent back to Russia.

On May 11, the counter-admiral of felcakers died, but did not know this squadron, did not recognize this and the stupid, which was now the first deputy commander of the squadron. On the ships were preparing for the upcoming meeting with the fleet of the enemy.

Thirty martial ships of the 2nd squadron had to confront with the Japanese connected fleet, which included 4 armored rooms, 8 armored cruisers, 12 cruisers, 13 auxiliary cruisers, 21 fighter, 43 destroyers and coastal defense ships. Its core strengths focused in the Korean Strait. Here, the Russian squadron was waiting for three squadrons - six combat units, five squads of fighters and eight detachments of the destroyer. The Japanese had many advantages - the Russian squidrained is numerically weaker than the Japanese fleet, less uniform, much worse, equipped, the crews of Russian ships were worse trained. Do not forget about the overload of the coal with the coal of Russian ships, withstood the seven-sized swimming. While the Russians made their hardest transition, the Japanese completely repaired their ships, strengthened their weapons, ammunition and protection with the experience of recent fighting. The remaining time crews of the ships of the United fleet were actively engaged in combat training. It should be noted that the Russian squadron was opposed by a fleet having a rich military experience of a hard confrontation with the 1st Pacific Squadion. When the Russian squadron took place the Indian Ocean, he collected his ships in the database and began to wait for the approach of the enemy.

On the night of May 14, on the 224th day of an unprecedented campaign, the 2nd Pacific squadron entered the Korean Strait.

In mid-December 1904, when the 2nd Pacific squadron, under the command of the Admiral of the Rodral Spear, slowly moved to Far Eastern waters, and the Japanese fleet after the completion of the Port Arthur campaign was repaired, in Tokyo at a meeting of the admirals of Togo, Ito and Yamomoto, a plan for further action was approved . As if anticipating the route of the Russian squadron, most of the Japanese ships were supposed to focus in the Korean Strait. On January 20, 1905, the admiral of Togo raised the flag on Mikas.

"Dear in the scat"

Slightly earlier on land, having learned about the fall of Port Arthur, General Kuropatkin decided to go to the offensive to the approach to the main forces of the Japanese of the released leg army. At the head of the newly formed 2nd army stood OK Grippenberg.

On January 12, 1905, the 1st Siberian Corps without a shot took Hayigouta - the main reference point of the OKU army. On January 16, Grippenberg appointed a common assault on Sandipa, but instead of the reinforcement requested by Kuropatkina, he was ordered to retreat, and the commander of the 1st Siberian Corps General Shakelberg was removed from office. I have previously broadcasting the king and creating a command, Grippenberg went to St. Petersburg. This shakes in the tops were keenly felt ordinary events: "Persons of the soldiers were crime; No jokes, no conversations, and each of us understood that in the first pores, we had some kind of pussy, some disgrace; Everyone asked himself the question: what will happen next when you have to go not on the road between the peaceful villages, but on the battle field under bullets and shells. "

As a result, the Sandipa Hayigout operation, called "useless bloodletting," became the prelude to the Mukden catastrophe.

The fighting under Mukden fell on February 6-25 and turned on the 140-kilometer front line. On each side, 550 thousand people participated in Batalia. Japanese troops under the leadership of Marshal I. Oyama were strengthened by the 3rd army, replicated from Port Arthur. As a result, their strength amounted to 271 thousand bayonets and a saber, 1,062 guns, 200 machine guns. Three Russian manchurian armies had 293 thousand bayonets and a saber, 1,475 guns, 56 machine guns. The strategic goals of the Japanese command were reduced to the following: the onset of the 5th and 1st armies on the right wing of the front (east of Mukden) to distract the reserves of Russian troops and put a powerful south-west blow to Mukden forces by the 3rd army. After that, cover the right flank of Russian troops.

11 (24) February, the 1st Japanese army of General Cupquets, which passed on February 18 (March 3), could not break through the defenses of the 1st Russian Army General N.P. Linevich. Kuropatkin, believing that it was here that the Japanese apply the main strike, by 12 (25) on February, sent almost all reserves to support the 1st Army.

13 (26) FEBRANCE The onset of the 3rd Japanese army of General M. Feet. But Kuropatkin sent only one brigade to the North-West Mukden area. And only three days later, when the threat to bypass the right wing of the Russian Front became apparent, he ordered the 1st army to return the reinforcement to her to cover Mukden from the Western direction.

February 17 (March 2) on Mukden turned the columns of the 3rd Japanese army, but here they met the stubborn resistance of the Toporn's troops. Then Olyam advanced the 3rd army further north, enhanced it with reserves. Kuropatkin, in turn, to reduce the front on February 22 (March 7) gave an order for the army to move on the river. Hunhe.

On February 24 (March 9), the Japanese broke through the front of the 1st Russian Army, and over the Russian troops hung the threat of the environment. "Mukden," the eyewitness writes, "the Russian troops found themselves as it were in the bottle, the narrow neck of which everything was narrowed to the north."

On the night of February 25 (March 10), the troops began a total deposit on Telin, and then to Supingan positions in 160 versts from the place of battles. "From the mountain, it was seen on the whole field covered by retreating troops, and everything went with some messy piles, and someone would ask anyone, no one knew anything about someone else's shelf, but they were confused, and everyone tried her finish Leave, leave and leave, - recalled the curtain-ensign F.I. Shikuc. - General Kuropatkin himself looked at the road, on which all sinks were walked: the sumizers, horses, donkeys, soldiers of all varieties, between them were those who dragged huge knots of different traps and without rifles. It happened when the soldiers recruited different things from the banner or robbing the Chinese; and so how to carry it all hard, then they, sorry to throw a knot with troubled good, threw the cartridge with cartridges and cartridge bags, and then, because it was still hard, they threw the rifles, and the bayonets stuck behind the belt And so went further. I carry I wear and hearing the shots, I was making up the Japanese bypass, and then, throwing our treasures, they were satisfied without looking back, but, who came to his senses, they were ashamed to flee with a bayonet without a rifle, and they threw a bayonet, and instead they took a stick. When there is no one, such a fugitive goes and is supported by a wand, and if someone comes across towards meeting, he begins to lick, as if he was injured in his leg, and rests on a stick like a crutch. Such fate, they made their way even to Harbin, from where they were sent in stage in their parts, and again the same story began. " The commander-in-chief recalled himself, as one of his headquarters, having arrived at such an unarmed, heard the question of him: "And where is the road in the scatter?" - And on reproaches in the cowardice received such an answer: "What a battle I am in my shoulders of six children."

In general, in Mukden battle, Russians lost 89 thousand people, including about 30 thousand prisoners. The losses of the Japanese were also highly 71 thousand people. According to many historians, one of the main reasons for the defeat of Russian troops under Mukden was inept, fuzzy control of troops.

Last rate

"After Mukden in society, the war has already looked loudly, they said that it was long ago that it had happened, which was always argued that Japan was invincible power, that alone fools called the Japanese Macaki," recalled N.E. Wrangel, Father of the famous White General. The Russian command remained the last rate - the 2nd Pacific squadron, compiled from the courts of the Baltic Fleet. Preparations were carried out in the calculation that "we will not be further defeats and the era of victories comes." In the ocean, another group of ships sent to it was joined to her, according to the searches themselves, "archaeological composition". "Almost you don't need to be a pessimist," one of his participants he wrote down before going around, - to clearly see that except for shame and shame do not expect anything. " The squadron, which was to overcome 18,000 nautical miles almost without entering the ports, without databases and coal stations, was out of Libava to help the deposited port Arthur, October 1, 1904. And October 4 Z.P. The village of Vice-Admiral was built in Chin, with a statement of the head of the Chief Maritime Staff.

Flight Squadres began with an international scandal. On the night of October 8 in the North Sea under her shelling, British fishing vessels were hit, which by mistake were adopted for the Japanese destroyers. One trawler was sweeping, five - damaged, among the fishermen there were victims - two killed and six wounded. In the skeleton of random palp sticks, directed from the flagship armadios "Prince Suvorov", the ship priest of the Cruiser "Aurora" Father Anastasiya was mortally wounded (it was from this cruiser in 1917 to beat the frontmostones of the Winter Palace).

The victims of Tolliers were attributed to the English port of Gully, so all this sad story got the name of the Gully incident. British newspapers then called the Russian squadron of the "Squadion of the Mad Dog" and demanded it to return or destruction. As a result, partial mobilization began in the UK, and the English cruiser was sent to track her movement after the Rodial Squadre. But english-English relationship They decided to settle in accordance with the decision of the 1st International Conference of the world, which took place in 1899 in the Hague. On February 23, 1905, the Russian government paid Gully fishermen compensation at 65 thousand pounds sterling.

Toward death

At the campaign, which lasted eight months in unprecedented complex conditions, the sailors learned about the early revolutionary riots in their homeland, about the "bloody Sunday", the strikes and political killings. "Gentlemen! About us in Russia already and thought forgot, "his commander Captain 1st Rang E.R. was noticed in the cabin company. Egoriev, reviewing Russian newspapers. "All are engaged in internal regulations, reforms, gossip, but they don't say about war." "If even the domination of the sea will be left behind us," the flagship ship engineer E.S. argued in a letter to his wife Political, - England and America will join Japan and Russia will give way. "

The news of the death of the 1st Pacific Squadron and the seafarers' seafarers were received in the coastal waters of Madagascar. "Cursed hole! - recorded one of them. - No wonder we, sailors, always hated it! It was necessary to go out and break into the chif, in Kiao-Chow, just not sitting in this hole for execution. " Parking in Na-BE pulled up for 2 months. The position of the squadron was very uncertain. No one knew no further route, nor any time. The same political wrote that this uncertainty was oppressed that the maintenance of the squadron was worthwhile. And that, finally, the Japanese reinforced their ships and boilers during this time, thoroughly prepared for the meeting. "Our squadron is the last power of Russia. She is dead, and we have no fleet at all ... Probably, something like that is both in the army. "

Among the sailors began to walk rumors about returning to the Baltic. However, in the Telegraph, Admiral Rodially received an explanation that the task assigned to him, "it turns out that it is not at all that with several courts to break through to Vladivostok", but to take possession of the Japanese Sea. In the first days of February, the Rodralsky held a meeting of the younger flagships and commanders of ships, where he expressed his opinion on the mistake of the fulfillment of the tasks. Senior Flag Officer Lieutenant Sventorzhetsky wrote at the time that the admiral knew perfectly well that all Russia expects something extraordinary from him, expects victory and destruction of the Japanese fleet. But this could only expect russian Society, completely unfamiliar with the situation in which the squadron will be located.

"Do not dream of victories. You will not hear about them. You will hear only the complaints and moans of those sufferers who consciously, without believing success, went to die, "the ship doctor of Cruiser" Aurora "V. Kravchenko stated.

The squadron, which was standing in Na Be, left the port on March 3, 1905, and after 28 days of transition to Indian Ocean. Rodralsky brought her to Camrang bay. On April 26, the coast of Indochina joined her a detachment of counter-admiral N.I. Naugatova, who came from the Baltic on February 3.

Now it was already possible at any time to expect a meeting with the enemy. From the Chinese Sea in Vladivostok, three ways were conducted in Vladivostok: through the strait of the laper around Japan, through the Sangan shed between the Japanese Islands and, finally, the shortest, but also the most dangerous - through the Korean Strait, separating Japan from Korea. Rodially chose the last.

From the evening of May 12 and the entire next day of the station of the wireless telegraph on Russian ships received signals of radio engineering of Japanese scout cruisers. The squadron walked a small move, and a significant part of the 13th day was devoted to evolution. At the squadron they thought that Admiral intentionally delays her from fear to fight into a unlucky number, since in 1905 on May 13 came on Friday. "On the night of March 13-24, it is unlikely to sleep, - recalled the flag-captain of the headquarters captain of the 1st rank of Clapier de Colon. - There was too obvious meeting with the enemy in its full composition. "

On May 14, one of the Japanese intelligence officers discovered bright lights of hospital ships of the Pacific squadron, and Admiral Togo on board "Mikasy" came to meet the long-awaited opponent. Japanese cruisers, who watched Russian ships, were also seen from the ships of the Squadral Squadry. After that, the Admiral Rodralsky rebuilt the squadron into two brillvatic columns. When, at 13 h 15 min, armor and armored cruisers of the Japanese fleet, intersected to cross the Russian squadron, the Rodial took an attempt to rebuild ships into one brilvater column. With these actions, the admiral detained the opening of fire, which was started at 13 h 49 min from a distance of over 7 km. Japanese ships opened fire after 3 minutes, having wrapped it on the head ships of the Russians. Since Japanese ships had superiority in speed - 18-20 knots against 15-18 among the Russians, - the Japanese fleet kept ahead of the Russian column, choosing convenient positions for the shelling of head ships. When after 14 hours, the distance between the ships of opponents decreased to 5.2 km, the Rodral ordered to turn away to the right, thereby adhering to the course parallel with Japanese. It is worth noting that the booking of Russian ships was weaker - 40% of the area against 61% of the Japanese, that the Japanese artillery had greater rapidity - 360 shots in the min against 134 in Russian. And, finally, that Japanese shells on a fugasal action 10-15 times exceeded Russian. At 14:00, 25 minutes, the flagship armadapole "Prince Suvorov" failed, and Rodial was injured. The fate of the second flagship "Ock" was also solved in the first half hour of battle: after a powerful shelling on the ship, a fire began, and he also failed. Russian ships meanwhile, twice changing the course, continued to go to the column without leadership. It was not possible to increase the distance between themselves and the opponent of the squadron. After 18 hours, the Russian squadron was transferred to the counter-admiral N.I. NAUBATE. During the battle, Japanese ships were drowned by 4 Russian armadors and caused damage to almost all other ships. Among Japanese, no one was sweeping. At night, the Japanese destroyers took many attacks and sink 1 more armadioles and 1 armor cruiser. With darkness, Russian ships lost a connection between themselves.

By the morning of 15 (28), the Russian squadron as a combat force ceased to exist. The destroyer "trouble" with the wounded Rodralist was forced to surrender to the Japanese.

Tragedy, unprecedented in Russian marine history, she claimed the lives of more than five thousand people. For the first time in all the time of its existence, the Andreev flag was launched before the enemy. Of the forty vessels that made up the Squadron of the Rodial, to the goal of swimming in Vladivostok - only the cruiser "Diamond" and two destroyers were made through. 19 ships were recessed, five surrendered. The Japanese lost three minorities at CSUME and 699 people killed and wounded.

"Most of the reasons that caused defeat," the participant of the battle was stated - it was long ago, long before the battle, it is known to everyone and everyone, with the rest of our Russians "maybe," we met here only in the Tsushimsk Strait. "

Oversionful victory

On May 15, the rumor spread in St. Petersburg that the Russian squadron broke the Japanese fleet. "Alas, soon it became known that, on the contrary, our squadron failed to defeat on May 14, on the very day of the sovereign, - recalled General from Infanteria N.A. Epancin. - Annually flashed the thought: did the fight deliberately started on the day of coronation? I knew Zinovia Petrovich well and want to hope that it was not. " Emperor Nicholas received the first controversial information about the Tsushim battle on May 16, on Monday. The emperor opposing the unknown news discussed at breakfast with the Grand Princes General Admiral Alexei Aleksandrovich and the former on the day on the duty on the duty outline-adjutant Kirill Vladimirovich, miraculously wondered during the catastrophe of Petropavlovsk.

S.Yu. Witte, whom the sad circumstances of the war again advanced policies on the front edge, hardly survived the Tsushimsky defeat. A few days after the battle, he was telegraph broadcast by A.N. Kuropatkin: "silently under the gift of the darkness and misfortunes. My heart is with you. Help you God! " But after the Mukden catastrophe in the team composition of the Russian army, there was no permutation. Kuropatkin "Beil Broma, asking him to leave him in the army for any position." He received the 1st Army, from which N.P. came to shift Linevich - Aged General, Top regional art Which was the overclocking of the unstroit crowd of the Chinese during the suppression of the "boxing uprising".

All the spring, Russian army in Manchuria constantly intensified, and by the summer of 1905, the superiority in the power became tangible. Against 20 Japanese Russia had already 38 divisions focused on the Suping positions. In the current army there were already about 450 thousand fighters, of which 40 thousand were volunteers. The wireless telegraph has established, field railways, with the completion of the construction of a round-baikal railway with Russia now they have now been contacted by five pairs of trains per day, of which the Military Activities were three, but twenty. At the same time, the quality of the Japanese troops has noticeably decreased. Officer CompositionWith which the Japanese imperial army joined the war with Russia, was mainly exterminated, the replenishment arrived untrained. The Japanese began to seek captive, which had previously happened extremely rarely. Mobilized old men and adolescents have already come across. For half a year after Mukden, the Japanese did not dare to a new offensive. Their army was existed by the war, and its reserves were approached by an end. Many found that Kuropatkin strategically beat Oyama, but it was not difficult to do, having a huge, almost not touched by a regular army. After all, in battles under Liaoyan, at Shahoe and under Mukden against all ground forces Japan fought only a small part of the Russian army. "Future historian," Kuropatkin himself wrote, "Summing up the Ruskoyapon War, it will calmly decide that our land army in this war, although it has been set off in the first campaign, but, everything is neglected among and experience, finally reached such power that the victory could It is provided to her, and that therefore the world was concluded at a time when our land army was not even defeated by the Japanese neither financially nor morally. " As for statistical data, the ratio of forces, then, for example, in the report of the same A.N. Kuropatkina (in his life by the military minister) the following says: in war time Japan can develop its armed forces up to 300,080 people, about half of these forces can take part in amusement operations. But at the greatest readiness in Japan contained 126,000 bayonets plus 55,000 checkers and 494 guns. In other words, 181 000 japanese soldiers And officers opposed 1,135,000 Russians. But really, as noted above, a non-regular army fought with the Japanese, but stoves. In this, according to Kurophatkina, and was the main defect of the Russian strategy.

Perhaps, in fact, the Supinga battle was to bring Russia to Russia, but he was never destined to take place. According to the writer-historian A.A. Kershnovsky, the victory during Sapinga would have revealed the world to the power of Russia and the strength of her army, and the prestige of Russia as a great power would rise high - and in July 1914, the German emperor would not send to her arrogant ultimatum. Renidi Linevich in the offensive against Schopinga - and, perhaps, Russia would not know the disasters of 1905, the explosion of the 1914th and catastrophe of 1917.

Portsmouth Mir

Mukden and Tsushima made irreversible revolutionary processes in Russia. Radically customized students and gymnasisters of Slelich Mikado congratulatory telegrams and kissed the first prisoners of Japanese officers when they were brought to the Volga. Agricultural unrest began, councils of workers deputies were created in the cities - harbing councils of 1917. American observers believed that the continuation of Russia of this war "can lead to the loss of all Russian East Asian possessions, not excluding Vladivostok." The voices in favor of continuing the war were still heard, Kuropatkin and Linevich called upon the government in no case to enter into peace, but Nikolai himself doubted the abilities of his strategists. "Our generals said," wrote grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich - that if they had more time, they could win the war. I believed that they needed to give twenty years so that they could reflect on their criminal carelessness. No people won and could not win wars, struggling with the enemy who were at the distance of seven thousand versts, while inside the country the revolution was stipulated in the back of the army. " S.Yu. Witte fired him, believing that it was necessary to conclude peace to the Mukden battle, then the conditions of the world were worse than before the port of the port of. Or - it was necessary to conclude the world when the Rodralovsky appeared with the squadron in the Chinese Sea. Then the conditions would be almost such as after Mukden battle. And finally, it was necessary to conclude the world to a new battle with the army of Linevich: "... Of course, the conditions will be very heavy, but in one I am confident that after the fight with Linevich, they will be even harder. After taking Sakhalin and Vladivostok, they will be even harder. " For the Tsushimsky pogrom, the August Uncle Tsar General Admiral Alexey Alexandrovich and Marine Minister Admiral F.K. Avelan, devoted to monarch oblivion. Admirals of Rodisthensky and Nahbates - the remains of a broken squadron, who passed the rest of the Japanese - on returning from captivity, appeared before the Military Court.

At the end of June, the peace negotiations were opened in Portsmouth, started on the initiative of the American President Theodore Roosevelt. The world was needed by Russia to "prevent internal unrest", which, according to the president, would otherwise appealed to a catastrophe. But in Bescreen Japan there was a fanatical "party of war". Trying to provoke the continuation of the war, its representatives arranged a series of arsals of the so-called "shelters", where Russian prisoners were kept.

The proposal of Roosevelt was preceded by the appeal to him by the Japanese government asking for mediation. It seemed that the Japanese themselves were frightened their victories. There is a testimony that in the summer of 1904, the Messenger of Japan in London Gajashi through intermediaries expressed the wish to meet Witte to exchange views of the opportunity to end the distribution and conclude an honorary world. The Gayashiy initiative received Tokyo's approval. But the Minister S.Yu retired at the time. Witte, with regret, was convinced that at the court of his news about the possibility of the conclusion of the "non-domestic world" was interpreted as "the opinion of a fool and almost a traitor." At the same time, the role of the shooter went to him. In an interview with the Daly Telegraph correspondent, Witte said that, despite the completeness of his authority, his role comes down to find out, under what conditions the government of Mikado agrees to conclude peace. And before this meeting about the prospects of the war, Witte talked with the Governing Minister Admiral A.A. Birilev. He, without the Ovyazhikov, told him that "the question with the fleet is finished. Japan is the owner of the Far East Water. "

On board a presidential yacht "May Flower", Russian and Japanese peace delegations were presented to each other, and on the third day, Witte was partially adopted by Roosevelt on the presidential dacha near New York. Witte developed the thought before Roosevelt that Russia does not consider himself a defeated, and therefore no conditions dictated by the defeated enemy cannot accept, especially in configuration. He said that great Russia Never agree to any conditions that hurt the honor for reasons not only a military nature, but mainly a national self-consciousness. The inner position with all his seriousness is not as it seems abroad, and cannot encourage Russia to "abandon himself."

Exactly in a month, August 23, in the building of the Admiralty Palace "Neva-Yard" in Portsmouth (New Hampshire), Witte and the head of the Japanese diplomatic department of the Baron Comeur, Dzutaro signed a peace treaty. Russia transferred Japan to the Kwantun region with Port Arthur and Far Farthest, I gave way to the southern part of Sakhalin in the 50th parallel, deprived of the part of the Sino-Eastern Railway and recognized the predominance of Japanese interests in Korea and South Manchuria. The harassment of the Japanese of the Contribration and Reimbursement of Costs of 3 billion rubles was rejected, and Japan did not insist on them, fearing the resumption of hostilities in unprofitable conditions. On this occasion, the London Times wrote that "the nation, hopelessly broken in every battle, whose army has capitulated, turned into a flight, and fleet is buried by the sea, dictated its conditions to the winner."

It was after the signing of the Agreement, Witte, in addition to the county title, a complained king, acquired the "honorable" prefix half-Sakhalin to his last name.

Even during the siege, Port Arthur, the Japanese spoke Russians that if they were in the Union, they would comply with the whole world. And on the way back from Portsmouth, Witte spoke to his personal secretary I.Ya. Korostovtsu: "I now started rapprochement with Japan, you need to continue it and consolidate the contract - trade, and if it is possible, then political, only not at the expense of China. Of course, first of all should restore mutual trust. "

In general, the way to Pacific Ocean And the firm consolidation on its Far Eastern shores was a long-standing issue of Russian politics. Another thing is that at the beginning of the twentieth century, Russia's aspirations acquired in many ways an adventuristic character. The idea of \u200b\u200baccess to the Pacific Ocean was not left "even the Bolsheviks who at first persistently and systematically sought to interrupt all historical connections With the past Russia, "said B. Stemp. But they were unable to change it to the seas, and their struggle for the Chinese-oriental railway proved it.

It is not by chance that all three monuments of the "convicientic" and "imperialist" war (Admiral S.O. Makarov in Kronstadt, the Docheva "Energis" in the Alexander III, Alexander III, in the garden in the garden of the Nikolsky Maritime Cathedral) have been safely preserved to this day, And in 1956, the Soviet government perpetuated the memory of the commander of the legendary cruiser "Varyag" (and the Flegene-Adjutant of Sweets of Emperor Nikolai II) of Vsevolod Fedorovich Rudneva, decorating his central street Tula.

Bridge long in 100 years

On the reasons to the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905, its estimates, the results and consequences tells the Chef-correspondent of the Moscow Bureau of the Japanese newspaper Sanki Simbun, Nito Yasuo.

FROM end XIX. The century in Asia established the Gegemony of the United States and European powers. It was the era of rivalry between states based on a cruel principle "The winner gets everything." Standing in the development of the world's leading powered by Japan, having entered into the path of industrialization in 1894, decided to entrenched on the Korean Peninsula and to achieve this goal began the war with China. The result of hostilities was rejection in favor of Japan Liaodong Peninsula. However, Russia in the Alliance with Germany and France, plotting to subjugate the whole Asia to himself, intervened and demanded the return of the Liaodong Peninsula to the victim of China defeat. Stewing for the interests of the loser side, Russia actually built a colony on the returned China peninsula. At that time, Japan understood that she did not exist real levers to Russia, so it was during this period that the expression "Gasin-Sötan" was becoming a national slogan of the Japanese, which means "refusal from the present in favor of the future." This slogan has swallowed a Japanese nation.

In 1900, Russia, using the "Boxing uprising" in China as an official pretext to protect national interests, sent its land military forces to Manchuria. After the incident was exhausted, Russia did not express the desire to bring troops from the Chinese territory. In conditions russian expression to the east, the development of the Transsib, the construction of military bases in the north of the Korean Peninsula, announced by Japan's zone of its strategic interests, japanese society despair grew from the impossibility of opposing anything in Russia, which is an order of magnitude superior to Japan on economic and military power. It was necessary to undertake something to take, and Japan with the support of Great Britain and the US began to prepare for war with Russia. For Japan, the importance of this war is difficult to overestimate: it had to determine the existence of a Japanese state without exaggeration.

As for the modern points of view on the Russian-Japanese war, it is estimated in different ways. For example, Mrs. Khosaka Muneko - the greatness of the admiral of the one who visited St. Petersburg in the spring of 2004, spoke of meetings that the purpose of her great-grandfather was the world and that the war was only for him to achieve it. He was not Russophob and fought only to protect his homeland, for the sake of justice. In their 40 s small years Ms. Moono is engaged in Kando (fighting for swords) with two sons and often repeats them and the favorite saying of the admiral of Togo: "The main thing in this life is not to relax!"

Meeting with the great-grandfather of the Vice Admiral of the Rodial, Commander-in-Chief Baltic Fleet And the main opponent of the admiral of Togo, Zinovy \u200b\u200bDmitrievich Speqi, became for the greatness of the admiral of the most vivid impression: "I could not think about what I will meet with the descendant of the admiral, with whom my great-grandfather fought! I sincerely believe that our confrontation remained in the past, and in the future we will look only together. "

The memory of this war continues to live in the consciousness of the Japanese: so far the inhabitants of those places where the prisoners of war camps are hurting for the graves of Russian soldiers and officers. I would like to remember that, despite the different number of soldiers and officers who came pronounced on both sides (in Russian - about 2,000 Japanese soldiers and officers, in Japanese - about 80,000 people), - attitude to prisoners and in Russia, and in Japan was very humane. Upon completion of hostilities, everyone was given the opportunity to return to their homeland.

Such humaneness does not go, of course, no comparison with what happened 40 years after Russian-Japanese warWhen Stalin in violation of the Potsdam Conference was inexped in Siberia about 600,000 Japanese soldiers and officers, causing them to forced work, where many died from hunger and cold.

In Japan, scientists and students, people of different professions and ages from various positions and points of view continue to discuss the consequences of the Russian-Japanese war. The opinions prevail that "the nation was rallied, mobilized and therefore was able to win a stronger country", "The first victory of the Asian state over the" White "country was an impulse to the fight against colonizers in other Asian states", "because of the outcome of this war in America The doctrine about the "yellow threat" appeared, and this subsequently caused many friction between America and Japan. "

Vice-President of the Conservation Company "Mikasy", Vice-Admiral retired Mr. Oki Taeo (whose grandfather participated in the battle under Port Arthur and was injured) assesses the war: "From the point of view of Japanese history, the Russian-Japanese war was inevitable. It was the struggle of the newly industrialized capitalist Japan with Russia who returned from Europe, the struggle for hegemony in Asia. Although, of course, it is impossible to forget that the rates in this war were different: for Russia it was a gripful war, while for Japan, the existence of the state was the very existence of the state to Konou. That is why Japan, putting every effort, managed to survive and defeat. But this victory gave the basis of the Militarist forces to draw Japan to the second world war. And war is always a tragedy. Do not need a crystal ball to see the future, it is enough to look into the mirror of history. Russian-Japanese relations are now in such a stage when they need an update and aspiration to the future. "

Despite the fact that among the older generation people in Japan still reigns a negative attitude towards Russia generated by the Soviet aggression in World War II, Mr. Oki emphasizes the importance of new relations that will change the future of these countries.

Translation A. Chulahumar

Artillery Innovations of the Russian-Japanese War for the "Artillery Office"

Japanese artillery grenades and bombs with a strong explosive - "Shirms" became hardly the main problem of the Russian army on the "Artillery Office". ("Grenats" then called fugasic shells weighing up to 1 pound, over - "bombs".) Russian print wrote about "Shimlowy" almost with mystical horror. Meanwhile, the agent information about it was still in the summer of 1903, and at the same time it became clear that "Shimose" (more precisely, "Shimlowy", by the name I introduced it in Japan Engineer Masashik Shimlowy) - this is a well-known explosive of Melinitis (he is a picric Acid, he is trinitrophenol).

In Russian artillery, shells with Melinite were, but not only to the new rapid field artillery, who played a major role. Under the explicit influence of the French idea of \u200b\u200bthe "unity of the caliber and shell", excellent Russian rapid-fire 3-DM (76-mm) guns arr. 1900 and 1902, 1.5 times superior Japanese in terms of frequenia and twice in rapidity, had only a shripel shell in the amusing. Skrapnel bullets were mirred against open living targets in front of even light earthwood shelters, globbit fanzes and fences. Japanese 75 mm field and mountain cannons arr. 1898 could shoot "climes", and the same shelters that they defended Japanese soldiers from Russian shrapnels, could not hide the Russians from the Japanese "shirms". It is not by chance that the Japanese was only 8.5% of losses suffered from artillery fire, and Russians - 14%. In the spring of 1905, the Scouting magazine published a letter of one officer: "For God's sake, write, that it is ultimately necessary now, not a honey Order 50-100 thousand three-dimensional grenades, to equip them strongly explosive like Melinitis, supply shock paddes, and here we We will have the same "shirms". The commander-in-chief Kuropatkin three times demanded the supply of fuhas grenades. First, for the 3-DM of guns, then for the old 3,42-dm \u200b\u200barrows on the theater. 1895 (they had such shells), then asked for at least replaced in part of the shrapnels of the bullet with powder charges - such improvisations tried to do in military laboratories, but they only led to the sparklers. The efforts of the Commission on the use of explosives of the shells prepared, but they had come to the troops after the end of the fighting. At the beginning of the war, the Russian field guns "Liho pop up" to open positions closer towards the enemy and immediately carried heavy losses from his fire. Meanwhile, since 1900, Russian artillery has been practiced in shooting from closed positions on an unobservable target using a teller. For the first time in a combat atmosphere, artilleryrs of the 1st and 9th East East-Bird Art Brigade in the battle of Dashića in July 1904 were used. And from August (end of Liaoyan surgery), bloody experience made such a shooting rule. Inspector General Artillery Grand Duke Sergey Mikhailovich personally checked the readiness of rapid batteries sent to Manchuria to conduct shooting at a tomber. Accordingly, after the war, the question arose about the new "optics" for artillery (the Russian-Japanese war confirmed great benefits of periscopes and stereotub) and communications.

In addition, a slightly unobthetic tool with a steep attachment and a strong fundamental effect was also required. In August 1904, the head of artillery workshops captain L.N. Gobyato has developed supercamial "air mines" for shooting from 75-mm guns with a trimmed trunk. But in mid-September, Michman S.N. Vassev offered to shoot six hundred mines from 47-mm sea guns. Major-General Kondratenko advised him to turn to the bureau, and together they created a tool in the fortress workshops, called "mortar" (in a joke, then called "a frog-frog"). The Sukalibal Sixth Opero Minu was charged with 6.5 kg of wet pyroxiline and the shock fuse from the sea torpedo, was inserted into the barrel with a blow and fired a special shot with a pawning shell. To obtain large elevation angles, the cannon was installed on the "Chinese" wheel fault. The shooting range ranged from 50 to 400 m.

In mid-August, the Senior Myster Officer of Cruiser "Bayan" Lieutenant N.L. Podgursky proposed to use heavy mines for the shooting to a distance of up to 200 m a lot harder - smooth-bore casing-loaded minecraft. A spindle-shaped mine caliber 254 mm and a length of 2.25 m reminded the extremely simplified torpedo without an engine, 31 kg of pyroxiline and a shock fuse was carried away. The shooting range was adjusted by variable throwing charge. Constructed assistant tools have provided considerable assistance in this war. After the war, new guns and shells of heavy field and siege artillery were created. But because of the "lack of funds", such guns did not fall in the desired quantity to the beginning of the new, already the "big" war. Germany, focusing on the experience of the Russian-Japanese war, acquired a rather numerous heavy artillery. And when Russia, at the beginning of the first world, it took to strengthen its heavy artillery, now allied Japan expressed his readiness to transfer 150-mm guns and 230-mm warmness, removing them ... with the fortifications of Port Arthur. In 1904, "suddenly" machine guns became popular (considered artillery tools), but they were not enough. The lack was compensated by various improvisations like "Shemetyllo machine gun" - a member of Defense Captain Shemetillo laid in a row on a wooden frame equipped with wheels, 5 "three-lines", with the help of two arrow levers could recharge all the rifles at once and shovel. Cropped sharply against the expected consumption of cartridges, and the Commander of the Army Kuropatkin then said that "we shot very little."