The seventh planet in terms of distance from the sun. The planets of the solar system and their arrangement in order
Uranus is the seventh planet. Located at a distance of 2.8 billion km from the star, this planet is a gas giant. With a radius of the equator of 26.6 thousand km, and a mass 14.6 times that of the Earth, Uranus rushes in an almost circular orbit, developing a speed of 6.8 km / sec. The density of the planet is 4.4 times less than the density. Uranus makes a revolution around the axis in 17 hours. But the regions far from the equator turn around in 14 hours. It turns out that the gas structure of the surface is not a single whole. It follows its own laws, representing an uncontrollable mass.
Structure
Atmosphere
The smallest crystals of methane in upper layers atmospheres give the planet a greenish tint. The lower ones consist of liquid hydrogen (83%) and helium (15%). Under the atmosphere is a liquid, very dense ammonia-water mantle.
Core
It is not known exactly whether Uranus has a solid core. Most scientists believe that there is a core, and it consists of silicon and metals.
Rings
Uranus has 13 rings. They cannot be compared with magnificent rings, and they have dark colors, therefore, they are practically invisible. Their discovery took place in 1977 by indirect indications - they blocked the glow of the observed stars.
Rings are not all the same. The middle 11 are almost black, and the outermost ones compare favorably with them. The outer ring is colored blue and the inner ring is red. Rings consist of stony particles, the smallest and a few meters in size. The width of the rings is from 1 to 10 km, and only the widest, outer one, swelled up to 96 kilometers.
Satellites
There are 27 satellites in total, 5 are considered the main ones. Their composition: ice (consisting of ammonia, carbon dioxide and methane), mixed with rocks. And the satellites revolve around their master, turning to him with one side, like our Moon.
The smallest of the major satellites is less dense than Uranus itself. The distance to the planet is almost 130,000 km, with a diameter of 472 km, and it flies around it in 1.41 Earth days. The surface temperature of Miranda is 185 ° C.
The brightest satellite of Uranus. This is due to water frost covering its surface. Ariel is located 191240 km from the planet. The diameter of the satellite is 1158 km, the density is 1.67 g / cm³, and one revolution around Uranus takes 2.52 days. The surface of Ariel is dotted with canyons up to 10 km deep and has a temperature of - 215 ° C.
It is the darkest moon of Uranus, at a distance of 266,000 km. Its diameter is only 585 km, and the period of revolution around the planet is 4 days. On a very dark surface, the temperature drops to -198 ° C. The density of Umbriel is 1.4 g / cm³. The entire surface is densely pitted with craters. The largest crater, 140 km in diameter, is particularly whiteness. It is believed that this is pure ice, to which the one who struck Umbriel was able to break through.
The largest satellite of Uranus, has a diameter of 1,577 km and is 436,000 km distant from the planet, orbiting around it in 8.71 days. Density 1.71 g / cm³, and surface temperature- 203 ° C. There are very few craters on Titania. But enough canyons and valleys. Some canyons stretch for distances of up to 1000 km.
It is smaller than Titania - 1526 km in diameter, and is 582 600 km away. The density is 1.63 g / cm³, and the surface temperature is 198 ° C. The surface of the satellite bears the traces of an intense meteorite bombardment. The largest crater, Hamlet, reaches 205 km in diameter.
Magnetosphere
The magnetic field of Uranus has its own peculiarities. The main one consists in the discrepancy between the axes of rotation and magnetic, the shift reaches a third of the planet's radius. Plus, the magnetic axis is tilted 60 degrees to the axis of rotation. Tension magnetic field is also not stable, in different areas it is different. In addition to the main magnetic poles there are two less powerful ones. The magnetosphere of Uranus itself is rolled into a tailspin, while on other planets it is stretched out in a wide strip following the solar wind. This is due precisely to the tilt of the magnetic axis. 
Inner warmth
In terms of temperature, Uranus is the coldest of gas giants, having in the tropopause - 224 ° C. In the troposphere, the temperature is already 47 ° C, and the lower, the more heating, reaching 5000 ° C. The most curious thing is that in the stratosphere, the temperature rises, reaching 520 ° C, and does not drop to an altitude of 50,000 km.
The heat flux of Uranus is very low. Even someone like him emits 2.6 times more heat energy than he receives from. Uranium gives almost nothing. Perhaps some layer in the upper layers traps the inner heat of the planet.
Seasons
The giant's axis of rotation is tilted at 98 °, so it seems to lie on its side. Because of this location, one of the poles, the equator, or middle latitudes are facing the Sun alternately.
The rapid change of day and night occurs only at the equator, when the sun is low above the horizon. It turns out that for 42 years alternately at each of the poles either day or night. And only during the periods of equinox, when the Sun is located in front of the equator, the usual changes of day and night are possible.
Climate
The atmosphere of Uranus is unusually calm in comparison with the atmospheres of other giant planets. Voyager 2 found only 10 cloud stripes in the visible southern hemisphere. The speed of the winds at the equator (here they are directed against the rotation of the planet) 50 - 100 m / s. Moving away from the equator to latitudes ± 20 °, the winds subside, practically zeroing out. And above, a gradual increase in wind speed begins to latitudes ± 60 °, where their direction is already direct. There is almost no wind at the poles.
It is too early to talk about seasonal changes on Uranus, but one thing is clear: the structure and thickness of the clouds change noticeably in some periods.
Riddles
Lateral rotation. This is perhaps main riddle planets. Why is she lying on her side? There is an assumption that in the distant times of origin, Uranus collided with a protoplanet, which laid it on its side, which changed the direction of the magnetic axis. It also cooled the heat flow of the planet.
Chevron. This is Miranda's mystery. When processing satellite images, an area of regular shape was revealed on it, almost not attacked by meteorites. This "tick" measuring 140x200 km was named "chevron", its origin is still unknown.
The study
The research of this giant is ahead. Voyager 2 was the only spacecraft to visit the vicinity of Uranus in 1986. He approached him at a distance of 81,500 km. The atmosphere was studied, the device discovered 10 new satellites. It became possible to see two more rings of the planet and photograph the main satellites.
We have learned so little about the beautiful blue-green planet. But surely its secrets and mysteries are countless. Probably, these secrets will not be revealed to researchers soon. But this only makes them more desirable and more important.
This name is incredible interesting planet received in honor of the father of the Roman god Saturn. It was Uranus that became the first planet that was discovered in modern history... However, at first this planet in 1781 was attributed to the category of comets, and only later observations of astronomers proved that Uranus is a real planet. In our review, interesting and interesting facts about the seventh planet from the Sun, on which summer lasts 42 years.
1. Seventh planet
Uranus is the seventh planet in terms of distance from the Sun, which is the third largest and fourth most massive in the solar system. It is invisible to the naked eye, so Uranus became the first planet discovered with a telescope.
2. Uranus discovered in 1781
Uranus was officially discovered by Sir William Herschel in 1781. The name of the planet comes from the ancient Greek deity Uranus, whose sons were giants and titans.
3. Too, too faded ...
Uranus is too faded to be seen without special devices. At first, Herschel thought it was a comet, but after a few years it was confirmed that it was still a planet.
4. The planet lies "on its side"
The planet rotates in the opposite direction, opposite to Earth and most other planets. Since the axis of rotation of Uranus is located unusually (the planet lies "on its side" relative to the plane of rotation around the Sun), for almost a quarter of a year one of the poles of the planet is in complete darkness.
5. The smallest of the "giants"
Uranus is the smallest of the four "giants" (they also include Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune), but it is several times larger than Earth. The equatorial diameter of Uranus is 47,150 km, compared to the Earth's diameter of 12,760 km.
6. Atmosphere of hydrogen and helium
Like other gas giants, Uranus' atmosphere is composed of hydrogen and helium. Below is an ice mantle that surrounds a core of rock and ice (which is why Uranus is often called the "ice giant"). Clouds on Uranus are composed of water, ammonia and methane crystals, giving the planet its pale blue color.
7. Uranus helped with Neptune
Since Uranus was first discovered, scientists have noticed that at certain points in its orbit, the planet is deflected further into space. In the nineteenth century, some astronomers suggested that this attraction was due to the gravity of another planet. By doing mathematical calculations based on observations of Uranus, two astronomers, Adams and Le Verrier, located another planet. It turned out to be Neptune, located at a distance of 10.9 astronomical units from Uranus.
8.19.2 astronomical units
Distances in the solar system are measured in astronomical units (AU). The distance of the Earth from the Sun was taken as one astronomical unit. Uranus is located at a distance of 19.2 AU. from the sun.
9. The inner heat of the planet
Another surprising fact about Uranus is that the internal heat of the planet is less than that of other giant planets in the solar system. The reason for this is unknown.
10. Eternal haze of methane
Uranus' upper atmosphere is an eternal haze of methane. It hides the storms that rage in the clouds.
11. Two external and eleven internal
Uranus has two sets of very thin, dark colored rings. The particles that make up the rings are very small, ranging from the size of a grain of sand to small pebbles. There are eleven inner rings and two outer rings, the first of which were discovered in 1977 when Uranus passed in front of the star and astronomers were able to observe the planet with the Hubble Telescope.
12. Titania, Oberon, Miranda, Ariel
Uranus has a total of twenty-seven moons, most of which were named after the characters in Shakespeare's comedy A Midsummer Night's Dream. The five main satellites are named Titania, Oberon, Miranda, Ariel and Umbriel.
13. Ice Canyons and Terraces of Miranda
The most interesting satellite of Uranus is Miranda. It has icy canyons, terraces, and other strange looking surface areas.
14. The coldest temperature in the solar system
Uranus recorded the lowest temperature on the planets in the solar system - minus 224 ° C. Although such temperatures were not observed on Neptune, this planet is colder on average.
15. Period of revolution around the Sun
The year on Uranus (that is, the period of revolution around the Sun) lasts 84 Earth years. For about 42 years, each of its poles has been in direct sunlight, and the rest of the time is in complete darkness.
For everyone who is interested in an extraterrestrial topic, we have collected.
solar system- these are 8 planets and more than 63 of their satellites, which are being discovered more and more often, several dozen comets and a large number of asteroids. All cosmic bodies move along their clear directed trajectories around the Sun, which is 1000 times heavier than all bodies in the solar system put together. The center of the solar system is the Sun - the star around which the planets revolve in orbits. They do not emit heat and do not glow, but only reflect the light of the Sun. There are now 8 officially recognized planets in the solar system. Briefly, in order of distance from the sun, we list them all. And now a few definitions.
Planet- this is heavenly body, which must satisfy four conditions:
1.the body must revolve around the star (for example, around the sun);
2. the body must have sufficient gravity to be spherical or close to it;
3. the body should not have other large bodies near its orbit;
4.the body shouldn't be a star
Satellites of the planets. The solar system also includes the Moon and natural satellites of other planets, which all of them have, except for Mercury and Venus. More than 60 satellites are known. Most of the satellites of the outer planets were discovered when they received photographs taken by robotic spacecraft. The smallest satellite of Jupiter - Leda - is only 10 km across.
Is a star, without which life on Earth could not exist. She gives us energy and warmth. According to the classification of stars, the Sun is a yellow dwarf. Age about 5 billion years. It has a diameter at the equator equal to 1,392,000 km, 109 times larger than the Earth's. The rotation period at the equator is 25.4 days and 34 days at the poles. The mass of the Sun is 2x10 to the power of 27 tons, about 332950 times the mass of the Earth. The temperature inside the core is about 15 million degrees Celsius. The surface temperature is about 5500 degrees Celsius. By chemical composition The sun is made up of 75% hydrogen, with the other 25% the most being helium. Now, in order, let's figure out how many planets revolve around the sun, in the solar system and the characteristics of the planets.
The four inner planets (closest to the Sun) - Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars - have a solid surface. They are smaller than four giant planets. Mercury moves faster than other planets, being burned by the sun's rays during the day and freezing at night.
The period of revolution around the Sun: 87.97 days. Diameter at the equator: 4878 km.
Rotation period (revolution around the axis): 58 days.
Surface temperature: 350 during the day and -170 at night.
Atmosphere: very thin, helium.
How many satellites: 0.
The main satellites of the planet: 0.
More like Earth in size and brightness. Observing her is difficult because of the clouds that envelop her. The surface is a hot rocky desert. 
The period of revolution around the Sun: 224.7 days.
Diameter at the equator: 12104 km.
Rotation period (revolution around the axis): 243 days.
Surface temperature: 480 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: dense, mostly carbon dioxide.
How many satellites: 0.
The main satellites of the planet: 0.
Apparently, the Earth was formed from a gas and dust cloud, like other planets. Particles of gas and dust, colliding, gradually "grew" the planet. Surface temperatures reached 5,000 degrees Celsius. Then the Earth cooled down and was covered with hard stone crust. But the temperature in the bowels is still quite high - 4500 degrees. Rocks in the bowels are melted and, during volcanic eruptions, are poured onto the surface. Only on earth there is water. That is why life exists here. It is located relatively close to the Sun in order to receive the necessary heat and light, but far enough so as not to burn out.
The period of revolution around the Sun: 365.3 days. Diameter at equator: 12756 km.
The period of the planet's rotation (revolution around the axis): 23 hours 56 minutes.
Surface temperature: 22 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: Mainly nitrogen and oxygen.
Number of satellites: 1.
The main satellites of the planet: the Moon.
Due to the resemblance to the Earth, it was believed that life exists here. But the spacecraft that landed on the surface of Mars showed no signs of life. This is the fourth planet in order. 
The period of revolution around the Sun: 687 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 6794 km.
Rotation period (revolution around the axis): 24 hours 37 minutes.
Surface temperature: –23 degrees (average).
Atmosphere of the planet: rarefied, mostly carbon dioxide.
How many satellites: 2.
The main satellites in order: Phobos, Deimos.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are composed of hydrogen and other gases. Jupiter exceeds Earth by more than 10 times in diameter, 300 times in mass and 1,300 times in volume. It is more than twice as massive as all the planets. Solar system put together. How long does it take for the planet Jupiter to become a star? It is necessary to increase its mass by 75 times!
The period of revolution around the Sun: 11 years 314 days. Diameter of the planet at the equator: 143884 km.
Rotation period (revolution around the axis): 9 hours 55 minutes.
The planet's surface temperature is –150 degrees (average).
Number of satellites: 16 (+ rings).
The main satellites of the planets in order: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto.
It is the number 2 largest planet in the solar system. Saturn is eye-catching thanks to its ring system made of ice, rocks and dust that orbits the planet. There are three main rings with an outer diameter of 270,000 km, but their thickness is about 30 meters. 
The period of revolution around the Sun: 29 years 168 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 120,536 km.
Rotation period (revolution around the axis): 10 hours 14 minutes.
Surface temperature: -180 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 18 (+ rings).
Main satellites: Titan.
Unique planet Solar system. Its peculiarity is that it revolves around the Sun not like everyone else, but "lying on its side". Uranus also has rings, although they are more difficult to see. In 1986, Voyager-2 flew at a distance of 64,000 km, he had six hours of photography, which he successfully implemented.
Circulation period: 84 years 4 days. Diameter at the equator: 51,118 km.
The period of the planet's rotation (revolution around the axis): 17 hours 14 minutes.
Surface temperature: –214 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium.
How many satellites: 15 (+ rings).
Main satellites: Titania, Oberon.
At the moment, Neptune is considered the last planet in the solar system. Its discovery took place by means of mathematical calculations, and then they saw it through a telescope. In 1989, Voyager 2 flew by. He took striking photographs of the blue surface of Neptune and its largest moon, Triton. 
The period of revolution around the Sun: 164 years 292 days.
Diameter at the equator: 50538 km.
Period of rotation (revolution around the axis): 16 hours 7 minutes.
Surface temperature: –220 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 8.
Main satellites: Triton.
On August 24, 2006, Pluto lost its planetary status. The International Astronomical Union has decided which celestial body should be considered a planet. Pluto does not meet the requirements of the new formulation and loses its "planetary status", at the same time Pluto passes into a new quality and becomes the prototype of a separate class dwarf planets.
How the planets appeared. Approximately 5-6 billion years ago, one of the gas and dust clouds of our large Galaxy ( Milky way), which has the shape of a disk, began to contract towards the center, gradually forming the present Sun. Further, according to one of the theories, under the influence of powerful forces of attraction, a large number of dust and gas particles revolving around the Sun began to stick together into balls - forming future planets. According to another theory, the gas-dust cloud immediately disintegrated into separate clusters of particles, which were compressed and compressed, forming the current planets. Now 8 planets revolve around the Sun constantly.
The solar system is a planetary system that includes the central star - the Sun - and all natural objects in space that revolve around it. It was formed by gravitational compression of a gas and dust cloud about 4.57 billion years ago. Let's find out which planets are part of the solar system, how they are located in relation to the Sun and their brief characteristics.
Brief information about the planets of the solar system
The number of planets in the solar system is 8, and they are classified in order of distance from the sun:
- Inner planets or terrestrial planets- Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They are mainly composed of silicates and metals.
- Outer planets- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the so-called gas giants. They are much more massive than the terrestrial planets. The largest planets in the solar system, Jupiter and Saturn, are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium; the smaller gas giants, Uranus and Neptune, in addition to hydrogen and helium, contain methane and carbon monoxide in their atmospheres.
Rice. 1. Planets of the solar system.
The list of the planets of the solar system in order from the sun looks like this: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. By listing the planets from largest to smallest, this order changes. The most major planet Jupiter appears, then Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars, and finally Mercury.
All planets revolve around the Sun in the same direction as the Sun rotates (counterclockwise when viewed from the side north pole Sun).
Mercury has the highest angular velocity - it manages to complete a complete revolution around the Sun in just 88 Earth days. And for the most distant planet - Neptune - the orbital period is 165 Earth years.
Most of the planets revolve around their axis in the same direction as they revolve around the Sun. Exceptions are Venus and Uranus, and Uranus rotates practically "lying on its side" (axis tilt about 90 degrees).
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Table. The sequence of the location of the planets in the solar system and their features.
|
Planet |
Distance from the Sun |
Period of circulation |
Rotation period |
Diameter, km. |
Number of satellites |
Density g / cc cm. |
|
Mercury |
||||||
Terrestrial planets (inner planets)
The four planets closest to the Sun consist mainly of heavy elements, have a small number of satellites, and have no rings. They are largely composed of refractory minerals such as silicates that form their mantle and crust, and metals such as iron and nickel that form their core. Three of these planets - Venus, Earth, and Mars - have an atmosphere.
- Mercury- is the closest planet to the Sun and smallest planet systems. The planet has no satellites.
- Venus- is close in size to the Earth and, like the Earth, has a thick silicate shell around the iron core and the atmosphere (because of this, Venus is often called the "sister" of the Earth). However, the amount of water on Venus is much less than on Earth, and its atmosphere is 90 times denser. Venus has no satellites.
Venus is the most hot planet of our system, its surface temperature exceeds 400 degrees Celsius. The most likely reason for such high temperature is a greenhouse effect arising from a dense atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide.
Rice. 2. Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system
- Earth- is the largest and densest of the terrestrial planets. The question of whether life exists anywhere other than Earth remains open. Among the planets of the terrestrial group, the Earth is unique (primarily due to the hydrosphere). The atmosphere of the Earth is radically different from the atmospheres of other planets - it contains free oxygen. Earth has one natural satellite- The moon, the only large satellite of the terrestrial planets of the solar system.
- Mars- less than Earth and Venus. It possesses an atmosphere composed mainly of carbon dioxide. There are volcanoes on its surface, the largest of which, Olympus, exceeds all earthly volcanoes in size, reaching an altitude of 21.2 km.
Outer region of the solar system
The outer region of the solar system is home to the gas giants and their moons.
- Jupiter- has a mass 318 times that of the Earth, and 2.5 times more massive than all the other planets combined. It is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter has 67 satellites.
- Saturn- known for its extensive ring system, it is the least dense planet in the solar system (its average density is less than that of water). Saturn has 62 moons.
Rice. 3. Planet Saturn.
- Uranus- the seventh planet from the Sun is the lightest of the giant planets. What makes it unique among other planets is that it rotates "lying on its side": the inclination of the axis of its rotation to the plane of the ecliptic is approximately 98 degrees. Uranus has 27 satellites.
- Neptune- the last planet in the solar system. Although slightly smaller than Uranus, it is more massive and therefore denser. Neptune has 14 known satellites.
What have we learned?
One of the fascinating topics of astronomy is the structure of the solar system. We learned what names of the planets of the solar system are, in what sequence they are located in relation to the Sun, what are their distinctive features and brief characteristics. This information so interesting and informative that it will be useful even for 4th grade children.
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It is a system of planets, in the center of which is bright Star, the source of energy, heat and light is the Sun.
According to one theory, the Sun was formed together with the solar system about 4.5 billion years ago as a result of the explosion of one or more supernovae. Initially, the solar system was a cloud of gas and dust particles, which, in motion and under the influence of their mass, formed a disk, in which a new star, the Sun and our entire solar system, arose.
In the center of the solar system is the Sun, around which nine large planets revolve in orbits. Since the Sun is displaced from the center of planetary orbits, then during the cycle of revolution around the Sun the planets either approach or move away in their orbits.
There are two groups of planets:
Terrestrial planets: and ... These planets are small in size with a rocky surface, they are closer to the Sun than others.
Planets giants: and ... These are large planets, consisting mainly of gas and are characterized by rings of ice dust and many rocky pieces.
And here does not fall into any group, because, despite its location in the solar system, it is located too far from the sun and has a very small diameter, only 2320 km, which is half the diameter of Mercury.
The planets of the solar system
Let's start a fascinating acquaintance with the planets of the solar system in order of their location from the sun, and also consider their main satellites and some other space objects (comets, asteroids, meteorites) in the gigantic expanses of our planetary system.
Rings and moons of Jupiter: Europa, Io, Ganymede, Callisto and others ...
The planet Jupiter is surrounded by a whole family of 16 satellites, and each of them has its own, unlike other features ...
Rings and moons of Saturn: Titan, Enceladus and others ...
Not only the planet Saturn has characteristic rings, but also other giant planets. Around Saturn, the rings are especially clearly visible, because they consist of billions of small particles that revolve around the planet, in addition to several rings, Saturn has 18 satellites, one of which is Titan, its diameter is 5000 km, which makes it the largest satellite of the solar system ...
Rings and moons of Uranus: Titania, Oberon and others ...
The planet Uranus has 17 satellites and, like other giant planets, thin rings encircling the planet, which practically do not have the ability to reflect light, so they were discovered not so long ago in 1977, quite by accident ...
Rings and moons of Neptune: 
Triton, Nereid and others ...
Initially, before the exploration of Neptune by the Voyager 2 spacecraft, it was known about two satellites of the planet - Triton and Nerida. Interesting fact that the satellite Triton has the opposite direction of orbital motion, strange volcanoes were also discovered on the satellite, which spewed nitrogen gas, like geysers, spreading a dark mass (from a liquid state to vapor) for many kilometers into the atmosphere. During its mission, Voyager 2 discovered six more satellites of the planet Neptune ...