Social sciences are studying. Spiritual life of society

Under scienceit is customary to understand the systematically organized knowledge based on facts produced using empirical methods of study based on measuring real phenomena. In the question of which disciplines relate to social sciences, there is no consensus. There are various classifications of these social sciences.

Depending on communication with the practice of science, they are divided:

1) on fundamental (find out the objective laws of the surrounding world);

2) Applied (solve problems of applying these laws to solve practical tasks in the production and social fields).

If you adhere to this classification, the boundaries of these groups of science are conditional and movable.

The generally accepted classification is based on the subject of the research (the links and dependencies that each science directly studies). In accordance with this, the following groups of social sciences are allocated.

Philosophy is the most ancient and fundamental science establishing the most common patterns of the development of nature and society. Philosophy performs a cognitive function in society. Ethics - the theory of morality, its essence and impact on the development of society and the lives of people. Morality and morality play a large role in motivating human behavior, its ideas about nobility, honesty, courage. Aesthetics- the doctrine of the development of art and artistic creativity, the method of incarnation of ideals of humanity in painting, music, architecture and other areas of culture

So, we found out that in the question of which disciplines relate to social sciences, there is no uniform opinion. However, to social sciences taken out sociology, psychology, social psychology, economy, political science and anthropology.These sciences are much in common, they are closely related to each other and make a kind of scientific union.

They are adjacent to a group of related sciences that belong to humanitarian. it philosophy, language, artistic, literary criticism.

Social sciences operate quantified(mathematic and statistical) methods, and humanitarian - quality(Descriptively estimated).

Social sciences, they are often called public, learn laws, facts and dependence of the socio-historical process, as well as the goals, motives and values \u200b\u200bof the person. They differ from art in that the company uses scientific method and standards, including high-quality and quantitative analysis Problems. The result of research data is the analysis of social processes and the detection of patterns and repeating events in them.

Society of Society

The first group includes science giving the most general knowledge About society, first of all, sociology. Sociology studies society and the laws of its development, the functioning of social communities and the relationship between them. This multipadigmal science considers social mechanisms as self-sufficient means of regulation. social relationship. Most paradigms are divided into two directions - microsociology and macrosociology.

Science on certain areas of public life

This group of social sciences includes economics, political science, ethics and aesthetics. Culturalology is engaged in the study of the interaction of cultural in individual and mass consciousness. The object of research of the economy is economic reality. Due to its latitude, this science is a whole disciplines that differ from each other by the subject of study. Economic disciplines include: macro- and, econometrics, mathematical methods of economics, statistics, sectoral and engineering economics, history of economic teachings and many others.

Ethics is engaged in the study of morality and morality. Metaethics studies the origin and value of ethical categories and concepts using logical analysis. Regulatory ethics is devoted to the search for the principles governing the behavior of a person and guide its actions.

Sciences about all spheres of public life

These science permeate all spheres of public life, this is legal state (jurisprudence) and history. Relying on various sources, past of humanity. The subject of study of legal entity is the right as a socio-political phenomenon, as well as a combination of specific state-specific behaviors established by the state. Jurisprudence views the state as an organization of political power, which ensures the management of the affairs of the whole society with the help of the right and specially created state apparatus.

1.Social sciences Social Sciences are a group of academic disciplines that study aspects of human being in the aspect of it public activities. The specifics of this type of knowledge is, first of all, in the fact that the activity of the subjects of knowledge itself acts as an object. That is, people themselves are both subjects of knowledge and real acting persons. In addition, the object of cognition also becomes the interaction between the object and the subject of knowledge. In other words, in contrast to the sciences about nature, technical and other sciences, its subject is initially present in the very object of social cognition. Further, society and man, on the one hand, are part of the nature. On the other hand, these are the creation and society itself, and the person himself, the very results of their activities. Society acts both social and individual forces, both material and ideal, objective and subjective factors; It has the meanings, both feelings, passions and mind; Both conscious and unconscious, rational and irrational parties of the life of people. Inside the society itself, its various structures and elements seek to satisfy their own needs, interests and goals. This complexity of public life, its diversity and quality is due to the complexity and difficulty of social knowledge and its specifics in relation to other types of knowledge
Social research methods. Significance of social knowledge.

2. Methods of social research at each level of sociological knowledge There is its own method of research. Sociological studies are conducted on the empirical level, which are a system of logically consecutive methodological, methodological and organizational and technical procedures, subordinate to a single goal to obtain accurate objective data on the social phenomenon. Theoretical methods a significant place in sociology occupies a structural and functional method. A combination of social experience of a social subject crystallized into rational in the wide understanding of the forms. In the context of our study, it is considered as a system for forming a substance of culture, the self-organization of which underlies cultural self-organization is characterized by: as a wide range of spectrum and volume: it includes everything that is considered knowledge in society
Philosophical ideas about the social qualities of a person.

3. A person still remains for himself Terra Incognita. And this is despite the fact that there are many ways to comprehend a person. Such, for example, art, comprehending a person in artistic images. But us B. this case Interested in the world of knowledge about man, a knowledgeable way to comprehend him. This world is represented by complexes of scientific and philosophical disciplines. Science and philosophy often challenged each other's heuristic opportunities and often claimed the only correct mapping of man. The complexity of the distinction of scientific and philosophical approaches is largely due to the complexity of a person as an object of study. Therefore, the modern philosopher claims: with all the seemingly empirical evidence and the clarity of which we call a person, in an empirical reality it is impossible to find a sign that would fully define the essence and boundaries. this phenomenon, I would serve it with a sufficient definition. Even in ancient philosophy, a person was considered as a microcosm small space, the universe, which is identical to the Macrocosm of the Universe, a natural whole. In terms of the modern philosophical language, it sounds like this: in the empirical world, a person cannot specify any border at all, to limit it. In this sense, it is a limitless creature, which goes beyond any empirical limb. In any person, we face some empirical infinity. The set of ideas about the person expressed by philosophers was traditionally accepted by philosophical anthropology. The relationship of philosophical anthropology and scientific comprehension of a person can be represented by the following typical situations.
Human. Point of view of human origin. Science about man.

4. There are three theories of human origin: religious, the theory of the evolution of Darwin and Engels, cosmic. Anthrophinesis - science studying the origin of a person. The beginning of the process of becoming a person belongs to the appearance of Ramapiteca14-20 million years ago. 5-8 million years ago Australopitek appear. About 2 million years ago, the first representative Homo - Homo Habilis, or a smart man occurred. View of Homo Erectus, a person stirred, appears 1-1.3 million years ago. He had the volume of the brain within 800-1200 cm3, possessed a direct speech, mastered fire, manufactured the guns of hunting. Homo Sapiens Man Reasonable 150-200 thousand years ago. He was at the stage of Kromanonian man40-50 thousand years ago he was already approaching modern man According to an external physical appearance, in terms of intelligence, for interest in the beautiful, the ability to experience a sense of compassion to the neighbor.
Individual. Personality.

5. Individual is a single representative of the human race. Individuality is a holistic characteristic of a certain person through its character, intelligence, needs, ability and interests. Personality - human individual being a subject of conscious activity, which has a set of socially significant features, properties and qualities that it implements in public life. Not any person may be a person. The personality becomes in the process of socialization. Socialization - the process carried out throughout all the lives of an individual with which people accumulate social experience in life in a particular society. Personality - formed in the process of education and human activity, under the influence of a particular society and its culture. In science, there are two approaches to personality. The first considers the personality as an active participant in free action. People evaluate the person through comparison with the norms established in society. The second direction considers the person through a set of functions or roles. A person manifests itself in a variety of circumstances depending not only from individual damn, but also from social conditions.
Human activity: main characteristics.

6. Activities - this is inherent in a person the form of interaction with the surrounding world. Human activity is inherent in such features as consciousness, productivity, converting and social character. These features are distinguished by a person from the animal. First, human activity is conscious. A person deliberately puts forward the goals of its activities. Secondly, activities are productive. It is aimed at obtaining the result. Thirdly, the activity is transformed: during the activity, a person changes the world around him and himself - its abilities. Fourth of human activity manifests itself its social character. In the process of activity, a person comes into a variety of relations with other people. Human activity is in order to satisfy its needs. The need is the need experienced and aware of the need for maintaining its body and personality development. Natural needs are the needs of people in all that they need to exist. Social needs are a person's needs in all that is a product of public life. Ideal needs are the needs of people throughout what is necessary for their spiritual development.
Structure of activity, motivation of activities.

7. Any human activity is determined by the goals that he sets himself. The goal is to strive for a person. Certain activities help to achieve the desired result. In the course of activity there are certain products. These are material and spiritual benefits, the forms of communication of people, abilities, skills and knowledge of the person himself. The motive is a motivating cause of activity. At the same time, one and the same activity can be caused by various motifs. Any activity appears before us as a chain of actions. Composite part Or a separate act of activity is called action. Under the influence of strong feelings and other stimuli, a person is capable of actions without a fairly conscious goal. Such actions are called little informed or impulsive. The conditionality of activities with objective public prerequisites indicates its concrete historical character.
The diversity of activities and their features.

8. Allocate different kinds Activities. Practical activities aims to transform real objects of nature and society. Spiritual activity is associated with a change in the consciousness of people. When human activity correlates with the course of history, with public progress, it is distinguished by the progressive or reaction direction of activity, as well as creative or destructive. Depending on the compliance of the activities of existing general cultural values, social norms determine legitimate and illegal, moral and immoral activities. In connection with social forms Combining people for the purpose of carrying out activities allocate collective, mass, individual activities. Depending on the availability or lack of novelty of the goals, the results of activities, the methods of its implementation distinguish monotonous, template, monotonous activity, which is carried out strictly according to the rules, instructions and activities innovative, inventive, creative. Depending on public areas, in which activities proceed, distinguish between economic, political, social activities. For economic, industrial and consumer activities are characteristic. For political characteristic, state, military and international activities. For the spiritual sphere of life of society - scientific, educational, leisure. There are external and internal activities. External activities are manifested in the form of movements, muscle effort, actions with real objects. Internal occurs at the means of mental actions.
Consciousness and activities.

9. Consciousness - the ability to reproduce validity in perfect images. Supporters of the natural-scientific approach consider consciousness, manifestation of brain functions, secondary compared to the human body organization. Proponents of religious and idealistic views, primary consider consciousness, and human body - its derivative. Consciousness is formed by activities that at the same time influence this activity, determine and regulate it. Justifying the unity of activity and consciousness. Domestic science has developed a doctrine of activities that is leading for each age period of human life.
Conscious activities are human activity aimed at implementing the goals associated with the satisfaction of its needs.
Man in educational and employment.

10. The teaching motivation appears when a person realized the need for targeted learning to the younger generation and began such learning how specially organized activity. This problem is one of the most important in modern psychology and pedagogy learning. To determine motivation learning activities It seems to us for more than highlight the interaction of the personality and the situation as the basis for understanding behavior and activity. The main provisions of the theory of personal dispositions of H.Hekhausen: 1. The human scope is determined by a set of stable latent variables, dispositions, which are designated in psychology as personalities and character, ability, installation, value orientation, needs, motives. 2. The sequence number of the subject regarding the severity of a specific personality feature remains the same in different situations. This is manifested by the overall stability of personality behavior, determined by these dispositions. 3. Differences in the behavior of people are determined by differences in the severity of personal traits. A person in the process of its activity is constantly included in the extremely diverse relations and spheres of public life. Even for one day of life, he may be part of a wide variety of social groups and in accordance with this fulfill new and new social rolesprescribed by this or that social group. The formation of social relations, the most mobile, variable at the level of small social groups, production teams and is relatively sustainable at the level of class, national and other relations of the macrostructure, is the result of the historical development of society.
Views professional activity. Choice of profession and professional self-determination
11. For each stage of the development of society, its socio-economic defendance, the achievements of scientific and technological progress are characterized by the emergence of new and dying of the old types of work. This process is largely due to and is reflected in the changes in the specific components of the activity and characteristics of the subject of the subject of self-consciousness, the self-determination of young people, etc. and human resources, the number, qualitative composition, etc., the content of labor tasks, the type of workloads, labor instruments, Features of the conditions and organization of the employment process.
Formation of character, accounting for characteristics of character in communication and professional activities.

12.Character developed and strengthened under the influence of vital influences and education, a certain style of human behavior attitude. The character expresses a certain warehouse of the needs and interests of a person, the desire and goals, feelings and will manifest themselves in the selectivity of his reality and his behavior in relationships and behaviors. Properties of character: 1 moral pupil - characterizes a person from his relationship, forms of behavior. 2 fullness - the versatility of interests, the desire and passion for the diversity of human activity. 3 Other - the internal unity of the psychological warehouse of man. 4 certainty - hardness and not a worst behavior that meets the current circumstances. 5 Strength - energy with which a person pursues the target set in front of him. 6 Balanced - favorable for activities and communication, the ratio of restraint and activity. For the formation of character plays a large role of the direction of human activity and will. The direction is a kind of experienced person, the electoral attitude of the activity.
Needs, abilities, human interests.

13.The care is the need experienced and consciously, which is necessary to maintain his body and personality development. Needs are: 1 exceptional congenital, biological, physiological, organic, natural. These include human needs in food, air, water, dwelling, clothing, sleep, rest, etc. 2Social. The needs of a person in everything that is a product of public life in labor activity, consciousness, creativity, social. Activity, communication with other people, recognition, achievements. 3Dedicular spiritual or cultural. This is all that is necessary for the spiritual development of people the need for self-expression, in the creation and development of cultural values, the needs of the knowledge of the world around the world and its place in it, the point of its existence. Abilities are individual properties of the personality, which are subjective conditions for the successful implementation of a certain kind of activity. The abilities do not reduce the knowledge, skills, skills in the individual. They are found in the speed, depth and strength of mastering in ways and acceptances of some activities and are internal mental regulators that determine the possibility of their acquisition. The interests of a person are the emotional manifestations of the cognitive needs of a person. Satisfaction of interest can lead to strengthening and development. Disadvantage of interest can lead to depression. Interests are direct, directly related to any need, and mediated, in which the need is traced implicitly. Interests are also wide and narrow.
Narrow interest can be directed to a completely specific object. Sometimes interests are small. It is in mind that people are mainly interested in the satisfaction of natural needs: in food, in drink, in a dream and other sensual pleasures.
Socialization of man. Self-consciousness, self-realization and social behavior.

14. Socialization - the process carried out throughout all the life of the process by which people accumulate social experience in vital activity in a particular society. In social psychology, socialization is understood as the process of social learning, for which the approval of the group is necessary. Two main stages of socialization are distinguished. The first stage is characteristic of early childhood. At this stage, the external conditions for the regulation of social behavior dominate. The second stage is characterized by the fact that there is a replacement of external sanctions internal control. The expansion and deepening of the socialization of the individual occurs in the three main areas: 1 in the field of activity is carried out as an expansion of its species. 2 In the field of communication, the circle of human communication occurs. 3 In the sphere of self-consciousness, the formation of an image of its own, as an active subject of activity. Self-consciousness is an understanding of yourself as a person who can take independent solutions. One of important signs is the readiness of a person to be responsible for the decisions made and performing actions. Personality can manifest itself in the process of self-realization. This is the process of the most complete identification and implementation of its capabilities.
Purpose and meaning human life.

15. An excellent human property can recognize his desire for the philosophical understanding of the world and itself - the search for the meaning of life. Search for the meaning of life - the occupation is purely human. In the history of philosophy, two approaches to the problem of the meaning of human life can be distinguished. In one case, the meaning of life is associated with the moral institutions of the earth's existence. In another - with values \u200b\u200bthat are not related to earthly life, which is fleeting and finite. All philosophers have different opinions about the meaning of life. Aristotle said that everyone is striving for happiness. The revival philosophy was looking for the meaning of life in the human existence. I.Kant and Gegel associated the meaning of a person's life with moral quest, self-development and self-knowledge of the human spirit. N. Tubnikov said that the meaning of life is revealed in the process of this life, although of course, but not useless. Man as a biological individual creature mortal. The essence of a person is expressed in the work in which he asserts itself and through which it provides its social and longer existence.

The problem of the cognition of the world, ways cognitive activity
16. The problem of cognitive comes from the real difficulties of knowledge. In the approaches to this problem, scientists were divided into optimists, pessimists and skeptics. Pessimists deny the cognition of the world. Optimists argue that the world is fundamentally cognitive. Skeptics, recognizing that the knowledge of the world, perhaps, express doubts about the accuracy of the knowledge gained. Agnosticism is a philosophical teaching, denying the possibility of knowledge. Proponents of epistemological optimism, not rejecting the complexity of knowledge of the difficulty of identifying the essence of things, prove the failure of agnosticism. Some note clarity and distinctness, others do focus on the general flowability of the results obtained. Third on the possibility of human existence without knowledge. There is knowledge sensual and rational. Forms of sensual knowledge: 1 feeling - i.e. reflection of individual properties, individual signs of objects and processes; 2 perception - gives a holistic reflection of objects in the manifold of their properties; 3 Presentation is a sensual image without direct impact. Performances can be real and not real. In the process of rational knowledge, use: 1 The concept is the thought in which the general and essential signs of things are recorded; 2 judgment - the idea that claims or denying something about objects of knowledge; 3 The conclusion is a logic conclusion that connects two or more judgments.

Similar information.

Social sciences, their classification

Society ¾ is so complex object that one science is not able to study it. Only combining the efforts of many sciences, it is possible to fully and consistently describe and explore the most difficult education, which only exists in this light, human society. The combination of all sciences studying society as a whole is called social studies. These include philosophy, history, sociology, economy, political science, psychology and social psychology, anthropology and culturalology. These are fundamental sciences consisting of a variety of subdisciplines, sections, directions, scientific schools.

Social Studies, having emerged in many other sciences, absorbs their concepts and specific results statistics, tabular data, graphs and conceptual schemes, theoretical categories.

The whole combination of social studies of sciences is divided into two varieties - socialand humanitarian.

If social sciences are sciences about the behavior of people, then humanitarian is the science of spirit. You can say otherwise, the subject of social sciences is society, subject humanitarian disciplines - Culture. The main subject of social sciences is study of human behavior.

Sociology, psychology, social psychology, economy, political science, and anthropology and ethnography (science of nations) belong to social sciences . They have a lot in common, they are closely related to each other and make a kind of scientific union. It is adjacent to him a group of others related to him, disciplines: philosophy, history, art and cultural studies, literary criticism. They include K. humanitarian knowledge.

Since representatives of neighboring sciences constantly communicate and enrich each other with new knowledge, the borders between social philosophy, social psychology, economy, sociology and anthropology can be considered very conditional. In their intersection, interdisciplinary sciences constantly arise, with example, social anthropology appeared at the junction of sociology and anthropology, at the junction of the economy and psychology - economic psychology. In addition, there are integrative disciplines such as legal anthropology, sociology of law, economic sociology, cultural anthropology, psychological and economic anthropology, historical sociology.

We will get acquainted more thoroughly with the specifics of the leading public Sciences:

Economy - Science studying the principles of the organization economic activity People, the relationship of production, exchange, distribution and consumption, forming in each society, formulates grounds rational behavior manufacturer and consumer products. Economics also examines the behavior of large masses of people in a market situation. In small and large - in public and private life - people and steps can not stand without affecting economic relations. Contracting work, buying goods on the market, considering your income and costs, demanding salary payment and even gathering on the guests - right or indirectly - we take into account the principles of economy.

Sociology- the study of the relationship arising between groups and communities of people, the nature of the structure of society, the problems of social inequality and the principles of solving social conflicts.

Political science- Science, studying the phenomenon of power, specificity social management, Relations arising in the process of implementing state-power activities.

Psychology - Science of laws, mechanisms and facts of the mental life of man and animals. The main topic of the psychological thought of antiquity and middle ages is the problem of the soul. Psychologists are learn sustainable and repeated in individual behavior. The value of attention is the problems of perception, memory, thinking, training and development of the human person. In modern psychology, many branches of knowledge, including psychophysiology, zoopsychology and comparative psychology, social psychology, children's psychology and pedagogical psychology, age-related psychology, Labor Psychology, Creativity Psychology, Medical Psychology, etc.

Anthropology - Science on the origin and evolution of man, the formation of human races and normal variations physical structure man. It studies primitive tribes, which have been preserved today from primitive times in the notched corners of the planet: their customs, traditions, culture, behavior manners.

Social Psychology Learn small group (family, friends, sports team). Social psychology is borderline discipline. It was formed at the junction of sociology and psychology, taking on those tasks that were unable to solve her parents. It turned out that a large society does not directly affect the individual, and through the intermediary - small groups. This closest friend of friends, acquaintances and relatives plays an exceptional role in our lives. We generally live in small, and not in big worlds - in a specific house, in a particular family, in a specific firm, etc. The small world affects us sometimes even stronger than big. That is why the science appeared, which came closely and very seriously.

History - One of the most important sciences in the system of socio-humanitarian knowledge. The object of its study is a person, its activities throughout the existence of human civilization. The word "history" of Greek origin and means "study", "Slavping". Some scientists believed that the object of studying history is the past. The famous French historian M.Block categorically objected to this. "The thought itself is that the past as such is capable of being an object of science, absurd."

Appearance historical science Refers to the times of ancient civilizations. The "father of history" is considered to be the ancient Greek historian of Herodota, who made up the work dedicated to the Greco-Persian wars. However, it is hardly fair, since Herodotus used not so much historical data as a legend, legends and myths. And his work cannot be considered quite reliable. So much more reason to be considered fathers of the history of Fuchidide, Polybia, Arrian, publicing Cornelia Tacita, Ammonian Maczllin. These ancient historians used documents, their own observations, witness of eyewitnesses to describe events. All the ancient peoples considered themselves the peoples of historographs and revered the story as a teacher of life. Polybiy wrote: "Lessons, hoped from history, most correctly lead to enlightenment and prepare for public affairs, the story of the tests of other people is the intelligible or only mentor who tends us to maurally to endure the infancy of fate."

And although, over time, people began to doubt that the story can teach subsequent generations not to repeat the errors of the previous ones, the importance of studying history was not disputed. The most famous Russian historian V.O. Welchevsky wrote in his reflections about history: "The story does not teach anything, but only punishes the lesson."

Culturalology First of all, the world of art is interested in painting, architecture, sculpture, dancing, form of entertainment and mass spectacles, institutions of education and science. Subjects of cultural creativity are a) individuals, b) small groups, c) large groups. In this sense, cultural studies covers all types of association of people, but only to the extent that this concerns the creation of cultural values.

Demography He studies the population - all many people who make up human society. Demographically interested in the first of all, how multiply how many people live, why and in what quantity they die where large masses of people are moving. She looks at a person in part as a natural, partly as a public creature. They are born, all living beings are dying and breed. Biological laws affect these processes. For example, science has proven that more than 110-115 years old people cannot live. This is its biological resource. However, the vast majority of people live up to 60-70 years. But this is today, and two hundred years ago medium duration Life did not exceed 30-40 years. In poor and underdeveloped countries and today, people live less than in rich and very developed. In humans, life expectancy is defined by both biological, hereditary features and social conditions (life, work, rest, food).

3.7 . Social and humanitarian knowledge

Social knowledge - This is knowledge of society. Cognition of society - the process is very complex due to a number of reasons.

1. Society is the most difficult of objects of knowledge. In public life, all events and phenomena are so complex and diverse, so much in each other and so bizarrely intertwined that it is very difficult to detect certain patterns.

2. In social knowledge, not only material (as in natural science), but also ideal, spiritual relations are investigated. These relationship is much more complicated, diverse and controversial than relations in nature.

3. In social knowledge, the Company also acts as an object, and as a subject of knowledge: people are creating their own history, and they will also know her.

Speaking about the specifics of social knowledge, extremes should be avoided. On the one hand, it is impossible to explain the causes of the historical backlog of Russia through the theory of Einstein's relativity. On the other hand, it is impossible to approve the unsuitability for social studies of all those methods that nature is investigated.

Primary I. elementary method Cognition is observation. But it differs from that observation, which is used in natural science, watching the stars. In social studies, knowledge concerns animate, endowed with the minds of objects. And if, for example, the stars even with many years of observation of them remain completely calm in relation to the observer and its intentions, then in public life everything is different. As a rule, a reverse reaction is found on the side of the object being studied, something that makes observation from the very beginning, or interrupts it somewhere in the middle, or makes such interference, which significantly distort the results of the study. Therefore, inconquent observation in social science gives not enough reliable results. Needed another method that is called title inclusive observation. It is carried out not by the side, not from outside with respect to the object being studied (social group), and from the inside it.

With all its importance and necessity, observation in social studies demonstrates the same principal disadvantages as in other sciences. Watching, we cannot change the object in the direction of interest to us, regulate the conditions and course of the process being studied, to reproduce it so many times as much as it is required to complete the observation. Significant disadvantages of observation are largely overcome in Experiment.

The experiment is active, transforming. In the experiment, we interfere with the natural course of events. By V.A. Skoff, the experiment can be defined as a type of activity undertaken for scientific knowledge, the discovery of objective patterns and in the impact on the object being studied (process) through special tools and instruments. Thanks to the experiment, it is possible to: 1) isolate the object under study from the effect of side, insignificant and darkening its essence of phenomena and study it in "pure" form; 2) repeatedly reproduce the course of the process in strictly fixed, permanent and accounting conditions; 3) Systematic change, vary, combine different conditions In order to obtain the desired result ..

Social experiment It has a number of essential features.

1. The social experiment is concrete-historical. Experiments in physics, chemistry, biology can be repeated in various epochs in different countriesFor the laws of nature development do not depend on the form and type of production relations, nor from national and historical features. Social experiments aimed at transformation of the economy, national-state device, education and education systems, etc., can be given in various historical epochs, In various countries, not only different, but also directly opposite results.

2. The object of the social experiment has a much lower degree of isolation from the remaining objects remaining outside the experiment and all the impacts of this society as a whole. Here are impossible such reliable insulating devices such as vacuum pumps, protective screens, etc. applicable during the physical experiment. And this means that the social experiment cannot be carried out with a sufficient degree of approximation to "clean conditions".

3. The Social Experiment places increased compliance with the "safety techniques" in the process of its implementation compared with natural science experiments, where even experiments performed by the method of trial and errors are allowed. A social experiment at any point of its flow is constantly affected by the well-being, welfare, physical and mental health of people involved in the "experimental" group. The underestimation of any part, any failure during the experiment can have a detrimental effect on people and no good intention of his organizers to justify this.

4. The social experiment is not entitled to be carried out in order to obtain directly theoretical knowledge. To put experiments (experiments) in people antigumanly in the name of any theory. Social experiment - experiment stateing confirming.

One of theoretical methods of knowledge is historical method studies, i.e. such a method that reveals significant historical facts and the stage of development, which results in the end to create the theory of the object, disclose the logic and patterns of its development.

Another method is modeling. Under the modeling, this method of scientific knowledge is understood, in which the study is carried out not on the object of interest to us (original), but on its substituent (analogue), similar to it in certain respects. As in other sectors of scientific knowledge, modeling in social science is used when the subject itself is not available to directly study (let's say, there is no, for example, in prognostic studies), or this direct study requires colossal costs, or it is impossible due to ethical Considerations.

In his goalless activity, from which history is developing, a person has always sought to comprehend the future. Particularly aggravated interest in the future in modern era In connection with the formation of an information and computer society, due to those global problemswho raise the very existence of humanity. Foresight It took first place.

Scientific foresight represents such knowledge of the unknown, which is based on already famous knowledge On the essence of the phenomena and processes of interest to us and about the trends of their further development. The scientific foresight does not claim absolutely accurate and complete knowledge of the future, on its mandatory accuracy: even carefully verified and weighted forecasts are justified with a certain degree of reliability.

Social sciencies – the form of spiritual activities of people, directions for the production of knowledge of society.

Since society is a complex and multidimensional concept, each of the Social Sciences considers the defining area of \u200b\u200bsocial life. The most common knowledge of society as a whole is designed to give such sciences as philosophy and sociology.

Sample assignment

A1.Choose the correct answer. What science is an extra in the list of sciences having a person's problem with their immediate subject?

1) Philosophical Anthropology

2) Economy

3) Sociology

4) Social

5) Psychology

Answer: 2.

Topic 7. Social and Humanitarian Knowledge

The question of the uniqueness of social knowledge is in the history of philosophical thought by the subject of discussions.

Social and humanitarian knowledge of mutual permanent. Without a person there is no society. But man cannot exist without society.

Features of humanitarian knowledge: understanding; appeal to textam letters I. public speeches, diaries and software applications, artwork and critical reviews, etc.; the inability to know knowledge to unambiguous, all recognized definitions.

Humanitarian knowledge is intended to influence a person, spiritualizing, transforming its moral, ideological, ideological benchmarks, to promote the development of his human qualities.

Social and humanitarian knowledge is the result of social knowledge.

Social knowledge – the process of acquiring and developing knowledge of man and society.

The knowledge of society flowing in it has processes, along with common features for all cognitive activities, also significant differences from the knowledge of nature.

Features of social knowledge

1. Subject and object of knowledge coincide. Social life is permeated by the consciousness and the will of man, it is essentially subject-object, represents the general subjective reality in general. It turns out that the subject knows the subject here (knowledge turns out to be self-knowledge).

2. The received social knowledge is always associated with the interests of the individuals of the subjects of knowledge. Social knowledge hits the interests of people.

3. Social knowledge is always loaded with an assessment, this value knowledge. Natural science through tool, while social studies are serving the truth as values, as truth; Natural science - "Rough Truths", social studies - "Truth of the Heart".

4. The complexity of the object of knowledge - societywhich possesses a variety of different structures and is in constant development. Therefore, the establishment of social laws is difficult, and open social laws are probabilistic. Unlike natural science, social studies are impossible (or very limited) predictions.

5. Since social life varies very quickly, then in the process of social knowledge, you can talk about establishing only relative truths.

6. The possibility of applying such a method of scientific knowledge as an experiment is limited.. The most common method of social research is the scientific abstraction, in social knowledge of the role of thinking is exceptionally great.

Describe and understand social phenomena Allows the right approach to them. This means that social cognition should rely on the following principles.

- consider social reality in development;

- study social phenomena in their diverse bonds, in interdependence;

- identify general (historical patterns) and special in public phenomena.

Every knowledge of society man begins with perception real facts The economic, social, political, spiritual life is the basis of knowledge of society, activities of people.

Science distinguishes the following types of social facts.

That the fact became scientific, it follows interpret (Lat. Interpretatio - interpretation, clarification). First of all, the fact is supplied to any scientific concept. Further, all essential facts are being studied, of which the event is developing, as well as the situation (the situation) in which it occurred, the diverse bonds of the fact of the fact with other facts are traced.

Thus, the interpretation of a social fact is a complex multi-stage procedure for its interpretation, generalizations, explanations. Only interpreted fact is really a scientific fact. The fact presented only in the description of its signs is just raw materials for scientific conclusions.

With a scientific explanation of the fact and its evaluationwhich depends on the following factors:

- properties of the object being studied (events, fact);

- correlation of the object being studied with others, one ordinal, or ideal;

- Cognitive tasks that have put the researcher;

- Personal position of the researcher (or just a person);

- The interests of the social group, to which the researcher belongs.

Task samples

Read the text and execute tasks. C1.‑C4..

"The specifics of knowledge of social phenomena, the specificity of social studies is determined by many factors. And, perhaps, the main among them is the society (man) itself as an object of knowledge. Strictly speaking, this is not an object (in the natural scientific sense of the word). The fact is that public life is pierced by the consciousness and will of man, it is essentially subject-object, represents a general subjective reality. It turns out that the subject knows the subject here (knowledge turns out to be self-knowledge). Naturally scientific methods, however, cannot be done. Natural scans and can develop the world only object (as an object-thing). It really deals with situations when the object and the subject are as if on different sides of the barricades and therefore are so distinguishable. Natural science and subject turns into an object. But what does it mean to turn the subject (person, after all, ultimately) in the object? It means to kill in it the most important thing - his soul, make a certain lifeless scheme from it, damaged design.<…> The subject cannot become an object without ceasing to be yourself. To know the subject can only be subject to the same way - through an understanding (and not an abstract explanation), feeling, survival, empathy, as if from the inside (and not removed, outside, as in the case of an object).<…>

Specifically in social science is not only an object (subject-object), but also the subject. Everywhere, in any science they boil passion, without passions, emotions and feelings there are no and there can be no human search for truth. But in the social science, there are perhaps the highest "(Grechko P. K. Society: for applicants to universities. Part I. Society. History. Civilization. M., 1997. P. 80-81.).

C1.Relying on the text, specify the main factor that determines the specifics of the knowledge of public phenomena. What, according to the author, the features of this factor?

Answer: The main factor that determines the specifics of the knowledge of public phenomena is its object - the society itself. The features of the object of knowledge are associated with the uniqueness of the society, which is permeated with the consciousness and will of man, which makes it a subjective reality: the subject knows the subject, that is, knowledge is self-knowledge.

Answer: According to the author, the difference between social studies from natural science lies in the difference in objects of knowledge, its methods. So, in the social science, the object and the subject of knowledge coincide, and in natural scoolen or divorced, or differ significantly, natural science is the monological form of knowledge: the intellect contemplates the thing and speaks about it, social studies are a dialogic form of knowledge: subject as such can not be perceived and study As a thing, for as a subject, it cannot, remaining the subject, become a lackless; In social science, knowledge is carried out as if from the inside, in natural science - from the outside, removed, with the help of abstractly general explanations.

C3.Why does the author believes that in the social science of passions, emotions and feelings is the highest? Give your explanation and lead to the knowledge of the knowledge of the social science and the facts of public life, three examples of "emotionality" of knowledge of public phenomena.

Answer: The author believes that in the social science of passions, emotions and feelings is the highest, since there is always a personal attitude of the subject to the object, life interest in what is known. As examples of "emotionality", the knowledge of public events can be given: supporters of the republic, studying the forms of the state, will seek confirmation of the advantages of the republican system in front of the monarchical; Monarchists will pay special attention to evidence of the shortcomings of the republican form of the Board and the advantages of monarchical; The world-historical process was considered in our country for a long time in terms of class approach, etc.

C4.The specifics of social knowledge, as the author notes, is characterized by a number of features, two of which are disclosed in the text. Relying on the knowledge of a social science rate, specify any three features of social knowledge that are not reflected in the fragment.

Answer: As examples of the singularities of social knowledge, the following can be given: the object of knowledge that society is complicated by its structure and is in constant development, which makes it difficult to establish social laws, and open social laws are probabilistic; In social knowledge, the possibility of applying such a method of scientific research as an experiment is limited; In social knowledge, the role of thinking, its principles and methods (for example, scientific abstraction) is exclusively great; Since social life changes rather quickly, then in the process of social knowledge, you can talk about the establishment of only relative truths and others.