Current human needs. Basic human needs

Topic: Hierarchy of human needs according to A. Maslow

Kadyrova R.K.

Questions:

The concept of needs.

Various theories and classifications of needs.

Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow.

Characteristics of basic human needs.

Basic needs for daily human activities.

Conditions and factors influencing the method and effectiveness of meeting needs.

Possible reasons for the need for care (illness, injury, age).

The role of the nurse in restoring and maintaining the patient's independence in meeting his basic needs

The role of the nurse in improving the lifestyle of the patient and his family.

Concept of needs

The normal functioning of a person, as a social being, representing an integral, dynamic, self-regulating biological system, is ensured by a set of biological, psychosocial and spiritual needs. The satisfaction of these needs determines the growth, development, and harmony of a person with the environment.

Human life activity depends on many factors that are ordered in time and space and are supported by the life support systems of the human body in environmental conditions.

Need- this is a conscious psychological or physiological deficiency of something, reflected in the perception of a person, which he experiences throughout his life. (MANGO Glossary edited by G.I. Perfileva).

Basic theories and classifications of needs

The authors of the need-information theory, which explains the causes and driving forces of human behavior, are domestic scientists Simonov and Ershov. The essence of the theory is that needs are stimulated by the conditions of existence of the organism in a constantly changing environment.

The transition of needs into actions and actions is accompanied by emotions.

Emotions are indicators of needs. They can be positive and negative for satisfying needs. Simonov and Ershov divided all needs into three groups:

Group – vital (The need to live and provide for one’s life).

group – social (the need to take a certain place in society)

group – cognitive (the need to understand the external and internal world).

American psychophysiologist A. Maslow, of Russian origin, in 1943 identified 14 basic human needs and arranged them according to five stages (see diagram)

Physiological needs are lower needs controlled by the organs of the body, such as breathing, food, sexual, and the need for self-defense.

Reliability needs - the desire for material security, health, security for old age, etc.

Social needs - the satisfaction of this need is biased and difficult to describe.

One person is satisfied by very few contacts with other people; in another person this need for communication is expressed very strongly.

The need for respect, awareness of one's own dignity - here we are talking about respect, prestige, social success.

These needs are unlikely to be met by an individual; groups are required.

V. The need for personal development, for self-realization, self-realization, self-actualization, for understanding one’s purpose in the world.

Hierarchy of needs (stages of development) according to a. Maslow. The essence of the theory of needs a. Maslow. Characteristics of Basic Human Needs

Life, health, happiness, of a person depends on meeting the needs for food, air, sleep, etc. A person independently satisfies these needs throughout his life. They are provided by the function of various organs and systems of the body. The disease causes dysfunction of one or another organ, one or another system, interferes with the satisfaction of needs, and leads to discomfort. In 1943, the American psychologist A. Maslow developed one of the theories of the hierarchy of needs that determine human behavior. According to his theory, some needs are more significant for a person than others. This allowed them to be classified according to a hierarchical system; from physiological to needs for self-expression. Currently, in countries with a high level of social

economic development

, where priorities in meeting basic needs have changed significantly, it is not so popular. For our conditions today, this theory remains popular. To live, a person needs to satisfy physiological needs for air, food, water, sleep, excretion of waste products, the ability to move, communicate, with others, feel touch and satisfy their sexual interests.

With a lack of oxygen, breathing becomes frequent and shallow, shortness of breath and coughing appear. A prolonged decrease in oxygen concentration in tissues leads to cyanosis, the skin and visible mucous membranes acquire a bluish tint. Maintaining this need should be a priority for the healthcare professional. A person, satisfying this need, maintains the blood gas composition necessary for life.

NeedV food is also important for maintaining health and well-being. Rational and adequate nutrition helps eliminate risk factors for many diseases. For example, coronary heart disease is caused by regular consumption of foods rich in saturated animal fats and cholesterol. A diet high in grains and plant fibers reduces the risk of colon cancer. High protein content in food promotes wound healing.

The health care professional should educate the patient and provide recommendations on rational and adequate nutrition to meet the person's nutritional needs.

Limit: consumption of egg yolks, sugar, sweet foods, salt, alcoholic beverages.

It is better to cook or bake food, but not to fry it.

It must be remembered that an unmet need for food leads to poor health.

Fluid requirement– this is drinking liquid, 1.5-2 liters daily - water, coffee, tea, milk, soup, fruits, vegetables. This amount replenishes losses in the form of urine, feces, sweat, and evaporation during breathing. To maintain water balance, a person must consume more fluid than he excretes, otherwise signs of dehydration appear, but no more than 2 liters, so as not to cause dysfunction of many organs and systems. The ability of the nurse to foresee the danger of dehydration or the formation of edema determines the patient’s ability to avoid many complications.

The need for excretion of waste products. The undigested part of food is excreted from the body in the form of urine and feces. Each person's elimination patterns are individual. Satisfaction of other needs can be postponed, but the release of waste products cannot be postponed for a long time. Many patients consider the process of excreting waste products to be intimate and prefer not to discuss these issues. When satisfying a violated need, the nurse must provide him with the opportunity for privacy, respect the patient’s right to confidentiality,

Need for sleep and rest– with lack of sleep, the level of glucose in the blood decreases, brain nutrition deteriorates and thought processes slow down; attention is lost and short-term memory deteriorates. Research conducted by American experts shows that a person who has not slept half the night has a halved number of blood cells responsible for phagocytosis. For a free person, sleep is more necessary because it helps improve his well-being. Despite the fact that a person’s sensitivity to external stimuli during sleep is reduced, this is a fairly active state. As a result of research, several stages of sleep have been identified.

Stage 1- slow-wave sleep. Light sleep and last only a few minutes. At this stage, there is a decline in the physiological activity of the organism, a gradual decrease in the activity of vital organs and metabolism. A person can be easily woken up, but if sleep is not interrupted, then the second stage occurs after 15 minutes.

Stage 2– slow sleep Shallow sleep lasts 10-20 minutes. Vital functions continue to weaken, and complete relaxation sets in. It is difficult to wake a person.

Stage 3– slow sleep The stage of deepest sleep, lasting 15-30 minutes, makes it difficult to wake up the sleeper. The weakening of vital functions continues,

Stage 4– slow sleep Deep sleep lasting 15-30 minutes makes it very difficult to wake up the sleeper. During this phase, physical strength is restored. Vital functions are much less pronounced than during wakefulness. Following stage 4, the 3rd and 2nd stages begin again, after which the sleeper moves into the 5th stage of sleep.

Stage 5- REM sleep. Vivid, colorful dreams are possible 50-90 minutes after the first stage. Rapid eye movements, changes in heart rate and breathing rates, and increases or fluctuations in blood pressure are observed. The tone of skeletal muscles decreases. During this phase, a person’s mental functions are restored; it is very difficult to wake up a sleeping person. The duration of this stage is about 20 minutes.

After stage 5 The 4th, 3rd, 2nd stages of sleep occur for a short time, then again the 3rd, 4th and 5th stages, i.e. the next sleep cycle.

Several factors can influence a person's sleep; physical illness, medications and drugs, lifestyle, emotional stress, environment and exercise. Any disease that is accompanied by pain, physical illness, anxiety and depression leads to sleep disturbances. The nurse should familiarize the patient with the effects of prescribed medications and their effect on sleep.

Rest- a state of reduced physical and mental activity. You can relax not only by lying on the sofa, but also by taking a long walk, reading books or doing special relaxation exercises. In a medical facility, rest may be disrupted by loud noise, bright lights, and the presence of other people.

The need for rest and sleep for human life, knowledge of its stages and possible causes that cause disruption of the usual functions of the human body will enable the nurse to provide assistance to the patient and satisfy his need for sleep with the means available to her.

Need in movement. Limited mobility or immobility creates many problems for a person. This condition can be long-term or short-term, temporary or permanent. It can be caused by trauma followed by the application of a splint, traction of the limbs using special devices. Pain in the presence of chronic diseases, residual effects of cerebrovascular accident.

Immobility is one of the risk factors for the development of bedsores, dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system, and the functioning of the heart and lungs. With prolonged immobility, changes in the digestive system, dyspepsia, flatulence, anorexia, diarrhea or constipation are observed. Intense straining during defecation, which the patient must resort to, can lead to hemorrhoids, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrest. Immobility, especially when lying down, interferes with urination and can lead to bladder infections and the formation of bladder and kidney stones.

And the main problem of the patient is that he cannot communicate with environment, which has a significant impact on the formation of a person’s personality. Depending on the degree and duration of the state of immobility, the patient may develop certain problems in the psychosocial sphere, learning ability, motivation, feelings and emotions may change.

Nursing care aimed at maximizing the restoration of mobility and independence in movement using crutches, sticks, and prostheses is of great importance for improving the patient’s quality of life.

Sexual need. It does not stop even with illness or old age.

A person’s sexual health can be directly or indirectly affected by illness or developmental defects. But nevertheless, many people are reluctant to talk about this topic, even if they have serious sexual problems.

Addressing actual or potential sexual problems can help the patient achieve harmony in all aspects of health.

It is necessary when talking with a patient:

develop a solid scientific basis for understanding healthy sexuality and its most common disorders and dysfunctions;

understand how sexuality is affected by a person’s sexual orientation, culture, and religious beliefs;

learn to identify problems that are beyond the scope of nursing competence and recommend the help of an appropriate specialist to the patient.

Need for security. For most people, security means reliability and convenience. Each of us needs shelter, clothing and someone who can help. The patient feels safe if the bed, wheelchair, gurney are fixed, the flooring in the room and in the corridor is dry and there are no foreign objects on it, the room is sufficiently lit at night; If you have poor vision, wear glasses. The person dresses appropriately for the weather, and the home is warm enough to receive help if necessary. The patient must be confident that he is able not only to ensure his own safety, but also not to cause harm to others. Avoid stressful situations.

Social needs– these are the needs for family, friends, their communication, approval, affection, love, etc.

People want to be loved and understood. No one wants to be abandoned, unloved and alone. If this happens, it means that the person’s social needs are not satisfied.

For severe illness, disability or old age often arises vacuum, social contacts are disrupted. Unfortunately, in such cases the need for communication is not satisfied, especially among older and lonely people. You should always remember about a person's social needs, even in cases where he prefers not to talk about it.

Helping the patient decide social problem, you can significantly improve his quality of life.

The need for self-esteem and esteem. When communicating with people, we cannot be indifferent to the assessment of our success by others.

A person develops a need for respect and self-esteem. But for this it is necessary that the work brings satisfaction to him, and the rest is rich and interesting; the higher the level of socio-economic development of society, the more fully the needs for self-esteem are satisfied. Disabled and elderly patients lose this feeling, since they are no longer of interest to anyone, there is no one to rejoice in their success, and therefore they have no opportunity to satisfy their need for respect.

Need for self-expression- this is the most highest level human needs. By satisfying their need for self-expression, everyone believes that they are doing better than others. For one, self-expression is writing a book, for another it is growing a garden, for another it is raising children, etc.

So, at each level of the hierarchy, the patient may have one or more unmet needs; the nurse, when drawing up a care plan for the patient, must help him realize at least some of them.

At the age of 40–60, a person finds himself in conditions that are psychologically different from the previous ones: he acquires rich life and professional experience; children become adults and relationships with them change; Parents are aging and need help. Physiological changes begin to occur in the human body: general health and vision deteriorate, reactions slow down, sexual potency in men weakens, women experience menopause. There is a decrease in the characteristics of psychophysical functions. Efficiency remains at the same level and allows you to maintain labor and creative activity; the development of abilities related to professional and everyday activities continues. Main achievement This age is the acquisition of a state of wisdom: a person is able to evaluate events and information in a broader context than before, is able to cope with uncertainty, etc. Emotional sphere At this time it develops unevenly. Labor takes the main position and becomes the most important source of human feelings. The structure is changing motivation , since a person has a desire to act without delay and immediately get results, that is, he strives to immediately satisfy his needs. Basic needs are the realization of one’s creative potential, the need to pass on one’s experience to another generation, adjustment of activities, concern for maintaining close relationships with family and friends, preparation for a calm and prosperous life in old age. The “I-concept” is enriched with new “I-images”, taking into account constantly changing situational relationships and variations in self-esteem. Leading activity becomes labor, successful professional activity which ensures self-actualization of the individual. The problems of helping children come to the fore; relationships in the family, with the spouse, are stabilizing. During this period there is a so-called "midlife crisis" (40–45 years old). A person overestimates his achievements and evaluates himself critically. Many people have the feeling that “life has passed meaninglessly, and time has already been lost.”

Psychology of the elderly.

Many scientists call the period over 60 years of age gerontogenesis, or the period of aging. Old age is the final stage of human life. People who have reached this age are divided into three groups : 1) elderly people; 2) elderly people; 3) long-lived. Old age is considered a transitional state from maturity to old age. Its main feature is the aging process, which is genetically programmed. Intellectual functions suffer the most. Memory is based on logical connections, which is closely related to thinking, so the thinking of an elderly person is very developed. IN emotional sphere an uncontrolled increase in affective reactions (strong nervous arousal) appears with a tendency to causeless sadness and tearfulness. A person becomes self-centered, less sensitive, and becomes self-absorbed; decreased ability to cope difficult situations. It is noted that men become more passive, and women become more aggressive, practical, and domineering.

Retirement changes the position and role of a person in society, which affects his motivational sphere . The motivation of a 60-year-old man is the need for self-realization, creation and transmission of spiritual heritage. After 70 years, another problem becomes relevant: maintaining health at the proper level. The main thing for an elderly person is family relationships, which give him a feeling of security, stability and strength, determining his joys and sorrows. Factors that determine behavior elderly person are: decreased psychophysical capabilities, gender, personality type, gradual withdrawal from active social life, material well-being, loss of loved ones and loneliness, awareness of the approaching end of life. Leading development factors in old age, self-actualization of the “I” and orientation towards creative activity become.

For the normal existence of a person on earth, he needs to satisfy his needs. All living beings on the planet have needs, but most of all, the intelligent individual has them.

Types of human needs

organic. These needs are associated with human development and self-preservation. Organic needs include many needs: food, water, oxygen, optimal ambient temperature, procreation, sexual desires, security of existence. These needs are also present in animals. Unlike our smaller brothers, a person needs, for example, hygiene, culinary processing of food and other specific conditions;

material needs are based on satisfying them with products created by people. These include: clothing, housing, transport, household appliances, tools, as well as everything that is necessary for work, leisure, everyday life, and cultural knowledge. In other words, a person needs the goods of life;

social. This type is associated with the need for communication, position in society, a certain position in life, gaining respect and authority. A person cannot exist on his own, so he needs communication with other people. arose since the development human society. Thanks to such needs, life becomes the safest;

creative types of needs represent satisfaction in various artistic, scientific, technical. People are very different. There are those who cannot live without creativity. They even agree to give up something else, but cannot exist without it. Such a person is a high personality. Freedom to engage in creativity is paramount to them;

moral self-improvement and psychological development - These are the types in which he ensures his growth in the cultural and psychological direction. In this case, a person strives to become deeply moral and morally responsible. Such needs contribute to people’s involvement in religion. Moral self-improvement and psychological development become the dominant needs for people who have reached a high level of personal development.

IN modern world very popular among psychologists. Its presence speaks of the highest level of human psychological development. Human needs and their types can change over time. There are desires that need to be suppressed. It's about about the pathology of psychological development, when a person has negative needs. These include painful conditions in which a person has a desire to cause pain to another, both physical and moral.

Considering the types of needs, we can say that there are those without which a person cannot live on earth. But there are also those that you can do without. Psychology is a subtle science. Each individual requires a special approach. The question is, why do some people have particularly pronounced needs, while others have others? Some people like to work, others don’t, why? The answer must be sought in family genetics or lifestyle.

Species can also be divided into biological, social, and ideal. There is a wide variety of classifications of needs. The need for prestige and recognition in society has emerged. In conclusion, we can say that install full list human needs is impossible. The hierarchy of needs is individual. Satisfying needs basic level implies the formation of the rest.

Man is the whole world; if only the basic impulse in him were noble.

Need is a state caused by the need for certain conditions of human life and development.

Needs are the source of people’s activity and activity. The formation of needs occurs in the process of education and self-education - introduction to the world of human culture.

Needs can be very different, unconscious, in the form of drives. A person only feels that he is missing something or experiences a state of tension and anxiety. Awareness of needs manifests itself in the form of motives for behavior.

Needs define personality and guide its behavior.

Need is a perceived psychological or physiological deficiency of something, reflected in a person’s perception.

Basic human needs: to have, to be, to do, to love, to grow. The motive for people's activities is the desire to satisfy these needs.

Have — manifestation of needs at two levels:

1st - people want to have things necessary for survival (housing, food, clothing) for themselves and their families and to maintain a standard of living acceptable to themselves. The main source of motivation in this case is the opportunity to earn money;

2nd - people make prestigious acquisitions (works of art, antiques).

Be- most people develop, often subconsciously, the desired image of a person, how they want to be and look in the eyes of others (famous, powerful).

Do- every person wants to be appreciated, to live a fulfilling life (professional success, raising children).

Be in love- every person wants to love and be loved, desired.

Grow— the realization of opportunities comes through growth. Small child says: “When I grow up and...”, the older one says: “I myself...”. This need reaches its peak during adult life and determines the range of human capabilities.

This list of needs is based on the views of Abraham Maslow. In 1943, American psychophysiologist of Russian origin A. Maslow conducted research on the motivations of human behavior and developed one of the theories of the needs of human behavior. He classified needs according to a hierarchical system - from physiological ( lowest level) to the needs of self-expression (highest level). Maslow depicted the levels of needs in the form of a pyramid. The base of the pyramid (and this is the foundation) is physiological needs - the basis of life.

People's ability to satisfy their needs varies and depends on the following general factors: age, environment, knowledge, skills, desires and abilities of the person himself.

Hierarchy of human needs according to A. Maslow

1st level- physiological needs - ensure human survival. This level is absolutely primitive.

1 - breathe,

2 - There is,

3 - drink,

4 - highlight,

5 - sleep, rest

2nd level- needs for safety and security - concern for maintaining living standards, desire for material security.

6 - be clean

7 - dress, undress

8 - maintain body temperature

9 - to be healthy

10 - avoid danger, illness, stress

11 - move

Many people spend almost all their time satisfying the needs of the first two levels.

3rd level— social needs — finding one’s place in life — these are the needs of most people; a person cannot “live in the desert.”

12 - communication

4th level- need for respect from others. A. Maslow meant the steady self-improvement of people.

13 - achieving success

5 - th level - the top of the pyramid - the needs of self-expression, self-actualization - self-expression, service, realization of human potential.

14 - play, study, work,

Maslow defined with his theory: every person has not only lower needs, but also higher ones. A person independently satisfies these needs throughout his life.

Human personality structure

3 - knowledge

M - worldview

A - social activity

3 + A - M = careerism

M + A - 3 = fanaticism

Z+ M - A = “rotten intelligentsia”

You can educate a person only through activity and knowledge.

Theory McClelland — 3 types of needs:

1 type— the need for power and success (or exerting influence) — the desire to influence other people; good speakers, organizers, frank, energetic, defend original positions, no tendency to tyranny or adventurism, the main thing is to show their influence.

Type 2— the need for success (or for achievements) — the desire to do one’s job in the best possible way, these are “hard workers.” It is necessary to set certain tasks for such people, and upon achievement, they must be rewarded.

Type 3- the need for involvement - the most important thing is human relationships, for them it is important not to achieve, but to belong, they get along well with others, avoid leadership positions.

To live in harmony with the environment, a person must constantly satisfy his needs:

Observe healthy image life;

Live in harmony with the social and cultural environment, with yourself;

Increase material and spiritual values. The nurse should encourage the patient and his family members to meet their self-care needs and help maintain autonomy and independence.

The basis of V. Henderson’s theory is the concept of human vital needs. Awareness of these needs and assistance in meeting them are prerequisites for the nurse’s actions to ensure the patient’s health, recovery or a dignified death.

W. Henderson leads 14 fundamental needs:

1 - breathe normally;

2 - consume sufficient quantity liquids and food;

3 - excrete waste products from the body;

4 - move and maintain the desired position;

5 - sleep and rest;

6 - dress and undress independently, choose clothes;

7 — maintain body temperature within normal limits;

8 — maintain personal hygiene, take care of appearance;

9 — ensure your safety and not create danger for other people;

10 - maintain communication with other people;

11 — perform religious rituals in accordance with one’s faith;

12 - do your favorite job;

13 - relax, take part in entertainment, games;

14 - satisfy your curiosity, which helps you develop normally.

A healthy person, as a rule, does not experience difficulties in meeting his needs.

In his model of nursing, unlike Maslow, V. Henderson rejects the hierarchy of needs and believes that the patient himself (or together with his sister) determines the priority of disrupted needs, for example: adequate nutrition or adequate sleep, deficiency of general - hygiene or personal hygiene, study/work or relax.

Considering the features Russian healthcare, domestic researchers S.A. Mukhina and I.I. Tarnovskaya offered nursing care for 10 fundamental human needs:

1) normal breathing;

3) physiological functions;

4) movement;

6) personal hygiene and change of clothes;

7) maintaining normal body temperature;

8) maintaining a safe environment;

9) communication;

10) work and rest.

According to the theory of D. Orem, “self-care” is a specific, purposeful activity of an individual either for himself or for his environment in the name of life, health and well-being. Each person has certain needs to maintain his life.

D. Orem identifies three groups of self-care needs:

1) universal - inherent to all people throughout life:

Sufficient air consumption;

Adequate water intake;

Adequate food intake;

Sufficient allocation capacity and needs associated with this process;

Maintaining a balance between activity and rest;

Prevention of danger to life, normal functioning, well-being;

Stimulating the desire to fit into a certain social group in accordance with individual abilities and limitations;

Time alone is balanced with time in the company of other people.

The level of satisfaction of each of the eight needs is individual for each person.

Factors influencing these needs: age, gender, stage of development, health status, level of culture, social environment, financial opportunities;

2) needs associated with the developmental phase - people’s satisfaction of their needs at different life stages;

3) needs related to health impairments - types of impairments:

Anatomical changes (bedsores, swelling, wounds);

Functional physiological changes (shortness of breath, contracture, paralysis);

Changes in behavior or daily living habits (apathy, depression, fear, anxiety).

Each person has individual abilities and capabilities to meet their needs. Basic needs must be satisfied by the people themselves, and in this case the person feels self-sufficient.

If the patient, his relatives and loved ones cannot maintain a balance between his needs and capabilities for self-care and the needs of self-care exceed the capabilities of the person himself, there is a need for nursing intervention.

Reading time: 2 min

Personal needs (need) are the so-called source of personal activity, because it is a person’s needs that are his motivation for acting in a certain way, forcing him to move in the right direction. Thus, need or need is a personal state in which the dependence of subjects on certain situations or conditions of existence is revealed.

Personal activity manifests itself only in the process of satisfying its needs, which are formed during the upbringing of the individual and his introduction to public culture. In its primary biological manifestation, need is nothing more than a certain state of the organism, expressing its objective need (desire) for something. Thus, the system of individual needs directly depends on the individual’s lifestyle, the interaction between the environment and the sphere of its use. From the perspective of neurophysiology, need means the formation of some kind of dominant, i.e. the appearance of excitation of special brain cells, characterized by stability and regulating required behavioral actions.

Types of personality needs

Human needs are quite diverse and today there are a huge variety of their classifications. However, in modern psychology there are two main classifications of types of needs. In the first classification, needs (needs) are divided into material (biological), spiritual (ideal) and social.

The realization of material or biological needs is associated with the individual-species existence of the individual. These include the need for food, sleep, clothing, safety, home, intimate desires. Those. need (need), which is determined by biological need.

Spiritual or ideal needs are expressed in knowledge of the world around us, the meaning of existence, self-realization and self-esteem.

The desire of an individual to belong to any social group, as well as the need for human recognition, leadership, dominance, self-affirmation, affection of others in love and respect is reflected in social needs. All these needs are divided into important types of activity:

• labor, work - the need for knowledge, creation and creation;

• development – ​​the need for training, self-realization;

• social communication – spiritual and moral needs.

The needs or needs described above have a social orientation, and therefore are called sociogenic or social.

In another type of classification, all needs are divided into two types: need or need for growth (development) and conservation.

The need for conservation combines the following physiological needs (needs): sleep, intimate desires, hunger, etc. These are the basic needs of the individual. Without their satisfaction, the individual is simply unable to survive. Next is the need for security and preservation; abundance – comprehensive satisfaction of natural needs; material needs and biological.

The need for growth combines the following: the desire for love and respect; self-actualization; self-esteem; cognition, including life meaning; needs for sensory (emotional) contact; social and spiritual (ideal) needs. The above classifications make it possible to highlight the more significant needs of the subject’s practical behavior.

OH. Maslow put forward the concept systematic approach to research into the psychology of personality of subjects, based on the model of personality needs in the form of a pyramid. Hierarchy of personality needs according to A.Kh. Maslow represents the behavior of an individual that directly depends on the satisfaction of his any needs. This means that the needs at the top of the hierarchy (realization of goals, self-development) direct the individual’s behavior to the extent that his needs at the very bottom of the pyramid (thirst, hunger, intimate desires, etc.) are satisfied.

They also distinguish between potential (non-actualized) needs and actualized ones. The main driver of personal activity is internal conflict(contradiction) between internal conditions of existence and external ones.

All types of individual needs located at the upper levels of the hierarchy have different level severity in different people, but without society, not a single person can exist. A subject can become a full-fledged personality only when he satisfies his need for self-actualization.

Social needs of the individual

This is a special kind of human need. It lies in the need to have everything necessary for the existence and functioning of an individual, a social group, or society as a whole. This is an internal motivating factor for activity.

Social needs are the need of people for work, social activity, culture, and spiritual life. The needs created by society are those needs that are the basis of social life. Without motivating factors to satisfy needs, production and progress in general are impossible.

Social needs also include those associated with the desire to form a family, joining various social groups, teams, various areas of production (non-production) activity, and the existence of society as a whole. Conditions and environmental factors that surround an individual in the process of his life not only contribute to the emergence of needs, but also create opportunities to satisfy them. In human life and the hierarchy of needs, social needs play one of the determining roles. The existence of an individual in society and through it is the central area of ​​manifestation of the essence of man, the main condition for the realization of all other needs - biological and spiritual.

Social needs are classified according to three criteria: the needs of others, their own needs, and common needs.

The needs of others (needs for others) are needs that express the generic basis of the individual. It lies in the need for communication, protection of the weak. Altruism is one of the expressed needs for others, the need to sacrifice one's interests for others. Altruism is realized only through victory over egoism. That is, the need “for oneself” must be transformed into a need “for others.”

One’s own need (need for oneself) is expressed in self-affirmation in society, self-realization, self-identification, the need to take one’s place in society and the team, the desire for power, etc. Such needs are therefore social, because they cannot exist without needs “for others.” " Only through doing something for others is it possible to realize your desires. Take some position in society, i.e. It is much easier to achieve recognition for oneself without affecting the interests and claims of other members of society. The most effective way to realize your egoistic desires will be a path along which a share of compensation is contained to satisfy the claims of other people, those who can claim the same role or the same place, but can be satisfied with less.

Joint needs (needs “together with others”) – express the motivating power of many people at the same time or society as a whole. For example, the need for security, freedom, peace, a change in the existing political system, etc.

Needs and motives of the individual

The main condition for the life of organisms is the presence of their activity. In animals, activity manifests itself in instincts. But human behavior is much more complex and is determined by the presence of two factors: regulatory and incentive, i.e. motives and needs.

The motives and system of needs of the individual have their own main characteristics. If need is need (scarcity), the need for something and the need to eliminate something that is in abundance, then the motive is a pusher. Those. need creates a state of activity, and motive gives it direction, pushes activity in the required direction. Necessity or necessity, first of all, is felt by a person as a state of tension inside, or manifests itself as thoughts, dreams. This encourages the individual to search for an item of need, but does not give direction to the activity to satisfy it.

Motive, in turn, is an incentive to achieve the desired or, conversely, to avoid it, to carry out an activity or not. Motives can be accompanied by positive or negative emotions. Satisfying needs always leads to a release of tension; the need disappears, but after a while it can arise again. With motives, the opposite is true. The stated goal and the immediate motive do not coincide. Because a goal is where or what a person strives for, and a motive is the reason why he strives.

You can set a goal for yourself following different motives. But an option is also possible in which the motive shifts to the goal. This means transforming the motive of activity directly into a motive. For example, a student initially learns his homework because his parents force him to, but then interest awakens and he begins to study for the sake of learning itself. Those. It turns out that a motive is an internal psychological motivator of behavior or actions, which is stable and encourages an individual to carry out activities, giving it meaning. And need is an internal state of feeling need, which expresses the dependence of a person or animals on certain conditions existence.

Needs and interests of the individual

The category of need is inextricably linked with the category of interests. The origin of interests is always based on needs. Interest is an expression of an individual’s purposeful attitude towards some type of his needs.

A person’s interest is not so much directed specifically at the subject of need, but rather directed at such social factors that make this subject more accessible, mainly the various benefits of civilization (material or spiritual), which ensure the satisfaction of such needs. Interests are also determined by the specific position of people in society, the position of social groups and are the most powerful incentives for any activity.

Interests can also be classified depending on the focus or the carrier of these interests. The first group includes social, spiritual and political interests. The second includes the interests of society as a whole, group and individual interests.

The interests of an individual express his orientation, which largely determines his path and the nature of any activity.

In its general manifestation, interest can be called the true reason for social and personal actions, events, which stands directly behind the motives of individuals taking part in these very actions. Interest can be objective and objective social, conscious, realizable.

The objectively effective and optimal way to satisfy needs is called objective interest. Such interest is of an objective nature and does not depend on the consciousness of the individual.

An objectively effective and optimal way to satisfy needs in public space is called objective social interest. For example, there are a lot of stalls and shops in the market and there is definitely an optimal path to the best and cheapest product. This will be a manifestation of objective social interest. There are many ways to make various purchases, but among them there will definitely be one that is objectively optimal for a particular situation.

The subject's ideas about how best to satisfy his needs are called conscious interest. Such interest may coincide with the objective one or be slightly different, or may have a completely opposite direction. The immediate cause of almost all actions of subjects is precisely the interest of a conscious nature. Such interest is based on a person’s personal experience. The path that a person takes to satisfy the needs of the individual is called realized interest. It can completely coincide with the interest of a conscious nature, or absolutely contradict it.

There is another type of interest - this is a product. This variety represents both the path to satisfying needs and the way to satisfy them. A product may be the optimal way to satisfy a need and may appear to be so.

Spiritual needs of the individual

The spiritual needs of the individual are a directed aspiration for self-realization, expressed through creativity or through other activities.

There are 3 aspects of the term spiritual needs of the individual:

• The first aspect includes the desire to master the results of spiritual productivity. This includes exposure to art, culture, and science.

• The second aspect lies in the forms of expression of needs in the material order and social relations in today's society.

• The third aspect is the harmonious development of the individual.

Any spiritual needs are represented by a person’s internal motivations for his spiritual manifestation, creativity, creation, creation of spiritual values ​​and their consumption, for spiritual communications (communication). They are conditioned inner world the individual, the desire to withdraw into himself, to focus on what is not related to social and physiological needs. These needs encourage people to engage in art, religion, and culture not in order to satisfy their physiological and social needs, but in order to understand the meaning of existence. Their distinctive feature is unsaturation. Since the more internal needs are satisfied, the more intense and stable they become.

There are no limits to the progressive growth of spiritual needs. The limitation of such growth and development can only be the amount of spiritual wealth previously accumulated by humanity, the strength of the individual’s desires to participate in their work and his capabilities. The main features that distinguish spiritual needs from material ones:

• needs of a spiritual nature arise in the consciousness of the individual;

• needs of a spiritual nature are inherently necessary, and the level of freedom in choosing ways and means to satisfy such needs is much higher than that of material ones;

• satisfaction of most spiritual needs is mainly related to the amount of free time;

• in such needs, the connection between the object of need and the subject is characterized by a certain degree of unselfishness;

• the process of satisfying spiritual needs has no boundaries.

Yu. Sharov identified a detailed classification of spiritual needs: the need for work; the need for communication; aesthetic and moral needs; scientific and educational needs; need for health improvement; the need of military duty. One of the most important spiritual needs of a person is knowledge. The future of any society depends on the spiritual foundation that will be developed among modern youth.

Psychological needs of the individual

The psychological needs of an individual are those needs that are not limited to bodily needs, but also do not reach the level of spiritual ones. Such needs usually include the need for affiliation, communication, etc.

The need for communication in children is not an innate need. It is formed through the activity of surrounding adults. Usually it begins to actively manifest itself by two months of life. Adolescents are convinced that their need for communication brings them the opportunity to actively use adults. For adults, insufficient satisfaction of the need for communication has a detrimental effect. They dive into negative emotions. The need for acceptance is the desire of an individual to be accepted by another person, a group of people or society as a whole. Such a need often pushes a person to violate generally accepted norms and can lead to antisocial behavior.

Among the psychological needs, basic needs of the individual are distinguished. These are needs that, if not met, young children will not be able to fully develop. They seem to stop in their development and become more susceptible to certain diseases than their peers who have such needs met. For example, if a baby is regularly fed but grows without proper communication with his parents, his development may be delayed.

The basic personal needs of adults of a psychological nature are divided into 4 groups: autonomy - the need for independence, independence; need for competence; the need for interpersonal relationships that are significant for the individual; the need to be a member of a social group and to feel loved. This also includes a sense of self-worth and the need to be recognized by others. In cases of unsatisfaction of basic physiological needs, it suffers physical health the individual, and in cases of unsatisfaction of basic psychological needs, the spirit (psychological health) suffers.

Motivation and personality needs

The motivational processes of an individual are aimed at achieving or, conversely, avoiding set goals, implementing certain activities or not. Such processes are accompanied by various emotions, both positive and negative character, for example, joy, fear. Also during such processes some psychophysiological tension appears. This means that motivational processes are accompanied by a state of excitement or agitation, and a feeling of decline or surge of strength may also appear.

On the one hand, regulation mental processes, which influence the direction of activity and the amount of energy needed to perform this very activity is called motivation. On the other hand, motivation is still a certain set of motives that gives direction to activity and the most internal process of motivation. Motivational processes directly explain the choice between different options for action, but which have equally attractive goals. It is motivation that influences the perseverance and perseverance with which an individual achieves his goals and overcomes obstacles.

A logical explanation of the reasons for actions or behavior is called motivation. Motivation may differ from real motives or be deliberately used to disguise them.

Motivation is quite closely related to the needs and requirements of the individual, because it appears when desires (needs) or a lack of something arise. Motivation is the initial stage of an individual’s physical and mental activity. Those. it represents a certain incentive to perform actions by a certain motive or process of choosing reasons for a particular direction of activity.

It should always be taken into account that completely different reasons may lie behind completely similar, at first glance, actions or actions of a subject, i.e. Their motivation may be completely different.

Motivation can be external (extrinsic) or internal (intrinsic). The first is not related to the content of a specific activity, but is determined by external conditions relative to the subject. The second is directly related to the content of the activity process. There is also a distinction between negative and positive motivation. Motivation based on positive messages is called positive. And motivation, the basis of which is negative messages, is called negative. For example, a positive motivation would be “if I behave well, they will buy me ice cream,” a negative motivation would be “if I behave well, they will not punish me.”

Motivation can be individual, i.e. aimed at maintaining the constancy of the internal environment of one’s body. For example, avoidance of pain, thirst, desire to maintain optimal temperature, hunger, etc. It can also be a group one. This includes caring for children, searching for and choosing one’s place in the social hierarchy, etc. Cognitive motivational processes include various play activities and research.

Basic needs of the individual

The basic (leading) needs of an individual can differ not only in content, but also in the level of conditioning by society. Regardless of gender or age, as well as social class, every person has basic needs. A. Maslow described them in more detail in his work. He proposed a theory based on the principle hierarchical structure(“Hierarchy of Personal Needs” according to Maslow). Those. Some personal needs are primary in relation to others. For example, if a person is thirsty or hungry, he will not really care whether his neighbor respects him or not. Maslow called the absence of an object of need scarcity or deficiency needs. Those. in the absence of food (an item of need), a person will strive by any means to make up for such a deficiency in any way possible for him.

Basic needs are divided into 6 groups:

1. These include primarily physical needs, which include the need for food, drink, air, and sleep. This also includes the individual’s need for close communication with subjects of the opposite sex (intimate relationships).

2. The need for praise, trust, love, etc. is called emotional needs.

3. The need for friendly relations, respect in a team or other social group is called a social need.

4. The need to obtain answers to questions posed, to satisfy curiosity are called intellectual needs.

5. Belief in divine authority or simply the need to believe is called a spiritual need. Such needs help people find peace of mind, experience troubles, etc.

6. The need for self-expression through creativity is called creative need (needs).

All of the listed personality needs are part of every person. Satisfaction of all basic needs, desires, and requirements of a person contributes to his health and positive attitude in all his activities. All basic needs necessarily have cyclical processes, direction and intensity. All needs are fixed in the processes of their satisfaction. At first, the satisfied basic need temporarily subsides (fades away) in order to arise over time with even greater intensity.

Needs that are expressed more weakly, but are repeatedly satisfied, gradually become more stable. There is a certain pattern in the consolidation of needs - the more diverse the means used to consolidate the needs, the more firmly they are consolidated. In this case, needs become the basis of behavioral actions.

Need determines the entire adaptive mechanism of the psyche. Objects of reality are reflected as probable obstacles or conditions for satisfying needs. Therefore, any basic need is equipped with peculiar effectors and detectors. The emergence of basic needs and their actualization directs the psyche to determine appropriate goals.

Speaker of the Medical and Psychological Center "PsychoMed"