Caution feeling perception thinking imagination memory. Mental processes: thinking, speech, imagination

Cognitive activity of a person consists of a series of cognitive mental processes: feeling, perception, attention, memory, imagination, thinking and speech.

The concept of the surrounding world is carried out at two levels: sensual knowledge, including sensations, perception, presentation, and logical knowledge through concepts, judgments, conclusions.

Feeling

Feeling - This is a reflection of individual properties of objects directly acting on our senses.

A variety of information on the state of the external and internal environment, the human body receives in the form of sensations with the help of senses. Feelings are the source of our knowledge about the world and about themselves. The ability to feel the sensations of all living beings with the nervous system. The consciousness of the sensations are only in the living beings having a brain and a cerebral brain.

The objects and phenomena of reality affecting our senses are called stimuli. The feeling occurs as a reaction nervous system On one or another stimulus and as any mental phenomenon is reflexive.

The physiological mechanism of the feeling is the activity of special nervous apparatus, called analyzers. The analyzers make the impact of certain stimuli on the external and internal environment and convert them in sensations. The analyzer consists of three parts:

Receptors, or sense organs transforming the energy of external influence into nerve signals (each receptor is capable only to a certain type of influences);

Conducting nervous paths for which these signals are transmitted back to the brain and back to the receptors;

Correspondent brain projection zones.

Feelings can be classified on different bases. On the leading modality allocate sensations:

· The visual sensations are a reflection of colors of both achromatic and chromatic. The visual sensations are caused by the impact of light, i.e. electromagnetic wavesemitted by bodies on the visual analyzer.

· Hearing sensations are a reflection of sounds of different heights, strength and quality. They are caused by exposure sound wavescreated by oscillations of bodies.

· The olfactory sensations are reflected odors. There are due to the penetration of particles of fragile substances propagating in the air, in the upper part of the nasopharynx, where they affect the peripheral endings of the olfactory analyzer.

· Taste sensations reflect some chemical properties flavoring substances dissolved in water or saliva.

· Related feelings are a reflection of the mechanical properties of objects that are detected by touching them, friction about them, impact. These sensations also reflect the temperature of the items. ambient and external pain.

These sensations are called exteroceptive, and in turn are divided into contact and distant.

Another group of sensations are those that reflect the movements and states of the body itself. They are called motor or proprioceptive.

There is also a group of organic sensations - internal (Iteroceptive). These sensations reflect the inner state of the body.

Properties of sensations:

· Quality is the essential feature of sensations to distinguish some types of sensations from others, as well as various variations within the form;

· Intensity - the quantitative characteristics of sensations, which is determined by the power of the active irritability and the functional state of the receptor.

· Duration - temporal characteristics of sensations.

The main characteristics of the sensitivity of the analyzers:

· Nizhny threshold of sensations - the minimum value of the stimulus causing the barely noticeable feeling;

· The upper threshold of sensations is the maximum value of the stimulus, which is able to adequately perceive the analyzer;

· Sensitivity range - the interval between the upper and lower threshold;

· Differential threshold - the smallest captured value of the differences between stimuli;

· Operational threshold - the value of the difference between signals at which the accuracy and speed of differences reaches the maximum;

· The time threshold is the minimum duration of the impact of the stimulus required to occur;

· Latent reaction period - time interval from the moment of signaling until the feeling occurs;

· Inertia - the time of disappearance of sensations after exposure.

Changing the sensitivity of analyzers under the influence of irritation of other senses is called the interaction of sensations, which is observed in phenomena:

Sensitization is an increase in the sensitivity of nerve centers under the influence of an irritant.

Synesthesia - occurrence under the influence of irritation of one characteristic sensation characteristic of another analyzer.

Perception

Perception - Holistic reflection of objects and phenomena of the objective world with their immediate impact at the moment on the senses. Together with the processes of sensation, perception provides directly sensual orientation in the surrounding world.

Perception is subjective - the same information people perceive in different ways, depending on interests, abilities, needs. Dependence of perception from past experience individual features The person is called appersonation.

Perception properties:

1. Integrity - internal organic interconnection in the image. Manifests itself in two aspects: combining different elements as a whole; Independence formed by the quality of the components of its elements.

2. Subject - the object is perceived by us as a separate physical body in space and time.

3. Generalization - assigning each image to some class of objects.

4. Constance - the relative constancy perception of the image.

5. Measurement - communication with the understanding of the essence of objects and phenomena through the process of thinking.

6. The selectivity is the preferential allocation of one objects before others in the process of perception.

Types of perception:

Human perception by man;

Time perception;

Perception of movement;

Perception of space;

Perception of activity.

Perception is externalized and internal.

Perception may be erroneous (illusory). Illusion is a distorted perception of really existing reality. Illusions are detected in the activities of various analyzers. Perception may not only be erroneous, but also ineffective.

Attention

Attention - The direction and focus of consciousness on certain objects or certain activities during distraction from the rest.

Caution is continuously connected with consciousness as a whole. The focus and selectivity of cognitive processes is associated with attention. The attention is determined by:

Accuracy of perception, which is a kind of amplifier, allowing to distinguish image details;

Memory strength and selectivity, acting as a factor contributing to the preservation of the necessary information in short-term and RAM;

The focus and productivity of thinking, acting as a mandatory factor of the correct understanding and solving problems.

Basic functions of attention:

· Selection of significant impacts and ignoring others;

· Conservation in the mind of a certain content of the activity until its completion;

· Regulation and monitoring of activity.

Main types of attention:

1. Depending on the volitional efforts of the personality:

· Inclusive attention arises without the intention of a person to see or hear anything, without a predetermined goal, without the effort of will;

· Auditable attention is an active, targeted focus of consciousness, maintaining the level of which is associated with certain volitional efforts aimed to combat stronger impacts;

· After timing, it comes after an arbitrary, but highly different from it. When, when solving the task, the first positive results appear, interest occurs, activities are automated, it does not require special volitional efforts and is limited only to fatigue, although the purpose of the work is maintained.

2. By the nature of the direction:

· Foreign attention is directed to the surrounding items;

· Internal attention is directed to your own thoughts and experiences.

3. By origin:

· Natural attention - congenital ability a person selectively respond to those or other internal or external incentives that carry elements of information novelty;

· Socially determined attention consists of the process of life, the result of training, education, is associated with selective conscious response to objects, with volitional regulation of behavior;

4. By regulation mechanism:

· Direct attention is not managed by anything, in addition to the object to which it is directed;

· Indirect attention is governed by special means.

5. By refer to the object:

· Sensory;

· Intellectual.

Basic properties of attention:

1. The focus of attention is to hold attention to one object or one activity when distracting from the rest.

2. Sustainability of attention is the duration of concentration on the object or phenomenon, is determined by the individual physiological characteristics of the body, mental state, motivation, external circumstances of activities.

3. The amount of attention is determined by the number of objects to which attention can be simultaneously directed during the perception.

4. Distribution of attention is the ability to fulfill the individual at the same time two or more activities.

1. The concept of imagination. Place of imagination in behavior, game and work.

2. Types of imagination.

3. Takes of creative activity and fantasy.

4. The concept of speech. Speech and language. Speech functions.

5. Types of speech activity.

1. The concept of imagination. Place of imagination in behavior, game and work.In structure cognitive activity A special place is the imagination. Thanks to this mental process, a person is able to mentally overcome the distances, transferred to the distant past and the future. It is the images that converts, modifying human experience, are the main characteristic of the imagination.

Imagination- the mental process of creating an image of the subject, the situation by restructuring the presentations in the person.

Sometimes imagination is identified with memory or with thinking. However, there are significant differences between these processes. Thus, memory images should be maintained if possible in a constant form, since this is reproducing past experience. The imagination function is a change in images. Experience and presentation of memory are building material For imagination.

Imagination performs the following functions.

1) Present validity in images and be able to use them by solving tasks. Imagination allows a person to make decisions with a shortage of source information, form high-iriable assumptions in problem situations. Imagination is the basis of creativity, ensures the formation of the society of society.

2) Regulation of psychophysiological processes and emotional states. Under the influence of imagination, the person has appropriate organic changes. The picture created by the imagination causes the cheating of the pulse, pale the face, etc. Often there are facts of suggestion of various diseases. Disorder may occur with the tactless, pedagogically illiterate statement of the teacher ( didactogenic diseases), under the influence of the careless word of the doctor ( yatrogenicdiseases).

Conscious use of imaging images allows you to manage organic processes, makes them accessible to workout and development. The strength of the imagination is based on a system for the treatment of many diseases (placebo effect).

In addition to ideas about the state of their internal organs, a person can use imagination to imagine a movement of any part of his own body (hands, legs, etc.). At the same time, in the muscles that should carry out this movement, the pulses can be recorded, which are recorded in real performance of movement. This is so-called. ideasotor acts.

The correct representation of the movement is often used by athletes. Coaches recommend to do the first exercise in the mind. Such "playback" improves the exercise itself.

Imagination is associated with emotions, activities of subcortical cerebral formations.

3) arbitrary regulation of cognitive processes. For example, a person calling a certain image, draws attention to the necessary events - it contributes to the arbitrary management of cognitive processes. Thanks to the imagination, it becomes possible abstraction, such properties of perception, as integrity and constancy, are made up.

4) Formation of an internal action plan (Ability to perform actions in mind, manipulate images).

5) Planning and programming activities, anticipation (i.e., ahead of reflection, representation of the result).

For knowledge and transformation of reality aimed fantasy- Designing fictional, often distant from the reality of images (myths, fairy tales, fantasy, etc.). The essence of imagination images - find a figurative explanation of phenomena.

2. Types of imagination.According to the severity of activity, two types of imagination are distinguished: passive and active.

For passive Imagination is characterized by creating images without external motivress, without a certain intention. The imagination here acts as a replacement of activities, its surrogate, with which a person refuses to act. People with this imagination usually have poor personal experience, the undeveloped criticalness of thinking, weak will.

Passive imagination can be intentional and unintentional. Persistent passive The imagination creates images that are not associated with the will - Gree. People tend to dream of a pleasant, tempting. However, if dreams replace actions, this indicates development defects. For example, a poor student can create a fictional life, where he succeeds, where he is jealous. At the same time in his real life There are no positive changes, whose subject would be himself.

Unintentional passive The imagination is observed in the weakening of the activity of consciousness, for example, in a half-weather state, in a dream. Its most indicative manifestation is hallucination, in which a person perceives a non-existent artificial object (devils, monsters).

Active Imagination can be recreation (based on the heard and seen) and creative. Restalthe imagination creates certain images according to the description (when reading the literature, the study of geographical maps, from the words of other people). Recreation, a person fills the iconic system with knowledge. At the same time, each person creates its image of the relevant object (Onegin, Tatiana, etc.). The fullness and brightness of the recreated object depends on the degree of development of the imagination, the vastness of knowledge, the wealth of emotional experience. Strong emotional states interfere with recreation, and then a person can not get together with thoughts, focus.

Creativeimagination creates new, original images, ideas. The object of the created image does not actually exist, something new (objectively or subjectively new) is formed. The product of creative imagination can not always be materialized, sometimes impossible to embody it in the form of things.

The differences between the creative and recreation imagination are relative. With recreation imagination, as in creative, images are created again.

A special type of imagination is dream as an image of the desired future. Dream stands prerequisite Protecting the creative forces of a person.

Images that a person creates in dreams differ in the following features:

a) bright, alive, specific character with many details and parties;

b) the weak severity of concrete ways to carry out a dream, the imagination of these paths and funds in the most general features;

c) emotional saturation of the image, its attractiveness for the dreaming personality;

d) the desire to combine the dream with a sense of confidence in her feasibility, with a passionate desire to implement in reality.

The dream can be real and unreal. In the first case, it is identical to the goal of activity, a person clearly imagines her content and ways to achieve. For unrealistic dream, only its content is characterized in the absence or impossibility of ways to implement. An unreal dream is inseparable from a dream. Romans G. Tells, Zhevna - an example of a dream of a dream, most of their ideas were in reality.

Unlike a dream, the dream is always active and acts as a motivating motive of the activity, the result of which for any reason turned out to be delayed. The embodied dream causes a new need, and the new need gives rise to a new dream.

3. Takes of creative activity and fantasy.The creative transformation of reality in the imagination is subject to its laws and is carried out in accordance with certain methods or techniques. New ideas arise on the basis of what was already in consciousness, thanks to operations of analysis and synthesis, i.e. Imagination processes are analytic synthetic character. Consider them in more detail.

1) Agglutination(gluing) - a combination, fusion of individual elements or parts of several items in one way (examples: Mermaid \u003d Fish + Woman + green algae; Centaur, Sphinx, hut on curiped legs).

Agglutination "helps" and in technical work (trolleybus, anemsani, a hydraulic circuit, accordion).

2) Emphasis- Analytical process of creating images. In the created image, any part, the part is allocated and emphasized by changing the magnitude and making the object disproportionate. Allows you to select the most significant in the image. Used in caricatures: So, the chatter is usually depicted with a long tongue, a fan of eating - with a huge stomach).

Accent treatment may apply to the entire object. There are two ways to: increase the object compared with reality (hyperbole) or reduce (lithol). The increase in the object is used for the contrasting effect of internal, substantive advantages (horse-hunchback is small, ugly, but full of other advantages).

The hyperbolization can be achieved by changing the number of pieces of the subject: a multi-tech Buddha, one-eyed cyclops.

3) Schematization (synthetic path). The representations of which the image is created, merge, the differences are smoothed, and the similarities features appear on the fore (national ornament, images of the Italian, "Chinese" - generalized schemes).

4) Typification - the embodiment in the specific image of the essential parties to this group of objects, the process of decomposition and compound, as a result of which a certain image (person, his case, relationship) is crystallized. In accordance with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe artist, there is an emphasis on those, not other devils, agglutination of such, and not other points. As a result, some features are descended, others are simplified, the third on the contrary is enhanced, and in general, the whole image is converted. Type - an individual image in which are connected into a single whole characteristic signs People of the whole group, class, nation. AM Gorky wrote: "How are types in literature are built? Take 30-50 people of one line, one kind, of one mood and of them create Oblomov, Onegin, Hamlet, Othello, etc. All this generalized types. "

4. The concept of speech. Speech and language. Speech functions.Speech activity is special form communicative activities (communication activities). The word is associated with all manifestations of human psyche. The structure of the language imposes an imprint on the perception structure (the task of perception may be verbally. Memory presentation is caused by a word and closely connected with it. Communication speech with feelings: Word can be encouraged or vulnerable, elevated or humiliate a person. Especially close connection exists between thinking and speech. Thinking There is and expressed in the word.

Speech from speech should be distinguished. Language - strictly standardized communication system system, and speech - Practical application of the language in the process of communication for the transfer of thoughts and feelings. Speech is a language in action.

Language includes words with their values \u200b\u200band syntax. The means from which the language message is built are phonemes (oral speech) and grafhem (written speech). Grammar categories Language is combined with logical. Logic categories are universal. THEM. Sechenov noted that all nations have a three-stroke structure: subject, predicate and bunch. The expression of logical categories through grammatical constructions specific for each language. When transferring from one language to another thought remains unchanged, and the language means of its expression varies. There are no thoughts in the language - this is a set of diverse tools to express thoughts. When from this set is selected in speech certain system Language funds - a thought will be expressed in it.

Language is an objective phenomenon of society's life, it is one for the whole people, it is individual, it expresses the psychology of a separate person or community of people, for whom these features of speech are characteristic. The meanings of the same words for different people are different, although language values may be the same. The language reflects the psychology of the entire people, and not only now living people, but also those that lived earlier and spoke in this language.

In communication, a person uses a minor part of the language wealth (so, the language includes several hundred thousand words, the great writers are from 10 thousand to 20 thousand words). A separate person's speech has the peculiarities of pronunciation, vocabulary, proposals structures. According to these signs, you can identify the identity (in forensic), diagnose some diseases.

We are impossible to spend without mastering the tongue, while the language can exist and develop relatively independently of the person, according to the laws that are not related to either its psychology or his behavior. The link between the language and speech is the meaning of the word. It is expressed as in units of language and in units of speech.

Psychology is not a language, but the process of its application, i.e. speech.

Speech performs the following functions.

1. Significtive. Each word of the human language indicates a subject, indicates it, causes us an image of a particular object; Speaking some words, we designate one or another subject or a phenomenon every time. This human language is different from the "language" of animals, which expresses only an emotional state in sounds, but never denotes certain items. The word allows you to double the world, i.e. Thanks to the word, a person can arbitrarily call the image of the relevant items, to deal with objects even in their absence. It seems to be a form of existence of thought.

2. Generalization. The word denotes not only a separate item, but also a whole group of similar objects and is a carrier of their essential signs. The word allows you to attribute objects to a specific category, reflects deep connections and relationships that are behind the subjects of the outside world. The ability to analyze the subject, allocate significant properties in it and attribute it to certain categories is called the meaning of the word. The generalization function is closely associated with thinking. And words (concepts), and the proposal (judgment) have different degree Generalizations. For example, the bus is less general conceptthan "transport".

The generalization of the speech of the teacher should be based on the possibility of decoding it with students. Decoding - Translation of perceived speech signs into the pattern of images or less generalized concepts. To understand "from the subway you will reach us any kind of transport," you need to decode the word "transport" in the concept of "bus", "Trolleybus", "Tram".

3. Communicativethe function (speech as a means of communication) includes three sides: informational, expressive and will (exposure means).

Information The party is manifested in the transfer of knowledge and is closely related to the functions of designation and generalization. The information side suggests the ability to find a word, precisely expressing the thought, and it should cause the same thought or an idea of \u200b\u200bperceive.

Expressivethe side is associated with the transfer of senses and relationships speaking to the subject of the message. According to the voice of a person, it is determined, he is calm or excited, angry or complacently configured. Emotional and expressive components appear in rhythm, pauses, intonation. Voice modulations (oral speech), in the rhythm and alignment of words (written speech). It can be said that the more expressive, the more she is speech, and not just a language, because the more expressive it is, the more speaking himself, his face manifests itself. The teacher should pass through speech to transfer his attitude to the knowledge and actions of students (for students it is more important not what the teacher says, but how he says it).

Volatile content Aims on the direct submission of the actions of the listener by the plan of the speaker. A person speaks in order to influence, if not directly on behavior, then the thought and feelings, to the consciousness of other people. Makarenko wrote that he did not consider himself a master teacher, until he learned to utter the same expression "Come here" with 20 different shades. Speech is a means of communication primarily because it serves as a means of exposure.

Speech functions are included in unity, inside which they determine and mediate each other. Two basic functions of speech - communicative and ingnecific - are formed one through the other and operate one to another.

5. Types of speech activity.So, speech is verbal communication, i.e. The process of communication through the language. The speech is aimed at those who are facing. In order for this to be a conscious action, the speaker must clearly realize the goal and the tasks that it should resolve his speech. We also need to account for the conditions in which it is carried out; those. the nature of the subject this is speech and the characteristics of the audience. Depending on the purpose and conditions, the person builds his speech, choosing one or another type of speech activity.

2.5 imagination and speech

Studies have shown that a very powerful step in the development of imagination is made in direct communication with the assimilation of speech. Observation of the development of imagination has discovered the dependence of this function from speech development. The delay in the development of speech, as established, marks himself and the delay in the development of imagination.

E. Bleiler and his school we are obliged to know the facts that shed light to the question: "Why is the development of speech is a powerful imagination for the development of imagination?" We spell up the child from immediate impressions about the subject, she gives the child the opportunity to imagine a particular thing he did not see and think about him. With the help of speech, the child gets the opportunity to free themselves from the authorities of immediate impressions, going beyond their limits. The child can express words and what does not coincide with the exact combination of real objects or relevant ideas. This allows him to be extremely free to contact the sphere of impressions indicated by the words.

2.6 Imagination and emotions

The active work of fantasy causes a rich emotional picture of the state of children. It is known how children perceive fairy tales. They are overcrowded by emotions, according to the not inferior emotional picture of adults in the most significant moments of life. And children's game? She simply loses its meaning for a child if she does not have a bright emotional background and, at the same time, the game is fully held on the active imagination. The connection of imagination and emotions is also manifested in adults. We all at least once in life received high emotional satisfaction from the dream.

Imagination and emotions in the child's life are inseparable. The influence of feelings for imagination and back has long been observed by scientists. Another French psychologist T. Bogo found out that all forms of creative imagination conclude strong emotional moments. L.S. Vygotsky brought the "law of a general emotional sign", whose essence expressed in words "... Any sense, every emotion to strive to embody in the images corresponding to this feeling" emotion as it would collect impressions, thoughts and images, consonant with the mood of man. Thus, a rich emotional life stimulates the development of imagination. The second law, derived by L.S. Vygotsky, called the "law of the emotional reality of imagination." He suggests that "all the construction of fantasy turns back on the feeling niches, and if it is a construction and does not correspond to the actually true, then the sense caused by them is valid, actually experienced by a sensible person."

Using the wealth of emotional states, it is possible to successfully develop the imagination and, on the contrary, purposefully organizing fantasy, you can form a culture of feelings.

Fantasy images give the inner tongue for our feeling. This feeling picks up separate elements of reality and combines them into such a connection, which is due to the inside by our mood, and not from the outside, the logic of these images themselves.

Images of imagination can acquire the motivation of behavior and activity. Therefore, the development of imagination is the basis for the formation of a motivational and consumer sphere of a person.

Conclusion

The object of my research was imagination. I sought to identify his place and connection with other mental processes. An analysis of the imagination is associated with difficulties due to its originality, as it is intertwined with all kinds of knowledge.

Based on the study conducted by me, you can draw the following conclusions:

Imagination is a mental process that transforms this and generates new images on this basis.

Imagination allows you to represent the result of labor before it starts.

Imagination works at the stage of knowledge when the uncertainty of the situation is very large.

Imagination significantly expands and deepens the process of knowledge. It plays a huge role in the transformation of the objective world. Before changing something almost, a person changes it mentally.

Imagination is the basis of visual-shaped thinking, allowing a person to navigate to intuitively and solve problems without directly interfering with practical actions.

Imagination should be considered as a more complex form of mental activity, which is a real association of several functions in their peculiar relations.

The imagination occupies an intermediate position between perception, thinking and memory. The imagination is inextricably linked with the memory process, it converts what is in memory. Also related to perception, (enriches new images, makes them more productive) and thinking. From perception, the imagination is characterized by the fact that his images do not always correspond to reality, they have elements of fantasy, fiction.

The value of the imagination is difficult to overestimate. It is necessary not only to writers to create images of heroes or artists in search of the plot future picture. Without fantasy, scientists could not erect hypotheses, making assumptions about the reasons for phenomena, foresee events; Teachers could not prepare for the lesson, as it is impossible to submit its move, to predict the reaction of students, etc. Yes, and the process of exercise would have become very limited, since, without relying on the imagination, it is impossible to study history, geography, astronomy and others Items.

"Imagination, - as a psychologist OM wrote Dyachenko, studied this feature in detail, is like that sensitive musical instrument, mastering the possibilities of self-expression, requires the child to find and fulfill their own ideas and desires. "

Thanks to communication with thinking, the imagination is characterized as a creative act. The information (knowledge) is facilitated by the subject to form new images reconstructed from sensual experience and thinking. In these procedures, the effect of imagination is constantly resumed. Moreover, the absence or lack of cognitive information contributes to the setting of goals and tasks for imagination.

The role and place of the imagination of unequal, it operates in different ways in creative acts, actively speaking in some processes or hidden manifest itself in others.

Along with perception, memory and thinking an important role in human activity is played by imagination. In the process of reflection of the surrounding world, a person along with the perception of what acts at him at the moment, or a visual representation of the fact that he has affected him before, creates new images. Imagination is a mental process of creating a new image, presentation or ideas. A person may mentally imagine that in the past I did not perceive or did not commit, he can have images of objects and phenomena, with which he had never met before. Being closely associated with thinking, the imagination is characterized greater than when thinking, the uncertainty of the problem situation. The process of imagination is peculiar only to a person and is a prerequisite for his work. Imagination is always aimed at human practical. The man before doing something represents that it is necessary to do and how it will do it, so he already creates the image of a material thing in advance, which will be made in the subsequent practical activity of a person. This ability of a person in advance to present the final result of his work, as well as the process of creating a material thing sharply distinguishes human activity from "activities" of animals, sometimes very skillful. The physiological basis of the imagination is the formation of new combinations from those temporary connections that have already been formed last experience. At the same time, simple actualization of existing temporary connections does not yet lead to the creation of a new one. Creating a new implies such a combination that is formed from temporary connections that have previously not joined each other. In this case, the second signal system, the word is important. The imagination process is joint work Both signal systems. All visual images are inextricably linked with it. As a rule, the word serves as a source of appearance of imaging images, controls the path of becoming them, is a means of retention, consolidation, their changes. Imagination There is always a certain waste from reality. But in any case, the source of imagination is an objective reality. Imagination is a figurative design of the content of the concept about the subject (or design of the action scheme with it) even before the concept itself (and the scheme will be distinguished, verified and expression verified and implemented in a specific material).

For imagination, it is characteristic that knowledge has not yet been shared in a logical category, while the peculiar correlation of universal and single on the sensory level has already been produced. Due to this, in the act of contemplation, a separate fact opens in its universal perspective, discovering its intelligible meaning in relation to a certain situation. Therefore, in terms of imagination, a holistic image of the situation is built before the dissected and detailed picture of contemplated. The leading imagination mechanism is the transfer of any properties of the object. The heuristicness of the transfer is measured at how much it contributes to the disclosure of the specific integral nature of another object in the process of its knowledge or creature.

List of quotes

Ilyenkov E.V. On the aesthetic nature of fantasy // Questions of Aesthetics-1964.-Issue 6.

Vygotsky hp The development of higher mental functions. - M., 1970

Koestler A. The Act of Creation. Hutchinson C. London, 1969

Rubinstein S.L. Imagination. Basics of general psychology. - M., 1946

Ignatiev E.I. On some features of studying ideas and imagination. - M., 1956

Gurova L.L. Imagination // Philosophical Encyclopedia. - M., 1960. - T. 1

Petrovsky A.V., Brouslinsky A.V., Zinchenko V.P. General psychology. 3rd ed. -M.: Enlightenment, 1986,

Vygotsky hp Imagination and creativity in childhood.-SPb, 1997

Dyachenko O.M. Development of the imagination of the preschooler. - M.: // Questions of psychology. - M.: Pedagogy, 1988, No. 6.- S.52-59.

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17. Petrovsky A.V., Brouslinsky A.V., Zinchenko V.P. General psychology. 3rd ed. -M.: Enlightenment, 1986,

Its development, especially in children of younger school age, largely depends the success of the assimilation school program. Chapter 3. Experimental study of the features of creativity and imagination of younger students 3.1 Organization, methods and methods of research The purpose of the experimental study is practically to identify the features of the development of imagination and creative ...

and irreversible. If you remember how your name and names of your relatives are most likely with the "Memory" process you are fine. And the reason for the problems with memorization in this case should be seen not in violation of memory, but in violation of other mental processes. The process of "ATTENTION" Warning selection (selection) in consciousness of information. If attention becomes extremely unstable, ...

And with the creation of their own intentions and their implementation. The noted features and the results of the experiment undoubtedly indicate poverty and non-formation of prerequisites for creative imagination. Chapter III. Guidelines For the development of imagination from senior preschoolers with a delayed mental development, the analysis of psychological and pedagogical and methodological literature, the analysis of psychological and pedagogical and methodological literature ...

In the city of Pavlovsky Posad of the Moscow region, where the famous printed Pavlovsky scarves are produced, shawls, printed woolen scarves. Chapter 3. Development of the creative abilities of children in the classroom activities 3.1 Investigation of the creative abilities of preschoolers DOU No. 40 in the study participated 15 children of both sexes from senior group Dow No. 40 ...

Section I. Psychology

Topic 3. Mental Cognitive Processes

3.1. Sensations, perception, attention, imagination and their classification

3.1.1. Feel

The source of knowledge about the external world and the human body is sensations. These are the main channels, thanks to which information on these phenomena enters the brain, giving the opportunity to navigate them.

Feelings - reflection in the consciousness of the subject of individual properties and qualities of objects and phenomena directly affecting the senses. The senses are mechanisms with which information about the surrounding reality enters the cerebral bark. Feelings reflect the external signs of items and phenomena (color, shape, size, surface, sound, taste, etc.) and the condition of the internal organs (muscle movements, pain, etc.). Feelings are objective, since they always reflect the external stimulus and subjective - because they depend on the nervous system and individual characteristics of the person. Their physiological basis is the activities of analyzers. Analyzer is an anatomy-physiological apparatus for taking the effects of certain stimuli from the external and internal environment and processing them in sensation. Each analyzer consists of:

• Receptor that perceives irritation (located on the periphery of the nervous system);
• Conductive afferent (centripetal) path (on it, nervous excitation is transmitted to the center);
• The cortical part of the analyzer (central link), where the "processing" of signals occurs.

The transfer of excitation from receptors to the central departments of the nervous system, and then from them along the efferent (centrifugal) paths back for the response, which occurs during the reflex, is carried out according to the reflex arc.

The reflex arc consists of a receptor, afferent and efferent nerve, central link, effector (muscles or glands).

1-2-3 - functional diagram of the analyzer.

1-2-3-4-5-6-7-1 - Functional diagram of reflex arc.

1 - receptor; 2 - afferent nervous path; 3 - central link; 4 - the efferent nervous path; 5 - effector (muscle or iron); 6-7 - feedback channel.

The feedback principle makes it possible to understand the beginning and completion of the sensation process on the patterns of reflex activity.

Types of sensations:

Exteroreceptive . Reflect the properties of objects and phenomena of the external environment.

• Spectatical - a person is able to distinguish up to 180 tons of color and more than 10,000 shades between them;
• Auditory - Individual perceives speech, controls many types of work, enjoys music, etc.;
• Obony - help people recognize volatile substances and smells;
• Temperature - distinguish heat and cold;
• Flavoring - determine the qualitative features of the food taken;
• Tactile - together with muscular-motor components make up the touch, with the help of it a person perceives smoothness, roughness, density of objects, their touch to the body, place and size of an irritated area.

Interoreceptive. Reflect the inner state of the individual.

• Pain - signals about damage and irritation of human organs;
• Equilibrium - provide the vertical position of the body (activity of the vestibular analyzer);
• Acceleration - when moving people, their centripetal and centrifugal forces are determined.

Propriceceptive.Reflect the movement of our body.

• Muscular-motor - provide information on the position of the body and its parts in space, the regulation of movements, abbreviation, stretching and relaxation of muscles, etc.

Properties of sensations:

1. Adaptation;
2. Sensitization;
3. Consecutive images;
4. Threshold of sensations;
5. Contrast.

Adaptation is an increase or decrease in the sensitivity of analyzers as a result of continuous or prolonged exposure to irritants. It may vary in large limits. For example, the sensitivity of the eye during the transition from bright illumination into the dark is sharpened to 200,000 times. Its change requires a certain time. In order for the vision in the dark to acquire the desired sensitivity, must pass about 30 minutes. The adaptation of the hearing authorities is carried out much faster and is seconds.

Contrast - weak stimuli increase sensitivity to others, and strong reduce it.

Thresholds of sensations:

• Nizhny threshold - the minimum magnitude of the stimulus capable of calling the nerve excitation in the analyzer sufficient to occur (J 0) (signals whose intensity is less than J 0, the person is not felt)
• Upper threshold - The maximum magnitude of the stimulus when it can adequately perceive the analyzer (J MAX). (The interval between J 0 and J Max is called the "Sensitivity range")
• Different threshold (difference threshold) - The minimum difference in the intensity of two homogeneous stimuli, which is capable of feeling an individual.

Sensitization is an increase in the sensitivity of analyzers under the influence of internal factors, the state of the body. It can be done and with the help of pharmacological agents. Sensitivity acuity increases with age, reaching the maximum by 20-30 in order to gradually decrease in the future.

Sequential images - Continuation of the feeling when the action of the stimulus has already stopped (for example, after leaving the metro car, a few seconds seems to be moving on the train).

The development of sensations is possible in the process of exercises. For example, the loss of vision or hearing is somewhat compensated by other types of sensitivity.

3.1.2. Perception

Perception is a holistic reflection of objects and phenomena in their immediate impact on the senses. This is the result of the system of analyzers.

Perception involves the allocation from the complex of signs of the most significant (with simultaneous distraction from insignificant). It requires their association and comparison with past experience. Perception includes a motor component (sensation of objects with hand, eye movement during viewing, etc.) and complex analytical and synthetic activity of the brain on the formation of a holistic image. The same information is perceived in different ways, subjectively, depending on their interests, needs, abilities, etc. The dependence of perception from the content of the mental life of a person, from the features of his personality is called the title. The impact of experience on this process is quite obvious. (Example with distorting glasses: All items are seen inverted, except for those that are impossible in such a form. An ordinary candle was perceived inverted, but as soon as it was lit, it became normal vertical oriented, i.e. the flame was directed up.)

Types of perceptions:

• Depending on the forms of reflection:
  • Spaces - perceived shape, size, volume of object, distance between them, their mutual location, distance and direction.
  • Time is the reflection of objective duration, speed and sequence of phenomena. The main thing is the rhythmic change of excitation and braking; There is no special analyzer.
  • Movements - perception of changes in the time of the position of objects or the observer itself in space.
• Depending on the purpose:
  • Deligent - based on a deliberately formulated goal and achievement is associated with certain efforts of the individual.
  • Unintentional - Items are perceived without a special task and human volitional action.
• Depending on the degree of organization:
  • Organized - phenomena and items are observed purposefully, systematically.
  • Unorganized - The usual perception of the surrounding world.

Perception may be erroneous. This is found in the operation of analyzers. Spectative errors (illusions) are known. They have the very following different reasons: Practical experience of an individual, changing the conditions of perception, etc.

Perception properties:

1. Integrity - reflected objects act in the consciousness of a person in the aggregate of their many qualities and characteristics. This is a system of perceptual actions that must be seized, i.e. It is formed in the process of practice;
2. Constance - the individual perceives objects as relatively constant in shape, color, the magnitude, which is due to knowledge of them physical properties;
3. Structure - perception is not a simple amount of sensations. This is actually abstracted of them generalized characteristic. For example, music plays, and we hear not separate sounds, but a melody and learn it;
4. Measurement - the property is closely associated with thinking, understanding the essence of phenomena;
5. Selectivity - manifests itself in the preferential allocation of one objects compared to others; The personality ability to perceive only those of them that they represent the greatest interest. The Swiss psychologist Rorschah was found that even ink spots are always something meaningful (dog, cloud, lake, etc.). This is the dynamic process of searching for a response to the question: "What is it?";
6. Subject - the ability of the individual to reflect the world as the impact of its specific images;
7. Appercection is the dependence of perception from the previous human experience.

Perception largely depends on the level of attention of people.

3.1.3. Attention

Attention is the election orientation of a person's consciousness into certain objects and phenomena. Physiologically, it is due to the work of the same nervous centers with which mental processes accompanied by them are carried out. Attention ensures in each given moment in the cerebral cortex area (hearth) with increased excitability dominant over the rest of its parts. As a result, the concentration of the consciousness of the individual in the necessary objects occurs.

Properties (quality) attention:

• Concentration – the ability of a person to focus on the main thing in his activities;
• Selectivity – selection by the Individual of the most important items;
• Distribution – the opportunity to have conscious to simultaneously multiple objects or perform work consisting of many operations;
• Volume – the number of objects that can be perceived with the same degree of clarity and clearness at one point;
• Switching – intentionally conscious transfer of attention from one object to another;
• Sustainability – The ability to delay at the perception of the subject.

Types of attention:

1. Arbitrary (deliberate) - arises as a result of a person's conscious efforts aimed at solving a problem (fatigue occurs after 20 minutes);
2. Concentrated - this is attention to any one object or type of activity;
3. Involuntary (unintentional) - appears by itself under the action of a strong, contrast or new, unexpected, meaningful stimulus (for example, stronger sound, monitoring sporting contests);
4. Afterplay - called interesting activities and the individual does not get tired for a long time;

The pattern of circulation of attention: every 6-10 seconds the human brain is disconnected from receiving information on the split second, as a result, some part of it can be lost. Research B. M. Teplova and V. D. Nebylitsyn showed that the qualities of attention depend on the properties of the nervous system: its weak type - additional stimuli interfere with focus, and if strong - then increase the concentration of attention.

You can develop attention with psychological exercises:

• Games of the Indians. Two-three competing simultaneously show many items at once. Then everyone lists the lead that he saw, seeking to describe in detail more things (argue that one magician, passing by the showcase, could notice and describe up to 40 items);
• "Who quickly". It is proposed to delete in the text of a frequently found letter, for example "O" or "E". The result of the test is estimated by the time of its execution and the number of mistakes allowed - missed letters. Change the task somewhat: cross the letter to the vertical feature, and the other is horizontal or by the signal these actions alternate. Then the exercise complicate: for example, cross one letter, the other - emphasize, third - blaming the circle. Time to task - up to 30 minutes.

3.1.4. Representation

The presentation is the process of recreation (reproduction) of specific images of objects and phenomena of the external world, which previously influenced by the human senses.

Presentation functions:

1. Signal. Not only the image of the subject, but also the diverse information about it, which subsequently turned into a system of signals controlling the behavior of the individual.
2. Regulating. The necessary information about the subject or phenomenon is selected, taking into account the actual conditions of the upcoming activities.
3. Tuning. It is manifested in the orientation of the body to certain parameters of reflection of the impact of the surrounding world.

The physiological basis of ideas is "traces" in the cortex of large hemispheres of the brain, remaining after the real excitations of the central nervous system during perception.

Views:

• By type of analyzers:
  • Visual - image of a person, subject, landscape;
  • Hearing - music, melody;
  • Olfactory - (ether smell);
  • Tactile - the subject to which she previously touched;
  • Motor - movements of your body.
• According to the degree of generalization:
  • Single - perception of one subject;
  • General - reflection of a number of similar objects.
• According to the degree of manifestation of volitional efforts:
  • Involuntary - without the activation of will and memory;
  • Arbitrary - under the influence of will in the interests of any purpose.
• By duration:
  • Operational - maintenance of operational action;
  • Short-term - short-time;
  • Long-term - used for a long time and quite often.

Presentations are formed in the process of human activity. Depending on the profession, it develops predominantly any one type of them: the artist - the auditorium, the musician - the auditory, at the athlete is a motor, the chemist is an olfactory.

3.1.5. Imagination

Imagination is a mental process of creating new images (representations) by processing the material of perceptions and representations obtained in the previous experience.

Imagination as a peculiar form of reflection of reality: Carries out a mental waste outside the perceived directly, contributes to anticipation of the future, "revives" what was previously; It is a change and conversion of a person of his ideas.

Types of imagination:

• Involuntary (passive, unintentional) – the emergence of new images without any external motivress (dreams, dreams);
• Arbitrary (active, deliberate) – formation of new images with the help of volitional effort;
• Dream – A new image of the desired future, which has not yet been implemented, and sometimes cannot come into reality;
• Creative – Creating new images in the process of personality activity.

Stages of creative imagination:

• the emergence of the idea;
• "tooling the plan";
• its implementation.

• Recreative (productive) – imagination based on read or heard.

Forms of synthesis in the processes of imagination:

1. Agglutination – "gluing" of various unsecast qualities (parts);
2. Hyperbolization – an increase or decrease in the subject, as well as a change in its parts;
3. Schematization – Separate representations merge, the differences are smoothed, and similarities are clearly shifted;
4. Typification – the allocation of a significant, repeating in homogeneous images;
5. Esurance – Underline any signs.

3.2. Memory, thinking, speech and their development

3.2.1. Memory

Memory is a form of mental reflection, which consists in imprinting, preserving and reproducing past experience, which makes it possible to reuse his reuse and return to the consciousness in the scope.

Memory is the most important cognitive function underlying the development and training. She is the basis of mental activity, without it it is impossible to understand the formation of behavior, thinking, consciousness.

Amnesia is the lack of memory.

Memory processes:

1. Memory – imprinting in consciousness of information, which is a necessary condition for enriching the experience of individuals with new knowledge and forms of behavior;
2. Preservation – Hold in the memory of knowledge for a relatively long time;
3. Reproduction – Activation of the previously fixed psyche content;
4. Recognition – The phenomenon of the psyche, accompanying memory processes and allowing them to function more effectively.

Types of memory:

1. Visive-figurative - Memory to visual, sound, tactile, olfactory, etc. Images;
2. Wonder-logical - the memory of the sense of presentation, its logic, to the relationship between the elements of the information obtained in the verbal form of information;
3. Motor - memory for movement;
4. Emotional - memory for experiences;
5. Mechanical - memorization of information in the form in which it is perceived.

All the above, the listed types of memory, except for verbal-logical, is the physiological basis, traces of the former nerve processes, preserved in the "cerebral cortex".

Memory features characterizing its effectiveness:

• Volume - reflects the quantitative indicators of the captured, saved and reproduced information;
• Rapidity- the ability of the individual to achieve a certain speed in the processing and use of the material;
• Accuracy- the possibility of a person qualitatively and productively reflect the main content of the information;
• Duration- The ability of the personality to hold a certain time in his consciousness the necessary material.

Memory forms (test duration):

1. Instant;
2. Short-term;
3. Long-term;
4. Operational;
5. Intermediate memory;

• Short-term memory. Information first enters short-term memory, which provides a memorization of 5-7 minutes, after which the material may be forgotten completely or move into long-term memory under the condition of multiple repetition. The short-term memory is limited in volume and the number 5-9 is placed in one single presentation in it, i.e. From once the person can remember from 5 to 9 words, numbers, figures, pictures, etc. The main thing is to ensure that this information be saturated at the expense of the grouping, uniting numbers, words into a single holistic "image".
• Long term memory. Provides long-term storage of material, and there are two types:
  1. With conscious access (i.e., the individual by his will extract and recall the necessary information);
  2. Closed (under normal conditions there is no access to it, but only in hypnosis, irritation of the sections of the brain).
• RAM.Information comes from short-term and long-term memory to perform current activities.
• Intermediate memory. It accumulates the material during the day, and during the night sleep, translates it into long-term memory. The individual who sleeps less than three hours a day, the intermediate memory does not have time to be cleaned, as a result, the implementation of mental, computing operations is violated, attention is reduced, errors in speech and actions appear.

Memory efficiency depends on:

• Memorization purposes. If we learn the information to pass the exam, it will soon be forgotten, and if for future professional activities, it will remain for a long time.
• Explosion techniques.
  • Mechanical literal multiple repetition. The material is not comprehended, spends a lot of strength, time, and the results are low.
  • Logical retelling. It includes: understanding the links, systematization, allocation of the main components of the information, the repetition in their own words - the logical memory is involved. Its efficiency is 20 times higher, better than mechanical.
  • Fashionable memorization techniques, material translation in graphics, diagrams, pictures - functions. It happens: visual, auditory, motor-motor, flavor, tactile, olfactory, emotional.

For long-term memory with conscious access, a pattern is peculiar forgetting. To reduce it, it is necessary:

1. Understanding, understanding information (mechanically learned, it is forgotten quickly and almost completely);
2. Repetition of the material (it is important to do 40 minutes after memorizing, since only 50% of mechanically learned information remains in memory).

It is necessary to repeat more often in the first days (at this time the maximum loss of forgetting) is better: on the first day - 2-3 repetitions, in the second - 1-2, in the third - seventh - 1-2, then 1 repetition at interval in 7 -10 days.

Systematic studies, assimilation of information by portions during the semester is much more efficient than learning a large amount of a session of a session causing mental and psychological overload and almost complete forgetting of the material a week after passing exams.

Memory reproduction forms:

• Recognition (occurs during the re-presentation of the object);
• Memories (arising in the absence of subject perception);
• Remember (depends on the clarity of the tasks set, the degree of logical ordering of the information being memorized and stored in the information memory);
• Reminiscence (deferred reproduction of a previously perceived, which seemed forgotten);
• Eidetism (visual memory, long retaining a bright image with all the details perceived).

Mnemonic (mnemotechnical) memorization techniques (to relieve), (mnemonica - (gr. Mnemonikon - Art is credited and I ):

• The formation of semantic phrases from initial letters Information ("Every hunter wants to know where the pheasants are sitting" - about the flower sequence in the spectrum: red, orange, yellow, etc.);
• Rhythmization - translation into poems, songs, lines related to a certain rhythm or rhyme;
• Memorization of complex terms with the help of consonant words (for example, to assimilate medical expressions "Supination" and "Pronation", use the comic phrase "soup carried and shed");
• Find bright, unusual images, pictures and on the "ligament method" are connected to the material to capture;
• Cicero method. Imagine that go around your room where you all are familiar. Information to memorize mentally disappear along the way. You can remember it, imagining this room - everything will be in those places that was with the previous "bypass".
• When memorizing numbers, numbers can use different techniques:
  • Identify an arithmetic dependence among, for example, in the phone number 358954. 89 \u003d 35 + 54;
  • To highlight familiar numbers, for example, in 859314. 85 - the year of birth of Brother, 3.14 - the first digits of the number "PI", etc.
• Method of training of visual memory (Aivazovsky method). Look at the object (landscape, man) for 3 seconds, trying to capture in detail; Then close your eyes and imagine the details, ask yourself questions; Then open the eyes for 1 second, add the image; Close your eyes and try to achieve a colorful image of an object and repeat several times.

Summing up, we emphasize that memory ensures the integrity and development of the personality of a person, covers the central situation in the system of cognitive activity.

3.2.2. Thinking

Thinking is a mental process of reflection of substantial connections and relations of objects and phenomena of the objective world. It radically expands the possibilities of an individual in his desire to cognition of reality, up to the invisible, since it operates not only by primary and secondary images, but also by concepts. Thinking is an instrument of the highest orientation of a person in the surrounding world and in itself (I. P. Pavlov).

In its formation, thinking takes two stages:

1. Upcoming;
2. Conceptual.

The child has an additional thinking (initial stage) - and it has another, than in adults, organization; The judgments of children are single, about this particular subject. With an explanation of anything, everything is reduced by them to a private, familiar (judgments in similarity or analogy), since during this period in thinking, the main role is played by memory. The earliest form of evidence is an example. Given this feature, urging the baby or explaining something to him, it is important to reinforce his speech by visual objects. A feature of the pre-exchange thinking is egocentrism. A child under 5 can not look at himself from the part, to correctly understand situations that require some deregistration from his own point of view and accepting someone else's position.

The conceptual thinking arises not immediately, but gradually (L. S. Vygotsky allocated five stages at the same time) and appears in adolescents in 11-14 years. However, it is still imperfect, since primary concepts are formulated on the basis of everyday experience and are not supported by scientific data.

Features of thinking:

1. Indirect character;
2. Support for knowledge;
3. Associated with practical activities man;
4. Comes from living contemplation, but does not boil down to it;
5. Reflection of connections and relationships in verbal form.

A person relies not only on the immediate sensations and perceptions, but also on these past experiences, preserved in his memory.

In the process of thinking, the individual enjoys existing on the basis of prior art general provisionswhich reflect the most common connections and the patterns of the surrounding world.

We always reflect the relationship in an abstruse and generalized form, as having general value For all similar phenomena of this class, and not only for a specific specifically observed.

Thinking is always in an inseparable unity with speech. Due to the fact that it proceeds in words, the processes of abstraction and generalization are facilitated.

• Thinking operations:
  • Analysis - dismemberment of a complex object on parts or characteristics;
  • Comparison is the establishment of similarities and differences between objects;
  • Synthesis - allows in a single process to move from parts to a whole;
  • Abstraction - allocating the essential properties and bonds of the object and distraction from other secondary;
  • Generalization - Association of many objects and phenomena for their general and decisive features;
  • Specification is the movement of thoughts from the common to the private.

• Forms of thinking:
  • The concept - reflects the general and significant properties, links and relationships of objects. Concepts may be general and isolated, specific and abstract;
  • The judgment - expresses or approves the relationship between objects and phenomena of reality. Allocate judgments true and false;
  • Review - on the basis of several judgments there is a certain conclusion;
  • Analogy - on the basis of partial similarity between objects and phenomena, the conclusion is given without sufficient research of all conditions.

• Methods of thinking:
  • Induction - from single facts to general;
  • Deduction - from the common to the private.

Types of thinking:

• In form:
  1. Vividly effective - direct perception of objects, real conversion of the situation in the process of action with them;
  2. Vite-figurative - relies on ideas and images that the individual perceived earlier;
  3. Wonder-logical - It is carried out using logical operations with concepts.
• By the nature of the tasks being solved:
  1. Theoretical - based on reasoning and conclusions;
  2. Practical - based on judgments and conclusions, outgoing from solving practical tasks (goal, project, plan, scheme, etc.).
• For exploration:
  1. Discursive - indirectly by the logic of reasoning, and not perception;
  2. Intuitive - comes on sensual perceptions and directly reflecting the impacts of objects and phenomena.
• On novelty and originality:
  1. Reproductive (reproducing) - Based on the images and representations of painted from certain sources;
  2. Productive (creative) - on the basis of creative imagination.

Highly thinking:

• Realistic - aimed at the outside world, regulated by logical laws;
• Autistic - due to the realization of man's desires.

Thinking processes:

• Involuntary - transformation of dream images;
• Arbitrary - targeted solution of intellectual tasks.

Quality of thinking:

1. Latitude - the ability to cover the whole question entirely, not losing at the same time and necessary for the case of particularities;
2. Depth - expressed in the ability to penetrate the essence of complex problems. The opposite of this is the surface of judgment, when attention is drawn to the little things and does not see the main one;
3. Independence - It is characterized by the possibility of putting forward new tasks and find ways to perform their execution without resorting to the help of others;
4. The flexibility of thought is due to the ability to adjust the actions when a decline change;
5. The speed of mind - is the operational concept of a new situation, acceptance right solution;
6. Huruating - it is manifested that the question is not comprehensively analyzed, some one side is grombging, shallow judgments are expressed;
7. Criticality - the ability to objectively assess their own and other people's thoughts, carefully and comprehensively check all the provisions and conclusions.

Ways of development of thinking:

1. High self-organization;
2. The development of the main techniques of mental labor (competent setting of problems, the maximum inclusion of figurative and symbolic components, the use of the advantages of conceptual thinking, reducing changes in criticality when evaluating the result);
3. Interest, interest in the problem;
4. Application of special methods of activation of thinking.

Methods for the development of thinking:

"Brainstorm" is designed to offer various (most incredible) ideas and solutions when working in a group.

• the Group includes specialists from different professions and focus;
• someone else's idea can not be interrupted, criticized; It can only praise, develop or offer its own;
• participants must be in a state of relaxation (relaxation), comfort;
• all offers are fixed;
• the expressed ideas are transmitted to the "experts" engaged in this problem (valuable ideas are about 10 percent).

In one company in the United States, 15 thousand ideas were offered at 300 sessions of the "brainstorming", of which 1.5 thousand were implemented.

"Synctic assault" - requires the mandatory execution of four techniques based on the analogy:

1. straight - Think how tasks are solved, similar to the proposed;
2. personal (empathy) - try entering the image of the object given in the task and argue from this point of view;
3. symbolic - Give in a nutshell a figurative definition of the essence of the task;
4. fantastic - Imagine this task to solve fabulous wizards.

"Focal Objects" - Signs of several random items are transferred to the considered (focal, in focus of attention) and receive unusual combinations, allowing to overcome psychological inertia and cosiness. For example, a random object is taken "Tiger", and focal - pencil, it turns out a "striped pencil", "fangy pencil", etc. Developing these combinations, you can come to original ideas.

"Control questions" - Provides for the application of the list of leading issues, for example: "And if you do vice versa?", "And if you change the form of an object?", "And if you reduce or increase the subject?", "and if you take another material?".

"Morphological analysis". - first allocate the main characteristics of the object - axis, and then each of them write all sorts of options - elements. Considering the problem of launching a car engine in winter, you can take the source of energy for heating, methods for its transfer to the engine. Elements for the "Energy sources" axis can be a battery, a chemical heat generator, a benzraft, hot water, steam, etc. Having a record on all axes and, combining combinations of different elements, we obtain a large number of all sorts of options. In the field of view, the unusual combinations will fall, which would also come to mind.

3.2.3. Speech

Speech process practical application Language man in order to communicate with other people. Language is a means of this phenomenon.

Properties of speech:

1. Content - determined by the number of pronounced thoughts, feelings, aspirations, their significance and correspondence;
2. Conosity - is achieved by the syntactically correct construction of proposals, as well as the use of pauses or highlighting words with the help of logical accent;
3. Expressive - related to emotional saturation; It may be bright, energetic or, on the contrary, sluggish, pale;
4. Impact - It is influenced on the thoughts, feelings, the will of other people, their beliefs and behavior.

Speech functions:

1. Expressions - is that a person can more fully transmit his feelings, experience, relationship, expands the aspect of communication;
2. Impact - lies in the ability of the individual to encourage others to action;
3. Designations - is related to the ability to give objects and phenomena inherent only names;
4. Messages - the exchange of thoughts between people through words, phrases.

Types of speech:

1. Oral - communication with the help of spoken words aloud and their perception;
   • Dialogic - conversation two or more interlocutors;
   • Monologic - a statement of thoughts by one person;
2. Writing - speech through written signs;
3. Internal - serves the process of thinking of a particular individual.

Mental educational processes are of great importance in the functioning of the psyche: sensations, perception, attention, performance, imagination, memory, thinking, speech. The accounting of their peculiarities in professional activities will provide productive assistance to the head in the selection of specialists, their competent use in the production sector, in the cohesion of the team, the development of functional skills and skills of workers.

Literature on the topic

1. Nomov R.S. Psychology. Textbook. In 3t. 2005.
2. General psychology. / Sost. Rogov E.I. 1998.
3. Psychology. Tutorial. / Under total. ed. Druzhinina V.N. 2006.
4. Rean A.A., Bordovskaya N.V., Rosum S.C. Psychology and pedagogy. 2006.
5. Stolyarenko ld Psychology. Textbook. 2006.
6. Burmistrov V.Ya., Vysotsky Yu.V. Psychology and pedagogy. Studies. St. Petersburg 2003.
7. Granovskaya R.M. Elements of practical psychology. 1997.
8. Luria A.R. Lectures for general psychology. Studies. 2006.
9. Rubinstein S.L. Basics of general psychology. Studies. 2006.

The process of knowledge of the surrounding world begins with an analysis of the information that comes from sensory systems, and the formation of holistic images of objects and phenomena. This initial stage of knowledge is called perception.

Purposeful perception is carried out with the help of attention.

Attention is a factor, a choice of information for perception. From the point of view of physiologists, attention is a process, as a result of which information has access to memory and movement mechanisms and, accordingly, consciousness. Caution is characterized by volume, switching speed and stability, it can be increased active actions or volitional efforts.

Warning can be involuntary when the memorization goes without effort, as if by itself, and arbitrary - a person sets itself a goal that needs to be remembered, makes volitional efforts, uses special techniques. Information that is perceived is transmitted to the memory.

Memory

Memory is a complex of processes occurring in the central nervous system and ensuring accumulation, storage and reproduction of individual experience.

I. M. Sechenov wrote that a person would be left without memory forever in the position of the newborn. Memory is associated with certain brain departments connected by closed chains of neurons. Nervous impulses circulating in these chains change the processes of biosynthesis in nerve cells. As a result, substances are produced by material memory carriers.

Violation of the synthesis of some biologically active substances interferes with the formation of traces of memory and, therefore, learning. It is the purchase of individual experience by the formation of conditional reflexes is considered as a learning process.

Views and memory formation

In order for the information to be deposited in memory, it is necessary to repeat it for some time. Hence the well-known aphorism: "Repetition is the mother of teachings." Depending on what is remembered by a person, distinguish 4 types of memory:

1. Motor Memory- It is the basis of learning movements, domestic, sports, labor skills, writing speech.
2. Shaped memory It helps to memorize and reproduce faces of people, paintings of nature, environment, smells, environmental sounds, musical melodies.
3. Emotional memory Saves people experienced senses. Thanks to emotional memory, sympathy for another person, mercy.
4. Verbal memory - memorization, saving and reproduction of read, heard or uttered words.

All types of memory are closely interrelated. The same information is remembered with two or more memory.

Memory is of great importance for human behavioral orientation. Without the ability to accumulate and save information, it is impossible to gain knowledge necessary for life, accumulate and exercise targeted actions.

Distinguish short-term (unstable) memory and long-term (long-term) memorywhere the most significant information is stored. In long-term memory, the information is necessary to preserve in a generalized form (fundamental laws, patterns, generalizations, concepts). The brain selects the most necessary information in the long-term memory. This very important "mental" work performs a motivational system, which determines which information is most important.

IN last years The memory mechanism is intensively investigated. It has been established that the formation of memory traces passes in gradually.

1. At the first stage, the nerve impulses pass from the senses to the cerebral cortex, where signals are delayed for several hundredths of the second for their analysis. This process is called operational or sensory memory. A human sensory memory does not depend on its will and cannot be subjected to conscious control.
2. The second stage is associated with the storage of information and is referred to. short-term memoryresponsible for temporary (a few seconds) storage of information in the form of words. She is called back
   primary memory
   . Information from the primary memory can be ousted by new signals.
3. Third stage ( secondary memory) - information from the primary memory is transmitted to secondary and through intermediate stations - in the tertiary, where and is stored for a long time.

All types of memory are manifested in two forms: logical-meaning and sensual-figurative. The first operates mainly by concepts, the second - ideas.

Development and training of memory are carried out by permanent training exercises: concentration, clarity of perception, care, active mental activity using schemes, tables.

Memory is a very valuable quality of a person, it must not only develop, but also maintain, not poisoning the brain alcohol, nicotine, drugs. These poisoning substances violate blood circulation in the brain vessels, destroy the links between the cells and the nerve cells themselves, which are not restored during the life.

Emotions

A person not only perceives the world around us, but also affects him. It has a certain attitude to all objects and phenomena. Reading a book, listening to music, answering a lesson or communicating with friends, people are experiencing joy, sadness, inspiration, chagrin.

Experiences in which the attitude of people to the world around the world and to themselves are called emotions.

Human emotions are extremely diverse and complex, and can be positive (joy, love, delight, satisfaction, etc.) and negative (anger, fear, horror, disgust, etc.). Any emotion is accompanied by activation of the nervous system and the appearance of biologically active substances that change the activities of internal organs.

Each emotion can accompany expressive movements. By changing the gait, pose, as well as gestures of a person, facial expansion, intonation, changing the speed of speech can be drawn up an idea of emotional state. Watching the expression of the face, we not only understand what another person feels, but also infect his condition: empathize, sympathize with compassion. In this way, expressive movements - a peculiar means of communication between people.

The appearance of emotional reactions is associated with the work of large hemispheres and the departments of the intermediate brain. Of great importance for the formation of emotions have temporal and frontal lobes of the crust. The life of a person without emotions is impossible. The loss of emotions is the loss of human features.

The normal life of a person should be emotionally saturated with a predominance. positive emotions. Stormy negative emotions They lead to the development of mental and somatic human diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent their development. This is achieved by the will of the meaningful leadership emotions. We can restrain our emotions, our expressive movements, "not to give feelings of will."

Self-composure, the ability to own itself in various situations are acquired in education, self-education and are features of the high culture of man.