Biology

June 22, 1941 chronology. The first and most difficult day of the great patriotic war

An interesting mod for the game Hearts of Iron 4 (HoI 4), which will add a new state to the game - the Turkic Union. This mod is a story interesting story about the formation of a new state in an alternative world.

The main features of the modification:

New nation with its own flag and color;
New units and generals;
New national focuses for the Turkic Union.

A fugitive Russian general organizes an assassination attempt on Stalin. He managed to make only two shots, after which he was killed on the spot. Stalin, despite serious wounds, remained alive.

Stalin is still alive, but in a coma. Red Army generals and high-ranking leaders communist party begin a fight to seize control of the country. Clashes are taking place in every corner of the Soviet Union and destabilize the situation in the country.

The situation is constantly heating up. Seeing this, many countries of the Soviet camp begin revolts. Allies and the United States are supporting them.

Massive nationalist rallies in Turkey are forcing the authorities to send their troops to Asia. Turkish troops cross the border of the USSR. Due to political struggles and uprisings in the army, the USSR cannot stop the invasion.

States Central Asia break away from the USSR. Among them: Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan. The inhabitants of these countries are greeted by the Turkish army as liberators.

Stalin's health is improving, but he still does not get out of bed. Many Soviet republics declare independence. Fearful of recovery Stalinist regime and revenge of the Soviet Union, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk convenes a congress of the Turkic countries in Baku. A historic decision was made at the congress - the creation of the state of the Turkic Union.

Stalin makes a public statement in Moscow. To the delight of the crowd, he vows that he will suppress the riots and destroy the newly formed countries, including the Turkic Union. The remnants of the Red Army are being assembled under the leadership of a legitimate government.

The Turkic Union conducts sabotage actions, undermining railways in Siberia to deprive the Red Army of its combat capability.

Despite the bloody battles, the USSR returns most of the lost republics. Separated Ukraine is again subordinate to the command in the Kremlin, but Ukrainian nationalists seized Crimea and dug in on the isthmuses. At the same time, huge reserves of oil were discovered in the Urals. The Turkic army suffers losses, but retains most of the positions.

Fearing the successes of the communist regime, the Allies, composed of British, French, Italian and Polish troops, insidiously attack the USSR from the west. Stalin has to redeploy troops to western front, stopping the attack on the Turkic Union.

The offensive of the Allied army was stopped, however, the Turkic troops again regain their lost positions.

Fearing another offensive by the Allied army, Stalin proposes a plan for a peace agreement. Tough negotiations begin in Helsinki.

After three weeks of discussion, a peace treaty was signed. Under its terms, the Soviet-Polish border becomes a demilitarized zone, and Crimea joins the Turkic Union.

Due to illness, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk leaves politics. General Fevzi Kakmak leaves military service and organizes the party. After some time, with strong support from the Asian territories, he became the president of the Turkic Union.

The first oil refineries in the Urals were built in the Soviet Union. The country's oil reserves will last for a long time!

Modification screenshots

An air defense fighter is monitoring from the roof of a house on Gorky Street. Photo: TASS / Naum Granovsky

75 years ago, June 22, 1941, troops Nazi Germany invaded the USSR. The Great Patriotic War began. In Russia and some countries of the former Soviet Union, June 22 is the Day of Remembrance and Mourning.

On June 22, 1941, for the USSR and its capital Moscow, it was determined in Berlin a week before this date - on Saturday, June 14, at a meeting of the Supreme Command of the armed forces of Nazi Germany. On it, Adolf Hitler gave the last orders on the attack on the USSR from 04 a.m. on June 22, 1941.

On the same day, a TASS report was circulated about Soviet-German relations, which said:

"According to the USSR, Germany is just as unswervingly complying with the terms of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact as the Soviet Union, which is why, in the opinion of Soviet circles, rumors about Germany's intention to break the pact and launch an attack on the USSR are groundless."

However, June 22, 1941 for the world's first state of workers and peasants could have come a month or a week earlier. The leaders of the Third Reich originally planned an invasion of Russia in the early hours of Thursday 15 May. But on April 6, together with the troops of the allies - Italy and Hungary - the Germans entered Yugoslavia. The Balkan campaign forced Hitler to postpone the time for the conquest of Moscow.

Until noon on June 22, 1941 (and there are hundreds of archival evidence of that) Moscow did not know about the German invasion.

04:30. 48 sprinklers rolled out onto the streets (according to documents).
05:30. Almost 900 windshield wipers started working. The morning was fine, sunny, painting with the "gentle light of the wall the ancient Kremlin".
From approximately 07:00. In parks, squares and other places of the usual gathering of people, "exit" tradesmen began to unfold, summer buffets, pubs and billiards were opened - the coming Sunday promised to be very warm, if not hot. And in places of mass recreation, an influx of townspeople was expected.
07:00 and 07:30. (according to the Sunday schedule - at common days half an hour earlier). Dairy shops and bakeries opened.
08:30 and 09:00. Grocery stores and grocery stores began to work. Manufactured goods stores, except for GUM and TSUM, were closed on Sundays. The assortment of goods is, in essence, the usual for a peaceful capital. In "Molochnaya" on Rochdelskaya they offered cottage cheese, curd mass, sour cream, kefir, yogurt, milk, cheese, feta cheese, butter and ice cream. All products are of two or three grades and names.

In Moscow - an ordinary Sunday day

Gorky street. Photo: TASS / F. Kislov

Gastronome No. 1 "Eliseevsky", the main one in the country, has put boiled, semi-smoked and uncooked sausages, sausages, sausages from three to four names, ham, boiled pork of three names on the shelves. The fish department offered fresh sterlet, lightly salted Caspian herring (in bulk), hot smoked sturgeon, pressed and red caviar. The surplus included Georgian wines, Crimean Madeira and sherry, ports, one vodka and one rum, and four brandy names. At that time there were no time limits on the sale of alcohol.

GUM and TSUM exhibited the entire range of the domestic clothing and footwear industry, chintz, drapes, bostons and other fabrics, costume jewelry, fiber suitcases of various sizes. And jewelry, the cost of individual samples of which exceeded 50 thousand rubles - a fifth of the price of the legendary T-34 tank, the Il-2 victory attack aircraft and three anti-tank guns - 76 mm ZIS-3 cannons according to the "price list" of May 1941. No one on that day could have imagined that the Central Department Store in Moscow would turn into an army barracks in two weeks.

From 07:00 to the big "mass event" they began to prepare the Dynamo stadium. On it at 12 o'clock a parade and competition of athletes were supposed to take place.
At about 08:00, 20 thousand schoolchildren were brought to Moscow from cities and districts of the region - for a children's party, which began at 11 o'clock in the Sokolniki park.

There was no "ferment" of school graduates on Red Square and on the streets of Moscow on the morning of June 22, 1941. This is the "mythology" of Soviet cinema and literature. The last graduation parties in the capital took place on Friday, June 20.

In a word, all 4 million 600 thousand "ordinary" residents and about one million guests of the capital of the USSR did not know until lunchtime on June 22, 1941 that the big and bloodiest war against the invaders in the history of the country had begun at night.

01:21. The border with Poland, absorbed by the Third Reich, was crossed by the last train loaded with wheat, which the USSR supplied under an agreement with Germany on September 28, 1939.
03:05. 14 German bombers, taking off from Konigsberg at 01:10, dropped 28 magnetic bombs near the raid near Kronstadt, 20 km from Leningrad.
04:00. Hitler's troops crossed the border in the Brest region. Half an hour later, they began a large-scale offensive on all fronts - from the southern to northern borders of the USSR.

And when at 11 o'clock in the Sokolniki park the pioneers of the capital solemn ruler met their guests - the pioneers of the Moscow region, the German advanced 15, and in some places even 20 km inland.

Top-notch solutions

Moscow. V.M. Molotov, I.V. Stalin, K.E. Voroshilov (from left to right in the foreground), G.M. Malenkov, L.P. Beria, A.S. Shcherbakov (from left to right in the second row) and other members of the government head to Red Square. Photo chronicle TASS

Only the top leadership of the country, the command of the military districts, the first leaders of Moscow, Leningrad and some others knew that the war was going on in the rear in the first half of the day on June 22, 1941 major cities- Kuibyshev (now Samara), Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), Khabarovsk.

06:30. A candidate member of the Politburo, secretary of the Central Committee and first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Alexander Sergeevich Shcherbakov, convened an emergency meeting of key leaders of the capital with the participation of senior officers of the NCO, NKVD and directors of the largest enterprises. He and the chairman of the city executive committee Vasily Prokhorovich Pronin by that time had general ranks... The meeting worked out the priority measures to ensure the life of Moscow in wartime.

By phone directly from the city committee, orders were given to strengthen the protection of water supply systems, heating and electrical energy, transport and, above all, the subway, food warehouses, refrigerators, the Moscow Canal, railway stations, defense enterprises and other important facilities. At the same meeting, the concept of Moscow's camouflage was formulated in rough form, including the construction of models and dummies, and the protection of government and historical buildings.

At the suggestion of Shcherbakov, on June 23, a ban was introduced on entry to the capital for everyone who did not have a Moscow residence permit. Residents of the Moscow region also fell under him, including those who worked in Moscow. Special passes were introduced. Even Muscovites had to straighten them, going to the forest for mushrooms or to a suburban dacha - they were not allowed back to the capital without a pass.

15:00. At the afternoon meeting, which took place after the speech on the radio by People's Commissar Molotov and after Shcherbakov and Pronin had visited the Kremlin, the authorities of the capital, in agreement with the generals of the Moscow Military District, decided to install anti-aircraft batteries at all high-altitude points of the capital. Later, at the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command of the USSR Armed Forces, created the next day, June 23, this decision was called "exemplary." And they sent a directive to the Military Districts to provide anti-aircraft protection of cities, following the example of the capital.

Ban on photography

One of the remarkable decisions of the second meeting of the Moscow leadership on June 22, 1941: an appeal was formulated with an appeal to the population within three days to hand over personal cameras, other photographic equipment, film and reagents. From now on, only accredited journalists and employees of special services could use photographic equipment.

This is partly why there are few photographs of Moscow from the first days of the war. Some of them are even staged, like, for example, the famous photograph by Yevgeny Khaldei "Muscovites listen to the radio address of Comrade Molotov about the beginning of the war on June 22, 1941". On the first day of war in the capital of the Union at 12 o'clock in the afternoon (the time of the live broadcast of the speech of the People's Commissar Molotov) it was +24 degrees C. And in the photo - people in coats, hats, in a word, dressed in autumn, as in the twenties of September, when , presumably, this picture was taken.

By the way, the clothes of the people in that staged photo are very different from T-shirts, white canvas boots and trousers, in which in another photo on June 22, 1941, Muscovites buy soda on Gorky Street (now Tverskaya).

At the same morning meeting on June 22, 1941, which was chaired by Alexander Shcherbakov, a special resolution was adopted - "to prevent and suppress panic moods" in connection with the invasion of Hitler's troops into the USSR. The party secretary and the actual owner of the capital advised all leaders and, especially, artists, writers, newspapermen to "adhere" to the position that the war would end in a month, maximum one and a half. And the enemy will be defeated on his territory. ”And he drew special attention to the fact that in Molotov’s speech the war was called“ sacred. ”Two days later, 06.24.41., Overcoming a protracted depression, Joseph Dzhugashvili (Stalin), at the suggestion of Lavrenty Beria, appointed Shcherbakov (in addition to the existing posts and regalia) as the head of the Sovinformburo - the main and, in fact, the only source of information for the masses during the Great Patriotic War.

Stripping

Muscovites join the ranks people's militia... Photo: TASS

One of the results of the last meeting of the Moscow leadership, which took place after 21:00, was the decision to create fighter battalions. Apparently, they were initiated in the Kremlin, because a day later, the general management of the divisions was entrusted to the Deputy Chairman of the Council. People's Commissars, the head of the NKVD Lavrenty Beria. But the country's first destroyer battalion was put under arms in Moscow, on the third day of the war, on June 24, 1941. In the documents, the destroyer battalions were designated as "volunteer formations of citizens capable of wielding weapons." The prerogative of admission to them remained with the party, Komsomol, trade union activists and other "verified" (as in the document) persons who were not subject to conscription. The task of the extermination battalions included the fight against saboteurs, spies, Hitler's accomplices, as well as bandits, deserters, marauders and speculators. In a word, everyone who threatened order in cities and others settlements in wartime conditions.

On the fourth day of the war, the Moscow fighter carried out the first raids, choosing to begin with the working closets and gateways of Zamoskvorechye, the barracks of Maryina Roshcha. The "cleanup" was quite effective. Captured 25 bandits with weapons. Five especially dangerous representatives of criminals were eliminated in a shootout. Seized food (stew, condensed milk, smoked meats, flour, cereals) and industrial goods stolen before the start of the war from one of the warehouses in the Filay area.

The reaction of the leader

General Secretary of the CPSU (b) Joseph Stalin. Photo: TASS

In Moscow - not only the city committee of the CPSU (b) and the city executive committee, but the entire supreme power of the USSR. According to the "reflected" documents, Stalin was informed about the invasion of Hitler's troops almost immediately - at about 04: 35-04: 45. He, as usual, had not yet gone to bed, and, according to one of the versions, was at the "nearby dacha".

The subsequent (second) report on the advance of the Germans along the entire front made a strong impression on the leader. He locked himself in one of the rooms and did not leave it for about two hours, after which he allegedly went to the Kremlin. Vyacheslav Molotov did not read the text of his speech. And he demanded to report to him on the situation at the fronts every half hour.

According to the testimony of a number of military leaders, just this was the most difficult thing to do - communication with active units, waging fierce battles with German troops, was weak, if not completely absent. In addition, by 18-19 o'clock on June 22, 1941, the Nazis were surrounded, according to various sources, from a total of 500 thousand to 700 thousand soldiers and officers of the Red Army, who with incredible efforts, with a terrible shortage of ammunition, equipment and weapons, tried to break through the "rings" of the Nazis.

However, according to other, also "reflected" documents, on June 22, 1941, the leader was on the Black Sea, at his dacha in Gagra. And, according to the Soviet Ambassador to the United States, Ivan Maisky, "after the first report on the German attack, he fell into prostration, completely cut himself off from Moscow, remained out of touch for four days, drinking to a stupor."

Is that so? Or not? It's hard to believe. It is no longer possible to check - the documents of the Central Committee of the CPSU have since been massively burned and destroyed at least 4 times. For the first time in October 1941, when panic began in Moscow after the Nazis entered the outskirts of Khimki and the passage of a column of Nazi motorcyclists along Leningradsky Prospekt in the Sokol area. Then at the end of February 1956 and the end of October 1961, after the exposure of Stalin's personality cult at the XX and XXII Congresses of the CPSU. And finally, in August 1991, after the defeat of the Emergency Committee.

And do you really need to check everything? The fact remains that in the first 10 days of the war, the most difficult time for the country, Stalin was neither heard nor seen. And all the orders, orders and directives of the first week of the war were signed by marshals and generals, people's commissars and deputies of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR: Lavrentiy Beria, Georgy Zhukov, Semyon Timoshenko, Georgy Malenkov, Dmitry Pavlov Vyacheslav Molotov and even the "party governor" of the capital, Alexander Shcherbakov.

Molotov's appeal

12:15. From the studio of the Central Telegraph one of the leaders Soviet state People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov made an address on the radio.

It began with the words: "Citizens and citizens of the Soviet Union! Soviet government and its head, Comrade Stalin, instructed me to make the following statement. Today, at 4 o'clock in the morning, without making any claims to The Soviet Union, without declaring war, German troops attacked our country ... "The speech ended with the famous words that turned into the idiom of the entire Great Patriotic War:" Our cause is just! The enemy will be defeated! Victory will be ours!".

12.25. Judging by the "visit log", Molotov returned from the Central Telegraph to Stalin's office.

Muscovites listened to the speech of the People's Commissar, mainly through loudspeakers installed on all streets of the city, as well as in parks, stadiums and other places of mass gathering of people. In the performance of the announcer Yuri Levitan, the text of Molotov's speech was repeated 4 times at different times.

Muscovites are listening to the news about the attack of Nazi Germany on our homeland. Photo: TASS / Evgeny Khaldei

Moreover, from about 09:30. Until 11:00, a serious discussion was allegedly going on in the Kremlin about who should make such an appeal? According to one version, all, as one, members of the Politburo believed that Stalin himself should do this. But he actively denied it, repeating the same thing: the political situation and the situation on the fronts "are not yet clear," and therefore he will speak out later.

As time went. And delaying information about the beginning of the war became dangerous. At the suggestion of the leader, Molotov became the one who would notify the people of the beginning of the holy war. According to another version, there was no discussion, because Stalin himself was not in the Kremlin. They wanted, it was, to instruct the "All-Union Headman" Mikhail Kalinin to tell the people about the war, but he even read from a piece of paper, stumbling, in syllables.

Life after the outbreak of war

The news of the invasion of Hitler's troops on June 22, 1941, judging by the documents of the archives (reports of employees and freelance agents of the NKVD, police reports), as well as the recollections of eyewitnesses, did not plunge the residents and guests of the capital into despondency and did not change their plans too much.

After the announcement of the beginning of the war, Moscow-Adler passenger trains departed from the Kursk railway station exactly on schedule. And on the night of June 23 - to Sevastopol, which Hitler's aviation fiercely bombed back at 05:00 on June 22. True, passengers who had tickets to the Crimea were dropped off in Tula. And the train itself was allowed only to Kharkov.

Brass bands played in the parks during the day, and performances were staged in theaters with full halls. Hairdressers worked until the evening. The pubs and billiard rooms were practically packed with visitors. In the evening, the dance floors were not empty either. The famous foxtrot melody "Rio Rita" was heard in many parts of the capital.

A distinctive feature of the first day of war in Moscow: mass optimism. In conversations, in addition to strong words of hatred for Germany and Hitler, it sounded: "Nothing. A month. Well, one and a half. Let's break, crush the reptile!" Another metropolitan sign on June 22, 1941: after the report of the attack of the Nazis, people in military uniform everywhere, even in pubs, they began to skip the line.

Anti-aircraft artillery guarding the city. Photo: TASS / Naum Granovsky

An impressive example of the efficiency of the Moscow authorities. By their order, at screenings in cinemas after 2 p.m. of the same June 22, 1941, before feature films(and these were "Shchors", "If tomorrow is war", "Professor Malok", "The Oppenheim family", "Boxers") began to show training short films like "Blackout of a residential building", "Take care of the gas mask", "The simplest shelters from aerial bombs" ...

In the evening, Vadim Kozin sang in the Hermitage garden. In the restaurants "Metropol" and "Aragvi", judging by the "consumption sheets" of the kitchen and the buffet, sandwiches with pressed (black) caviar, herring with onions, fried pork loin in wine sauce, soup-kharcho, chanakhi (lamb chowder ), lamb cutlet on the bone with a complex garnish, vodka, KB cognac and sherry wine.

Moscow has not yet fully realized: a big war is already underway. And on the fields of its battles, thousands of Red Army soldiers have already fallen, hundreds of civilians of Soviet cities and villages have died. In a day, the registry offices of the city will mark the influx of fathers and mothers with a request to replace the name Adolf in the birth certificates of their sons with Anatoly, Alexander, Andrey. Being Adolphs (in common parlance - Adiks), who were massively born in the second half of 1933 and at the end of 1939, in June 1941 became not only disgusting, but also unsafe.

A week later . In the capital of the USSR, they will gradually begin to introduce cards for food, basic household goods, footwear and fabric.
In two weeks... Muscovites will see newsreels showing Soviet villages, towns and cities burning and women and young children shot by the Nazis lying near their huts.
Exactly one month later... Moscow will survive the first raid of Hitler's aviation, and with its own eyes, not in the movies, it will see the mutilated bodies of those killed under the rubble of fellow citizens, destroyed and burning houses.

In the meantime, on the first day of the war, in Moscow everything is approximately the same as in the textbook poem by Gennady Shpalikov "On the dance floor Forty-first year": "Nothing that Poland does not exist. But the country is strong. In a month - and no more - the war will end ... "

Evgeny Kuznetsov

UMK line I. L. Andreev, O. V. Volobueva. History (6-10)

General history

Russian history

June 22: chronology of the events of the first day of the Great Patriotic War

On June 22, 1941, the Soviet Union was subjected to an unexpected, without declaring war, attack by Nazi Germany. The Great Patriotic War began, a brutal war between the Soviet people and the Wehrmacht troops. This day will forever remain a day of memory and sorrow for all those who died. Today we remember how the events of the first day of that terrible war developed chronologically.

Peaceful June 41st

The first summer month in 1941 turned out to be very warm. People spent their weekends as usual: walking with children in parks, going to the cinema, watching performances in theaters. The day before, on Saturday, the 21st, graduation parties were held for high school students ... But in the evening of that day, the first alarming news came to the military: at about nine o'clock in the evening, a German deserter soldier corporal Alfred Liskov swam across the Bug River and surrendered to the Soviet border guards of the 90th border detachment. An anti-fascist by conviction, he warned the Soviet command of the impending attack, which he himself learned about a few hours ago. Alfred even named the exact time of the beginning of hostilities: 4 am, June 22.

On the eve of the war

On June 22 at 02: 30-03: 00, German Ambassador to the USSR Friedrich-Werner von der Schulenburg made a statement in the office of the USSR People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V.M. that the Union "unlawfully concentrated all its troops on the border with Germany and brought them to full combat readiness." "The Fuehrer ordered the German the armed forces to resist this threat with all the means at their disposal "- such were closing words Schulenburg. At about the same time (04:00 am), the USSR Ambassador to Germany received an official note of the declaration of war from the German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. It was a belated procedure, by that time the war had already begun ...

Technological maps lessons are developed in accordance with the textbook "History of Russia. Beginning XX - early XXI century. Grade 10 "O. V. Volobueva, S. P. Karpachev, P. N. Romanov, the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of the average general education and historical and cultural standard. The manual contains the content of the course, the sequence of study is determined teaching material, the planned subject, metasubject, personal learning outcomes, types of educational and cognitive activities learners, as well as forms of control. The guide will help the teacher organize educational process and will significantly reduce the time spent preparing for the lesson. The materials of the manual are approximate (1 lesson - 1 academic hour), the teacher can supplement them at his discretion, based on the tasks set, the level of training of students and taking into account the school component.

3 hours 15 minutes

At this time, along the entire line of the Soviet-German border, German artillery opened fire, while hundreds of aircraft attacked military and civilian targets. Many peaceful cities were also hit by German aviation, among them - Murmansk, Riga, Minsk, Smolensk, Kiev, etc. Already at 03:17 in the General Staff of the Red Army received the first news from Sevastopol about the start of the bombing of the city by German aviation: back at 03: 06 chief of staff Black Sea Fleet Rear Admiral Ivan Eliseev gave the order to open fire in anticipation on enemy aircraft that violated the airspace of the USSR and were approaching the southern borders of the country.

Bialystok-Minsk battle

Started at dawn fighting on the central section the Soviet-German front received the name of the Bialystok-Minsk battle, which ended a week later for Soviet army heavy defeat and loss of the city of Minsk. The news of the beginning of the war came as a complete surprise to the Soviet leadership and caused obvious confusion. Soviet troops there was neither the experience nor the organization to effectively resist the well-coordinated German machine. Tank counterattacks of our army, inflicted on the afternoon of June 22, also did not bring significant success.

The workbook is a part of the teaching staff on the history of Russia I.L. Andreeva, L.M. Lyashenko, O. V. Volobuev and others and complies with the Federal State Educational Standard of basic general education and the historical and cultural standard. Structure workbook corresponds to the structure of the textbook for grade 10 by O.V. Volobueva, S.P. Karpachev, P.N. Romanov. The notebook contains a variety of tasks: tests, writing an essay, working with a historical map, correlating dates and events, etc. and adapted for training students for the OGE and the Unified State Exam. Special signs mark tasks aimed at the formation of metasubject skills (planning activities, highlighting various signs, comparing, classifying, establishing causal relationships, transforming information, etc.) and personality traits students.

Image from the site mytravelbook.org

Defense of the Brest Fortress

On the same morning (05:00), the Germans unleashed a hurricane of artillery fire on Brest Fortress... in the first minutes of the attack by the Wehrmacht troops, Soviet soldiers suffered heavy losses. After the end of the artillery barrage, the Germans launched an active offensive, and only infantry formations were supposed to storm the fortress, without the participation of tanks and heavy equipment. The capture of the fortress took about 8 hours. The defenders of the fortress held it for almost a month: the Red Army men, divided into separate detachments, repulsed attacks and successfully held the defense. But after the involvement of German aviation, the resistance of the Soviet soldiers began to weaken and the Germans managed to finally suppress it.

Molotov's speech

At noon on the radio, the historic speech of the People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V.M. Molotov. It was then that the whole country learned about the German attack on the Soviet Union. During this speech, Molotov first called the war with Germany "the Great Patriotic War". Addressing the Soviet people, he says his famous phrase: “Our cause is just. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours!". I.V. Stalin made a similar appeal only in July, after the military-political situation of the outbreak of the war cleared up.

End of the day of judgment

By the evening of June 22, the depth of advance of the German troops ranged from 20 to 70 km. Almost along the entire line of the state border, German troops managed to break through the Soviet defenses and destroy the command and control system. The Wehrmacht troops were encouraged by such rapid successes on the very first day of the war. It seemed to them that they would overcome the Soviet Union without much difficulty. The Red Army faced a more difficult task to regroup and prevent the further advance of the Germans to the capital - Moscow. There were still 1,417 days of war ahead ...

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An air defense fighter is monitoring from the roof of a house on Gorky Street. Photo: TASS / Naum Granovsky

75 years ago, on June 22, 1941, the troops of Nazi Germany invaded the USSR. The Great Patriotic War began. In Russia and some countries of the former Soviet Union, June 22 is the Day of Remembrance and Mourning.

On the same day, a TASS report was circulated about Soviet-German relations, which said:

Until noon on June 22, 1941 (and there are hundreds of archival evidence of that) Moscow did not know about the German invasion.

04:30. 48 sprinklers rolled out onto the streets (according to documents).
05:30. Almost 900 windshield wipers started working. The morning was fine, sunny, painting with "the gentle light of the walls of the ancient Kremlin."
From approximately 07:00. In parks, squares and other places of the usual gathering of people, "exit" tradesmen began to unfold, summer buffets, pubs and billiards were opened - the coming Sunday promised to be very warm, if not hot. And in places of mass recreation, an influx of townspeople was expected.
07:00 and 07:30. (according to the Sunday schedule - on regular days half an hour earlier). Dairy shops and bakeries opened.
08:30 and 09:00. Grocery stores and grocery stores began to work. Manufactured goods stores, except for GUM and TSUM, were closed on Sundays. The assortment of goods is, in essence, the usual for a peaceful capital. In "Molochnaya" on Rochdelskaya they offered cottage cheese, curd mass, sour cream, kefir, yogurt, milk, cheese, feta cheese, butter and ice cream. All products are of two or three grades and names.

In Moscow - an ordinary Sunday day

Gorky street. Photo: TASS / F. Kislov

And when at 11 o'clock in the Sokolniki park the pioneers of the capital met their guests - the pioneers of the Moscow region with a solemn line-up, the German advanced 15, and in some places even 20 km inland.

Top-notch solutions

Only the country's top leadership, the command of the military districts, the first leaders of Moscow, Leningrad and some other large cities - Kuibyshev (now Samara), Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), knew that the war was going on in the rear in the first half of the day on June 22, 1941, Khabarovsk.

06:30. A candidate member of the Politburo, secretary of the Central Committee and first secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Alexander Sergeevich Shcherbakov, convened an emergency meeting of key leaders of the capital with the participation of senior officers of the NCO, NKVD and directors of the largest enterprises. He and the chairman of the city executive committee Vasily Prokhorovich Pronin by that time had general ranks. The meeting worked out the priority measures to ensure the life of Moscow in wartime.

By phone, direct from the city committee, orders were given to strengthen the protection of water supply systems, heat and electric energy, transport and, above all, the subway, food warehouses, refrigerators, the Moscow Canal, railway stations, defense enterprises and other important facilities. At the same meeting, the concept of Moscow's camouflage was formulated in rough form, including the construction of models and dummies, and the protection of government and historical buildings.

Ban on photography

Stripping

Muscovites are enrolled in the ranks of the people's militia. Photo: TASS

One of the results of the last meeting of the Moscow leadership, which took place after 21:00, was the decision to create fighter battalions. Apparently, they were initiated in the Kremlin, because a day later, the general leadership of the units was entrusted to the deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, head of the NKVD Lavrenty Beria. But the country's first destroyer battalion was put under arms in Moscow, on the third day of the war, on June 24, 1941. In the documents, the destroyer battalions were designated as "volunteer formations of citizens capable of wielding weapons." The prerogative of admission to them remained with the party, Komsomol, trade union activists and other "verified" (as in the document) persons who were not subject to conscription. The task of the extermination battalions included the fight against saboteurs, spies, Hitler's accomplices, as well as bandits, deserters, marauders and speculators. In short, everyone who threatened order in cities and other settlements during wartime.

The reaction of the leader

General Secretary of the CPSU (b) Joseph Stalin. Photo: TASS

Molotov's appeal

12:15. From the studio of the Central Telegraph, one of the leaders of the Soviet state, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov, made an address on the radio.

It began with the words: "Citizens and citizens of the Soviet Union! The Soviet government and its head, Comrade Stalin, instructed me to make the following statement. Today, at 4 am, without making any claims to the Soviet Union, without declaring war, German troops attacked our country ... "The speech ended with the famous words that turned into the idiom of the entire Great Patriotic War:" Our business is just! The enemy will be defeated! Victory will be ours! ".

12.25. Judging by the "visit log", Molotov returned from the Central Telegraph to Stalin's office.

Muscovites are listening to the news about the attack of Nazi Germany on our homeland. Photo: TASS / Evgeny Khaldei

Life after the outbreak of war

A distinctive feature of the first day of war in Moscow: mass optimism. In conversations, in addition to strong words of hatred for Germany and Hitler, it sounded: "Nothing. A month. Well, one and a half. Let's break, crush the reptile!" Another metropolitan sign on June 22, 1941: after the news of the attack of the Nazis, people in military uniforms everywhere, even in pubs, began to skip the line.

Anti-aircraft artillery guarding the city. Photo: TASS / Naum Granovsky

An impressive example of the efficiency of the Moscow authorities. By their order, after 2 p.m. on June 22, 1941, before feature films (and these were "Shchors", "If there is war tomorrow", "Professor Malok", "The Oppenheim Family", "Boxers"), training short films like "Blackout of a residential building", "Take care of the gas mask", "The simplest shelters from aerial bombs".

Evgeny Kuznetsov