What language is taught in America. Notes of Russian feminists in America
English is official such major world powers as the United Kingdom and the United States. As media of the international and one of the common languages \u200b\u200bin the world, residents of these countries do not have a special stimulus to study foreign languages. And from year to year there is a tendency to reduce the study of the second language. What for? If you know so much actual language in the world.
"Being an Englishman means not to learn foreign languages," says the British proverb.
However, the advantage in Europe, in lately, people who own 2-3 languages \u200b\u200bare obtained. That is, at the professional level of his native, they do not have bad knowledge of English. Moreover, the perfect knowledge of the English has not necessarily possess. It is enough to know it on a good household level: not bad read in English and express your thoughts on unpaired topics.
In the US, the situation is similar. Unwillingness to learn other foreign languages. However, for its inhabitants, the country gives great opportunities, so it is not necessary to leave the incentive somewhere, and there is no need to study other languages.
What foreign languages \u200b\u200bstudy the British?
The elementary school of English schoolchildren does not provide for the study of foreign languages. Although children begin to go to school from 5 years. Back in the 60s, there was an attempt to introduce training to the French language, but the parent committees took this idea negatively. Attempt failed.
At the next level of learning (7-11 classes), schoolchildren are studying French (more than 70%), German and Spanish as a foreign language. Studying the second language begins with grade 9, but is not mandatory. The third foreign language In schools are not studied.
In 12-13 school classes, the study of foreign languages \u200b\u200bdepends on the school's profile. If school with a slope natural SciencesThe study of foreign languages \u200b\u200btakes no more than 3.5 hours a week. If the school has a humanitarian bias, then the training of foreign languages \u200b\u200bis given up to 4.5 hours.
What foreign languages \u200b\u200bare studying in American schools?
United States of America - a country where English is official language De facto (in English, the majority says). In US schools there is no single school programTherefore there is no compulsory study of a foreign language. The US is a multinational country, and schoolchildren can learn a foreign language, communicating with peers. However, in the 7 states of the country, the study of a foreign language is mandatory. In the first place to study a foreign language - Spanish. On the second most popular - French.
(dic.academic.ru)
Official and unofficial languages
The official language of education and de facto de facto (and in some states and de jure) is English. At the local level, the status of officials along with English have french - in Louisiana, Hawaiian language in Hawaii, as well as spanish language - On Puerto Rico Island and in New Mexico. With the exception of the Hawaiian - auto-enemy language - French and Spanish - the languages \u200b\u200bof the colonialists, once mastered the territory of the modern US, but gave way to the British. At an earlier period, on the territory of modern US officials were Russian in Alaska, Dutch in New York.
On the Language Situation in the United States on the Esperanto Forum (E-NOVosti.info)
There is no more multilingual country than the United States. For example, only in New York more than 20 magazines and newspapers in Russian are published. And how many newspapers are published in the country in Chinese, Spanish. Romanian, Macedonian, Ukrainian, Vietnamese ... ... ... thousands! And television, and radio, national societies, restaurants, shops, doctors, lawyers ... textbooks, movies, videos ... and many other uses of NC languages \u200b\u200bin the country ... they do not find them.
Having 4 TV channels in Russian here in America, I see and hear every day a lot of anti-American fudges from Russia.
The site of Esperantists, by the way, it is quite important to work for the dissemination of such an idea of \u200b\u200bthe United States, and not the myth about a powerful uniastone and country that is in the world.
In general, Ny-York is an emigrant city, everyone knows. And now "Emigrant" means Russian. But in Russian, the world will speak only if we trade well. What else? Tolstoy reread?
Well, yes, in New York - many immigrants with different languages.
And if you drive up onto a hundred kilometers (I ask Pardon - what is a kilometer, there are only immigrants there, there are also immigrants), a hundred miles to the side - any farmer believes that other countries and nations if they exist, then only to serve the United States. And everyone says (well, they are obliged to say) in English - because it is more convenient to Americans.
What, isn't it?
Multilingualism: What languages \u200b\u200bare taught in the USA (2006? - Community.LiveJournal.com)
Russian language in the United States is studied by 24.8 thousand students. In terms of popularity, Russian loses the language of gestures and Latin, but bypass Arabic and Portuguese.
For comparison, the language of gestures are learning almost 79 thousand students, Latin - 32 thousand, Arabic - 23.9 thousand, Hebrew - 23.7 thousand, ancient Greek - 22.8 thousand, Portuguese - 10.3 thousand, Korean - 7.1 thousand. The popularity of all these Languages \u200b\u200bincreases, however, the unconditional leader is Arabic: in four years, the number of students visiting Arab classes has grown more than 2 times.
If you are looking for an ordinary high school, where the most adolescents are studying Russian, look for it not in New York or in Alaska or in some area with the accumulation of immigrants from this country.
No - go to class 213 School of Robert Homadar with an in-depth study of French (Robert Goddard FRENCH Immersion School) in Prince George's County (Maryland); Today, for example, the teacher on his knees here jumps the rag doll "Aunt Motya". Dani Sunders performs a comic song about misfortunes of this doll; Four sons doll at the dining table are repeated all the time:
"Right hand, left hand; Right shoulder, left shoulder, "every time moving called part of the body.
"A, A, A!" In this phrase english translation And the Russian original sounds equally.
In 2010, according to the report of the Commission on university and pre-university learning Russian language, which traced the number of students in the classes of the Russian language since 1984, the Russian language studied 176 students in eight classes. School of Goddar, the only thing in this region, is conducted on the deployed program of teaching Russian language. From almost three hundred schools of all stages of learning that provided data, Goddar has the most extensive secondary education program in the country.
Often, children who continue the cultural tradition of their parents study in the most numerous classes of Russian language. But not at a year. In this school, 82% of students are African Americans or Americans of Latin American origin - in the class number 213 there is not a single student, Russian by origin. Even Sanders herself from Bulgaria.
In her class, buttons to the blackboard jacket 33 letters of Cyrillic. On another board hang cards with numbers that Sanders painted a thick felt-tip pen. Only the task on the house is "repeat the numbers, from 1 to 100" - written in English: so that parents can help their children when doing homework.
"The language is easier to study, if you do at home and memorize words," says Twelve-year-old David Williams, a seventh class student. - I think so, the more the number of languages, on which I can say, the more I have the opportunity to change the world. And all I want to do is change the world. "
Unusual hobby
Interest in Russian, really unusual. According to the 2008 report of the American Council for Foreign Languages \u200b\u200b(American Council on the Teaching Of Foreign Languages), only 10% of secondary school surveyed among students would have chose to study Russian if they had such an opportunity.
The most popular foreign language - about the desire to study it, almost 40% of respondents stated - was French.
In the year-founded school of Goddar, giving primary and secondary education, students teach both of these languages. In this school, children are accepted by a certain procedure, even in children's garden. Teaching here is carried out only in French, with the exception of two courses: English and World Languages \u200b\u200bCourse.
Initially, school leadership used a course of world languages \u200b\u200bto introduce children with all wealth and a variety of non-traditional languages, such as Japanese and Swahili.
But then, in ten years, the director of Kona-Fasya Nepay says (Kona-Facia Nepay), the leadership decided that students should intensively study some one language. According to the poll of the parents, he says Neame, 85% wished their children to study Russian.
Russian? At first glance, the choice is strange. Cold War behind. The Russian language programs across the country are reduced, and some teachers believed that the Russian language training on the country will be frozen. But in Prince George, this language was in a uniquely winning position.
"According to the parents, it will help them to go to the Roosevelt school," says Nepha.
Secondary school Eleanor Roosevelt (Eleanor Roosevelt), the most famous in the district of the secondary school, with the most stringent selection of students, at that time was the only one educational institution in Prince-Jordes, where the program included Russian language training. Parents of the students of the School of Goddar, according to the school administration, hoped to facilitate their children entering this school at the expense of the knowledge of the Russian language. And often their expectations were justified.
Following the instruction
This practice is advantages when entering children who speak Russian, five years ago, an end was laid, the school staff tell. However, the Russian language, meanwhile, firmly entered the cultural environment of the Rusevelt School, despite the fact that Chinese and Arabic languages, for example, are of just as important, which I had Russian before the collapse Soviet Union.
In spite of everything, after a long period of reducing interest in the Russian language, many educational institutions, training in foreign languages, in the most last years Restored - and even strengthened - their Russian language course, says John Schillinger, an honorary professor of American University, collecting materials from recording surveys on training courses.
The most extensive programs exist in secondary schools, the number of students in which is usually growing due to the popularity of the Russian language teacher, says Shillinger. Up to high school, the language is usually taught in the form of an introductory course. The Russian language program at the School of Goddara differs in terms of the volume and seriousness of the approach.
"It's not just" take them something for twenty minutes a day, "says Shillinger. - They learn from university level textbooks, which suggests that this is a rich, intensive program. "
Make the process of teaching joyful
In the class of Sanders, such a rich program is implemented through the game.
Sanders with almost the highest possible speed indicates one number after another, wipe on the board, and students repeat them with lightning speed. When studying colors, students bring with them sets of color pencils. They use dolls. They look cartoons.
Sing songs about Tete Mother, which is nervous that her children do not want to eat.
"Right leg, left leg," the disciples sing.
Sanders hopes that by graduation, they will be able to speak Russian fluently and master the foundations.
"I want to be able to get to Russia, I like the Russian architecture," a thirteen-year-old semiclant is divided, Eva McNabb. - This course is very cheerful. We teach many words and expressions, and now we start learning to actively use them all together, in speech. "
We are well aware of themselves, for which I teach English - the language of international communication and all that. And what is the foreign language to learn the British? So they do not know, and therefore they are not particularly taught. In a personal conversation, they shake with annoying shoulders, they say if not English, everyone else would have suffered with a choice of a foreign language, as we now. Not in vain say: "A person who speaks three languages \u200b\u200bis called trilingv, on two - bilingual, on one - Englishman."
British Council recently published a report on the dozen of foreign languages, which will be of the greatest interest in the United Kingdom in the next 20 years. And in the same state of affairs with knowledge of foreign languages \u200b\u200bin the country. Affairs, as you guess, not very. In the pan-European overview of language skills, British schoolchildren showed the weakest result, and three-quarters of the adult population of the Kingdom on the results of a survey conducted by the Council marked in the report.
Not denying the significance of the English language as the tool of international communication, the report notes that the competitive advantages of English will decline over time, and those who relies exclusively into English, is waiting for an unenviable economic future. About how!
In general, the Council concludes that "for prosperity, security and influence in the world", the kingdom should keep the study of certain foreign languages \u200b\u200bto citizens in every possible way. But how to choose them, wondering the authors of the report? "After all, given the prevalence of English ...", well, and then you already know.
Traditionally B. english schools And universities focused on French and german languagesBut it is precisely for them that he fell significantly in recent years.
Of course, it would be possible to just take a list of the most common languages, but it would not take into account the specific needs of the kingdom. .
As a result, a special technique was developed that takes into account 10 different factors separated into three categories.
| Economic forces | |
|---|---|
| 1 | Current export from UK |
| 2 | Language needs of the British business |
| 3 | Future priorities in trade |
| 4 | Most actively developing markets |
| Cultural and educational and diplomatic factors | |
| 5 | Priorities in diplomatic relations and security |
| 6 | Interest in language in society |
| 7 | Incoming and outgoing tourism |
| 8 | Government priorities of international education |
| Compensating factors | |
| 9 | English ownership in other countries |
| 10 | Westness of languages \u200b\u200bon the Internet |
Evaluating the languages \u200b\u200bfor each of these factors, the authors received the following list in the order of importance of languages:
AA, and they needed Russian! Choita? We look at the report.
In the category of economic factors, the Russian language turns out to be stable in the 8th place: 8th place among the most important export markets (naturally, excluding English-speaking) and the 8th place in demand for it in English companies and organizations.
But the cultural and educational or diplomatic interest Russian language for England does not obviously. But the Italian, Turkish and Farsi are present, which were not in the economic part of the rating.
Compensating factors also developed in favor of the Russian language, if this can be called benefit, of course. First, the English proficiency in Russia is estimated as low (2 on a five-point scale). Secondly, in 2011, the Russian language was ninth on the spread of the Internet (). On the one hand, the share of Russian-speaking users on the Internet is rapidly expanding, and by 2014 we most likely have already risen through the table. On the other hand, we are talking about three percent.
And the overall conclusion arising from the list is the Russian language as important for the United Kingdom, like Turkish.
Here, the report even notes that words like Vodka, Tundra, Tsar, Glasnost and Apparatchik were borrowed from the Russian language. Well, well, about Sputnik and Perestroika still forgotten. By the way, that the word Troika is in the meaning of the "Council of Three Organizations", very popular in the light of the European economic crisis - Also Russian, almost no one knows in England.
Russian, however, lives in the UK his life. If we talk about London, for example, the number of schoolchildren speaking in Russian has increased from 1998 to 2008 three times.
For 2012, more than 1,000 schoolchildren chose Russian (as a foreign) to study high School (on A-Level), which is almost twice as more than 10 years ago - one of the few such examples amid a general decline in interest in foreign languages \u200b\u200b(especially to French and German) in high school. It is clear that these are rather children of immigrants from Russia than the indigenous British who are interested in Russian. Be that as it may, the Russian language ranks fifth in popularity in high school (by choosing a foreign language on A-Level).
As for the adult population, in Russian in the kingdom can only speak 1% (see chart above), i.e. About 600 thousand people.
The full report (in English) is available on the website of the British Council.
"Russian in the USA"United States of America - a state located in the north of the American continent . The total area of \u200b\u200bthe country is 9.9 million square meters. km. In terms of territory, the United States occupies fourth place among the countries of the world.
Population The United States was originally formed due to mass immigration mainly from Europe and the import of black slaves. The ethnic spectrum includes the indigenous population of America - Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts, as well as the Spanish-pagan peoples. According to 2000, the population of the United States is 274.2 million people.
Official language - English (state). About 32 million US residents also enjoy the second language, the most popular are Spanish, Chinese, Russian, Polish, Korean, Vietnamese, Portuguese, Japanese, Greek, Arabic, Hindi, Urdu, Yiddish, Thai, Armenian, Navajo.
Political system : USA - Presidential Republic.
Capital - Washington (more than 543 thousand inhabitants without suburbs).
The history of the relationship between the United States and Russia
Diplomatic relations with Russia US wanted to establish since Catherine Great But she refused, perhaps because of fear of the American revolution. For twenty-eight years after the formation of the states of these connections, there were practically no. To establish diplomatic relations with America Alexander I suggested Frederick Lagarp, his teacher and consultant. Later, President Jefferson himself wrote a letter to the king.
In 1808 There was an appointment A.Ya. Dashkov for the position of the first Russian Consul General and attorney in the US; From August 1811, he becomes an emergency envoy and Russian authorized minister under the US Congress.
1918 - the beginning of the American military intervention In the north of Russia (landing for American troops in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk).
In 1933, the exchange of notes between people's Commissar Foreign Affairs of the USSR M.M. Litvinov and US President F.D. Roosevelt on the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and the United States.
1947 - the first broadcasts of "Voices of America" \u200b\u200bbegan in Russian.
In 1967, the implementation of the Soviet-American Space Experiment "Union - Apollo" began.
Russian language in the USA
1. Causes of Russian language study in the USA
One of the most important reasons for the study of the Russian language in the United States is the desire to cooperate in the field of business and services. Russian state Every woman encourages foreign investors.
But, despite his desire "to the West", Russia, nevertheless, is still perceived as "eastern" country. One of my familiar student from the USA said: "Study Russian, it seems, just as unusual, how to learn Chinese or Arabic." T. about. An incentive for learning a language becomes its "unusualness".
2. Statistics of the number of Russian language in the US
Currently, the number of Russian studies in the United States is about 35 thousand people, including in the highest educational institutions (private and public) - 27 thousand students, in schools (private and public) - 6.5 thousand. In departmental educational institutions, Russian language, according to various estimates, is studying about 2.5 thousand listeners.
In the informal hit parade of the popularity of foreign languages \u200b\u200bamong the US residents, Russian ranked fourth. He's ahead of his ahead of Spanish (7 031 bachelor), French (2,514) and German (1 125). At the same time, the Russian language was ahead of Japanese (321), Italian (237), Chinese (183), Latin (79), Portuguese (33) and Greek (26).
According to National Center Education statistics (National Center Foe Education Statistics), in 2001, 340 graduates of American colleges received a bachelor's rank in the Russian language.
3. Russian US schools (Russian school at Yale University)
Russian language is taught in a fairly limited number of schools in the United States. In those schools where he is taught, most often it is not necessarily (optional, the subject of choice). Often, the teaching of the Russian language depends on the city's population, or rather - on the number of Russian-speaking residents. According to the agency "Associated Press", in primary grades Several schools of Alaska began to teach Russian. Non-state Russian school organized at Yale University. The school is studied russian language (various levels), Russian classical and modern literature, global and Russian history. Government of Moscow is ready to provide All the necessary methodological assistance, educational materials To create schools with the teaching of the Russian language. To solve this important task, in various opinions, there are two ways: work with municipal authorities and the creation of private schools. American Non-Governmental Academic Organization "College Board" made an initiative introduces in American schools of a program of advanced study of the Russian language and, accordingly, testing those students who involve continue learning in higher educational institutions.
4. Russian language in higher educational institutions of the United States
Currently, there are a number of well-known centers for the teaching of the Russian language and the preparation of Russianists. Among them, a special reputation enjoys university "Brin Mar" (Pennsylvania), where there is also Institute of Russian Language. According to experts, programs "Brin Mar" Different high quality learning. They provide for the possibility of obtaining various degrees in the field of Russian, incl. and doctoral.
It should be noted also three state University In the states of Ohio, Texas and Indiana. At the pedagogical faculties in these educational institutions, you can get different scientific degrees in the Russian language and literature. The main centers for the training of russists at the level of bachelors and masters are Indian University, as well as Middleberry College in Vermont. Popular program teaching Russian as a foreign language in University pcs. Maryland (College Park), providing a master's degree. Russian language learns students of departmental educational institutions such as Institute of Language of the US Department of Defense, Institute of Diplomatic Service at the US State Department. IN Indian University, in Middleberry College The state of Vermont exists summer courses on the intensive study of the Russian language. In addition to state and non-state universities, there are other forms of studying the Russian language.
Other forms of Russian language training in the USA
In the US, there is also an extensive system for learning foreign languages \u200b\u200boutside the school and university sector, for example, in large private firms, religious schools, with church parishes, as well as in various circles and clubs.
Internships in Russia, educational programs in Russian for foreign students, problems in learning the Russian language, nationally oriented textbooks
Many US students who have reached pretty high level In mastering the Russian language, decide to go to the internship to Russia. Currently, faculties or departments for US citizens studying Russian languages \u200b\u200bexist in many major cities - In Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc. Students arrive not only to "immerse themselves in a language environment", but also to get acquainted with the culture and life of Russian people.
Teachers of the Russian language and literature in the USA
According to Aspersal / Axel, there are currently 450 teachers of the Russian language and literature in American schools, in higher education institutions -1200 and in government departments - 450.
IN USA rusists are among the most recognized professionals in the field of education and science.both in the system of average and higher education. They conduct active research activities on the study and teaching of the Russian language and literature, as well as methodological workFor example, they are designed.
The activities of the American Council on international education (Aspreal / Axel)
The US Council for International Education (Aspersal / Axel) is a non-governmental organization specializing in teaching and international exchanges.
Media in Russian in the USA
a) newspapers and magazines
· newspaper " Overview»
· « Russian Bazar.»- http: // www. Russian - Bazaar. COM /
· « MAKC INTERNATIONAL. » - http://www.makcmagazine.com/
· « Evening New York» - http: // www. vechny. COM /
· « Courier» - http: // www. Kurierweb. COM /
· « Continent- USA.» - http: // www. kontinent. ORG /
· « Our Texas» - http: // www. OURTX. COM /
· « http.: // www. Gorizont. COM /
There is also a network of stores of audiobook in Russian.
b) television and broadcasting
· a television RTN / WMNB; RTV.
· russian broadcasting is divided into direct broadcasting from Russia (RUSSKOE RADIO, Europa Plus, Radio Mayak, Melodia Chanel and etc.) and broadcasting in the USA (New life, New Horizons, No Limits Radio SF,Radio Svoboda. and etc. ). It is possible to listen to almost all Russian radio stations using a special antenna or via the Internet.
Mistakes allowed in Russian speech by students from the US studying Russian
Basic errors are associated with the inconsistency of the articulation bases of Russian and english, with complex grammar of the Russian language. Orphographic errors and errors on the lexical combination are also found.
In recent years, a certain rise in the study of Russian and, according to the observations of experts from the US Council on International Education, this trend is sustainable enough, and further positive development of the situation is predicted. In particular, in 2000-2002 A 20% increase in the number of American students who submitted applications for studying in Russia on the line aspolyal / Axel was recorded. In addition, 20% have increased orders for textbooks in Russian for beginners compared to last year. Increased the number of Russian language in the system distance learning Asset / Axel "RUSSNET", where there are 7 thousand users. Another encouraging symptom of the American Council is considering the last initiative of the non-governmental academic organization "CO11EGE VARGD" (the introduction of advanced Russian language programs and testing those students who involve learning in higher education institutions).
Many students come to internships to Russia and often remain here for scientific surveys or work. Russia is developing, investors and cultural scientists - the most different people attract its past and the future, its people and culture.