Japan's medals of World War II. Unusual awards of an unusual country

Immediately at the Manchurian incident, he was probably the most common military medal of Japan - the medal "For participation in the Chinese Incident" (Medal of the Japanese War of 1937-1945).

On July 7, 1937, the Japanese invasion of Northern China began with the "incident on the Marko Polo Bridge". On this day, Japanese troops, holding maneuvers, fired a Chinese garrison. The Chinese also answered fire. The battle began, which continued until July 9, after which the truce was concluded. However, the conflict has not ended on it.

July 14, the Japanese resumed martialctionsAnd on July 26, they presented the Chinese ultimatum about the conclusion within 48 hours of their troops from Beijing. The Chinese authorities rejected this requirement, and the next day (July 27, 1937) began, in fact, full-scale military operations that did not stop 8 years, until the end of World War II. In accordance with the "tradition" they received the name "Chinese incident" from Japanese militarists.

On March 30, 1940, the puppet "Central Government of China" occupied by the Japanese Nanjing was formed.
By the end of 1941, Japan seized the Chinese territory with a population of about 215 million people. In the hands of the Japanese, the most developed areas of the country were, mainly the seaside Chinese provinces where were the most big cities, Seaports and industrial enterprises, main railway lines and waterways.

Well, and then Pearl Harbor, Okinawa, and Midway, atomic bombing, Gobi and Hinghan, Port Arthur, landings on the islands of the Kuril Ridge and the capitulation.

The last military medal of Japan XX century.

The initial imperial Edict No. 496 of July 27, 1939, later was supplemented by Edict No. 418 from 1944.

It was prescribed the presentation of the medal to the soldiers sent to China up to the summer of 1945. This award is quite common.

37 mm width ribbon, from moar silk, has longitudinal stripes: 3-millimeter blue (symbolizing sea and naval forces), 3-mm light blue (sky and air force), 7.5 mm yellowish brown (Yellow soil of China and, accordingly, ground forces), 3.5 mm dark pink (China, irrigated blood) and 2-millimeter bright red (blood and loyalty). The ribbon for the planks had pink strips passing into brown, but it was never used as a tape for a medal actually.

On the reverse are visible made in the classic Chinese style image of mountains, clouds and sea waves, symbolizing, respectively, North China, Central China and Yellow Sea. The inscription on the back of the medal: "Chinese incident".

Box black with silver hieroglyphs

This pepper medals for Manchurian and Chinese incidents hang together - from one incident in another immediately

This pepper is similar

Two military Japanese medals remained to throw in the boxes - the war of 1895 and the boxer, then arrange everything on the stand and the topic for itself can be closed.
Beautiful, somewhere romantic, exotic, but somehow everything is fast and accessible.

And therefore a little sad.

Dedicate the 90th anniversary of the birth Anatoly Vasilyevich Ivankina (1927-1990), a well-known Soviet writer, a military pilot of the 1st grade, a military adviser in the Republic of Syria, in 1975-1977 Head of the Tactics of the Kachinsky Higher Aviation School's Tactics, and the 1981-1990 of the Director of the Volgograd Museum-Panorama "Stalingrad Battle".

Before placing a new material of Cechako's colleague, I had to re-read the book Anatoly Ivankina "Last Kamikaze". The events showed in the history of Japan from 1941 to 1945, when the Soviet troops defeated the Kwantung Army, finally undermining the Samurassic Spirit of the War of the Rising Sun and, thus, putting a point in relations with Japan, which began in late XIX. century, and in the XX of the Tsushima and the Russian-Japanese war.

Chief Editor of Sammlung / Collection of Alexey Sidelnikov

"Give Siberia to our Divine Mikado!" And then the stem came ...

Morimoto

One of the books about the war, Read more in soviet time, I was the book of Anatoly Ivankina "Last Kamikaze".

Honestly, nor before nor after it works of art About Japan, about the war with Japan during the Second World War I did not come across.

And the book has become a kind of source of knowledge about this "side of the medal" of war.

The plot is spinning like this:

- A certain taxi driver-Japanese Takahiro comes to the film on the film about the pilots-Kamikadze, sees himself on the screen personally to him people, including the commander of the detachment of the flyers-Kamikadze Yasudziro Hattori.

Next comes a story about Yasudziro from Nagasaki, about his formation as a pilot, about his mentors, life, participation in the attack on Pearl Harbor, Martial Episodes, Okinawa, August 05, 1945, that the latter of his departure is not as Kamikadze It took place "according to independent of the victims", that by passing the last rite before the failed departure, he changed the name, and now Takhakiro taxi driver is a former Yasudziro Hattori.

In short, twisted as in the Brazilian TV series about the unfortunate slave on the Mexican ranch.

But this book has become the first collision with the names of Japanese orders, of which before that I heard only about the ascending Sun of the captain "Varyag".

The Internet was not there, therefore, besides the names, it was impossible to know anything.

But if I had the Internet then, I would have learned the following.

"In early December, Yasudziro was discharged from the hospital. He walked without canes, almost not lame. But the general health of health remained weak and depressing. The Medical Commission temporarily did not allow him to fly, providing a monthly vacation with a departure to the family.

Having dropped over long months of sickness of the bathrobe, through the smells of drugs and disinfection, he put on a new form, just brought from the tailor. Old with all his property went to the bottom with Akaga. While he was in the hospital, he was assigned the rank of captain-lieutenant, and the breast of Unidir decorated another reward - order of the Golden Korshun - the highest reward for flight merit.»

"Yasudziro was stunned heard. Under this angle of view, he has never looked at his life, service and his ideals. If he heard these speeches from someone else, he would think that this was saying the communist, the observer of the Ustov of the Empire, the disorder of the consciousness of loyal. But he heard it from Sensei, his most authoritative teacher, Captain 3 rank, whom Mikado himself noted the highest flight reward - the Order of the Golden Korean».

"In front of the building - a young captain-lieutenant with cluttered eyes of a mature man. The correct features of the face, a high forehead - a true noble samurai, Captain-lieutenant Yasudziro Hattori! On it a white scarf. Chest decorate order of the Golden Korean - award for a high fly valor. In hand - flask with rice vodka. He is suitable for a pilot standing on the right flank. The funerary costume of the pilot allocates its officers dressed in the usual form. This is the Deputy Yasudziro Hattorie Lieutenant, ITihara, that the most Ithihar Hisasi, whose courageous face with an overwhelming, cruel look now rises on the facade of the cinema.

Lieutenant licked the dried lips, looked out of the commander somewhere with difficulty, and she portrayed a smile and with a bow, took the last cup of Sake. "

The Order was established by Decree of Emperor Mutsukhit on February 18, 1890 as a reward exclusively for military merit.

The name is based on the legend of the Golden Korean sent by the gods to the first emperor Dzimmu during the merger of Japan.

The legend says that the first Emperor of Japan seeking to unite the country, divided between the princes, was defeated, and then the gods sympathize with the Golden Korshun, so that he advised the emperor to resume the battle at dawn and step from the east. The rays of the rising sun and the radiance of the falcon were blinded by enemies, and the emperor won.

His sign (the Order had seven degrees) is very complicated, multiply and full of military attributes

He is the basis of him are an ancient banners with their golden cruel.

The creators of the Order well thought out his symbolism. The Order became a symbol of Japanese militarism. Many Japanese soldiers and officers were awarded this order for "blinded" the peoples of Korea, China and Southeast Asia with the fire of machine guns and guns.

After the end of World War II and the occupation of Japan in 1946, the payments of the Order were canceled, and on 30 May 1947, the reward itself was canceled by the decision of the occupying government.

I have only one cruel in the box - the lowest degree of the Second World War.

The sign of the Order as "pancake with red caviar" - relatively infrequent (uncomfortable), simple, flat and at the same time trusted and "tasty".

Well, by itself, of course, the Order of the Golden Korshun is not a pure flight award, as well as the Order of the Holy Treasurement was not a rewarding financiers, and the rising sun - meteorologists and astronomers.

Well, about Sake, about the ritual of drinking - the Japanese Army and Falls have a beautiful tradition of premium and commemorative sachesnits.

I purchased two such army cups. They relate to the service of 19 and 35 infantry compounds.

"A few days later, after this conversation to Yasudziro, he filed a complaint about the Officer Officer of Godzen, an unfamiliar sailor of the 1st article with medal of the Rising Sun.attached to the hospital bathrobe. He was contused: his head and hands were shaking, and tears of resentment rolled out of his eyes. Strongly stuck, the sailor first told, for which he received a reward. Their Storozhevik was surrounded by the American destroyer of miles in thirty from the island of Truk. When the Yankees began to select floating, he did not want, like some cowards, climb the deck of an enemy ship. He preferred death to capture and sailed away from the destroyer. Those Japanese sailors who refused to give prisoners, the Americans shot. He saved only because there was one and far from the group holding for the debris.

- When I told in the ward about my feat, he said, shyring his nose, - Officer-Officer Herzen said that, apparently, I used to be just a cretin, and now, after the contusion, I became idiot with medal.

Yasudziro almost smiled. This Godzen knew how to give a precise definition.

"He condemned my feat, Mr. Senior Lieutenant, saying that a clever man would give up in my place. And in general, this Godzen conducts red campaign. Yesterday he said that the war brings simple people Only grief that the disabled of war, whatever heroes, do not need a family or a state. And the Japanese people he called the submissive cattle, which generals and admirals are driven into battle.

"Good," said him Yasudziro, "I'll deal with him today and I will punish him." Thank you for your vigilance and honesty. You entered as a real patriot. And now I ask you to talk about our conversation. This is a military mystery.

Pleached Sailor of the 1st article Measurement at the Rack of "Smirno", as if Yasudziro was going to push another medal to his loose bathrobe. "

Honestly, when I reread this episode, "Schwekka" is not what smelled. Schweiking "newspaper Oboy Stories" in Patatheka is closely intertwined with this story.

Yes, the Order of the Rising Sun is the most famous of Japanese orders. And the two lower degrees - the seventh and eighth, the award that has been discontinued since 2003, in some sources are referred to as medals.

In April 1875, one of the most famous and beautiful modern orders is officially approved - the Order of the Rising Sun. In it, all the principles of the Japanese order system are already embodied, the entire schedule of subsequent awards, taking into account both national traditions and the simplicity and sophistication of Japanese applied arts.

Sign of the Order of the Rising Sun having eight degrees symbolize a japanese coat of arms and flag. The center of the Order, the sign of which repeats the star installed for the two highest degrees - sparkling red sun. This effect is achieved in an unusual way - the center is a concave mirror, covered with a red glass strap - Cabochon. Thirty-two coated white enamel of golden beams of various lengths come from the center. The sign is attached to the green pendant depicting the leaves and flowers of the sacred tree of Tokva - Pavlovnia. And the two lower degrees of the Order is an enlarged suspension, which is worn separately, like a medal. Ribbon Order White with red stripes around the edges.

Japanese phaleristic for me by side interest, but the lower degrees of the Order - 8, 7 and 6 I bought a degree.

The eighth and seventh degree simple and beautiful.

Sixth - something Martian. It is rare when the idea of \u200b\u200bthe country's culture can be illustrated in the consciousness of its orders.

The European "Cross", in principle, is the same, the same, the cross, crown, swords.

Japan is just the case when its own, unique. Memorable immediately. Simplicity, uniqueness, nationality.

Here I photograph and admire how it overflows.

"I wonder what will celebrate him for an unprecedented raid in Hawaii? From the higher Japanese orders he was not only order chrysanthemumBut they were awarded only members of the imperial dynasty and crowned personnel. Maybe it will give him another chin and will make a member of the Imperial Council - Genro? "

I have no Order of Chrysanthemum and will not.

Higher Order of Chrysanthemum (Yap. 菊花章, Kickcasy :) - the oldest of Japanese orders.

The sign of the Order on Big Ribe was established by Emperor Maidie in 1876; The degree of order with the Order Chain was added January 4, 1888. Although formally has only one degree, there are two types of order: the Order of Chrysanthemum with a chain and the Order of Chrysanthemum with a big ribbon. Unlike European, posthumous awards are possible for Japanese orders.

The ordin chain of Japan is given only posthumously. The exception is made for heads of foreign countries, which the order chain is awarded in a special honor.

Large tape - higher degree Differences that can be awarded to the Japanese subject during his life. In addition to members of the imperial family name and heads of foreign countries, a large ribbon was awarded only three living Japanese subjects and eleven posthumously.

The Order of the Order is a four-pin gold-plated sign with the rays of a white enamel, in the center of which the Disk of the Sun of Red Enamel. Between the rays there is a chrysanthemum flower with yellow enamel with green enamelled leaves.

A sign with a pendant in the form of a chrysanthemum flower yellow enamels hangs to the Order Chain or a roller outlet.

The Star of the Order is like a sign, but without suspension. It is on the left side of the chest.

A large tape is a brachial ribbon of red with dark blue stripes around the edges. Worn through the right shoulder.

Well, indirectly on the events of the history of the 20th century with the participation of Japan, reflected in Japanese phallesty.

Quote large, but on the topic to read, right?

The main thing allocated bold font.

"Knezi Takasi poured the remains of" Smirnovskaya "into the glasses.

- Let's drink Russian vodka for japanese Siberia, We have to conquer her for the empire!

- Banzai! - cried as Yasudziro and Hoory.

- For a new tsushima! For the new port Arthur!

Morimoto passed the glass, not thorough. Husted eyebrows went out. From recent fun, there is no trace. He realized that the time began to tell the truth of this barely to those who melted the chicks, which have become eagles, because the sseniousness and underestimation of the enemy always led to the sad results.

"I see it will have to tell what I didn't want to talk about today ... Listening to the BAC, I, as a commander, nice that you are striving for the empires in the name of the empire. But doesn't you think that you are too easy to expect to defeat the Russians? .. When I was younger, I thought just like you. Yes, not just alone. We rushed into the fight the sowing head as Fight Roosters, absolutely not wanting to reckon with the enemy. In China and Manchuria, it came to us with hands. Having achieved major success, we thought that and then everything would go the same way. We were ready to break through Mongolia to the Urals itself. "Give Siberia to our Divine Mikado!" And then there was a breaking ... in the summer of thirty-ninth, we flew from Manchuria, the hell knows which wilderness. Desert. Drying Gorodishko Halong-Arshan. One thread of the railway connects with the rest of the world. Our squad threw in the August fights over the river Khalhin-goal. At first we were lucky. Russians flew on old fighters I-15. Our I-97 surpassed them and speed and by armament. I remember one fight ... Twenty and-97 went to the storming of the ground troops. We were attacked the top ten of the Russians I-15. We left the battle, scored heights aside, and then fell on them from above. On our side was a qualitative and quantitative advantage. We shot down all ten Russian fighters, but also lost their seven. The Russians fought the heroic, gibbles, but none did not come out of the battle, although from the very beginning it was clear that they lost this fight. Our storming of Russian troops did not take place on that day.

And then Stalin sent the newest aircraft to the Khalchin-goal and-15.3 and I-16 with cannonish weapons. And flew by the pilots who returned from Spain. In the air began a total hell. Every day, each departure increased the score of our losses. On the twenty-eighth of August, a highly older brother died in my eyes, Södyziro Morimoto. And he was a brave pilot with extensive experience. The next day after the funeral, I flew with the thought to take revenge on the death of my brother. In this flight, I met with some Russian devil and almost followed the Södyziro. I do not know who of the Asov piloted the fighter, Grovets or Kravchenko, but he did it great. Morimoto paused a little, as if stumbled upon difficult last names. I broke my I-97 before bleeding from the nose, but I could not shook the opponent from the tail. Mistores on which asked Yasudziro, from that fight. The plane caught fire, I left him and opened the parachute. Russian slowed down the speed and passed in, a few meters from me, and I, burned, bloody, hung on a silk rag between the sky and the earth. Russian did not cost anything to go to me the line from the machine gun or shirt with the wing along the parachute pins. But he did not do it, and therefore I sit with you, I drink brandy. - Morimoto covered, looking at the smoke cigarettes. - Damn them will understand, Russians! They are fierce in battle, like tigers, then generous to the defeated enemy. Not at all like us. But the Russians are a strong and brave people, and Siberia, where they live, immense, impassable and brutally cold,

- My father in the twentieth year left a leg there, and he i don't even want to hear about this Siberia- quite oxyaded Houro spoke quite soberly. Morimoto approved:

- I also won't want to meet more with Russians in battle. There are many other nations that can be pushed to ensure the empire more space. And Russians? Whether I am a high strategist, left them alone along with their Siberia and white bears.

Yasudziro listened to his commander with anxiety. Is it really from him, Morimoto, invincible in sports and in flights, a calm, brave samurai, he heard these words? "

In this passage almost all military History Japan twentieth century.

1.Susima and Port Arthur. War, known to us called the Russian-Japanese 1904-1905.

Medal "Russian-Japanese War 1904-1905"

The medal for war with Russia was established by the Imperial Edict No. 51 of March 31, 1906. It has a diameter of 30 mm, made of bright gold-plated bronze. On the obverse - the crossed flags of the army and the naval forces of Japan, over them the imperial coat of arms - chrysanthemum, under the flags at the bottom of the coin coat - Pavlonia. On the back shows a traditional stylized Japanese session, on which the "Military campaign 37-38 of Maidzi" (1904-1905) ("Mayji 37-38 Nen Senieki") is made vertically (1904-1905).

The Japanese shield is framed by branches: left - palm, right - laurel. By the time of the institution, Palma and Laurel medal as traditional symbols were characteristic of premium systems of the West countries and earlier, the Japanese were not used.
The suspension is an ordinary hinge type, with an attached plank, on which the inscription "Military Medal" is available. The tape has a width of 37 mm, from moar silk. Its color repeats the colors of the previous military medals: green with 3-millimeter white edges, but with the addition of a 9-millimeter blue strip in the center, symbolizing military victories to the sea.

Military conflict between Japan and Russia was largely predetermined by the presence of deep contradictions in the imperialist interests of the two countries, although he has not been presented to the royal government inevitable for a long time.
Having decided to begin preparation for war with Russia, Tokyo most of the contribution received from Beijing in the Simonosk peace treaty spent on the modernization of the army and fleet. It is curious that Chinese banks were provided to cover the cost of payment of contracting, in fact that military preparations against their own country were actually fundamenting.

2. Siberian hike to Russia.

For participation in the Military Campaign 1914-1920.
On April 4, 1918, two Japanese servants of a commercial company occurred in Vladivostok. April 5, the Japanese under the pretext of the protection of Japanese subjects landed in the city of Truc. Following the Japanese, the troops of other countries landed in Vladivostok. On June 29, 1918, the Soviet power was overthrown with the help of rebellious Czech prisoners of war. The military actions of the Allied Forces headed the Japanese General Otani.

The number of the Japanese contingent in the fall of 1918 reached 72 thousand people (the American Expeditionary Corps counted 10 thousand people, the troops of other countries - 28 thousand). Under the auspices of Japan, the USA, France and England in Manchuria, the White Guard detachments of Semenova, Kalmykova and Orlov, in Dauria, a detachment of Baron Ungerna.

By October 1918, Japanese troops occupied Primorye, Amuria and Transbaikalia. By the summer of 1922, the 15 capitalist states of de jure or de facto recognized soviet state. Dissatisfaction with the intervention in Japan, the threat of military defeat japanese army Parts of the People's Revolutionary Army and Partizan, who competed on Vladivostok, forced the Japanese command to sign an agreement on the withdrawal of his troops from the Far East.

On October 25, 1922, Vladivostok was released. Japanese troops remained only in Northern Sakhalin, before signing the Soviet-Japanese Convention of 1925 on the establishment of diplomatic relations. During the occupation, Japan increased its gold and foreign exchange reserves, illegally assigning a significant part of Russian gold.

The medal was established by the Imperial Decree No. 41 of February 1920, for the awarding of the Japanese who participated in the Battles of World War in 1917-1918 in the Mediterranean, intervention to Siberia in 1917 and the occupation of Vladivostok until 1922 with the wording "for participation in the 1914 military campaign 1920 " On the reverse ten hieroglyphs - "For the military campaign of 3-9 years of the era of Taisyo" (Taisyo Sannian Nancy Kunen Senheki) (1914-1920).

3. "In China and Manchuria, it came to us with hands. Having achieved major success, we thought that and then everything would go the same way. "

September 18, 1931, accusing the Chinese in "Diversion" on railwayJapanese troops began the seizure of Chinese cities on YUMD and disarmament of Chinese garrisons. For five days, they occupied all the most important settlements of Mankjur Provinces Mukden and Girin. In the next three months, the Kwantung army completely possessed three provinces in the northeast of China. This conciliatory war received the name "Manchur Incident" in Japan.

On September 21, the Council of the League of Nations began to consider the Complaint of the Government of China in connection with the Armed Invasion of Japan. After a three-month discussion at the suggestion of the Japanese representative, the International Commission was formed, which was headed by the British Lord V.R. Litton. She started familiarizing with the position in Northeast China in the spring of 1932. However, the Japanese, having decided to put the commission before the fact that the proclamation of the Manyzhou puppet state was inspired there on March 1, 1932.

October 2, 1932. The Litton Commission published a report that recognized the act of aggression from Japan in relation to China, as well as confirming that Manchuria is an integral part of the latter. In the League Assembly resolution of February 24, 1933, on the specified report contained the demand for the withdrawal of Japanese troops from Northeast China, although they also recognized the "special" interests of Japan in the area. Tokyo responded to a resolution exit from the League of Nations and the expansion of aggression. On the day of the adoption of this document, the Japanese troops invaded the province of Jehe and soon occupied it. Then, their promotion began to Haybei Province. By the end of May 1933, Japanese parts approached Beijing and Tianjin.

On May 31, 1933, Chinese representatives were forced to sign a truce agreement with the Japanese command, according to which Beijing recognized the establishment by the Japanese control over the northeast and part of Northern China.

This medal established by the Imperial Ediction No. 255 was made of bronze, has a width of 30 mm. On the hinge suspension - an ornament, symbolizing the mooring of the moss. There is a metal strap with a traditional inscription: "Medal for a military campaign." On the obverse from above - the imperial coat of arms (Chrysanthemum), under which the Korshun is depicted, squeezing on a traditional Japanese shield. Beams of light are diverged behind the Korean. The reverses are placed images of army and naval skating on the background of Sakura flowers. There is an inscription from ten hieroglyphs: "Incident of the period from the 6th to the 9th year of Syov" (1931-1934).

37 mm wide medal ribbon, made of Moir Silka. Along the tape from left to right goes goes: 2.5 mm - dark brown, 6 mm - light brown, 5 mm - pink, 1.5 mm - gold, 7 mm - dark brown, 1.5 mm - golden, 5 mm - pink, B mm - light brown, 2.5 mm - dark brown. Cardboard box for medal - black, top - the name of the medal performed by gold-plated hieroglyphs.

4. Chinese incident (including events on Halchin-goal).

Medal "For participation in the Chinese Incident" (Japanese-China War 1937-1945)

37 mm width ribbon, from moar silk, has longitudinal stripes: 3-millimeter blue (symbolizing sea and naval forces), 3-mm light blue (sky and air force), 7.5 mm yellowish brown (Yellow soil of China and, accordingly, land forces), 3.5-millimeter dark pink (China, irrigated blood) and 2-millimeter bright red (blood and loyalty). The ribbon for the planks had pink strips passing into brown, but it was never used as a tape for a medal actually. A premium box is made of black cardboard, on which its name is applied with silver hieroglyphs.

On July 14, the Japanese resumed the fighting, and on July 26, they presented the Chinese ultimatum about the conclusion within 48 hours of their troops from Beijing. The Chinese authorities rejected this requirement, and the next day (July 27, 1937) began, in fact, full-scale military operations that did not stop 8 years, until the end of World War II. In accordance with the "tradition" they received the name "Chinese incident" from Japanese militarists.

On March 30, 1940, the puppet "Central Government of China" occupied by the Japanese Nanjing was formed.
By the end of 1941, Japan seized the Chinese territory with a population of about 215 million people. In the hands of the Japanese, there were the most developed areas of the country, mainly the seaside Chinese provinces where the largest cities were located, seaports and industrial enterprises, main railway lines and waterways.

The initial imperial Edict No. 496 of July 27, 1939, later was supplemented by Edict No. 418 from 1944.

The presentation of the medals to the soldiers sent to China up to the summer of 1945 was prescribed, this award is quite common.

The diameter of the medal is 30 mm, it is made of bronze. Its hinge suspension and plank are similar to previous military medals. An Avers is depicted mythological creature "brave crow" ("Yat-No-Karasu"), which sits on army and naval flags crossed. The rays of light are diverged behind, and the imperial coat of arms of Chrysanthemum is located on top. The reverses are visible made in the classic Chinese style image of mountains, clouds and sea waves, symbolizing, respectively, North China, Central China and the Yellow Sea. The inscription on the back of the medal: "Chinese incident".

Manychow's puppet state noted these events with their medal

Manchou-go. Medal "Military Borderline Incident" (Nomon-Khan). 1940. Established by the Imperial Edict number 310 in memory of the fights with the Mongolian and Soviet troops on Halkin-goal

Mentioned in the book and awards of the opposing side - the US Army.

"The fear of admiral wrath, even doctors entered into his ward reluctantly. Halsi forbade bringing him newspapers scored by victorious articles.

Almost all the time he lay on the bed, from time to time applied to the flask from the whiskey, which he secretly supplied the adjutant. He did not even be pleased with the Order of the American Honorary Legion, sent to him by the president for the raid on Tokyo. "

Order "Legion Honor" (English LEGION OF MERIT) - US military awards given by military personnel Armed Forces The United States, as well as servicemen of friendly states, for exceptional and outstanding achievements and achievements in an emergency situation.

Proposals for the establishment of a reward for services in emergency situations came from 1937. However, only after the US entry into the second world War This idea has received a realization. On December 21, 1941, it was proposed to establish a medal "For merit". On April 3, 1942, this project entered the US Defense Minister, while initial title It was changed to the "Legion of Honor." On July 20, 1942, the US Congress approved the project. The new award was planned to reward military servicemen and the Filipino Commonwealth, as well as servicemen of the Allied countries in World War II.

On October 29, 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt approved the Regulations on the award on which it should be awarded on behalf of the US President. In 1943, the authority to award military personnel was transferred to the Ministry of Defense.

The Order "Legion of Honor" for awarding US military personnel is not divided into a single extent ("Legionnaire"). The award is mainly intended for general and senior officers, but in special cases It can be awarded and the younger ranks.

Cross "For Lucky Merit"

"- Charles, I'm talking seriously. With this woman, among other things, there is something in a bank account.

- My friendly advice - spit on it. Find another, and in a week, two of your memory will deteriorate this chic miss. And now I will inform you a great news: the headquarters lie in the headquarters - we were with you the president threw on the cross "for flight merit".

- You do not joke?

- Headquarters Sergeant Gorris swore that he read the telegram with his own eyes. He says that tomorrow will be officially announced.

- By God, I can not believe that we were awarded, although I know - the crosses will not be in vain. We honestly deserve them. "

"A random nail or fragment on the take-off strip threw him a combat departure. But a loser lieutenant was not alone at that morning. Soon the second "Layning" from the Mitchell group, who returned from the route came to the landing. He did not produce fuel from suspended tanks. The brand of this well done about the refusal of the technique was still a worry and sophisticated - he was preparing for two days to a completely secret responsible departure, for which he hoped to get at least the cross "for flight merit".

Cross of the Merit (Eng. Distinguished Flying Cross) was established on July 2, 1926. Charles Lidberg became the first awarded for the flight over the Atlantic in 1927.

From March 1, 1927, the awards were made only among military personnel. Currently, the crosses are produced for heroism and courage in air combat.

Regards Chechko 1

Order of chrysanthemum with chain

The Order of Chrysanthemum with a chain (大勲位菊花章) was established on January 4, 1888 and is considered the highest award in the Japanese award system.

The imperial Edict number 1, who established the award, was prescribed to reward this order those who are already owner of the Order of Chrysanthemum on a large ribbon. Awarding the Order of Chrysanthemum with a chain was envisaged only against the princes of the imperial family, the highest aristocracy, national heroes and heads of foreign countries. At the same time, in the case of state visits to Japan, foreign sovereigns, the Order of Chrysanthemum with a chain and the Order of Chrysanthemum on a large ribbon were sometimes presented at the same time.

In addition to members of the Imperial House, only 13 subjects of Japan were awarded this highest award. The Order was allowed afraid award. When awarding the Order, only its highest degree was worn, i.e. Order of chrysanthemum with chain.

Order of chrysanthemum with chain

The sign of the Order of Chrysanthemum with a chain, a diameter of 60 mm, made of gold. In his center there is Cabochon from Japanese enamel red colors, reminding ruby \u200b\u200bin his way. It is surrounded by 32-covered white enamel double rays of various lengths that form the cross.

The cross is framed by leaves made in green enamel, and four symmetrically located chrysanthemum flowers covered with yellow enamel. The order of the Order is attached to the chain using a large pendant in the form of chrysanthemum covered with yellow enamel.

The reverse side of the sign repeats the facial except that the suspension has an inscription by hieroglyphs "big award for merit", which is applied over enamel.

The Order of the Order and the chain contain 300 grams of 22-carat gold, and the total weight of the award reaches 491.5 g.

Sign of the Order of Chrysanthemum

A star was assumed to Order, who had a convex shape, repeated the Order but without gilding and without top chrysanthemum. Its diameter is greater than the Order, and is 90 mm. In the center there is a red enamel cabochon, surrounded by 32 gilded and white enamel double rays covered.

This composition is imposed on divergent vertically and horizontally four groups of longer double rays (three beams in the group) of silver coated with white enamel, which form the cross. Between these groups, silver chrysanthemums are placed, covered with yellow enamel and framed by silver leaves with green enamel.

On the back inscription by hieroglyphs - "big reward for merit." Star is worn on the left side of the chest.

Obverse and Reverse Star Orden Chrysanthemum

The Order Chain has a diameter of 290 mm. It has 12 stars made of gold. They are openwork images made in the old style of the Jeroglyphs "May" and "Ji, meaning the Maidzi era. These links with gold chains are mixed with thirteen medallions with gold chrysanthemums surrounded by leaves covered with green enamel. The lower medallion, to which the sign is attached, has a diameter of 40 mm, the remaining is 27 mm.

Awarded Chrysanthemum with a chain, can wear with a side-day form of clothing reduced to size this order on the neck on a small chain. This chain consists of round gold units without an ornament, and the sign has a diameter of 45 mm.

Ribbon

During the existence of the Order, only 60 awards were produced. Among them, Riomoto Miimori Tadashi - Marshal, a member of the Imperial Family - awarded for special merits during the Second World War.

Order of chrysanthemum on big ribbon

Ribbon

The Order of Chrysanthemum on Big Ribe (大勲位菊花大綬章) was established on December 27, 1876, and in fact is the second degree of chrysanthemum ordinary. He was intended to reward the Japanese and foreigners from among the members of the imperial and royal families and the highest aristocracy, as well as heads of foreign countries.

In accordance with the provision of the Imperial House, he received princes of the Imperial Family at the age of 7, and other princes - aged 15 years.

The sign of the Order of Chrysanthemum on the big ribbon has the same appearanceAs a sign of the Order of Chrysanthemum with a chain, but its diameter is 76 mm, and it is usually made of gold-plated silver. The width of the tape over the shoulder was officially installed in 115 mm, but actually was 106 mm. The tape was made of red muarovoy silk with 18-millimeter blue-purple edges and had a socket. Early ribbons were made from non-monoral silk and differed on the fabric texture.

The ribbon is worn through the right shoulder. The Order of Chrysanthemum on Big Ribe has the same star as the Order of Chrysanthemum with a chain. 93 people were awarded the Order, incl. Total three living Japanese subjects and eleven posthumously.

On August 20, 1945, the Last Commander of the Kwantung Army Rodzo Yamada surrendered to the Soviet troops, signing the surrender. For the combat path of this "invincible" army.

The combat history of the Quantong Army begins with the 1931 Manychur incident. In general, initially the Quantong Army ("Kwantong" translates from japanese As an east towards the Great Wall of China) was created mainly for the protection of railway tracks in China outside of Japanese colonies. Gradually, this army becomes the strongest military grouping of the Japanese imperial army in its entire history.

So, in 1931, the Kwantung Army was instructed to take the manchuria for complete control. The officers of the Kwantung Army, in turn, offered the imperial rate to carry out a number of provocations that would justify the Japanese offensive. For example, an explosion on the rail guard guarded by the Japanese. And after a few hours after the explosion, the Japanese troops storm the Chinese military units, they turn Chinese soldiers to escape. Manchuria became Japanese.

Medal with the image of the emperor Pu and - the ruler of Manzhuria. All participants were awarded this medal. " liberation hike"Kwantung Army.

Over the next few years, the Quantongy Army participates in the scale of operations in China. The Japanese command carried out the pattering of the Manyzhou's puppet state, whose government Tokyo tried to imagine as the only legitimate power in the submerged in civil War China.

Medal with the image of the flag of Manzhou.

In 1933, the Kwantung Army implemented the Operation "Nekka", the purpose of which was the final subordination of the Northern Chinese provinces to the Government of the Manzhou and the spread of Japanese influence on the inner Mongolia. The operation lasted exactly six months, from January to May. The most famous episode of this conflict was the battle for the Great Wall of China, some sections of which passed repeatedly from hand to hand.

Higher Order of the Manzhou-go "Order of the Podlov State"

Award from the Japanese government "For the defense of Manzhou-go"

On July 7, 1937, the Japanese invasion of Northern China began with the Incident on the Marko Polo Bridge. On this day, Japanese troops, holding maneuvers, fired a Chinese garrison. The Chinese also answered fire. The battle began, which continued until July 9, after which the truce was concluded. However, the conflict has not ended on this. On July 14, the Japanese resumed the fighting, and on July 26, they presented the Chinese ultimatum about the conclusion within 48 hours of their troops from Beijing.

The Chinese authorities rejected this requirement, and the next day (July 27, 1937) began, in fact, full-scale military operations that did not stop 8 years, until the end of World War II. In accordance with the "tradition" they received the name "Chinese incident" from Japanese militarists.

Medal "For the Chinese Incident"

When in 1937, a large-scale Japanese-Chinese war began, parts of the Kwantung Army were in a state of hostilities varying degrees Intensities for the past six years, which turned the army in Manchuria to the most prestigious part of the imperial army.

Many Japanese officers dreamed of starting military career It is in Manchuria, as it guaranteed a quick career growth. As a result, the Quantongy army became a kind of incubator of the Japanese officer corps on the eve of the beginning of the Second World War. At the prestigious of the Kwantung Army, the operations even unsuccessfully spent in 1938, operations against the Soviet troops at Lake Hassan and the Khalkhin-goal river.

The medal of veterans of the Japanese imperial army - such "flowers" in the loop received officers who were served in combat conditions for at least 6 years.

Officer's medal, whose name can be translated as "for courage in battle."

Japanese soldier's medal for participating in battles in Manchuria. Only the fighters of the Quantong Army were awarded.

Medal from the Manyzhou government for host participants in Manchuria.

Medal for battles on Halchin-goal

Fights on Chalchin-goal - a local armed conflict, which lasted from spring to autumn 1939 at the Khalkhin-goal River on the territory of Mongolia near the border with the manzhou between the USSR, MNR on the one hand and the Japanese Empire and Manzhou on the other. The final battle occurred in the last few days and ended with the full defeat of the 6th separate army of Japan. The truce between the USSR and Japan was concluded on September 16, 1939.

According to the official Soviet data, the losses of the Japanese-Manchurian troops during the battle from May to September 1939 amounted to more than 61 thousand people. Killed, wounded and captured (about 20 thousand of them - officially announced losses of the Kwantong Army). Soviet-Mongolian troops lost 9831 Soviet (together with wounded - more than 17 thousand) and 895 Mongolian soldiers.

Japanese Order of the Red Cross Company, which helped the wounded.

Medal of the Red Cross from the government of Manzhou.

Rare icon of the participant of Russian-Japanese sports games. The fact is that in Harbin in those years there lived a large Russian community, and many former officers of the White Army began to cooperate with the Japanese occupying authorities.

Toy soldier of the Kwantong Army.

The number of the Kwanant group on the eve of World War II constantly increased. When, in December 1941, Japan declared the US War, 1.32 million soldiers were concentrated in the north-east of China. Since Japan abandoned the invasion plans in the USSR and focused on the war from the United States, the most combat-ready units began to withdraw from the Kwantung Army.

The result of these decisions of the Japanese command was to reduce the numerical composition of the group up to 600 thousand soldiers (11% of the 5.5 million Japanese army). Moreover, for the most part, these were not experienced soldiers hardened in battles, and recruits who were moved from the beginning of 1945 to Manchuria, anticipating the early invasion of the USSR.

Most of the modern military equipment was also brought out of the Kwantung Army long before 1945.

The medal of the participant in combat operations in the Great East Asian War (so in Japan they called the Second World War).

In August 1945, the USSR declared the war of Japan and began the invasion of Manchuria.

Armament of soldiers and officers of the Kwantong Army

August 9, 1945, on the first day of the onset of troops Soviet armythey had to overcome the most strongly fortified border areas. The troops of the 1st Far Eastern Front sorted up from Primorye broke through the band of Japanese reinforced concrete fortifications and deepened on the enemy's territory up to 15 km, and the compounds of the 2nd Far Eastern Front, having forced the AMUR River, Ussuri, seized the bridgeheads on the right bank of the Amur. The Troops of the Trans-Baikal Front reached the troops of the Trans-Baikal Front, which assault was mastered by the Manchuro-Chazhainor fortified area.

Premium set for sake. He was heard by officers who showed courage in battle.

August 10 Government Mongolian People's Republic Joined the statement of the Soviet government of August 8 and declared the war of Japan.

Sailor Pacific Fleet. Next to the killed Japanese soldier in the forest on Sakhalin.

On August 11, China's People's Liberation Army also activated the fighting against Japanese invaders. As a result of the first powerful impact of the Soviet Army, the day the next day after the start of hostilities, the Japanese government reported through the Soviet ambassador to Tokyo about whether it was ready to adopt the Declaration Conditions from 2 (July 3, called it to unconditional surrender. However, the Japanese command did not give the order to the armed forces to fold the weapons, and the Soviet troops, the crucial who resisted the enemy continued to fulfill the tasks previously supplied by him.

Loading torpedoes with the inscription "Death to Samurai!" At the Soviet submarine of the Pacific Fleet type "Pike".

Despite the enemy's fierce resistance, which used the advantages of mining and wooded terrain and was striving to delay the offensive of the Soviet armies, the pace every day more and more increased. And as a result of the first five days of the offensive of the Soviet Army, Japanese fortifications in Manchuria were broken.

Soviet troops dismembered the Kwantunian army and rapid promotion in all directions did not give the enemy the ability to organize consistent resistance on river and mountain borders.

Colonel RKKA with capitulized soldiers of the Japanese army.

From August 19, the Japanese troops almost everywhere began to give up. To speed up this process, it is not possible to evacuate or destroy material values \u200b\u200bto be evacuated or destroying material values, Alerts in Harbin, Mukden, Changchun, Girin, Port Arthur, Far, Pyongyang, Canco, (Hamhane) and other cities were planted.

Japanese traders prepared for parish soviet soldiersBy preparing posters with inscriptions in Russian.

Taking under the protection of Japanese warehouses in the area of \u200b\u200baction of the 53rd Army of the Trans-Baikal Front in the vicinity of the Chinese city of Fusin.

Immediately after signing on September 2, 1945, the surrender of Japan and the end of the fighting was decided to take numerous military warehouses with food, weapons and other property in China under the protection of Soviet troops.

Negotiations of the Soviet Commission with representatives of the headquarters of the Kwantung Army on the conditions of surrender of Japanese troops.

On August 20, the last commander of the Kwantung Army Rodzo Yamada signed the surrender. After the defeat in Manchuria, Japan no longer had significant forces for conducting operations outside the country.

Sword of the commander of the Quantong Army (photos from the Museum of the Kwantong Army in Port Arthur)

Military flag of the Japanese Imperial Army.

The banner of the Kwantong Army.

Tags:

The Japanese award system is relatively young: the first Order of Japan was established in 1866, and the first medal - in 1874. It was formed on the European sample, retaining identity and uniqueness.

The process of forming award system began after the Maidzi revolution - under the title of the state, political, economic and military reforms of 1868-1889 were included in the history of the state, which turned the backward state in one of the world leaders. Strengthening economic power and international authority promoted refusal to the samurai management scheme with the transition to direct imperial rule.

History and modernity

historical;
modern.

The first group includes military awards established during the Empire's times to encourage soldiers and officers who participated in military operations and battles. Honor signs existed before Japan's defeat in World War II in September 1945, after which they were abolished.

Creating modern military analogs is impossible, as in Art. The 9 Japanese constitution agreed that the Japanese "refuse the war as the sovereign right of the nation."

Modern Japanese medals make a single series of 6 civil awards. They are presented for outstanding achievements and achievements in science, culture, economics, sports and other peaceful industries.

Historical military awards

For participation in Taiwanese campaign (1874)

In May-June 1874, the imperial army participated in military operation On Taiwan Island. It was necessary to make the visibility of the legality of the accession of the island territory captured by two years earlier.

On April 10, 1875, a medal was established, which was originally called a zaton for a military campaign. She became the first military award in Japan. It was made of silver, on the front side - four hieroglyphs framed by branches. On the back of the side - year.

For the Japanese-Chinese War (1894-95)

The participants of this military conflict pursued a specific goal - control over Korea and further promotion of China and Manchuria. Japanese troops managed to capture Korea and some territories of China.

On October 9, 1895, this premium sign was established. He was minted from bronze on the coat of Osaka - a total of 300 thousand copies. The medallion of an unusual shape is narrowed at the top.

AVERS is placed crossed army and sea FlagsOver them - chrysanthemum. On the reverse - the date and inscription "Military Medal".

For the suppression of a boxing uprising (1900)

Medal was established on April 21, 1901. She was presented with military and diplomats in Beijing, persons who contributed to the suppression of a protest uprising in China, being in Japan.

The honorary sign was minted from bronze, on its front part, chrysanthemum and a bird Hoo are depicted. On the back side - the inscription "Great Japanese Empire, 33rd Year of Mayji."

For participation in the Russian-Japanese war (1904-05)

In this military conflict, Russian troops were defeated. The Japanese surrounded Port Arthur - Osada lasted more than 4 months, the garrison of the fortress was forced to surrender. Then the enemy's artillery sank the remains of the Russian squadron. In the decisive battle, Russian troops retreated.

Awards to the participants of this war was established on March 31, 1906. For its manufacture, bright bronze was used. The medallion depicts army and sea flags, chrysanthemum, a flower of Pavlovnia, Lavra branches, palm trees, a Japanese shield.

For participation in World War

These signs of the differences were awarded to the participants of the First World War, in which the Japanese army fought on the side of the Entente. It is curious that the local peasants and the inhabitants of small towns did not suspect the participation of the state in the war.

There were two awards - the design of both is almost the same, the difference only in different depths of the relief. The design used the same elements that in a reward for the Russian-Japanese war.

For the campaign of 1914-15

This medal founded on November 6, 1915 - she was awarded to participants in the war against Germany, who excited the islands in Pacific Oceanwho belonged to Germany and their other colonies. For chasing, dark bronze was used. Avers and reverse decorate hieroglyphs.

For the campaign of 1914-20

This government acquired awarded servicemen of the Japanese army who took part:

in battles 1917-18 in the Mediterranean;
in the intervention of 1917 in Siberia;
in the occupation of Vladivostok, which lasted until 1922.

For all listed events there was a single wording - "For the military campaign of the 3-9 years of the Tiso era."

Victory Medal

This is the overall anntha for the countries an award that appeared on the initiative of French Marshal Fosha, but another image was used in the Japanese version. This is due to the fact that the victorious figure with the wings did not make sense for the Japanese. It was replaced by the image of the legendary deity, armed with a sword. On the back side of Sakura flowers are carved, inside of which is earth and the flags of the states entering the Entente.

For participation in the Manchu Incident (1931-34)

Officially, the war was not declared, so in historical documents it appears as an "incident." The emperor established a medal by decree of July 23, 1934.

Minted her from bronze. On the front side depicted chrysanthemum, under it - the Korean on the traditional Asian shield. Behind the predatory bird - the rays of light, divergers in different directions. On the inside - sea and army helmets against the background of flowering Sakura.

For participation in the Chinese incident (1937-45)

This incentive sign was introduced into the award system on July 27, 1939. The emperor prescribed handing him to the soldiers sent to the territory of China until the summer of the 45th. This is one of the most common awards. The design is identical to the sample for a manchore incident.

For participation in the Great East Asian War

This is the last military award, it was established on June 21, 1944. In total, the mint made 10 thousand copies, but most remained unclaimed. After signing the act of surrender, the remaining copies were destroyed by the Japanese authorities.

Reward tin, gray. Size - 3 See in the center of Aversa is Chrysanthemum - it is imposed on crossed balls and an eight-pointed star. On the edge of the circle, the ornament of sakura flowers was laid. The reverse shows the traditional shield and the name of the war by hieroglyphs.

Modern series

The modern series is called "Honor Medals", it was introduced on December 7, 1881 and consists of 6 units. All of them are made in a single design, the main difference is the colors of the Order Tape:

Red ribbon - The reward was first handed over in 1882. Laureates are people who risen their own lives, saving other people. Until 2005 the most young hero There was a 15-year-old young man who saved passengers from the car to the bottom of the car. But in 2011 a more young lifeguard appeared - he was 13 years old.

Green- initially intended for respectful and pious children, grandchildren, wives. Later, the list of candidates has expanded and the state award began to hand over professionalism and diligence by those specialist whose work is a worthy example for imitation. In 2003, the wording was changed to "active ministry to society and high moral qualities."

Yellow -introduced in 1887, and in 1947 - abolished. After 8 years, she was restored in the same status and awarded, as before, for professionalism in his business, worthy imitation.

Blue -the first presentation took place in 1882 . The sign of distinction with the Order of the Blue Color is designed to encourage individuals working for the benefit of society and in the name of serving society.

Blue -the first award ceremony took place in 1919. Since then, the medals with the Order of this color are presented to people who donate significant amounts for the benefit of the people.

Purple - The youngest of 6 awards. The first ceremony took place in 1955. Award it to people of science and art - for a significant contribution to the development of these areas of activity.

On the back side All signs are the name of awarded, the exception is only a sign with a blue ribbon - the name is not knocked out on it.

At the current tradition, the solemn ceremony of presenting medals go twice a year:

April 29 - on the birthday of Emperor Seva;
November 3 - on Culture Day.

Both dates - public holidaysmarked with a scope. In the program of celebrations - exhibitions, festivals, concerts and award ceremony of the best of the best.