Social science 

Regeneration of regionally industrial areas. Intellectual business tour "Low-rise buildings

Project: Urban regeneration of a part of the industrial territory of the Krasnoarmeisky district of the city of Volgograd on the principles of flexibility and sustainability.

In the project, as an example of one of industrial areas Krasnoarmeisky district of Volgograd considered the decision contemporary problem functional re-profiling of industrial zones major cities based on the principles of urban planning flexibility and sustainability. The choice of the industrial coastal territory of the rope plant as an object of urban planning is a consequence of the fact that such territories are valuable sites in a broad urban planning sense - socio-economic, functional planning, recreational, landscape-compositional. In the research part of the project, it is proposed to use the principles of urban planning flexibility and sustainability to develop models of elements of the planning structure, namely residential quarters, which are the main planning units of the new urban planning structure formed on the basis of urban regeneration industrial territory of the Krasnoarmeisky district of Volgograd. Features of the project. The project proposal is interesting in that, based on the existing urban planning situation, non-standard ways of solving the complex urban planning problem of urban planning regeneration of the industrial territory and the adjacent part of the residential area of ​​the Krasnoarmeisky district are proposed. The creation of a new planning structure for this territory is based on a clear functional zoning with the allocation of the main functional zones of the residential, public and industrial and ecological cluster. The concept is based on the use of an integrated urban planning and environmental approach to create a sustainable and flexible environment, based on. the use of various typologies of residential formations in order to ensure the investment attractiveness of the projected area. The basis for creating models of new residential quarters is the principle of dividing their territories into private space, semi-private and public spaces. In his project based on scientific research and the development of neighborhood models for a given area, based on the principle of urban planning flexibility and sustainability, offers new types of residential neighborhoods. The typology of residential quarters is distinguished by planning variability, multifunctionality, hybridity and stable building density. Thus, it is proposed to use options for socially adapted housing, designed for the needs of people of different social status. The structure of the quarters is clearly subordinate to functional zoning and represents a universal habitat for people of different age groups. The ecological orientation of the design solution is based on the creation of an interconnected system of green connections and spaces in the structure of the projected territory. The transport structure ensures the safety, openness and accessibility of the entire territory for pedestrians, cyclists and people of all social groups. The urban planning composition of the projected territory is based on the principle of regular compositional links with all its elements, this ensures the interconnectedness and interpenetration of the quarter structure. The main planning links are pedestrian promenades. It is especially worth noting the use of a system of bypass channels, which have not only great importance in improving the microclimatic conditions of the projected territory, but also play an important role in the system of engineering infrastructure (collection of rainwater and their reuse)


Competition for the improvement and development of the embankment of Primorsky Boulevard along coastline Baku bay
The competition is held as part of the Eco-Shore festival. The main task of the participants of the competition is to offer an original conceptual solution that demonstrates a modern, innovative approach to the integrated development of coastal industrial areas of the city of Baku with elements of public and tourist infrastructure. The project should take into account the existing urban planning situation, including the transport network. Participants must complete characteristic views from at least five points of view.

Press release:
The project should fully reveal the author's intention and convey the main idea.

Competition projects are carried out in computer graphics(raster file JPG or TIFF, 200 dpi, file size no more than 25 Mb, uncompressed) and transmitted by e-mail fully assembled and prepared for output to tablets of size 80 (height) x100 (width), no more than three pieces of horizontal arrangement, as well as the layout of the tablets.
The authors of the awarded (awarded) projects may be invited to participate in the design and implementation of the development of Primorsky Boulevard and the improvement of the embankment.
The jury and organizers of the competition have the right to award special awards for individual achievements and successful solutions.
The sponsors of the competition have the right to award their prizes and awards.
Projects that have received prizes and special awards will be published in the media of information partners.
Technical task

1. The project should take into account the existing urban planning situation, including the transport network.
2. The project should include:
General plan.
The master plan is presented on a scale of 1: 2500.
The layout of buildings and structures on the territory of the recreational zone.
Perspective views of the territory, its fragments and photomontage.
Possible functions:
public spaces;
athletic facilities;
recreation and entertainment;
retail;
cafes, restaurants;
hotels and boarding houses;
infrastructure for public and private transport
parks and landscaping, including winter gardens.
3. Composition of the project.
Mandatory composition of the project:
general view (fragment, axonometry or perspective)
master plan
explanatory note revealing the main ideas of the project (no more than 3000 characters)
main TEPs
functional diagrams
Files with works should be sent to a file hosting service (for example wetransfer.com or any other). Send the received link to mail [email protected] with all contact details and the motto number of the project.

Source materials:

1. Situational plan.
2. Photo fixation of the competition area.

The jury of the competition
A jury of leading Azerbaijani Russian and foreign architects is being set up to sum up the results of the competition. The full jury will be announced during the opening. Jury chairman

UDC 624; 69; 72 DEMIDOVA E.V.

Rehabilitation of industrial areas as part of urban space

The article is devoted to the problem of rehabilitation of industrial territories, which is especially relevant in Russian cities... The emphasis is on the study of the concepts that explain the process of restoration of urban areas - rehabilitation, reconstruction, renovation, revitalization, etc. The author characterizes the elements of rehabilitation through the application of a "biological" approach to the study of cities. An example of one of the forms of the rehabilitation process is the renewal of industrial territories in domestic cities.

Key words: rehabilitation, reconstruction, renovation, revitalization, restructuring, industrial areas.

THE REHABILITATION OF INDUSTRIAL TERRITORIES AS PARTS OF THE CITY SPACE

The article is devoted to the problems of rehabilitation of industrial territories which is especially actual in the Russian cities. In article the emphasis is placed on studying of the concepts explaining process of restoration of urban areas - rehabilitation, reconstruction, renovation, revitalization, etc. The author characterizes rehabilitation elements by means of application of "biological" approach to studying of the cities. There is presented examples of rehabilitation process - regeneration of industrial territories in the Russian cities.

Keywords: rehabilitation, reconstruction, renovation, revitalization, restructuring, industrial territories.

Demidova

Vladimirovna

Senior Researcher of the Institute "UralNIIproekt RAASN"

e-mail: [email protected]

In modern Russian conditions, there is an extreme unevenness of the spatial economic development... The settlement system at the municipal level is improperly formed with the lack of a sufficient number of medium-sized cities and the dominance of megalopolises, which draw together capital, investment and labor resources. The interaction of regions is unproductive, and the mobility of the population is extremely difficult; there are no highly efficient territorial industrial clusters in the country, the infrastructure used is outdated. The solution to these problems is associated with the development and implementation of comprehensive strategies aimed at the harmonious development of territorial complexes.

In this regard, the most actual problems development of urban areas are concluded in the field of urban reconstruction, streamlining the development of urban agglomerations, comprehensive transformation of the entire environment of human life, its greening, humanization and aestheticization on the basis of regionalism, which involves taking into account local city-forming factors and conditions, which in general is a process of rehabilitation of urban space ...

With the help of a rehabilitation policy, urban structures create a kind of polarization of space, identifying weaknesses and problem areas, taking into account infrastructural prerequisites (you can draw up a "map of hostilities"), ensuring the adoption of correct management decisions, determining the forms of land use, directions and volumes of reconstruction and new construction. We can say that the policy of urban space rehabilitation is a kind of molecular theory of territory development, when all participants in the process of creating the habitat work consciously and interconnected. IN this case it ensures the resolution of contradictions between the owner and the entire city community.

Rehabilitation of urban space is generally a restoration. Currently in scientific literature there was no generally accepted universal scientific and technical terminology in this area of ​​human activity. In Russian literature, the concept of "space restoration" is filled with different content: "reorganization", "renewal", "reconstruction", "modernization", "restoration", "restructuring"

ization ”,“ renovation ”,“ revitalization ”, etc. Let us try to distinguish between these terms and substantiate the expediency of using the concept of“ rehabilitation ”in this text.

The need to transform urban space means a fundamental shift in social development. The age of communications and post-industrial development contributes to the fact that consistency and coherence become the key characteristics of modern society, increasing the level of social complexity, which leads to the need to adapt urban settlements.

Considering the city as a social organism, NP Antsiferov proposed, by analogy with a living being, to single out three elements that determine three approaches to the study of its unity - anatomy, physiology and psychology (soul) of the urban organism.

M. G. Dikansky also adheres to the organic theory of the city, who describes the following paradigm in the study of the city: “ Modern science about the city he considers streets, squares, markets, means of communication, etc. as parts of a single whole, as part of the urban organism. " In the business part of the city, the author hears the "heart of the urban organism", in the movement of the crowd "circulation system", in the electric lighting and telephone lines - " nervous system", in administrative center- "the mind that controls the actions", and the soul of the city is manifested "in the aspirations and feelings of citizens."

In many respects, the extrapolation of the term "rehabilitation" (lat. Re ... - again + habilis - adapted, convenient; rehabilitation - restoration of ability, fitness) from medicine to urban development theory is explained by studies of the social life of large cities.

In the "Dictionary of the Russian language" there are three definitions of this concept: restoration of honor, reputation of an incorrectly accused or defamed person; restoration by court or administrative procedure in the previous rights; restoration of health and working capacity of persons whose physical and mental abilities are limited after past illnesses and injuries.

IN Encyclopedic Dictionary medical terms rehabilitation means a complex of medical, psychological, pedagogical, professional and legal measures to restore

the autonomy, capacity for work and health of persons with disabilities as a result of past or congenital diseases, as well as as a result of injuries. At the same time, it is of great importance social adaptation sick, injured and disabled people. According to experts from the World Health Organization, rehabilitation is defined as “the combined and coordinated use of medical and social measures, training and vocational training or retraining, with the aim of providing the patient with the highest possible level of functional activity ”.

In jurisprudence, rehabilitation is the return to a person of previously lost rights, privileges, good name, reputation; correction, re-education of criminals; the return of the offender to normal employment and public life by using means such as bail release, parole, etc. In ecology, rehabilitation is restoration, bringing a damaged ecosystem, landscape, etc. to its original state.

In connection with the development of rehabilitation phenomena from the point of view of economic relations, it seems necessary to introduce the concept of rehabilitation into the terminological apparatus of urban planning activities. This approach means rejection of reflexive step-by-step responses to competitive and internal development threats and is based on a strategy of proactively creating conditions for the sustainable evolution of the city as a whole.

The term "rehabilitation" in relation to urban areas first appeared in connection with the reconstruction and restoration of entire neighborhoods of many European cities after the Second World War. In the United States of America, the need for rehabilitation has been driven by the gentrification processes taking place in major cities.

In Russian cities, following foreign ones, there is also a need to renew urban space. The character of urbanization has changed in the country - it has moved from the socialist phase, state-provided, to the phase where the economic and social interests of private subjects of the economy come to the fore.

eagerly choosing a place for their home and business. State capital investments in the development of cities and territories have been replaced by private investments, which are subject to market laws and are designed to obtain a quick commercial effect.

Nevertheless, in the domestic literature today, the concept of rehabilitation in relation to urban regulation activities is quite rare. The process of rehabilitating urban areas abroad means the restoration of the urban environment, the demolition of obsolete buildings, the arrangement of vacant territories and the construction of projects using new design and engineering technologies.

The author defines rehabilitation as an organized transformation of the fabric of urban space, which is achieved as a result of simultaneous work in four areas - technical renewal, social revitalization (revitalization), economic modernization and ecological restoration (Figure 1).

The first element is technical re-equipment, namely reconstruction. Reconstruction (from Lat. Re ... - a prefix indicating a repeated, renewable action, and ranstmrtio - construction) - a radical reconstruction, restructuring according to new principles; restoration of something according to surviving remains or descriptions.

In industry, reconstruction is a modification, alteration of existing fixed assets on the basis of their technical improvement. Vocabulary natural sciences reads: "Reconstruction of the object - carrying out construction works in order to change the existing technical and economic indicators of the facility and increase the efficiency of its use, providing for: reorganization of the facility; change in dimensions and technical indicators; capital construction, outbuildings, superstructures; dismantling and strengthening of supporting structures; re-equipment of the attic into the attic; construction and reconstruction of engineering systems and communications. During the reconstruction of buildings, full or partial release of premises is provided: resettlement of residents, withdrawal of organizations, etc. " ...

In the Russian architectural and construction encyclopedia (part IV)

the following definition of the concept is given: "Reconstruction of construction objects is the bringing of buildings and structures of various functional purposes by construction means in accordance with the requirements of the time." First of all, the tasks of reconstruction include the elimination of moral and physical deterioration of construction objects. Reconstruction of construction objects “should be considered in connection with the urban planning situation, environment, which determines ... the parameters of the reconstructed buildings ”. Usually, the reconstruction of construction objects is associated with their partial or complete redevelopment in accordance with the changed social and technical requirements. A prerequisite reconstruction is to provide a modern level of comfort and improvement.

With regard to urban planning, the reconstruction of a city is a renewal, a radical transformation of a historically established city (its planning, development and improvement), caused by modern socio-economic, sanitary, hygienic, architectural and artistic requirements and carried out on the basis of the achievements of science and technology.

The Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation also gives the concept of reconstruction, which means a change in the parameters of capital construction objects, their parts (number of rooms, height, number of floors (hereinafter referred to as number of storeys), area, indicators of production capacity, volume) and the quality of engineering and technical support.

E.M.Blekh proposes a different definition, which includes not only technical and technological, but also economic content: he interprets reconstruction as a form of expanded reproduction of individual buildings and the entire housing stock and development of the city, microdistrict, quarter. This is the broadest, most general concept that encompasses all conscious actions aimed at improving housing development and the quality of life of the population.

In the Russian architectural encyclopedia, the concept of reconstruction of the architectural and historical environment of cities is given - “it is quite free. the mode of construction work, subordinated to the tasks of the functioning of objects of historical and cultural heritage in the new socio-economic

environmental conditions, allowing the demolition of dilapidated buildings, redevelopment. does not exclude the possibility of using new building materials". The given definition of the reconstruction of the architectural and historical environment of cities is the most general concept reconstruction, combining more particular concepts.

Two subtypes of reconstruction that can be attributed to the transformation of urban space are restoration and modernization.

Restoration (from Latin restavratio - restoration) is a type of activity aimed at restoring the lost qualities of the object of restoration. It can be lovable appearance, practicality and reliability of structures, finishing elements, communications. There are several types of restoration work, which are united by a single goal - to restore the lost properties and functions, the aesthetics of the object.

According to AF Losev, “restoration appears as a form or method of physical realization of the process of cultural inheritance, and in this sense obeys its laws ^!), 9]. A significant part of the restoration work involves the recreation of the historical appearance of the monument. The contribution of the restorers' creativity to this process is aimed precisely at this, the intention of the author of the monument must be preserved - this is the main principle of restoration.

Modernization (from the Greek. Modeme - newest) - improvement, improvement, renovation of an object, bringing it in line with new requirements and norms, technical conditions, quality indicators. This is the process of adapting an object to new views and needs, giving it a modern look.

Modernization is a form of simple reproduction. During the modernization, a set of measures is carried out aimed at reducing physical and obsolescence, with the exception of increasing the total area, changing the volume and purpose of the building. This term is not suitable for describing the urban environment, because it does not convey the complex nature of changes in complex systems.

The next step in rehabilitation is to work with the “organism” of the city, namely, restructuring.

Restructuring (lat.ge ... - again, again, back + lat.stguctuga - device, structure, composition) -

changing the structure of something, in our case - the urban space management system.

This is an important element of the rehabilitation process, designed to optimize the structure of the urban economy and the mechanism of its management, which will provide a level of efficiency that ensures its competitiveness. Restructuring is the part of the transformation with the fastest payback and the hardest part. Many cities stop at this stage, without using other directions, which does not lead to a new impetus for development.

Revitalization deals with the social side of urban space and aims to regenerate social activity and civic responsibility.

Revitalization (from lat. Ge. - the prefix denoting the renewal or repetition of an action + lat. U ^ aНz - vital, life-giving, alive - literally translated as "return of vitality") is the process of "revitalizing" urban space by providing people with high-quality and a favorable living environment, providing opportunities for creative and professional growth, active socialization and cultural development. It is the most time consuming and least researched element, but it is, nevertheless, potentially the most powerful area of ​​rehabilitation.

Renovation (from Lat. Gepouayo - renewal, renewal) - the stimulation of the growth process by establishing a connection between the city and the environment. Renovation is aimed at metabolic processes and involves the use of external sources for its development and the leveling of negative factors and conditions.

Each area of ​​rehabilitation contains its own set of tools, each of which relates to a specific area of ​​the urban “organism”, which is shown in Figure 2.

Applying the concept of studying urban space as a biological mechanism, presented in Figure 2, we can conclude that the secret of sustainable urban development lies in the ability to manage the simultaneous interrelated transformation of all its systems (production, infrastructure, management, human resources, relations with the external environment, etc.). etc.).

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Figure 1. Four Elements of Urban Rehabilitation

Figure 2. General "biological" scheme of urban space rehabilitation

The components of rehabilitation are not only the improvement of technical characteristics based on modern building technologies and planning and compositional solutions, but also institutional (public) and environmental transformation. This is a complex process of high-quality reproduction of urban space with a synergistic effect.

Rehabilitation of the city's space includes not only technical and organizational, but also economic, legal, managerial and other issues and is considered as a process of biological, socio-economic transformation, reflecting new market relations between its participants.

The essence of politics and the choice of methods for the rehabilitation of urban areas depend on political, economic, social, opportunistic and even natural and climatic factors. Political factors include the development of an urban planning concept, the position of local governments; to economic - the possibilities of budgets of all levels of government, potential investors, including the population; social - satisfaction of the population with the quality of urban space, improvement of indicators of the quality of life; to market conditions - the state of supply and demand, the level of prices in the real estate markets.

Having studied the foreign experience of renovating urban spaces, it can be argued that the typical prerequisites for the rehabilitation of urban areas are:

1 poor quality of functioning of urban buildings and structures caused by unfavorable weather conditions and a long period of operation;

2 irrational zoning of territories that does not ensure the environmental, sanitary and transport safety of the population;

3 the need to restore the historical value of architectural monuments and old city quarters;

4 transition to a type of municipal policy (as in France), the task of which is social integration and stimulation of the investment process as levers of economic growth management;

5 the voluntary desire of citizens and investors to contribute to the progress of urban development;

6 change of the configuration of the social picture of the city, change of the local or regional image. The purpose of territorial rehabilitation is to improve the quality of urban space and, consequently, to improve the living standards of citizens. The essence of this action is to make the most efficient use of the territories' opportunities; ensuring their sustainable development; increasing competitiveness and developing socio-economic potential.

Russia has just embarked on the path of development of administrative-territorial units according to the principle of corporate strategy. However, the relevance of the comprehensive rehabilitation of the territories of domestic cities is beyond doubt.

Firstly, the existing structure of the city of the "Soviet" type only partially meets market conditions, characterized by low quality of housing and recreational areas, a high share of industrial and warehouse areas in the city center, an unfavorable transport situation (the level of development of transport infrastructure does not correspond to the load and does not keep pace with the growth of the car fleet in the city).

Secondly, the processes of transformation of urban economic functions, the development of new technologies, the growth of incomes of the population and changes in their needs put forward new requirements for the quality of the urban environment.

Thirdly, the character of urbanization has changed in the country. State investments in the development of cities and territories have been replaced by private investments, which are subject to market laws and are designed to obtain a quick commercial effect.

Industrial enterprises and the transport network on their territory are traditionally sustainable structures from an urban planning point of view. Now they are forced to become more dynamic and fit into the overall urban infrastructure in order to avoid gradual degradation and decline.

The giant factories and their vast industrial territories with all the adjoining administrative buildings, production facilities, warehouses and well-functioning transport infrastructure occupy a huge territory in the geographical center of domestic cities. All of the above facts make this area extremely attractive for developers.

During the Soviet period, industrial enterprises were built mainly on the outskirts of the city, gradually "overgrowing" with a residential area. Today they are completely surrounded by residential buildings, which have its own diverse structure, subject-spatial environment, not associated with industrial zones in terms of architectural and artistic appearance and level of improvement. As a result, these zones exist on their own.

In the Soviet Union and the Russian literature of those years, attention was paid to the renovation of morally and physically obsolete buildings and quarters; reconstruction of industrial facilities; however, the aspect of this knowledge was of a purely technical nature, which does not correspond to the realities of our time, when it is necessary to restore (transform) entire zones, taking into account the social, environmental and economic consequences of these transformations. Scientific organizations at that time were engaged in industrial building ordering schemes; The main options for renewing the urban environment were reduced to solving transport problems, as well as planning tasks by dividing large industrial complexes into smaller constituent units, as a result of which the city received a more open structure. However, these proposals were rarely implemented in practice, since the city authorities did not have a mechanism for managing the processes of territorial transformation.

The market economy and the new legislative framework have given local governments, businesses and residents the right to dispose of the issues of urban reorganization themselves. Today, the redevelopment of industrial territories can bring obvious results both to the city (a change in its appearance) and to entrepreneurs who are ready to invest in former factories. In the last decade, the first results of the rehabilitation of "industrial zones" have appeared in the country.

Conversion of former industrial territories is of extraordinary urban planning interest for most industrial cities. In the course of de-industrialization, areas are freed up in the existing

Illustration 3. The yard of the house on the street. Komsomolskaya, 76, Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk region. URL: http: //www.mira39. ru / gallery / 13

borders of settlements, and, which is most attractive for investment, in the central areas of cities. These areas can be used for the development of urban infrastructure, housing construction, and improvement of the transport system.

In the city of Yekaterinburg, according to the General and Strategic Development Plans, a list of industrial enterprises planned to be removed outside the city limits was determined. Some business owners act as investors themselves: for example, Uralobuv is building the Universitetsky residential complex on the site of a former factory (Figure 3).

The Bazhovsky residential complex was built on the site of the ball bearing plant (Figure 4).

The key to the positive effect of such projects lies in their multifunctionality. This means abandoning huge mono-structures in development, such as large shopping malls, single-function public centers, or large residential formations without an integrated infrastructure.

The most demanded part of the programs for the rehabilitation of industrial zones is the projects of transforming old non-working factories and factories into objects significant for the city (museums, art galleries, cinemas, etc.). Dysfunctional urban spaces - former industrial areas, port terminals, barracks or obsolete transport hubs - require new use. Thus, the Nevyansk Historical and Architectural Museum is located in the building of the former power plant of the 19th century. next to the tower (Exhibit 5).

Figure 4. Residential complex "Bazhovsky", Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk region. URL: http: //www.bazhovsky-pr. ru / gallery3 / index.php / SDC11957

Illustration 5. Museum in the building of the former power plant and the Nevyanskaya tower, Nevyansk, Sverdlovsk region. URL: http: // wikitravel. org / ru /% D0% A4% D 0% B0% D0% B9% D0% B B: Nevyansk-tower2.jpg

Figure 6. Exhibition Center of the Creative Space "Tkachi", St. Petersburg URL: http: //www.kommersant. 1 ^^^ 1882536

Another option for the reconstruction of industrial buildings without their absolute demolition is their reorientation for living quarters - lofts (Figure 6). Loft in the West is called living quarters, converted on the basis of old industrial buildings - production or warehouse spaces with high ceilings and the preservation of the main structures. At the same time, a new form of organization of living quarters arises: the internal space is a single volume, with the exception of isolated utility rooms and bathrooms.

Now the loft style is becoming popular in Russia: business centers and residential complexes have already been built in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Cheboksary and Yekaterinburg. However, at present in Russia it is sometimes easier for developers to demolish an old plant or factory and build a new building on the vacated site. Only a few of them dare to undertake the reconstruction of historical (but not protected by the state) buildings. The "stylization" of private apartments as a "loft" is also popular.

Conclusion

The main direction of the rehabilitation of industrial zones abroad is the technical re-equipment of industrial facilities with a subsequent change in their functional purpose (up to the exact opposite - residential, cultural, social and business).

success stories provide cities with new economic opportunities, the quality of living space they need today, jobs and a raison d'être.

List of used literature

1 Blekh E. M. Socio-economic efficiency of reconstruction and modernization of the housing stock / VNIITAG: overview // Residential buildings: overview information. M., 1989.

2 Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 3rd ed. : electronic reference book: in 30 volumes. online. URL: http: // great-soviet-encyclopedia. ru (date of access: 11.03.2012).

3 Big economic dictionary / ed. A.N. Azrilian. 5th ed., Add. and revised M., 2002.

4 Valchuk E.A. Clinical examination and medical rehabilitation. URL: http://minzdrav.by / med / docs / journal / St_2009_N2_3.pdf (date accessed: 09.01.2012).

5 Town planning code of the Russian Federation. No. 190-FZ dated December 29, 2004. Official text. M., 2005.

6 Demidova EV Problems of rehabilitation of urban spaces // Academic Bulletin Ural-NIIproekt RAASN. 2009. No. 2. P. 52-56.

7 Dikansky MG Problems of modern cities (movement in big cities, housing crisis). M., 1925.

8 Foreign and domestic traditions in city research / Center for Sociological and Marketing Research "ANALITIK".

URL: http: // socio-research.

ru / svd / cnt / ru / fldr_mainmenu / fldr_publications / fldr_thesis / fldr_ dnv_citymodification / fldr_dnv_ abstract / fldr_chapter_01 / cnt_chap_01_03 (access date:

9 Culture as a locomotive of city development. M., 2006.

10 Losev AF About the concept of artistic canon // The problem of canon in ancient and medieval art of Asia and Africa. M., 1973.

11 Lysova A. I. Reconstruction of buildings. L., 1979.

12 Ozhegov S. I. Dictionary of the Russian language. M., 1987.

13 Urban recovery policy. Experience of France / Document of the General Directorate of Urbanism, Housing and Construction. July 2001

14 Russian architectural encyclopedia. T. 4. URL: http: //www.gosstroy. ru / rasee.ru (date accessed: 20.10.2012).

15 Dictionary of Natural Sciences. URL: http://www.glossary.ru (date of access: 14.02.2012).

16 Cher M. The feeling of a loft // Ogonyok. 2012. No. 11.

17 Encyclopedic Dictionary of Medical Terms / ed. B.V. Petrovsky. M., 1984.T. 3.

18 Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law. URL: http: //

Introduction

In the structure of a developing modern city in recent years, the problem of renovating industrial areas is especially urgent. The term renovation means the adaptive use of buildings, structures, complexes when their functional purpose changes.

The feasibility of renovation, the introduction of alternative functions is determined by social, economic, psychological, historical and aesthetic factors. Many industrial enterprises are transferred from the city center to its outskirts, to the region. If the industrial use of the territory is abandoned, it is envisaged to reduce the negative impact on the environment.

The use of internal territories, the architectural, spatial and functional organization of which today does not correspond to their urban planning significance and potential, usually does not imply the renovation and restoration of enterprises. Therefore, one of the options for using the territory is the complete demolition of the existing facility and the construction of a new complex in terms of functions from scratch. ( Quarter Gelizen Kirchen, Germany, architect. M. Kowalski- on the territory of the plant for the production of ovens) [App. one].

But with this method, the costs of demolishing objects, clearing the territory, and so on are significantly increased. Moreover, in many cases, industrial buildings are architectural monuments and are protected by the state (which is very typical for our city [ ]).

That is why in this work I want to consider examples of various options for transforming industrial territories and facilities while preserving buildings and changing functions, analyze the experience of various countries and architectural workshops.

  1. V.S. Antoshchenkov. Lecture course "Modern Urban Planning"

Karlsruhe Center for Arts and Media Technology

I would like to start the comparison with examples from foreign design practice.

The first object I would like to consider is - Karlsruhe Center for Arts and Media Technology(Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe), Germany [App. 2].

The placement in 1997 on the territory and in the buildings of the industrial enterprise "IKWA-Karlsruhe-Augsburg" of a modern public center was one of the examples of a radical revision of the role of an industrial facility in the renewal of the urban landscape. The wide, three-story high blocks of the factory building are symmetrically arranged around ten courtyards. The building is made of concrete frames filled with brickwork along the facades. Abandoned in the seventies, and then occupied by artists, the building was eventually transferred to a number of industrial architectural monuments.

The architectural studio ASP SCHWEGER ASSOZIIERTE won the competition for the reconstruction, maintenance and expansion of the plant building. The architects have successfully preserved the building from 1918 and introduced new high-tech elements. For example, to avoid the negative impact of noise and vibration on the building, the sound studio was moved outside the factory as a large glass cube in front of the façade.

Modern electronic technologies, as a rule, require space - no more than an ordinary box, so on an industrial scale, halls, with large spans, the factory represented a potentially ideal container.

By covering the courtyards with lanterns and transforming the interior spaces, the architects have achieved the ideal modern and functional space. Rooftop solar generators power the tram tracks of the surrounding area.

Particular attention was paid to this object to transform the area around the building, trying to create the most natural natural complex around the building, thereby playing with the contrasts between high technology and returning to nature when leaving the building. The parking problem was solved by installing a recessed car park throughout the entire building. The entire area above this garage is a green lawn with eight tree-planted artificial terrain modules. The modules are made of metal sheets, thus preserving the "memory of a place", its industrial past.

  1. Mixed media - architectural design of an art center in Karlsruhe, Germany. The Architectural Review, April, 1998 by Layla Dawson
  2. V.A. Nefedov. Landscaping and environmental sustainability. - SPb, 2002

Gas tanks in Vienna

The next object that caught my attention was complex of gas tanks in Vienna, Austria [App. 3, 4].

Gas tanks were built in Vienna between 1896 and 1899. Initially, these bulky buildings (62 meters in diameter and 72 meters in height) served as reservoirs for gas, but in 1970 they became obsolete and all technical equipment was removed. Remained a brick shell and 90,000 cubic meters of interior space, protected as architectural monuments.

In 1995, a decision was made to transform the function of the existing gas tanks into housing and commercial and business premises. After a competition, 4 architectural workshops were determined, each of which took one of 4 buildings for work: Coop-Himmelb (l) au, Manfred Wehdorn, Wilhelm Holzbauer and Jean Nouvel.

All architects approached the transformation of buildings in different ways. At Nouvel, the interior consists of 9 segments arranged in a circle, with a slight offset from the existing walls. There are 14-storey housing here. Inside there is a shopping center, covered with a dome, connected to all 4 gas tanks, surrounded by lawn and vegetation. In the project, Nouvel also had an idea to create his own microclimate inside the gas tank by hanging climatic equipment under the dome, but this did not materialize.

The "B" gas tank was commissioned by Coop Himmelb (l) au. If all other architects formed only internal volumes, then Wolf Pryks proposed to add 3 new forms, and one of them - from the outside, thereby showing modern architecture to those who do not get inside the complex. Inside the building there is a cylindrical volume with offices, outside there is a broken flat form-screen, also with office premises, and on the 1st floor there is a multifunctional hall for social events, shops and entertainment.

In the Vedorn Architects project, the space inside the gas tank is divided into 8 sectors, each of which is divided in height into functional zones: housing, offices, retail, parking (from top to bottom). The courtyard above the garage is covered with a large glass dome, forming a recreational public area.

Wilhelm Holzbauer approached the design of the filling of the 4th gas tank in a different way. There is no common interior space in his project. On the contrary, the cylindrical volume of a residential building rises to the full height inside. The hulls extend from it with three blades, thus dividing the entire internal volume into 3 yards.

In addition to 4 main buildings, the complex includes many other buildings of various infrastructure. This includes an entertainment center built by Rüdiger Lainer and a shopping mall that connects the gas tanks. The complex has also received great development underground.

These buildings were a kind of culmination of the industrial zone. An absolutely closed, self-sufficient structure, towering over warehouses and wastelands. After reconstruction, they remain the culmination of the entire area. Only now these are not abandoned skeletons, but attractive fashionable offices, apartments and shops. In my opinion, this is one of the most successful world examples of the reconstruction of an industrial facility of this scale. And as Prix himself says: "... the Gasometer project is a rear example of local urban center creating a tension between the city's historical core and new developments" development ".


High Altitude Center Melbourne

High Altitude Center Melbourne[App 5]. This object is interesting from the point of view of the originality of the interaction between the historical building and the new development.

Melbourne residents consider their city the most "Technically equipped" in the Southern Hemisphere, this complex is often called "Colosseum of consumers"... The author of his project is Kisho Noriaki Kurokawa.

The construction of the complex, located in the historical center of the city, was carried out in 1986-1991. It consists of a high-rise office building, a futuristic shopping center, and other cultural and entertainment facilities. A 55-story skyscraper looms over a nearby shopping center; during the decoration of its facades, various materials were used: aluminum, stone, mirrored and tinted glass.

Japanese motives are clearly felt in the building. Part of the mall is a huge 20-storey glass cone. Inside it stands a monument to Australian history - a brick tower built in 1894 - the only surviving building of a former lead pipe factory that once stood on this site.

In this case, the existing tower was not of particular importance from an architectural point of view. However, this is an important high-rise dominant of Melbourne, to which the city's residents are accustomed. This is a part of the past, urban history, which Kurokawa carefully preserved by protecting it with a glass cone, turning it into a detail of the interior of a new shopping center.

As Kurokawa says: "One of the methods of creating a polysemantic and dual architecture is to cite fragments of historical symbols".

New Holland

We will gradually move on to Russian territories and first consider Sir's project Norman Foster, his proposal for the renovation of the territories of the island of New Holland[App. 6].

New Holland will be a triangular island in St. Petersburg on its own supports with a variety of cultural institutions, located on an area of ​​7.6 hectares. The project includes a theater room, conference rooms, galleries, a hotel, shops, apartments and restaurants with a movable arena in the very center.

The remarkable historic buildings, originally intended for timber storage, will be converted into hotels and retail spaces, interspersed with a range of performing and visual arts spaces. A whole complex of business buildings, located along the perimeter of the "triangle", will make the island a center of business activity, and not just an entertainment center.

Following the contours of the existing port pool, the open-air arena will be surrounded by theater, boutiques and restaurants overlooking the water. It is mainly intended for open-air performances, if necessary, it can be filled with water (for regattas), as well as filled with ice for use as a skating rink. The project also provides infrastructure to connect to the city. New bridges and roads will be built.

In my opinion, this project is one of the most worthy large-scale projects in the center of St. Petersburg in recent years. The warehouse area, which has been empty for many years, can finally become public. Foster thinks out every detail of the new complex with the utmost care. Attention is paid to the color of the roofs, to the preservation of poplars and other vegetation, which even the St. Petersburg public council proposed to remove, and even the compositions of skylights in the roofs, due to the unwanted light of which the island at night can change its usual black silhouette. I would like the same attention to be paid to other new development projects in the city center.

  1. Pavel Nikiforov. "Norman Foster defended the poplars of New Holland"

Water museum

One of the most successful, in my opinion, objects of reconstruction of an industrial facility, made by our architects - museum of water on the territory of the enterprise "Vodokanal"[App. 7].

Reconstruction of the water tower building is the first in St. Petersburg experience of reviving old industrial buildings that have lost their former purpose. This project is an experiment in mixing 19th and 21st century styles. The main task was to restore, cleanse the later "layers" and adapt the interior spaces of the tower to the new functions. Preserving the integrity of the interiors - beautiful halls with arched ceilings.

“But the way we provided this 'conservation' belongs to a completely different architectural strategy. It is rather a sign, a functional sculpture. Not just a strong form - a meaningful form. The architectural essence of any tower is an upward aspiration, and the glass vertical of the staircase reveals this movement, which is usually hidden from the viewer's eyes. The brick building seems to be duplicated, while losing its materiality "- says Evgeny Podgornov, head of the Intercolumnium workshop.

The red-brick octahedron of the water tower, designed by the architects Merze and Schubersky in 1860-1863, is only functionally connected with water: the monolithic volume denies any fluidity. The architects of the studio "Intercolumnium", reconstructing the tower, managed to solve not only substantive issues - the placement of the Museum "World of Water" in the Tower, but also figurative ones. The requirements for the preservation of the historical interiors of the Tower led to the removal of the elevator and stairs to a separate extension. It was she who became the main focus of the reconstruction. In its forms and material, one can read the image of water. Together with the tower, the territory around the museum was successfully transformed. The park was laid out, a fountain was built, and sculptures were erected.

Yakut Gallery

As a negative example, incomplete or unsuccessful, we can cite the Moscow project Yakut Gallery[App. eight]. It seems to me that the attempt to create an art gallery in the building of the gas tank of the Arma gas factory, in the manner of the Austrian project, was not realized. The creation of a glamorous club and gallery was reflected only in the interior appearance of the building, and even then it was not successful. The interior space, monotonously covered with beams and slabs, is not a good example of solving a difficult problem.

The gallery is only the first attempt to transform the territory of the factory into a business park; it is planned to set up offices and trade. I would like the further design to be more successful. As an example, we can cite the diploma project of the Moscow Architectural Institute graduates in 1998 (authors O. Dikhtenko, E. Vintova).

Golden island

Now let's turn to the projects that have not yet been implemented, let's see what awaits us in the near future.

The project is being discussed in full swing in Moscow "Golden Island"[App. nine].

The Golden Island program covers the territory of the island opposite the Kremlin from the Bolshoi Moskvoretsky Bridge to the monument to Peter the Great on the Spit of the island and for the first time creates conditions for the integrated development of the territory of the historical center with an area of ​​more than 40 hectares. We are interested in the part of the island that is now occupied by the Krasny Oktyabr factory - the western end of the island.

The buildings of the factory, which are monuments of industrial architecture, are planned to be reconstructed after its withdrawal. Taking into account the height of the premises and the architecture of the buildings, it is supposed to accommodate various public functions and individual "lofts" - places of residence and work of artists, sculptors and representatives of other creative professions.

On the site of the demolished structures of the factory, which are not of architectural value, it is planned to build an elite residential complex. On the western part of Strelka Ostrov, in a place surrounded on three sides by water and far from city highways, there will be a hotel, cafes and restaurants.

This territory, due to its geographical location, is itself a very attractive recreational and walking area. All embankments on this site turn into a green walking area, designed for free visits by Muscovites and guests of the capital. The western part of the Strelka will be connected by pedestrian bridges with the site of the monument to Peter the Great and the Park of Arts.

The problem of parking has been successfully solved in this place. Two-storey underground parking with an area of ​​about 50 thousand sq. M. will be located under the bottom of the hydrotechnical structure of the Vodootvodny Canal between the monument to Peter the Great and Maly Kamenny Bridge. The underground space of the parking lot will be connected to the underground part of the Megapolis Center complex on the Spit of the Island.

Red proletarian

And finally, we will consider an unrealized project, an architectural and planning concept for the development and restructuring of the plant's territory "Red Proletarian" proposed by a famous Moscow architect Sergey Skuratov[App. 10].

In the planning structure of the projected territory, the main one is seen as the interpenetration of two urban planning directions: "white" and "red". Their interaction, based on the color scheme of the red-brick and white-stone architecture of the monastery, becomes the main style-forming theme of the new quarter. At the same time, red is the monastic and red-brick industrial buildings. White is the color of decorative finishing of monuments of classical Moscow architecture and the main color of the new, light and dynamic architecture of the 20th century. Such a figurative solution allows simultaneously preserving the “genius of the place” and rehabilitating it for a new life and new functions.

The entire territory of the quarter is divided according to the principle of "private - public" into two categories of spaces. The first category of spaces is pedestrian boulevards combined with transport access to houses. Ten courtyard spaces, raised 4 meters above the ground, unite all residential buildings. Each group has a different number of houses, different configurations in the plan and different functional saturation. Large trees are planted in the central zone of all courtyard spaces. The perimeter of the yards has different geometry and different solutions.

Under the pedestrian and transport zones-boulevards, underground parking lots with car washes, parking spaces for residents at the rate of two cars per apartment, guest parking spaces and places for employees are organized. At the crossroads of two pedestrian zones, a European-scale square with a hotel building and a shopping and entertainment center for residents of the district is located on it.

Conclusion

Thus, using examples from domestic and foreign practices of architectural design and urban planning, we examined various options and methods for introducing new architecture into existing historical industrial buildings. There are quite a few different approaches, and many of them are successful and justified.

The policy of renovating industrial areas is especially relevant for our city [ for St. Petersburg - approx. ed.]. Petersburg may lose its unique monuments of industrial architecture if the city authorities do not take decisive measures to restore them. Many buildings of factories and plants, built in the past centuries, today are in an extremely neglected state, while remaining monuments of architecture.

It is not possible today to return all monuments to their original appearance without investment funds, which is why the city has high hopes for the tenants and owners of historic buildings. The policy of creating something new, rethinking industrial buildings, will lead to an influx of funds, investors, and make it possible to recreate and maintain monuments.

The complexes of plants and factories built in St. Petersburg in the 18th - early 20th centuries were originally designed as objects that form a huge industrial space of the city. These are whole ensembles, the architecture of which is not inferior to other monuments of history and culture in terms of its expressiveness and beauty.

The experience of foreign workshops, as well as the successful projects of our architects, is very important. There are many abandoned industrial buildings in the city, for example, on the embankment of the Obvodny Canal. In our city, new architecture is always a compromise; therefore, the practice of combining the language of the classics with the language of the latest architecture, which is widely used in the West, is seen as a radical gesture. Therefore, in order to incarnate, he must be deeply comprehended and motivated.


Maxim Andreev, St. Petersburg, December 2007
This article is the subjective opinion of the author
When using materials, a link to the author is required

Press release:

Now in the capital there are about 27 thousand hectares of industrial zones, but during the reorganization, according to the latest statements from the authorities, only 7.5 thousand hectares will remain under industrial enterprises. Questions arise: what will become of almost twenty thousand hectares of space? What are the possible scenarios for converting these zones? Which is preferable - gentrification or regeneration? Is culture capable of becoming a popular resource for the development of industrial territories in Moscow?

The task of attracting the ZIL Cultural Center to the revitalization of the territory of the AMO ZIL plant is also connected with the solution of these issues. The reason for the discussion was the exhibition held at the ZIL Cultural Center, where the concept of the ZIL Peninsula from the Project MEGANOM architectural bureau was presented. The ZIL Peninsula project won an international urban competition launched in early 2012 with the support of the Moscow Government, in which 17 leading companies participated, including the French Valode & Pistre, UBERBAU Architecture and Urbanism from Germany and Mecanoo Architecten from the Netherlands.

The authors of the ZIL Peninsula concept came to the conclusion that it is necessary to use the territory to solve the urgent problems of the residents. The main idea of ​​reforming the territory of AMO ZIL is integration. Integration of 297 hectares, inefficiently used and occupied by production, into the economic, social and cultural life of the city. Integration of the existing road network into the transport network of the South and South-East and, thereby, redistribution of the load from Andropov Avenue and the Third Ring. Integration of residential and public buildings into the existing "frame" of one of the oldest industrial enterprises in Moscow.

Currently, the project is going through the stage of public hearings - they presented materials for the planning of the territory of functional zones No. 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 of the Danilovsky District of the Southern Administrative District of Moscow (the territory of "AMO ZIL").

The discussion will address the following issues:

  • Industrial zone transformation scenarios: gentrification and / or regeneration.
  • Culture as a resource for the development of industrial territories.
  • Challenges for the development of Moscow industrial zones.
  • Prospects for attracting the resources of the ZIL Cultural Center to the regeneration of the territory of the AMO ZIL plant.
Participation in the discussion is expected:
  • Sergey Kuznetsov, chief architect of Moscow,
  • Yuri Grigoryan, member of the Architectural Council, head of the Project Meganom bureau,
  • Vitaly Lutza head of the zonal workshop No. 15 of the State Unitary Enterprise "NI and PI General Plan",
  • Igor Zakharov, General Director of AMO ZIL.

Invited experts:

  • Elena Zelentsova, Director of the ZIL Cultural Center
  • Sergey Kapkov, Moscow City Government
  • Alexander Vysokovsky, Dean of the Graduate School of Urban Studies, HSE
  • Zuev Sergey, Dean of FGU RANEPA
  • Vizgalov Denis, urbanist
  • Saprykina Alina, Artplay Design Center
  • Trotsenko Sophia, Center for Contemporary Art WINZAVOD
  • Larionova Ekaterina, head. Department of Territorial Development of FGU RANEPA
  • Olga Karpova, Dean of the Faculty of Social and Cultural Projects Management, MSSES
  • Mikhail Labazov, architect
  • Nicholas Champkins, consultant architect of the ZIL Cultural Center)
  • Irina Mikhailovna Sakhno, RUDN University
  • Dolgin Boris, scientific editor of the Polit.ru portal
  • Nikolay Vasiliev, architect
  • Denis Romodin, ethnographer
  • Andrey Mrost, organizational consultant